translation
translation |
|---|
{
"en": "Or a license and a title given from a school of the accomplishment or dojo (training hall) of the martial arts to a person who leads and trains the disciples.",
"ja": "または、その流派や道場から門下生を指導教授する者に対して与えられる職位または免許、称号の事。"
} |
{
"en": "It is also called shihan i (rank of grand master), shihan go (title of grand master.)",
"ja": "師範位、師範号とも。"
} |
{
"en": "Under the grand master, junshihan (an associate grand master) or shihandai (an assistant instructor) is positioned (depending on schools and the like).",
"ja": "下位には準師範ないし師範代が置かれる（流派等により差異あり）。"
} |
{
"en": "Job titles for instructors, appointed by each police headquarters of administrative divisions of Japan: Tokyo-to, Hokkai-do, Osaka-fu, Kyoto-fu and other prefectures, of training courses such as kendo (Japanese art of fencing), taihojutsu (arresting art) and the like.",
"ja": "都道府県警察本部において任ずる剣道、逮捕術等術科の指導者の職位。"
} |
{
"en": "A teacher of learning, military arts, or practical arts.",
"ja": "学問・武芸・技芸等の先生。"
} |
{
"en": "It is also used as a naming of a license.",
"ja": "また、資格の名としても用いる。"
} |
{
"en": "An abbreviated name of a school for teacher training.",
"ja": "師範学校の略称。"
} |
{
"en": "Grand masters in martial arts and accomplishments.",
"ja": "武道・芸道における師範"
} |
{
"en": "Shihan (grand master) is a job title, a license, or a title of an instructor of martial arts including swordplay, iaido (art of drawing the Japanese sword), kendo (Japanese art of fencing), aikido (art of weaponless self-defense), and karate (traditional Japanese martial art), and other accomplishments, and it is also called shihan go (title of grand master.)",
"ja": "師範は剣術、居合道、剣道、合気道、空手などの武道、その他、芸道における指導者の職位或いは免許、称号を意味し、師範号とも称される。"
} |
{
"en": "The license of the grand master is given from the head of the school of the accomplishments or the owner of the training hall of the martial arts.",
"ja": "師範は流派ないしその道場の道場主等から免許される。"
} |
{
"en": "In many cases, when you get the grand master license, you are qualified as an instructor and permitted to establish your own training hall as a member affiliated with the school.",
"ja": "師範の免許を有する事で指導者としての資格及び流派の傘下としての道場を開く事を許される場合が多い。"
} |
{
"en": "Judo is different from the other martial arts in that the grand master of Judo is Jigoro KANO only.",
"ja": "柔道の場合、師範とは「嘉納治五郎」一人のみを指し、他の武道における師範とは異なる。"
} |
{
"en": "The term \"Jugoi\" (Junior Fifth Rank) refers to an Ikai (court rank) or a Shinkai (ranks granted to Shinto gods) in Japan.",
"ja": "従五位（じゅごい）とは、日本の位階及び神階における位のひとつ。"
} |
{
"en": "It ranks below Shogoi (Senior Fifth Rank), above Shorokui (Senior Sixth Rank).",
"ja": "正五位の下、正六位の上に位する。"
} |
{
"en": "If it was conferred posthumously, it is referred to as Zo Jugoi (Jugoi conferred posthumously).",
"ja": "贈位の場合、贈従五位という。"
} |
{
"en": "Those who belonged to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) or a higher rank were regarded as nobles in the Japanese court rank system before the Meiji period.",
"ja": "近代以前の日本における位階制度では、従五位下以上の位階を持つ者が貴族とされている。"
} |
{
"en": "Jugoi was conferred on an eldest legitimate son of the peerage.",
"ja": "また、華族の嫡男が従五位に叙せられる。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, it was also used as a different name for an eldest legitimate son of the peerage.",
"ja": "(その)ことから、華族の嫡男の異称としても用いられた。"
} |
