translation
translation |
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{
"en": "Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA … Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA, the family head of the Mito Tokugawa family.",
"ja": "徳川光圀 … 水戸徳川家当主・徳川光圀。"
} |
{
"en": "The term comes from kanto of Gon Chunagon (Provisional Middle Counselor.)",
"ja": "官途・権中納言から。"
} |
{
"en": "Homen was the name of Shimobe (miscellaneous servants and attendants) of Kebiishi (a official with judicial and police power) which was Ryoge no kan (a post outside the original Ritsuryo code created by Imperial edicts) in Japan.",
"ja": "放免（ほうめん）とは日本の令外官である検非違使の下部（しもべ）を指す名称。"
} |
{
"en": "Homen means 'released prisoner.'",
"ja": "「放免囚人」の義。"
} |
{
"en": "Homen served as a lower-level executioner in Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief), and practically took charge of searching, capturing, and torturing criminals; and guarding a prison.",
"ja": "検非違使庁の下級刑吏として、実際に犯罪者を探索し、捕縛したり、拷問や獄守を担当した。"
} |
{
"en": "The existence of Homen can be surely confirmed in a document dated back to at least the early 11th century.",
"ja": "放免の存在は、文献によると少なくとも11世紀前半には確実に遡って確認することが出来る。"
} |
{
"en": "Originally, Kebiishicho recruited a person with a criminal record in view of convenience of investigation such as collecting information on criminals.",
"ja": "元々は犯罪者の情報収集などの捜査の便を考慮し、前科のある者を検非違使庁に採用したものであった。"
} |
{
"en": "Some Homen committed crimes even after they became Homen (\"Konjaku Monogatari Shu\" [The Tale of Times Now Past], volume 29, 'The tale of Homen who broke in a house to rob and were arrested.')",
"ja": "中には放免になった後も犯罪を起こしたりする者がいたようである（『今昔物語集』巻二十九「放免共、強盗ト為リ人ノ家ニ入リテ補ヘラルル語」）。"
} |
{
"en": "Their appearance had remarkable characteristics.",
"ja": "彼らの容姿には著しい特徴が見られる。"
} |
{
"en": "They had mustaches and beards, which were not common at that time, and wore clothes with patterns called 'Ryorakinshu' (embroidered fine clothes) or 'Suriginu (Surigoromo)' (plant dyeing cloth) that were allowed to wear only in the special rites and festivals or only for a part of women.",
"ja": "当時は一般的でなかった口髭、顎鬚を伸ばし、特殊な祭礼や一部の女子にしか許されていなかった「綾羅錦繍」、「摺衣」と呼ばれる模様の付いた衣服を身につけた。"
} |
{
"en": "These patterns were described as 'kinubakama (clothes and divided skirt) with stenciled patterns dyed by products from giblets in the historical material about that period, and Shinichi SATO interpretes that this description suggests the share of kebiishi.",
"ja": "この模様については、「臓物出来するところの物を染め摺り文を成した衣袴」と同時代史料に記されており、佐藤進一は検非違使の得分を示唆していると解釈している。"
} |
{
"en": "Further, Homen had a pike made with seven crooked natural wood.",
"ja": "また、七曲がりの自然木の鉾を持つ。"
} |
{
"en": "The pike is thought to have some relation to a saibo (wooden stick as a weapon) used by the sohei (warrior monk), and both are assumed to have a magical meaning against impurity.",
"ja": "この鉾については僧兵の使用する撮棒などとの関連も指摘されており、いずれも穢れに対する呪術的な意味を持つものと推定されている。"
} |
{
"en": "There is a historical material about that period describing that these appearances to be distinguished from normal people were because they were hinin (one group comprising the lowest rank in the Japanese society, often ex-convicts or vagrants) and did not avoid taboos, so it can be understood that they were assumed as hinin.",
"ja": "これらの常民と区別される外見については、非人のため禁忌を憚らないためであるとする同時代史料があり、非人と見なされていたことが分かる。"
