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translation |
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{
"en": "Around that time, the study of family crests became popular among warriors.",
"ja": "これに前後して武士の間では家紋の研究が流行している。"
} |
{
"en": "Feudal ranks during the Edo period included the following: the Tokugawa Family in the Edo bakufu, daimyo with over 10,000 Goku crop yields (one domain per unit), hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who had less than 10,000 Goku crop yields but obtained the omemie privilege (privilege to have an audience with their lord), gokenin without the omemie privilege, and high-ranked vassal of daimyo with higher crop yields.",
"ja": "江戸時代の封建領主としては、江戸幕府の徳川将軍家をはじめとして、藩を単位とする1万石以上の大名、1万石未満だが御目見の特権を有する旗本、御目見の特権のない御家人江戸時代の御家人、また石高の高い大名の上級家臣があった。"
} |
{
"en": "In the early Edo period, daimyo introduced the Jigatachigyo system in which property was granted to dominant Samurai (kyunin: upper class retainers); however, because kyunin sometimes freely collected nengu, daimyo expanded the territory under their control and the horoku system (salary) became a common system in around the 1690's.",
"ja": "江戸初期には、大名は一定の土地を有力武士（給人）にあたえる地方知行制がとられていたが、給人が勝手に年貢を徴収することもあったため、大名は自ら治める支配領域を拡大し、1690年頃には俸禄制度が一般的となった。"
} |
{
"en": "Afterwards, the numbers of domains who retained the chigyo system (enfeoffment system), accounted for 17% of all domains.",
"ja": "これ以後、知行制度をのこす藩の数は全体の17％となった。"
} |
{
"en": "Due to the abolition of domains and the employment of prefectural governance after the Meiji Restoration, the central government terminated the chigyo system, and Samurai privileges were fully abolished by Haitorei (the decree banning the wearing of swords) and Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend).",
"ja": "その知行制度も、明治維新後の廃藩置県によって中央政府が任命した府知事・県令の派遣によって終わり、武士の特権も廃刀令と秩禄処分によって完全に廃止された。"
} |
{
"en": "Satsumanokami was the post of Kami (chief) of Kokushi in Satsuma province.",
"ja": "薩摩守（さつまのかみ）は、薩摩国の国司長官職。"
} |
{
"en": "It presided over the state affairs including administration and jurisdiction.",
"ja": "行政・司法等、国務一切を総轄する。"
} |
{
"en": "The prescribed number was one.",
"ja": "定員1名。"
} |
{
"en": "The post corresponded to Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank).",
"ja": "従五位相当の職。"
} |
{
"en": "It was one of juryomei (allowance to be called with a special rank name adding his country name).",
"ja": "または受領名のひとつ。"
} |
{
"en": "After the name of the character in \"Heike Monogatari\" (The tale of the Heike), Satsumanokami TAIRA no Tadanori, a person who steals a ride on a train or the like is colloquially called Satsumanokami because Tadanori is the homophone of fare cheating.",
"ja": "『平家物語』に登場する薩摩守平忠度（たいらのただのり）から、俗語で電車などのただ乗り(無賃乗車)を薩摩守ということがある。"
} |
{
"en": "See 'Fare Cheating.'",
"ja": "不正乗車を参照。"
} |
{
"en": "Satsumanokami is one of the programs of Kyogen.",
"ja": "また、狂言の演目のひとつ。"
} |
{
"en": "Satsuma province was Taikoku (major province) located in the area corresponding to the western part of present Kagoshima prefecture.",
"ja": "薩摩国は現在の鹿児島県西部にあたり、大国であった。"
} |
{
"en": "During the Edo period, the post was inherited by the Shimazu clan that was the lord of Satsuma province for generations while Tadayoshi MATSUDAIRA was also appointed the post.",
"ja": "江戸時代は、松平忠吉も任ぜられている他、代々の薩摩藩藩主たる島津氏に世襲された。"
} |
{
"en": "There was a case that Yoritsuna YAZAWA used the juryomei.",
"ja": "受領名としては矢沢頼綱が名乗った例がある。"
} |
{
"en": "Joro otoshiyori is the title of women serving in the O-oku during the Edo Period.",