{
"en": "Goi (Fifth Rank) was a rank corresponding to Kokushi (provincial governor), Chinjufu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North) and Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo) in the ritsuryo system.",
"ja": "律令制下において五位は国司や鎮守府将軍、諸大夫に相当する位であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Those who belonged to Jugoinoge or a higher rank were called 'Tsuki' (通貴), and those who belonged to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or a higher rank were called 'Ki' (貴).",
"ja": "さらに、従五位下以上の位階にある者を「通貴」、従三位以上の者を「貴」とされた。"
} |
{
"en": "For this reason, Goi (Fifth Rank) and higher ranks were regarded as ranks for so-called Kizoku (nobles) written in kanji (Chinese characters) \"貴族\" (The first kanji \"貴\" meaning \"nobility\" was also used in the above-mentioned terms \"Tsuki\" [通貴] and \"Ki\" [貴].).",
"ja": "(その)ことから、五位以上がいわゆる貴族の位階とされた。"
} |
{
"en": "Goi was divided into senior and junior subdivisions, each of which was further divided into upper and lower grades.",
"ja": "五位は正従、上下にわけられた。"
} |
{
"en": "Accordingly, Goi ranged from Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) to Shogoinojo (Senior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade).",
"ja": "正五位上から従五位下に分けられた。"
} |
{
"en": "Thus it may be said that it was necessary for nobles in the Heian period to belong to Jugoinoge or a higher rank.",
"ja": "(その)ことから、従五位下以上の位階にあることが平安貴族としての資格であったといえる。"
} |
{
"en": "While another name of Jugoinoge was Eishaku (the title of honorable position or honorable noble class), those who belonged to this rank were referred to as Daibu (Master).",
"ja": "この従五位下の別称を栄爵と別称し、またその位階にある者を大夫といった。"
} |
{
"en": "The first Qin Emperor in China conferred the rank of Daibu, which corresponded to Jugoi in Japan, on a pine tree.",
"ja": "また、中国では秦の始皇帝がマツの木に日本の従五位に相当する大夫の位を授けた。"
} |
{
"en": "For this reason, Jugoi corresponding to Daibu was also referred to as Shoshaku (松爵) (literally, \"peerage of a pine tree\").",
"ja": "(その)ことから、大夫に相当する従五位を松爵（しょうしゃく）とも別称するようになった。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, conferring Jugoinoge was referred to as Joshaku (conferring a peerage).",
"ja": "これらのことから、従五位下に叙せられることを叙爵といった。"
} |
{
"en": "Those who belonged to Jugoinoge were mainly members of branches of the Fujiwara clan who served as Kokushi for generations, members of the Tachibana, Takashina and other clans, members of Seiwa Genji (Minamoto clan) and Kanmu Heishi (Taira clan) that belonged to the military aristocracy.",
"ja": "この従五位下にあった主な者としては、代々、国司を務めた藤原氏の傍流や橘氏、高階氏などの一門、清和源氏、桓武平氏などの軍事貴族。"
} |
{
"en": "This rank was conferred on many middle-class nobles including the above-mentioned clan members.",
"ja": "(それらのもの)に至るまで中級貴族層の多くがこの位に叙せられた。"
} |
{
"en": "This rank was conferred on nobles of the middle and lower ranks in Kyoto, riryo (government official) who went to Kyoto under the regime of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), members of the Minamoto clan, and influential gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) from a family of pedigree, until the early Kamakura period.",
"ja": "鎌倉時代初期までは、京都の中級下級貴族と、鎌倉幕府において京都下りの吏僚、或いは源氏一門、有力な名門御家人などがこの位にあった。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Muromachi period, it was also an Ikai conferred on members of Ashikaga Shogun Family or Shugo (provincial constable) as the first investiture.",