} |
{
"en": "However, hinin at that period were different from hinin of after ages, and they were not only the subject to be discriminated but also the awesome existence.",
"ja": "ただし当時の非人は後世とは異なり、単に差別される対象ではなく畏怖される存在であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Sakan was the fourth among the four official ranks of Shitokan under the ritsuryo legal code system.",
"ja": "目（さかん）とは、日本の律令制四等官のうち四等官を指す。"
} |
{
"en": "The letter '目' for Sakan indicates the fourth rank of Kokushi, which corresponded to '主典' in the national government.",
"ja": "「目」の文字は国司の四等官（中央政府における「主典」に相当する）を指す。"
} |
{
"en": "Sakan was mainly in charge of recording the matters in the office and drafting official documents.",
"ja": "主に、官事の記録及び公文の草案作成等を掌った。"
} |
{
"en": "Especially in the highest Ryoseikoku called Taikoku, Daisakan and Shosakan were established.",
"ja": "特に大国と呼ばれる最上級の令制国には特に大目・少目が設置された。"
} |
{
"en": "Sho no sansei are three masters of calligraphy.",
"ja": "書の三聖（しょのさんせい）は、3人の書道の名人のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "Kukai",
"ja": "空海"
} |
{
"en": "He is also one of San hitsu (the three famous ancient calligraphers).",
"ja": "-三筆の一人でもある。"
} |
{
"en": "SUGAWARA no Michizane",
"ja": "菅原道真"
} |
{
"en": "ONO no Tofu",
"ja": "小野道風"
} |
{
"en": "He is also one of San seki (the three great brush traces).",
"ja": "-三跡の一人でもある。"
} |
{
"en": "Toei Daio is one of the honoric titles for Sanzan Kanryo no miya.",
"ja": "東叡大王（とうえいだいおう）は三山管領宮の敬称の一つ。"
} |
{
"en": "Amongst educated people with kanbun (Chinese classics) knowedge in the Edo period, he was called as such in kanbun style.",
"ja": "江戸時代の漢文の教養のある人々の間で、漢文風にこう呼ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "(Refers to 'Imperial Princess in Toeizan Kanei-ji Temple')",
"ja": "（「東叡山寛永寺におられる親王殿下」の意）"
} |
{
"en": "The kanzu (a leader) of Ueno Toeizan Kanei-ji Temple which was one of the miya-monzeki (temples headed by imperial princes) in the Edo period, doubled as the head priest of Nikko-zan Rin-noji Temple and sometimes served for Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai sect) of Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei.",
"ja": "江戸時代の宮門跡の一つ、上野東叡山寛永寺貫主は、日光日光山輪王寺門跡を兼務し、比叡山延暦寺天台座主にも就任することもあった。"
} |
{
"en": "Also, the kanzu was called Sanzan Kanryo no miya because they were all from Sanzan Kanryo no miya or were Imperial princes.",
"ja": "また、全て宮家出身者または皇子が就任したため、三山管領宮とも称された。"
} |
{
"en": "It was believed that this was a strategy of the Tokugawa shogunate to obtain the Imperial lineage in Kanto.",
"ja": "これは、敵対勢力が京都の天皇を擁して倒幕運動を起こした場合、徳川幕府が朝敵とされるのを防ぐため、独自に擁立できる皇統を関東に置いておくという徳川幕府の戦略だったとも考えられる。"
} |
{
"en": "In doing so, the Shogunate was then able to position the Imperial court and the Emperor's enemy in such a way as to make it appear that this was just an internal struggle of the Imperial court; this strategy was actually used for the Tobu Emperor's enthronement at the end of Edo period.",
"ja": "こうすれば、朝廷対朝敵の図式を、単なる朝廷の内部抗争と位置づけることができるからであり、実際に幕末には東武皇帝の即位として利用している。"
} |
{
"en": "The strategy had various names such as 'Sanzan Kanryo no miya,' 'Nikko no miya,' 'Ueno no miya,' 'Toei Daio,' and so on.",
"ja": "「三山管領宮」「日光宮」「上野宮」「東叡大王」など様々な呼称をもつ。"
} |
{