"ja": "上臈御年寄（じょうろうおとしより）は江戸時代の大奥女中の役職名。"
} |
{
"en": "The title is abbreviated as joro at times.",
"ja": "上臈と略されることもある。"
} |
{
"en": "These women were allowed direct contact with the Tokugawa shogun family and their wives and ranked the highest in O-oku.",
"ja": "徳川将軍家や御台所への謁見が許される「お目見え以上」の女中であり、大奥における最高位。"
} |
{
"en": "The joro otoshiyori is the official responsible for social, cultural and other important ceremonies and served as advisor to the shogun and his wife.",
"ja": "社交や文化行事などの典礼を司る式部官であり、常に将軍や御台所の傍についてその相談役となった。"
} |
{
"en": "Many of the women who rose to the position came from noble families of Kyo and were well-versed in court protocols, laws and special events and are believed to have accompanies the bride to wed the shogun and live in the Edo Castle.",
"ja": "主に有職故実に長けた京の公家出身の女中がこの役職に就くことが多く、彼女たちのほとんどは御台所や御簾中の輿入れに伴って奥入りしたと考えられている。"
} |
{
"en": "Although ranking the highest among the women of O-oku, they are believed to have wielded little influence within Ooku, due to the lack of opportunity to influence the shogunate's policy on court nobility or due to the fact that the shogun's wife had little power.",
"ja": "奥女中の階級の中では最上位に位置する上臈御年寄だが、幕府の公家対策・あるいは御台所が権力を持つ機会が少なかったためか、大奥の中で実権を持つことはあまりなかったとされる。"
} |
{
"en": "For this reason, lower-ranking toshiyori actually held the highest authority in O-oku, dominating all important and lesser matters.",
"ja": "このため、本来は上臈御年寄よりも下位の御年寄が大奥の最高権力者となり、大奥における大事小事を差配した。"
} |
{
"en": "Notwithstanding, there were joro otoshiyori who demonstrated influence over shogunate policy, such as Uemon no suke no tsubone during the reign of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, Takakoka during the reign of Ieharu TOKUGAWA, Anekoji under Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA and Utahashi under Iesada TOKUGAWA, showing that \"absence of power\" was not necessarily true.",
"ja": "しかしながら、徳川綱吉時代の右衛門佐局、徳川家治時代の高岳、徳川家慶時代の姉小路、徳川家定時代の歌橋など、上臈御年寄でありながら幕政をも左右するほどの権力を握った者もおり、単純に「権力を持たなかった」とは言い切れない。"
} |
{
"en": "Torimi (officer for falconry) is a position in the Edo shogunate.",
"ja": "鳥見（とりみ）とは、江戸幕府の職名の1つ。"
} |
{
"en": "The duties were to manage the falcon hunting grounds and to prepare for falcon hunting by the shogun.",
"ja": "鷹狩場の管理と征夷大将軍などが鷹狩をする際の準備にあたった。"
} |
{
"en": "Falconry dates back to the medieval times when similar positions could be found in feudal domains.",
"ja": "なお、その源流は中世に遡り、諸藩の中にも同様の役職を設置したところがある。"
} |
{
"en": "In contrast to the takajo (hawker) in charge of training the birds, the torimi was responsible for supervising the bird habitat in the hunting grounds in order to guide the shogun to locations with a high percentage of prey.",
"ja": "鷹匠が鷹を調教する役目を担ったのに対して、鳥見は鷹狩を行う現地（鷹狩場）における鳥の生息状況を監視してより獲物の多い場所へと導く役割を担った。"
} |
{
"en": "Once a hunting ground was established, the torimi took charge of preventing poaching, feeding birds to become prey and mobilizing people from neighboring villages and securing safety.",
"ja": "また、鷹狩場が一定の地域に固定されると、密猟の防止や獲物となる鳥への餌付け、更に周辺農村部における人員動員や治安確保も担当した。"
} |
{
"en": "Because the torimi required extensive knowledge and experience in hunting, the post was regarded a skilled post and was very often hereditary.",
"ja": "狩に関する知識などは長年の経験によるところが大きく、技能職として世襲される事が多かった。"
} |
{
"en": "Due to instances of the torimi entering the premises of samurai and daimyo estates in order to \"inspect the bird habitat\" and also due to the exceptionally large stipend of 80 bales of rice, it has been said that the torimi served as intelligence officers as well.",