"ja": "室町時代には、足利将軍家や守護の初叙位階でもあった。"
} |
{
"en": "This rank was also conferred on many Shugo, powerful Kokujin (local samurai) and others.",
"ja": "守護や有力国人なども多くがこの位にあった。"
} |
{
"en": "Jugoinoge was conferred on all branches that came from the lineage of a prestigious family and had few enfeoffments, all fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), all tozama daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord) having Kokudaka (assessed yield) under 100,000 Koku (approximately 18 million liters of crop yield) in their territory, and all hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) of high rank in the Edo period.",
"ja": "江戸時代以降は、御家門のうち傍流にして知行の少ない家、譜代大名、10万石に満たない外様大名は、或いは大身の旗本はみな従五位下に叙せられた。"
} |
{
"en": "It was conferred mainly on daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), powerful hatamoto, gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa Family), gosankyo (three branches of Tokugawa family, which was established by the eighth shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA), the Honda clan serving as Karo (chief retainer) of the Fukui Domain ruled by Tokugawa's relatives of the highest rank or the Kaga Domain, and the Kikkawa clan, a branch family of the Choshu clan, at the time when the Kikkawa clan was allowed to found the Iwakuni Domain.",
"ja": "主に大名・有力旗本、ないし御三家・御三卿及び家門筆頭の福井藩の家老及び加賀藩の家老本多氏、長州藩の支族吉川氏が岩国藩として立藩を認められた際に叙せられた。"
} |
{
"en": "Although the court rank of Jugoi was conferred on the Honda clan from the Kaga Domain, the corresponding post was not given to it.",
"ja": "特に加賀藩の本多氏は位階のみの散位であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, members of the clan were called 'Jugoi sama' or 'Jugoi dono' (Both terms mean literally \"Mr. Jugoi.\").",
"ja": "(その)ため、「従五位様」、「従五位殿」と他称された。"
} |
{
"en": "Jugoi had been automatically conferred on an eldest legitimate son of the peerage since the Meiji period.",
"ja": "明治時代以降、華族の嫡男は自動的に従五位に叙せられた。"
} |
{
"en": "For this reason, an eldest legitimate son of the peerage was also referred to as Jugoi.",
"ja": "(その)ことから、華族の嫡男の異称を従五位ともいう。"
} |
{
"en": "This rank was also conferred on Lieutenant Colonels and others.",
"ja": "中佐の階級にある者などもこの位に叙せられた。"
} |
{
"en": "At present, it is to be conferred on the deceased as a mark of honor.",
"ja": "現在では、死没者に対する栄典として与えられることとなっている。"
} |
{
"en": "It is conferred on the deceased who rendered distinguished service as chairperson of a prefectural assembly, head of a school, chief of police, fire chief, chief of a fire company or president of a company.",
"ja": "都道府県議会議長経験者、学校長や警察署長、消防署長、消防団長、企業の社長として功を為した人に対して叙位が行われている。"
} |
{
"en": "Zejo was the title of the chieftain of the Tachibana and O clans in the Heian period.",
"ja": "是定(ぜしょう)とは、平安時代、橘氏及び王氏の氏長者の称号。"
} |
{
"en": "Summary",
"ja": "概要"
} |
{
"en": "Zejo was the title of a head of clans that branched out of the Imperial family, especially the Tachibana clan.",
"ja": "是定とは、皇別氏族、特に橘氏の氏長者の称号である。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Heian period, the chieftains of the Imperial family, the O clan, as well of the Minamoto, Fujiwara and Tachibana clans, were authorized to recommend grant of noble ranks to members of their claims in the uji no shaku ceremony.",