"en": "It was also called 'Rinno-ji Temple sama' by the Imperial Court and the court nobles, 'Nikko Mikado no kami sama' by the Edo shogunate and samurai, and 'Ueno no miya sama' by the Edo people.",
"ja": "朝廷や公家からは「輪王寺」様、江戸幕府や武士からは「日光御門主様」、江戸庶民からは「上野宮様」と呼ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "It was also referred to as Toei Daio in kanbun.",
"ja": "漢文の中では東叡大王ともいう。"
} |
{
"en": "This governance continued for 13 generations.",
"ja": "13代続く。"
} |
{
"en": "Only Ueno no miya (the leader of Kanei-ji Temple) and Nikkogu (head priest of Nikko-zan Rin-noji Temple) in the 7th generation were not the same person; however, because the Nikkogu 7th was reappointed as the 5th for a second term, the total number of people was not 14.",
"ja": "そのうち第7代に限り、上野宮（寛永寺貫主）と日光宮（日光輪王寺門跡）が別人であるが、第7代日光宮は第5代の重任であるため、人数の合計が14人にはならない。"
} |
{
"en": "The appointed leaders for the temples were: 3 people from Kanin-no-miya, 2 people from Fushimi no Miya, 3 people from Arisugawa no Miya, and the others were all Imperial princes.",
"ja": "また出身は閑院宮から3人、伏見宮から2人、有栖川宮から3人、あとはすべて皇子である。"
} |
{
"en": "Most of the appointed leaders lived in Kanei-ji Temple and stayed in Nikko for three months per a year and some of them stayed in the Kansai region.",
"ja": "主に上野の寛永寺に居住し、日光には年に三ヶ月ほど滞在したが、それ以外の期間で関西方面に滞在していた人もいる。"
} |
{
"en": "There were some exceptions in this succession, as there were some individuals who did not assume the Tendai-zasu position, and 4 people out of 13 generations did not double as the Tendai-zasu position due to premature deaths or short reign.",
"ja": "ただし歴代中には例外的に天台座主には就任しなかった人もいて、13代のうち4人は早世または在位期間が短いため天台座主を兼任していない。"
} |
{
"en": "The last generation, Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa, was also one of those who had a short reign: he did not assume the Tendai-zasu position due to the Boshin War.",
"ja": "最後の北白川宮能久親王も戊辰戦争勃発のため在任期間が短く、天台座主に就任しなかった一人である。"
} |
{
"en": "The kanzu (leader) of Ueno Toeizan Kanei-ji Temple and the chief priest of Nikko-zan Rinno-ji Temple simultaneously resigned and assumed the other's position.",
"ja": "東叡山寛永寺貫主と日光日光山輪王寺門主とは就任も退任も同時でありこの二つの地位は即応である。"
} |
{
"en": "Because the Tendai-zasu position could be appointed by other Buddhist monks, there were some phases in their reign periods that they were not being Tendai-zasu.",
"ja": "が、天台座主は他の僧侶も任じられるので、在任中は天台座主でない時期があることになるのである。"
} |
{
"en": "Misunderstanding of Tendai-zasu",
"ja": "天台座主についての誤解"
} |
{
"en": "Some head priests did not assume the Tendai-zasu position during the Rinojinomiya reign; however, as it was a ceremonial position miya-monzeki consistently had actual authority under the name of Sanzan Kanryo no miya.",
"ja": "輪王寺宮の在任中であっても天台座主を兼ねない時期がありうるのだが、これは形式上のことで実質の権威は三山管領宮の名の通り一貫して宮門跡のものであった。"
} |
{
"en": "In other words, it was Toeizan Kanei-ji Temple who controlled theTendai sect in the Edo period but not Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei.",
"ja": "これはどういう意味かというと、江戸時代においては、天台宗を管領したのは東叡山寛永寺であって、比叡山延暦寺ではない。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, 'Tendai-zasu' in this case, accurately means zasu (a head priest) of a temple called Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei.",
"ja": "従って、ここでいう「天台座主」とは正確には比叡山延暦寺という一寺の座主のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "After the Meiji period, the top position of theTendai sect returned to Mt. Hiei; however, for the convenience of counting the positions before and after the Edo period (from the Nara period to modern age), it was called 'Tendai-zasu' although in actuality it was different from the Edo period.",