"ja": "また鳥の生息状況を見ると称して、武家屋敷・大名屋敷に入ることもあったことや、その職責からして80俵5人扶持は大きいことから、諜報部員としての側面があったとも言われている。"
} |
{
"en": "Although the post is believed to have been created because falconry was the favorite sport of shoguns since Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, it did not become an official position until 1643 when 10 torimis were appointed under the wakadoshiyori.",
"ja": "徳川家康以来、江戸幕府歴代将軍が鷹狩を愛好した事からこうした役職はその時々に応じてあったと考えられているが、若年寄の下に10人が鳥見に任じられて正式な役職として成立したのは寛永20年（1643年）のことである。"
} |
{
"en": "The sport was abolished under Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA's edict prohibiting harm on living things but was restored and expanded under the reign of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA.",
"ja": "徳川綱吉の生類憐れみの令によって一時大幅に削減されたが、徳川吉宗の時代に復活して以後拡張された。"
} |
{
"en": "It was later abolished permanently in December 1967 when Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA decided to adopt the Western military system.",
"ja": "その後、徳川慶喜が西洋軍制を採用する方針を固めた慶応2年12月（1866年、西暦では翌1867年）廃止された。"
} |
{
"en": "Torimi stationed at the hunting ground hired men from neighboring villages as \"takaban,\" which posed a heavy burden on the appointees and at times caused villagers to riot, due in part to the mobilization of villagers during the shogun's hunt.",
"ja": "なお、現地に滞在した在宅鳥見の下には周辺農村から村役の一環として「鷹番」が登用されていたが、その負担は大きく将軍鷹狩の際の人夫徴発と合わせて一揆などの騒動を起こす一因にもなった。"
} |
{
"en": "Torimi-gashira (torimi-kumigashira) earned 200 bales of rice, stipend for 5 dependents and salary of 20 ryo (gold pieces)",
"ja": "鳥見頭（鳥見組頭） 200俵高・野扶持5口・役金20両"
} |
{
"en": "2 persons",
"ja": "－2名"
} |
{
"en": "Torimi earned 80 bales of rice, stipend for 5 dependents and 18 ryo for using post horses.",
"ja": "鳥見 80俵高・野扶持5口・伝馬金18両"
} |
{
"en": "10 at the start, increasing to 32",
"ja": "－当初10名、最終的に32名"
} |
{
"en": "９ Torimi trainees",
"ja": "鳥見見習 9名"
} |
{
"en": "７ Torimi stationed at hunting grounds",
"ja": "在宅鳥見 7名（鷹狩場に居住した）"
} |
{
"en": "Geki was one of the government posts belonging to Daijokan, which was the highest organization of the Imperial Court under the ritsuryo legal code system.",
"ja": "外記（げき）は律令制において朝廷組織の最高機関・太政官に属した職の一つである。"
} |
{
"en": "It corresponds to Sakan of Shitokan.",
"ja": "四等官の中の主典（さかん）に相当する。"
} |
{
"en": "The names of Tang counterparts were Gaishi, Monkakikyoro, and Monkareishi.",
"ja": "唐名は外史・門下起居郎・門下令史。"
} |
{
"en": "The Japanese reading of Geki was 'Tono ooishirusu tsukasa.'",
"ja": "和訓は「とのおおいしるすつかさ」。"
} |
{
"en": "Geki, placed under Shonagon, took charge of revising the imperial edicts created by Naiki of Nakatsukasasho, and creating the documents to be presented from Daijokan to the emperor.",
"ja": "少納言の下に置かれ、中務省の内記が作成した詔勅を校勘し、太政官から天皇に上げる奏文を作成した。"
} |
{
"en": "Geki, under the command of Shokei of Daijokan, also supervised the ceremonies and public affairs of the Imperial Court by examining precedents and submitting a report on them to contribute to smooth operation of the ceremonies and affairs as required.",
"ja": "また太政官の上卿の指示に従って朝廷の儀式・公事の奉行を行い、必要に応じて関係する先例を調査・上申してその円滑な遂行に努めた。"
} |
{
"en": "Further, Geki partly took charge of the procedure of personnel affairs.",
"ja": "更に人事案件の手続の一端を担った。"
} |
{
"en": "For the importance of the duties of Geki, the corresponding court rank was raised in June 15, 783, and in March 7, 815, Geki began to share the duty 'Goshokiroku' of recording the emperor's daily activities that had been undertaken by Naiki.",
"ja": "その重要性から延暦2年5月11日(旧暦)（783年6月15日）には官位相当が引き上げられ、また弘仁6年1月23日(旧暦)（815年3月7日）には、内記が行っていた御所記録（天皇の日々の動静を記す）の職務を分担するようになった。"