"ja": "平安時代、皇親である王氏をはじめ、源氏、藤原氏、橘氏などの氏長者は、同族内から毎年、氏爵により叙爵する者を推挙する権能を許されていた。"
} |
{
"en": "However, the decline of the Tachibana clan led Sangi (Councilor) TACHIBANA no Tsunehira to become the last kugyo (court noble) in his clan and the authorization was delegated to Dainagon (Major Counselor) FUJIWARA no Michitaka, the son of FUJIWARA no Tokihime (the lawful wife of FUJIWARA no Kaneie) who was the daughter of Dainagon TACHIBANA no Sumikiyo.",
"ja": "しかし、橘氏が次第に衰退し、参議橘恒平を最後に公卿を輩出しなくなったこともあり、ついに氏爵の推挙は大納言橘澄清の女より生まれた藤原時姫（藤原兼家正室）所生の大納言藤原道隆に委ねられることとなった。"
} |
{
"en": "The person holding the authorization was called the Zejo.",
"ja": "そして、この権能を担う者を是定という。"
} |
{
"en": "Since then, the Fujiwara and Minamoto clans who were maternal relatives of the Tachibana clan were granted this title under imperial decree given to uji no in, based on recommendation by the Tachibana clan.",
"ja": "以来、橘氏の外戚にある藤原氏や源氏の公卿が橘氏の推挙に基づき、天皇の宣旨を氏院に賜り、是定となった。"
} |
{
"en": "This title was used also within the imperial O clan and granted to the first Imperial Prince and later to choja (chieftain of the family) selected from the Shoo (princes without proclamation as imperial princes); however it moved to the Jingihaku (administrators of religious affairs) with the drop in the number of Shoo after the Heian Period, inheriting the post over generations except for temporary restoration of the title to the Imperial Princes.",
"ja": "この称号は王氏即ち皇族の間でも存在し、第一親王、後に諸王の中から選出された長者が諸王を代表して是定となったが、平安時代以降、諸王の数が減少すると、神祇伯の家系に移り、一旦、第一親王の手に委ねられるも、再び神祇伯の家系に継承されることとなった。"
} |
{
"en": "Hosho (document announcing the decision of ruling class to lower-ranking people) written by the zejo was called zejo-sen.",
"ja": "是定の奉書を是定宣という。"
} |
{
"en": "The Nara Peerage refers to a family line and its people, who returned to the court noble society and entitled to be the peerage after the Meiji Restoration due to the special circumstances described below.",
"ja": "奈良華族（ならかぞく）は、明治維新後に下記に述べるような特殊な事情によって公家社会に復帰し、そのために後に華族となることを得た家系及びその家系に属する人々を指す。"
} |
{
"en": "After the restoration of the Imperial rule, the Meiji government emphasized on Shinto as a Japanese indigenous religious belief and employed opinions from scholars of Japanese classical literature to create a principal of the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism.",
"ja": "王政復古後、明治は神道を日本固有の信仰として重視し、国学者勢力の意見を入れて神仏分離の方針を打ち出すことになる。"
} |
{
"en": "It is well-known that priests at the Kofuku-ji Temple quickly perceived such a movement and thoroughly conducted Haibutsu-kishaku (anti-Buddhist movement), and as a part of coping procedures, priests, who were from court nobles serving as monzeki (successor of a temple) or Inge (supporter for monzeki, rank lower than monzeki) for Kofuku-ji Temple, returned to secular life simultaneously.",
"ja": "こうした潮流を敏感に察知した興福寺においていちはやく廃仏毀釈の動きが徹底されたことはつとに有名であるが、その一環として門跡・院家として興福寺の僧職にあった公家出身の僧侶たちが一斉に還俗するという事態が起こった。"
} |
{
"en": "They were treated as kuge (court nobles) under the new government and were incorporated into the peerage as the Tosho Family class (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) or a lifetime peerage in 1868, and with the implementation of the peerage system in 1884, they were granted a barony as 'those who established their family after the Meiji Restoration.'",