"ja": "明治以降、天台宗のトップの座は比叡山に戻り、江戸時代以前と以後（奈良時代から現代まで）を通算する都合上「天台座主」と称するが、江戸時代の実情とは異なる。"
} |
{
"en": "The Tendai-zasu position had a short reign and a quick turn-over.",
"ja": "天台座主は在任期間が短く交代が早い。"
} |
{
"en": "In other words, because of the above reasons, although many Buddhist monks who were not Rinnoji no miya (title given to imperial princes who had entered the priesthood) became Tendai-zasu, they were just head priests of the temple on Mt. Hiei, not of the Tendai sect as a whole.",
"ja": "つまり輪王寺宮以外の僧も何人も天台座主となっているが、この実情により、輪王寺宮以外の天台座主は比叡山の一山の座主にすぎなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "Due to individual reasons, four Rinnoji no miya, the 2nd, the 7th (Ueno no miya), the 11th, and the 13th, were not appointed as zasu of Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei officially; however, it did not change the fact that they controlled the Tendai sect as the top of Kanei-ji Temple.",
"ja": "第2代・第7代（上野宮）・第11代・第13代の4人の輪王寺宮は、それぞれの理由により、公式には比叡山延暦寺座主になってはいないが、延暦寺のトップではなく寛永寺のトップとして天台宗を管領したことにかわりはない。"
} |
{
"en": "This history is slightly complicated; however, zasu of Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei in the Edo period were also called Tendai-zasu by convention.",
"ja": "少々ややこしいが、慣例により江戸期の比叡山延暦寺座主のことをも天台座主とよんでいるのである。"
} |
{
"en": "The term \"feudal lord\" is used to refer to a person who holds feudal dominion over a certain area of land and its residents (territory).",
"ja": "領主（りょうしゅ）とは、一定の土地と其処に生活する人々（領地）の封建的な支配権を有する者。"
} |
{
"en": "Feudalism was the form of government or local autonomy that was employed in feudal times, and the position of feudal lord was often hereditary.",
"ja": "領主は、封建制の時代における政治ないし地方自治の形態で、その多くは世襲制による。"
} |
{
"en": "In Europe, as states were emerging as single entities during the transition from the medieval period to early modern times, many feudal lords were given positions as nobles in the state's political structure.",
"ja": "ヨーロッパ地域では近世から中世にかけ国家という単位が発生する過渡期的に多くの領主が貴族という形で国家に編入されていった。"
} |
{
"en": "Cultivating the wilderness or wastelands and converting them into the appropriate condition for food production (agriculture) (breadbasket and flood control) exceeded abilities of individuals or small groups, and it was, by and large, still difficult to defend themselves from invasion by neighboring territories, even if they organized a militia.",
"ja": "元々は開墾などの形で土地を自然のままの単なる荒地や原野から食料などの生産（農業）に即した状態（→穀倉地帯・治水）に整備するのは、個人や小集団の手には余る仕事であったし、まして近隣地域からの侵略から守ることは、民兵を組織化するにしても困難が生じた。"
} |
{
"en": "Feudal lords undertook these projects.",
"ja": "こういった事業を手掛けていったのが、領主である。"
} |
{
"en": "Feudal lords acquired territory and made their fortune from products on their properties, because of this, trade circumstances, diplomacy, and a variety of problems related to public assistance for residents in the territory (people of the domain) were improved.",
"ja": "領主は領地を得て、其処からの産品で財を成したが、この中には交易の整備や外交、また領内の住民（領民）に対する生活保護に絡んだ様々な問題解決が仕事となった。"
} |
{
"en": "According to many stories, these feudal lords grew so arrogant and tormented the people of the territory or invaded surrounding areas occasionally; during the Sengoku period (the Age of Civil Wars in Japan), feudal lords devoted all of their time to fighting, imposing a heavy toll on the people of the territory.",