} |
{
"en": "When Kurodo was established and the authority of Shonagon became a mere formality, part of duties and authority of Shonagon were transferred to Geki.",
"ja": "また、蔵人が置かれて少納言の権限が形骸化すると、その職務・権限の一部が外記に移された。"
} |
{
"en": "As Geki achieved so many duties, they rose to higher positions so that some Geki were promoted to as high as Fifth Rank in the middle of the Heian period.",
"ja": "このように職務多忙であったことから外記の地位も上昇し、平安時代中期には五位に昇進する大外記も現れるようになった。"
} |
{
"en": "These Geki were called Taifugeki.",
"ja": "これを大夫外記と呼ばれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Later, the head of Taifugeki was called 'Kyokumu.'",
"ja": "後に大夫外記の筆頭を「局務（きょくむ）」とも称するようになる。"
} |
{
"en": "Gonkan (Gondaigeki, Gonshogeki) and the like were sometimes established to compensate the shortage of personnel, but on January 4, 1188, it was decided to set the upper limit of the prescribed number for Daigeki and Shogeki in total to 6.",
"ja": "また人数を補うために権官（権大外記・権少外記）などが設けられる事があったが、文治3年12月4日(旧暦)（1188年1月4日）には最大定員を大少合わせて6名とすることになった。"
} |
{
"en": "Like Shi, Geki was originally a high ranking post to serve as a stepping-stone toward higher posts for low ranking officials who excelled at Confucianism and writing; but after the Kamakura period, the post was inherited by the Funabashi family (Kiyohara clan) and the Oshikoji family (Nakahara clan), both of which were families that had produced Myogyodo scholars for generations, and some members were appointed to Kokusoin betto which had been traditionally held by the nobles.",
"ja": "本来は顕官の1つとして史_(律令制)とともに儒学・文筆に優れた下級官人が任じられて昇進への足がかりとする役職であったが、鎌倉時代以後には明経道の家柄であった舟橋家（清原氏）・押小路家（中原氏）両家の世襲となり、また従来は公卿が任じられていた穀倉院別当に任命されるものもいた。"
} |
{
"en": "The descendants of the branch families of the Nakahara clan were not appointed Daigeki but Gondaigeki instead.",
"ja": "なお、中原氏庶流出身者などは大外記には任じられず、替わりに権大外記に任命された。"
} |
{
"en": "During the Muromachi period, the descendants of the Funabashi family began to serve as the instructor to the emperor to be promoted to Shonagon without serving as Geki for generations; therefore, Kyokumu was solely inherited by the Oshikoji family.",
"ja": "室町時代に入ると、舟橋家は代々天皇の侍読として外記を経ずに少納言に上ることになったために、局務は押小路家のみによる世襲となった。"
} |
{
"en": "During the Edo period, the Oshikoji family used the authority of Kyokumu in mobilizing not only Shisho but also Jigekanjin in the respective ministries to perform ceremonies and public affairs of the Imperial Court.",
"ja": "江戸時代には押小路家は局務の権限として史生のみならず各省の地下人官人を動員して朝廷の儀式・公事の遂行に努めた。"
} |
{
"en": "It is considered that those Jige Kannin were counted more than 60 families and collectively called 'Gekikata.'",
"ja": "こうした地下官人達を「外記方」と呼び60家以上が存在したと言われている。"
} |
{
"en": "At first, they were the members of Shonagonkyoku, which was the office of Shonagon, but later, they began to have their own office called Gekicho, which was called Gekikyoku later.",
"ja": "初めは少納言の事務所である少納言局を構成していたが、外記庁（後には外記局）と呼ばれる独自の事務所を持つに至った。"
} |
{
"en": "Gekicho was located to the east of Kenshunmon Gate to the emperor's residence, with a Fudono building and the like built side by side.",
"ja": "外記庁は内裏の建春門の東側に位置して文殿などが併設された。"
} |
{
"en": "Meetings of Daijokan were sometimes held in the building of Gekicho and those meetings were called Gekisei.",
"ja": "なお、太政官の会議が外記庁の施設を用いて行われる場合があり、これを外記政と呼ぶ。"
} |
{