"ja": "新政府では彼らを公家として処遇し、明治2年（1868年）、堂上家格もしくは一代華族として彼らを華族に組入れ、明治17年（1884年）の爵位制度発足にあたっては「一新後新たに家を興したる者」として男爵の爵位を与えた。"
} |
{
"en": "This is the so-called Nara peerage.",
"ja": "これがいわゆる奈良華族である。"
} |
{
"en": "There was a difference in treatment between the Fujiwara clan and the others in the Nara peerage.",
"ja": "なお、奈良華族は藤原氏とそれ以外によって待遇に差があった。"
} |
{
"en": "After exclaustration, Fujiwara clan members became Shinto priests for the Kasuga-Taisha Shrine, becoming ujigami (guardian gods) and were syncretized with the Kofuku-ji Temple; they then attained the status of the Tosho Family as an independent family branch.",
"ja": "還俗後、氏神であり興福寺と神仏習合されていた春日大社の神官に転じた藤原氏出身の者は、別家・独立との扱いを受けて堂上格として認められた。"
} |
{
"en": "At this time individuals outside of the Fujiwara clan, who had originally gained lifetime peerage because they returned to their parental home in Kyoto after exclaustration, were endowed with a perpetual peerage afterwards.",
"ja": "それに対して、藤原氏以外の者は還俗後京都の実家に復帰したために最初一代華族として処遇され、後に永世華族に昇格したものである。"
} |
{
"en": "Myobu is a woman who has Ikai (court rank) above Jugoinoge (junior fifth rank), or a title representing a rank of a government official's wife under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.",
"ja": "命婦（みょうぶ）とは、律令制日本の律令制下の日本において従五位下以上の位階を有する女性、ないし官人の妻の地位を示す称号。"
} |
{
"en": "Or, a synonym (or another name) for Inari-shin (the god of harvest) and its fox.",
"ja": "または稲荷神稲荷神と狐の異名。"
} |
{
"en": "Summary",
"ja": "概要"
} |
{
"en": "It is thought that the term myobu was originally derived from male and female officials of myobu as naigenokan (government officials who resided in the capital and government officials who resided in local areas) in China according to \"Shurei\" (Rites of Zhou) of China.",
"ja": "命婦という言葉は、元は中国の『周礼』において内外の官として命夫・命婦の官が存在したことが記されており、ここに由来があると考えられている。"
} |
{
"en": "However in Japan, although the name \"myobu\" was adopted, the content of the job of myobu was completely different from that in china.",
"ja": "ただし、日本における命婦はその名称のみを採用して、その内容も全く異なるものとなった。"
} |
{
"en": "(The male official and its naming corresponding to myobu in China was not adopted in Japan.)",
"ja": "（命夫にあたる男官・呼称については採用されなかった）。"
} |
{
"en": "Myobu is specified in the article of Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs) in \"Shikinryo gige (commentary on the law which stipulates duties of this ministries).\"",
"ja": "命婦は『職員令義解』の中務省条に規定がある。"
} |
{
"en": "A woman who is higher than goi (fifth rank) in the rank is called uchi no myobu (a senior court lady), and a wife of an official who is higher than goi (fifth rank) in the rank is called ge no myobu.",
"ja": "五位以上の女性を内命婦（うちのみょうぶ）、五位以上の官人の妻のことを外命婦（げのみょうぶ）という。"
} |
{
"en": "However, myobu was not a government post but was a rank in serving official duties of the government official that she worked for, so that there was no corresponding official court rank, nor a fixed number.",
"ja": "但し、命婦は官職ではなく、所属官司の職掌に奉仕する地位であり、官位相当や定員はなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "In the case of a queen (of imperial family), she was ranked in Ikai even if she was not higher than goi (Fifth Rank) in the rank.",
"ja": "また、女王(皇族)の場合、五位以上の位階なくとも内命婦に列せられた。"
} |
{