"ja": "ただ多くの伝承が伝えるように、こういった領主が増長して領民を苦しめたり、或いは周辺地域を侵略したりといった時代もあり、戦国時代(日本)のような形態の時代には戦争に明け暮れ、その負担は領民を苦しめることとなった。"
} |
{
"en": "In the course of time feudal lords were gradually detached from the people and handed down their dominance as the absolute authority; however, some lords were better or so excellent that they were admired as wise rulers and became legends.",
"ja": "これらの領主はやがて大衆から遊離し、その権力を絶対のものとして代々受け継いでいったが、その中にはいわゆる名君と謳われ伝承に残るような善良ないし優秀な者たちもいた。"
} |
{
"en": "As states gradually changed into bigger political systems beyond the average person's understanding, feudalism was disolved by the pressure to organize; however, many lords partially preserved their autonomies and engaged in various industries in their regions, so there was a deep-seated aspect that prosperity or poverty in a region depended upon a feudal lord.",
"ja": "後に領主は国という形態が自己組織化の圧力もあって、次第に極大で各々の民衆の想像を絶するほどの政治的システムに変化する過程で取り込まれていったが、その多くは幾らかの自治権を保持し続け、地域の様々な産業に関与、地域の繁栄も困窮も領主の腹一つで決まる部分も根強く残った。"
} |
{
"en": "In many cases, divisions of land such as cities and prefectures that remain in various regions today, are the vestiges of feudal territories in such areas, and even after feudalism shifted to other political systems, these were still used for regional division in each successive political system.",
"ja": "今日、様々な地域に残る市や県などの土地の区分けは、そういった領地の支配範囲の名残であることも多く、封建制から他の政治システムに移行した後でも、各々の政治システムの地域的な区分けに利用されている。"
} |
{
"en": "Kaihatsu-ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) is a generic name for those who secured a territory by extensive reclaimed land development after the mid Heian period, and who were originally influential peasants (Tato).",
"ja": "開発領主（かいほつりょうしゅ）とは、平安時代中期以降、墾田開発をさかんにおこなって領地を確保した者の総称であり、元来は有力農民（田堵）である。"
} |
{
"en": "Although privatization of rice fields was approved by kokuga (provincial government office compounds), the definition of rights was unclear; therefore, kaihatsu-ryoshu donated their reclaimed lands as shoen (private estates) to Juryoso (career provincial official class) as shoen (manors).",
"ja": "彼らは国衙から田地の私有が認められたものの、その権利は危ういものであったため、開発した土地を荘園として受領層に寄進した。"
} |
{
"en": "Juryoso appointed kaihatsu-ryoshu as shokan (an officer governing a shoen (manor)) such as Geshi (lower ranked officer) and kumon (a local shoen official below the geshi in rank), and received regular tax yields in exchange for giving them effective control over the land.",
"ja": "受領層は彼らを下司や公文などの荘官に任命し、その土地の実効支配を認める代わりに、一定の税収を受け取る。"
} |
{
"en": "Juryoso who managed to own a shoen in such a manner is called ryoke (virtual proprietor of manor).",
"ja": "こうして荘園を持つようになった受領層を領家と呼ぶ。"
} |
{
"en": "Ryoke became increasingly more opposed to kokushi (provincial governors) who privatized Kokugaryo, and donated their manors to kenmon seika (powerful houses and influential families) or large temples to seek protection while paying regular tax yields in return.",
"ja": "領家は次第に、国衙領を私領化するようになった国司と対立するようになり、自らの荘園をさらに権門勢家や大寺院に寄進し、保護を求める代わりに一定の税収を納めた。"
} |
{
"en": "Influential families or temples and shrines who accumulated manors in such a manner are called Honke (head family).",
"ja": "こうして荘園を集積した権門層や寺社を本家と呼んでいる。"
} |
{