"en": "Geki kept the business diary 'Geki Nikki' for future reference; but in the latter half of the Heian period, because the ritsuryo legal code system was loosened and Geki became to keep the matters regarding the official duties in their personal diaries to conceal the matters from outside so as to require the inheritance right of Geki and public authority, Geki consequently declined.",
"ja": "外記の職務日記として「外記日記」が書かれて後日の参考としたが、平安時代後期には律令制の弛緩に加え、外記が職務に関する事項を個人の日記に記して外部に秘して、外記の世襲化と公的権威の付与を促したために衰微した。"
} |
{
"en": "FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, who was concerned about the situation, ordered Geki to keep Geki Nikki, but failed.",
"ja": "これを憂慮した藤原頼長が外記日記の励行を命じたものの失敗に終わっている。"
} |
{
"en": "Daigeki (corresponding to Junior Sixth Rank, Senior Seventh Rank, later Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade): 2",
"ja": "大外記（従六位正七位のちに正六位上相当）二名"
} |
{
"en": "Shogeki (corresponding to Junior Sixth Rank, Junior Seventh Rank, later Junior Sixth Rank, Senior Seventh Rank): 2",
"ja": "少外記（従六位従七位のちに従六位正七位相当）二名"
} |
{
"en": "Shisho: 10",
"ja": "史生十名"
} |
{
"en": "Meshitsukai: 2",
"ja": "召使二名"
} |
{
"en": "Tsukaibe: 43",
"ja": "使部四十三名"
} |
{
"en": "The fushin bugyo was a post held by hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) during the Edo period.",
"ja": "普請奉行（ふしんぶぎょう）とは、江戸時代の旗本の役職の一つ。"
} |
{
"en": "Shodayu-yaku",
"ja": "諸太夫役。"
} |
{
"en": "It was also known as gofushin bugyo.",
"ja": "別名は、御普請奉行。"
} |
{
"en": "\"Fushin\" here means ' general public laber services' in Buddhist terminology.",
"ja": "ここでいう普請は、仏教用語で「ひろく大衆に労役に従事してもらう」という意味である。"
} |
{
"en": "The duty was to maintain castle stone walls and its components, as well as its layout.",
"ja": "お城の石垣普請や縄張りを司る役割。"
} |
{
"en": "The number of fushin dayu was commonly two.",
"ja": "定員は概ね2名程度。"
} |
{
"en": "The post was accompanied by salary of 2000-koku rice yield.",
"ja": "役高は、2000石。"
} |
{
"en": "The subordinates included the shimo-bugyo, aratame-yaku and fushin-kata.",
"ja": "下に下奉行、改役、普請方などの役があった。"
} |
{
"en": "Together with the sakuji bugyo (commissioner of buildings) and kofushin bugyo, these three posts were known as shimosan bugyo (the three commissioners in charge of repair and management).",
"ja": "作事奉行、小普請奉行とあわせ下三奉行（しもさんぶぎょう）といった。"
} |
{
"en": "Tenyaku referred to Honkan, a government post, which belonged to Nakatsukasasho in the ritsuryo legal code system.",
"ja": "典鑰（てんやく）とは、律令制において中務省に属した品官（ほんかん）である。"
} |
{
"en": "The Japanese reading of Tenyaku was 'Kaginotsukasa.'",
"ja": "和訓は「かぎのつかさ」。"
} |
{
"en": "As Tenyaku first appeared with Kenmotsu in the Article of the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Jito, i.e., in 693, of \"Nihonshoki\" (Chronicles of Japan), it is considered that Tenyaku existed in the era of Asukakiyomihara Code.",
"ja": "『日本書紀』の持統天皇7年（693年）条に監物と共に初出しているため、飛鳥浄御原令期には存在したと考えられている。"
} |
{
"en": "Together with Kenmotsu, Tenyaku managed Shuyaku working at the warehouse of Nakatsukasasho.",
"ja": "監物とともに中務省の倉庫の主鑰を管理していた。"
} |
{
"en": "Tenyaku went to the Imperial Court every morning to receive a key from Mikadonotsukasa of Kokyujunishi, kept the key, handed the key to Kenmotsu if required or received the key returned from Kenmotsu, and returned the key to Mikadonotsukasa in the evening.",
"ja": "典鑰は毎朝参内して後宮十二司の闡司より鑰を受け取ってこれを保管し、必要に応じて監物に鑰を渡したり返納を受けたりして夕方にはまた闡司に返却した。"
} |
{
"en": "It is considered that the roles were strictly divided such that Tenyaku were only in charge of managing the key, Kenmotsu were in charge of receiving the key from Tenyaku, locking and unlocking with the key, and managing the delivery of the things to and from the warehouse, and Shuyaku (Daishuyaku, Shoshuyaku) were in charge of actual delivery of the things to and from the warehouse.",