"en": "Until the Nara period, women working in the palace were called Kyujin (court lady) including myobu, however, myobu was discriminated from kyujin after the Heian period.",
"ja": "奈良時代までは宮中に仕える女性は命婦を含めて宮人と称したが、平安時代以降は宮人と命婦は区別されるようになる。"
} |
{
"en": "Myobu became to serve only in emperor's ceremonies or shinji (a divine service) which were duties of Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendants); whereas there were prepared kencho no myobu serving for ceremonies such as Choga (retainers' New Year's greeting to the emperor) and Sokui no rei (enthronement ceremony), igi no myobu, mizutori no myobu serving for a ceremony in risshun (the first day of spring), hakase no myobu serving for Kasuga-matsuri Festival, and the like.",
"ja": "命婦の奉仕する対象は、内侍司の務めである、天皇の儀式或いは神事に限られるようになり、朝賀や即位の礼などにおいて奉仕する女性は褰帳命婦、威儀命婦、立春の際の水取命婦、春日祭の際に奉仕する博士命婦などが置かれた。"
} |
{
"en": "At the time when the regency was started, myobu became the title for court ladies of churo (the middle grade ladies-in-waiting); they were named after the official position of their father or husband, such as shosho (minor captain) no Myobu, sho (junior assistant minister) no Myobu,nakatsukasa (Ministry of Central Affairs) no Myobu, and kouma no Myobu, which eventually became proper nouns.",
"ja": "摂関政治がはじまる頃には、命婦は中臈の女房の称号となり、父や夫の官職に因んで、少将命婦、少輔命婦、中務命婦、小馬命婦などと称するようになり固有名詞となっていった。"
} |
{
"en": "Sanpitsu is the name to call three excellent calligraphers.",
"ja": "三筆（さんぴつ）とは、三人の優れた書道家の呼び名である。"
} |
{
"en": "Generally, Sanpitsu means Kukai, TACHIBANA no Hayanari, and the Emperor Saga; they were active in the Heian period.",
"ja": "一般的には平安時代に活躍した空海・橘逸勢・嵯峨天皇の三人のことを指す。"
} |
{
"en": "In addition, there are other Sanpitsu in which three masters of calligraphy are uniquely selected, such as 'Sanpitsu of all time' including Xizhi WANG, Yao ZHONG, and Zhi ZHANG, and 'New Sanpitsu\" of Sojun IKKYU, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and Ryokan selected by Rosanjin KITAOJI.",
"ja": "この他にも、王羲之・鍾ヨウ・張芝の「古今の三筆」や、北大路魯山人が一休宗純・豊臣秀吉・良寛を「新三筆」に選ぶなど、3人の書の名人を挙げて独自に三筆を選んだものもある。"
} |
{
"en": "The term \"Kojunin\" refers to a post of the security and military division (Bankata [security officials]) of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).",
"ja": "小十人（こじゅうにん）は、江戸幕府における警備・軍事部門（番方）の役職のひとつである。"
} |
{
"en": "The term is said to have come from Kojunin (an attendant).",
"ja": "語源は扈従人であるとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "Kojunin were bodyguards most of whom were foot soldiers gurading a shogun and his legitimate sons.",
"ja": "将軍及びその嫡男を護衛する歩兵を中心とした親衛隊である。"
} |
{
"en": "Their duties were divided into three categories, i. e. the vanguard on a march or in a procession, Senkenkeibitai (advance army) to be sent to a destination, and the security guard inside a castle.",
"ja": "行軍・行列の前衛部隊、目的地の先遣警備隊、城中警備係の3つの役目がある。"
} |
{
"en": "The title \"Kojunin\" can be found in documents on the Edo bakufu or domains, especially large domains.",
"ja": "小十人の役職名は、江戸幕府と諸藩（特に大きな藩）に見ることができる。"
} |
{
"en": "The function of Kojunin was to guard and defend a shogun (or a domain lord) and his legitimate sons.",
"ja": "将軍（あるいは藩主）及び嫡子の護衛・警備を役目とする。"
} |
{
"en": "Foot soldiers played a central role in it.",
"ja": "歩兵が主力である。"
} |
{
"en": "They were the foot soldiers who were closest to their lord in wartime or on a march.",
"ja": "戦時・行軍においては主君に最も近い位置にいる歩兵である."