"en": "In the late Heian period feudalism consisted of Honke, Ryoke, and Kaihatsu-ryoshu.",
"ja": "このようにして、平安後期には本家、領家、開発領主の各層から成る領主層が形成された。"
} |
{
"en": "Kaihatsu-ryoshu also concurrently performed as Zaichokanjin (provincial government officers) and they remained in the Kokugaryo position when the relation with kokuga was more profitable.",
"ja": "また、開発領主は、一方では在庁官人でもあり、国衙と結びつくことが有利な場合はそのまま国衙領にとどまった。"
} |
{
"en": "After the mid Heian period, due to the monopoly of official ranks by Fujiwara-Hokke's (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan) regents, many lower-ranking nobles fell out of work in the national political arena and went to the provinces.",
"ja": "平安中期以降、摂関政治にみられる藤原北家の官位独占などにより、中央政界からあぶれた下級貴族の多くが、地方へ下向した。"
} |
{
"en": "There were many cases in which Kaihatsu-ryoshu established a master-servant relationship with these nobles to resolve disputes over manors.",
"ja": "開発領主はこれらの貴族と主従関係を結ぶことにより、荘園をめぐる紛争解決に役立てようとすることが多かった。"
} |
{
"en": "They sometimes armed themselves as samurai (warrior) while some lower-ranking nobles organized these warriors into armed groups; they were often called Toryo (leader) of the groups.",
"ja": "自らは武装して武士となり、また下級貴族のなかには、これらを武士団として組織して、その棟梁と呼ばれることも少なくなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "In the course of time the Oshu Fujiwara clan and the Taira clan regime appeared from the leaders of samurai families, eventually forming the Kamakura bakufu (also known as Shogunate, a Japanese feudal government headed by a Shogun) at the end of the 12th century.",
"ja": "これら武家の棟梁のなかから、やがて奥州藤原氏、平氏政権が生まれ、12世紀末葉には鎌倉幕府の成立をみた。"
} |
{
"en": "The existance of jito (manager and lord of manor) is well-known from the Kamakura period; however, jito was originally one of the names of shokan and was only given the authority to collect rice provisions for the army from manors and public lands under the pretext of hunting down and killing MINAMOTO no Yukiie and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune during the Bunji imperial sanction, not the authority to control lands.",
"ja": "鎌倉時代では地頭の存在が知られるが、本来は地頭とは荘官の名称のひとつであり、文治の勅許の際にも、源行家・源義経追討を名目として荘園・公領から兵糧米を徴収する権限が与えられたにすぎず、土地の支配権を得たわけではなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "At first, installation of the jito position was limited to Heishi Mokkanryo (Land rights confiscated by Kamakura bakufu from the Taira family).",
"ja": "また、その設置も当初は平氏没官領に限られていた。"
} |
{
"en": "However, warriors also known as gokenin, who pledged their allegiance to the bakufu, were granted with the honor of appointment or recognition as Jitoshiki (manager and lord of a manor) and took local control of the collection of nengu (annual tribute) from manors and public lands, property management, and maintaining public order.",
"ja": "しかしながら、幕府に忠誠を誓った武士すなわち御家人は、この地頭職の補任ないし安堵というかたちで論功行賞その他がおこなわれ、荘園・公領における年貢の徴収や土地の管理、治安の維持にあたって現地支配の実権をにぎった。"
} |
{
"en": "Throughout the Kamakura period, jito's invasion to manors occurred frequently and disputes over land with manor lords intensified.",
"ja": "鎌倉時代を通じて地頭による荘園侵略がさかんにおこなわれ、荘園領主との間に土地に関する紛争が激化した。"
} |
{
"en": "A lord of a manor then made a contract of Jitouke to ensure delivery of their nengu payment in return for leaving the entire manor management to jito, while making an agreement of Shitaji chubun (physical division of land) to halve the land between the feudal lords and the jito.",