"ja": "なお、典鑰は鑰の管理のみを担当し、典鑰から鑰を受け取った監物が鑰の開け閉めと出納の管理を行い、主鑰（大主鑰・少主鑰）が実際の出納を行うという役割分担が厳格にされていたとされている。"
} |
{
"en": "Daitenyaku (Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade): 2",
"ja": "大典鑰（従七位下） 2名"
} |
{
"en": "Shotenyaku (Junior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade): 2",
"ja": "少典鑰（従八位上） 2名"
} |
{
"en": "Kanjo-kumigashira is a bureaucratic post in the Edo shogunate.",
"ja": "勘定組頭（かんじょうくみがしら）とは、江戸幕府の役職の1つ。"
} |
{
"en": "The kanjo-kumigashira is a member of kanjo-sho, the office of financial affairs, in charge of supervising and managing bureaucrats belonging to office under the command of its commissioner, the kanjo-bugyo, for administration of the cognate's financial policy and agricultural policy.",
"ja": "勘定所に属して勘定奉行の支配を受けて勘定所所属の諸役人を指揮・監督を行い、幕府財政及び農政を担当した。"
} |
{
"en": "The post is generally believed to have been created in 1664. However, the post name had already appeared more than 30 years before during the Kanei period and the date of establishment may be traced back to this date.",
"ja": "設置時期は寛文4年（1664年）とするのが通説であるが、それよりも30年以上も前の寛永年間には既にこの名称が登場しているため、設置上限はこの時期まで遡ることが可能とされている。"
} |
{
"en": "According to the job rank system in 1672, there were 12 appointed to this post, earning executive allowance of 100 bales of rice and two of the kanjo-kumigashira were appointed to take charge of Edo Castle whereas the rest appointed to cover the Osaka region and the Kanto region (at least 4 appointees).",
"ja": "寛文12年（1672年）の職制によれば定員12名・役料は100俵であり、御殿（江戸城）担当が2名が設置され、残りは上方担当と関東地方担当に振り分けられていた（最低4名）。"
} |
{
"en": "The executive allowance was abolished once in 1682 but was restored in 1722 with rank-based salary of 350 bales.",
"ja": "天和(日本)2年（1782年）に一旦役料が廃止されたが、享保7年（1722年）に改めて役高350俵が与えられた。"
} |
{
"en": "The region-based job function was abolished in the structural reform implemented in the following year (1723) and replaced by category-based appointments, namely, Goten-zume for Edo Castle, kattekata, torika-aratame, ukagaikata and shomuki-kanjocho-aratame.",
"ja": "翌8年（1723年）の制度改革によって地域別振り分けを廃して、代わりに御殿詰・勝手方・取箇改・伺方・諸向勘定帳改の部門別振り分けが導入された。"
} |
{
"en": "Appointments as kanjo-kumigashira remained thereafter until the end of the shogunate regime, with the number of appointees ranging between 10 and 13.",
"ja": "以後定員は10-13名で推移しながら幕末にまで至った。"
} |
{
"en": "Mikinotsukasa (also called Sakenotsukasa) was a branch office of Kunaisho, erected under the ritsuryo legal code system.",
"ja": "酒造司（みきのつかさ、さけのつかさ）は、律令制の下で置かれた役所で宮内省の被官。"
} |
{
"en": "Its main duty was supervising brewing of sake, amasake, and vinegar.",
"ja": "主な職務は酒や醴・酢などの醸造をうかさどった。"
} |
{
"en": "In Mikinotsukasa, three Shitokan officials, i.e., Kami, Jo, and Sakan were placed; on the other hand, an official corresponding to Suke was not prepared.",
"ja": "四等官は正（かみ）、佑（じょう）、令史（さかん）が1名ずつおかれ次官（すけ）に相当する職は置かれなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "Also, Sakabe and Tsukaibe were placed.",
"ja": "その他、酒部（さかべ）、使部などが置かれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Sakadono for brewing sake was built in Mikinotsukasa, where officials such as Betto and Ben were placed.",
"ja": "また、酒などを醸造するための酒殿（さかどの）が設置され、別当、弁などの職が置かれていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Kunin-chojakunin is a post that existed in the Edo Period.",
"ja": "公人朝夕人（くにんちょうじゃくにん）とは、江戸時代にあった役職の一つ。"
} |
{
"en": "It was a hereditary post.",
"ja": "世襲制。"
} |
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