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, those who held this post had a relatively high social status among foot soldiers.",
"ja": "(その)ため、歩兵でも比較的格式が高い。"
} |
{
"en": "It was a part of Gobankata (literally, \"five Bankata\") consisting of Shinban (new guards), Kojunin, Koshoban (inner guards), Shoinban (castle guards) and Oban (a group of guards in the Edo bakufu) in the Edo bakufu.",
"ja": "江戸幕府においては五番方（新番・小十人・小姓番・書院番・大番）のひとつとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "Those who held this post were on duty in Hinoki no ma (a Japanese cypress room) of Edo-jo Castle in time of peace to guard the castle.",
"ja": "平時にあっては江戸城檜之間に詰め、警備の一翼を担った。"
} |
{
"en": "When a shogun went out of Edo-jo Castle to visit Nikko Tosho-gu Shrine, Zojo-ji Temple, Kanei-ji Temple, etc. in time of peace, it was the time to show their stuff.",
"ja": "泰平の世にあっては将軍が日光東照宮、増上寺、寛永寺などに参拝のため、江戸城を外出するときが腕の見せ所であった。"
} |
{
"en": "They were busy on such occasions.",
"ja": "繁忙期であった。"
} |
{
"en": "When a shogun went out, they served as advance foot soldiers in a shogun's procession or went ahead of him toward his destination as the advance to guard the area.",
"ja": "将軍外出時には将軍行列の前衛の歩兵を勤めたり、将軍の目的地に先遣隊として乗り込んでその一帯を警備した。"
} |
{
"en": "Kojunin accompanied a shogun on a trip to Kyoto and Osaka in the beginning and the end of Edo period",
"ja": "江戸時代初期や幕末には小十人が将軍とともに京都・大阪に赴いた。"
} |
{
"en": "They also guarded Nijo-jo Castle, etc.",
"ja": "二条城等の警護にも当たっている。"
} |
{
"en": "Kojunin were headed by Kojunin gashira (the head of Kojunin) or Kojunin banto (a general manager of escort guards).",
"ja": "小十人のトップは、小十人頭（あるいは小十人番頭）であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Kojunin gashira and Kojunin banto were basically selected from those belonging to hatamoto yoriaiseki (a family rank of high-ranking hatamoto, direct vassal of the shogun) whose annual stipend assessed on the basis of a crop was 1,000 koku (of rice) (a unit of volume: rice 1-koku is 180.39 liter, lumber 1-koku is 0.278 cubic meter) or over (Their yakudaka [salary paid in accordance with the rank of one's post] based on tashidaka system [a wage system established by the Edo bakufu] was 1,000 koku.).",
"ja": "主に1,000石以上の旗本寄合席から選ばれた（足高の制による役高は1,000石）。"
} |
{
"en": "The middle manager of Kojunin was Kojunin kumigashira (a group leader of escort guards) whose yakudaka was 300 bales of rice.",
"ja": "中間管理職として小十人組頭（役高300俵）があった。"
} |
{
"en": "Kojunin kumigashira often traveled on official business to a shogun's destination to survey the site.",
"ja": "将軍外出予定地の実地調査のためにしばしば出張した。"
} |
{
"en": "Kojunin gashira (or Kojunin banto) and Kojunin kumigashira were entitled to ride on horseback.",
"ja": "小十人頭（番頭）・組頭は馬上資格を持つ。"
} |
{
"en": "There were generally 20 Kojunin gashira, 40 Kojunin kumigashira and 400 Kojunin banshu (guards holding the post of Kojunin) in the Edo bakufu, although each number differed from age to age.",
"ja": "時代によって異なるが、江戸幕府には概ね小十人頭は20名、小十人組頭は40名、小十人番衆は400名がいた。"
} |
{
"en": "Banshi (a samurai serving as a guard in the Edo period) holding the post of Kojunin was characterized by having a status equivalent to that of hatamoto, but no entitlement to ride on horseback.",
"ja": "小十人の番士は、旗本の身分を持つが、馬上資格がないという特徴がある。"
} |
{
"en": "Kojunin banshu were often selected from those whose Karoku (hereditary stipend) was approximately 100 bales of rice (or koku).",
"ja": "小十人番衆は家禄100俵（石）級から任命されることが多かった。"
} |
{
"en": "If one assumed office as Kojunin, yakuryo (executive allowance) corresponding to a salary for 10 persons was given to him in principle.",
"ja": "小十人の役職に就任すると、原則として10人扶持の役料が付けられた。"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.