"ja": "そこで荘園領主は、地頭請の契約を結んで、荘園管理の一切を地頭にまかせるかわりに年貢の納入を約束させたり、下地中分のとりきめをおこなって、荘園の土地そのものを領主と地頭で折半したりした。"
} |
{
"en": "However, as a result, this accelerated jito's control over manors, which was contrary to the aim of the manor lords.",
"ja": "しかし、この結果、荘園領主のねらいとはうらはらに、地頭の荘園支配はいっそう進んだ。"
} |
{
"en": "Shugo (provincial constables) were installed at the same time as jito (1185), but they had a totally different role.",
"ja": "守護は、地頭と同時期（1185年）に設置されたが、その性格はまったく異なっていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Shugo were placed in each province as the local official of the bakufu and their duties involved Taibon Sankajo (three major tasks of peacekeeping), which was mainly composed of maintaining domestic security and Obanyaku (job to guard Kyoto), while jito were placed in each manor as tax collection officers.",
"ja": "地頭が徴税人として荘園ごとに置かれたのに対し、守護は幕府の地方官として令制国ごとに置かれ、国内の治安維持と大番役を柱とする大犯三箇条がその任務であった。"
} |
{
"en": "Takauji ASHIKAGA, who established the Muromachi bakufu in Kyoto in the first half of the 14th century, gave shugo a stronger authority to benefit himself from conflicts in the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) period.",
"ja": "14世紀前半に京都に室町幕府を建てた足利尊氏は、南北朝時代(日本)の争乱を有利に進めるために従来の守護よりも強い権限を守護に与えた。"
} |
{
"en": "Takauji gave shugo approval for Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally) and the right to delegate judical authority to others besides Taibon Sankajo in the Kamakura period.",
"ja": "鎌倉時代の大犯三箇条に加え、刈田狼藉を認め、また使節遵行権を守護に与えた。"
} |
{
"en": "Moreover, other policies were conducted, including hanzei and manor management in provinces, which shugo had control over.",
"ja": "さらに、半済や分国内の荘園管理を守護に任せる守護請などがおこなわれた。"
} |
{
"en": "The policy, hanzei, allowed ryoshu to split nengu in half, out of all nengu that was supposed to be given to feudal lords as manor nengu and to a provincial governor as Kokugaryo nengu, to deliver to both feudal lords as nengu and the local warriors as rice provisions when needed.",
"ja": "半済とは、本来領主に納入すべき荘園の年貢や知行国主に納めるべき国衙領の年貢のうち、半分は領主に届けるものの、残り半分は兵糧米として現地の武士に与えてよいとするものである。"
} |
{
"en": "Supported by stronger authority, shugo encouraged increasing numbers of jito to become vassals of samurai families, and obtaining economic as well as military and police power as shugo daimyo (shugo that became daimyo), shugo strengthened territorial control over provinces under their control.",
"ja": "このような権限の強化を背景に、守護による地頭の被官化がさらに進行し、守護大名として軍事・警察権能だけでなく、経済的権能をも獲得して、分国内での領域的な支配を強化していった。"
} |
{
"en": "This was called the Shugo-ryogoku system, and some shugo daimyo exercised a lot of power by taking charge of shugo in more than one province.",
"ja": "これを守護領国制と呼び、複数の国の守護に任じられて大勢力となる例もあった。"
} |
{
"en": "However, the shugo position originally grew out of the bakufu's authority and the existence of shugo could have been threatened if this background collapsed for some reason.",
"ja": "しかし、守護はもともと幕府権力を背景にして成長したものであり、もしも、この背景が何らかの理由で崩れる怖れのあるときは、守護自体の存立が危うくなる。"
} |
{
"en": "This was why many shugo owned their residences in Kyoto and sent Shugodai (deputy military governor) to their posts.",
"ja": "守護が多くの場合邸宅を京内に構え、任地には守護代を派遣したのもそのためである。"
} |
{
"en": "Since the shugo daimyo position was founded on various rights in manors, collapse of the manor system meant the loss of their economic base.",
"ja": "また、守護大名は、荘園内のさまざまな権利に基礎をおいており、荘園体制がくずれることは自らの経済基盤を失うことでもあった。"
} |
{
"en": "Also, the master-servant relationship with warriors in the provinces did not grow out of territorial tranfers but of relations with commanding authorities in the military and the police.",
"ja": "さらに、分国内の武士との主従関係も、所領そのものの授受ではなく軍事・警察における指揮権を通じての関係から始まったものであった。"
} |
{
"en": "One of the limitations that did not allow shugo to become feudal lords was the disturbance of the Northern and Southern courts in the Muromachi period that led to the political instability and complications.",
"ja": "「守護の領主化」といってもそこには限界があり、室町時代が、南北朝の争乱後も常に中央、地方問わず波乱含みで政治的に不安定だった理由ともなっていた。"
} |
{
"en": "The appearance of the feudal lord class which bore responsibility for local politics after the collapse of manorialism started in the Sengoku period (Japan).",
"ja": "荘園制がくずれ、地方の政治に一定の責任をもつという意味での領主層の誕生は戦国時代(日本)にはじまる。"
} |
{
"en": "This plainly shows the fact that unlike shugo daimyo, sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) basically lived locally, enforced the law bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain), and promoted new industry and fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) including mine development as well as the maintenance of agricultural water.",
"ja": "それは、守護大名とは異なり戦国大名が基本的には現地に居住したこと、また、それぞれ分国法と呼ばれる法令を公布し、通用させたこと、さらに、それぞれの大名が鉱山開発や農業用水の整備など殖産興業と富国強兵を目指したことに端的にあらわれている。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Sengoku period, the master-servant relationship, in which the daimyo ruled as monarch, was developed with land as its base; leading to the Jigatachigyo system in the Edo period (provision of lands from a feudal government to retainers as salary).",
"ja": "戦国時代には、大名を君主として土地そのものを媒介とする主従関係が発達し、これが江戸時代の地方知行制のもととなっていった。"
} |
{
"en": "Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who was a peasant, ended the Sengoku period and launched the Taiko-kenchi (nationwide land survey) in 1582 and improved upon complicated landholding relationships such as when several persons held rights to the same land, resulting in a renewed property system.",
"ja": "戦国時代を終息させた農民出身の豊臣秀吉は、1582年（天正10年）に太閤検地を開始し、1つの土地に数人のもの者が権利をもつ、複雑な土地所有関係を整理し、土地制度を一新させた。"
} |
{
"en": "With the complete collapse of the manorial system, early-modern land holding based on the Kokudaka system was granted, and peasants assumed obligations to pay nengu in return for the right to cultivate, while the daimyo obtained territories in exchange for Kaieki (to forfeit rank of samurai and properties) and Kunigae (to transfer a daimyo from one fief to another).",
"ja": "ここに荘園制度を完全に崩壊し、石高制による近世的土地所有を実現し、農民には耕作権を認めるとともに年貢を納める義務を負わせるとともに、大名には所領をあてがうとともに、改易や国替を可能とした。"
} |
{
"en": "Hideyoshi also conducted the Sword Hunt in 1588 to deprive the farming rank the right to wear a sword and to restrict the use of weapons which completed the heinobunri (separation of the warrior class from the soil) while creating the early-modern samurai rank.",
"ja": "秀吉はまた、1588年に刀狩を実施して、百姓身分から帯刀権を奪い、武器使用を規制して兵農分離を完成させたいっぽうで、近世的な武士身分を創出した。"
} |
{
"en": "Samurai were permitted to adopt a surname and to wear a pair of swords, and was requiered to live in a castle town.",
"ja": "武士は、苗字帯刀を許され、城下町に住まわせることとした。"
} |
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