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may-ohta
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{ "en": "Samurai government ended as society saw the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor), then the restoration of Imperial rule, and finally the Meiji restoration.", "ja": "武家政治は大政奉還－王政復古－明治維新という形で終わる。" }
{ "en": "After that, Japan took the path for the modernization.", "ja": "そして、日本は近代化の道をたどっていく。" }
{ "en": "At the same time, the existence of the samurai class lost its significance and led to the abolishment of the feudal system called Shinokosho (hereditary four-status order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants) and the history of the tenka-bito also came to an end as the samurai disappeared.", "ja": "それと同時に、武士階級そのものも存在理由がなくなり、士農工商（四民）の封建的身分制度が撤廃され、武士の消滅とともに、天下人の歴史も終焉した。" }
{ "en": "Ooomi was a post in the Yamato Kingdom in the Kofun period.", "ja": "大臣（おおおみ）とは、古墳時代におけるヤマト王権に置かれた役職の1つ。" }
{ "en": "Ooomi assisted Ookimi, the king, in administering the country by heading Taifu who followed the Kingdom.", "ja": "王権に従う大夫を率いて大王(ヤマト王権)（天皇）の補佐して執政を行った。" }
{ "en": "The leading figure among prominent leaders with a Kabane title Omi took the position of Oomi.", "ja": "カバネ（かばね）の一つである臣（おみ）の有力者が就任した。" }
{ "en": "In \"Nihonshoki,\" the name TAKEUCHI no Sukune appears as the first Ooomi, but he is not considered a real person.", "ja": "日本書紀には、最初の大臣として武内宿禰の名が見えるが、武内宿禰は実在の人物とは考えられていない。" }
{ "en": "But the members from the powerful clans like the Kazuraki clan, the Heguri clan, the Kose clan, and the Soga clan, all of which claimed that they were descended from TAKEUCHI no Sukune, became Ooomi.", "ja": "しかし、武内宿禰の後裔を称する葛城氏、平群氏、巨勢氏、蘇我氏などの有力氏族出身者が大臣となった。" }
{ "en": "Ooomi was appointed personally by Ookimi for the reign: For the reigns from Emperor Hanzei to Emperor Anko during the middle of the 5th century, KATSURAGI no Tsubura was appointed Ooomi; for the reigns from Emperor Yuryaku to Emperor Ninken during the latter half of the 5th century, HEGURI no Matori was appointed Ooomi; for the reign of Emperor Keitai during the first half of the 6th century, KOSE no Ohito was appointed Ooomi; and for the reigns of Emperor Bidatsu to Emperor Suiko from the latter half of the 6th century to the early 7th century, SOGA no Umako was appointed Ooomi.", "ja": "大臣は、各大王の治世ごとに親任され、反正天皇から安康天皇までの治世に当たる5世紀中期には葛城円が、雄略天皇から仁賢天皇までの治世に当たる5世紀後期には平群真鳥が、継体天皇の治世に当たる6世紀前期には巨勢男人が、敏達天皇から推古天皇までの治世に当たる6世紀後期から7世紀初期には蘇我馬子が、それぞれ大臣に任命された。" }
{ "en": "After SOGA no Umako defeated MONONOBE no Moriya, the Oomuraji, the system of Oomuraji was virtually abolished and Umako became the sole consul; thereafter, the Soga clan monopolized the key positions in politics and SOGA no Emishi, a son of Umako, succeeded Ooomi.", "ja": "蘇我馬子が大連_(古代日本)である物部守屋を討った後は大連制が事実上廃されたために馬子が単独の執政官となり、以降は蘇我氏が政権の中枢を担うようになり、大臣は蘇我蝦夷（馬子の子）が跡を継いだ。" }
{ "en": "In 645 during the reign of Emperor Kogyoku, SOGA no Emishi killed himself in the Isshi Incident, which was the end of the prosperity of the Soga clan.", "ja": "皇極天皇の治世に当たる645年、いわゆる乙巳の変により、蘇我蝦夷は自死し蘇我氏の隆盛は終わった。" }
{ "en": "Emperor Kotoku, who was enthroned immediately after the incident, replaced Ooomi with Sadaijin and Udaijin to prevent one post from grasping the authority.", "ja": "この事変の直後に即位した孝徳天皇は、大臣に代って左大臣と右大臣を置き、権力集中の防止を図った。" }
{ "en": "Omuraji is one of the governmental posts of the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) during the Kofun period (tumulus period).", "ja": "大連（おおむらじ）とは、古墳時代におけるヤマト王権に置かれた役職の1つ。" }
{ "en": "Leading daifu (master), who followed the sovereignty, omuraji administered as the assistant of okimi (emperor).", "ja": "王権に従う大夫を率いて大王（天皇）の補佐として執政を行った。" }
{ "en": "Among the muraji, one of the kabane (hereditary titles), the Otomo clan and the Mononobe clan, the most powerful clans who managed the military affairs and served as the Tomonomiyatsuko (the chief of various departments at the Imperial Court), became omuraji.", "ja": "カバネ（かばね）の一つである連（むらじ）の中でも軍事を司る伴造出身の有力氏族である大伴氏（兵力）と物部氏（兵器）が大連となった。" }
{ "en": "Mononobenotochine's name is recorded as the first omi in \"Nihonshoki\" (the Chronicles of Japan), however, as it was the time of Emperor Suinin, its existence is suspected.", "ja": "日本書紀には、最初の大臣として物部十千根の名が見えるが、垂仁天皇朝の時代であり実在性に疑問も持たれている。" }
{ "en": "An omuraji was appointed each time when a new okimi came to throne; at the time of Emperor Yuryaoku, when both OTOMO no Muroya and MONONOBE no Me were assigned the position of omuraji, this poistion became a regular one together with oomi; in the early sixth century during the time of Emperor Buretsu, OTOMO no Kanemura and MONONOBE no Arakahi were both appointed as omuraji; particularly, OTOMO no Kanemura, who made great achievements, exerted its power for a long time.", "ja": "大連は、各大王の治世ごとに親任され、雄略天皇の時代に大伴室屋と物部目が揃って大連に任じられて以後は大臣_(古代日本)とともに常設となったとされ、武烈天皇の治世に当たる6世紀前期には大伴金村と物部麁鹿火が大連に任命され、特に継体天皇擁立に功があった大伴金村が権勢を振るう時代が続いた。" }
{ "en": "When MONONOBE no Arakahi died at the time of Emperor Senka, MONONOBE no Okoshi, who was the male cousin of his father, was appointed as omuraji.", "ja": "宣化天皇の時代に物部麁鹿火が死去すると、麁鹿火の同族（父の従兄弟とされる）の物部尾輿が欽明天皇によって大連に任じられる。" }
{ "en": "However, after OTOMO no Kanamura, who failed in the management of Korean Peninsula, was forced to resign due to the denouncement of MONONOBE no Okoshi, the position of omuraji was only assumed by the Mononobe clan.", "ja": "ところが朝鮮半島の経営に失敗した大伴金村が物部尾輿の糾弾によって引退に追い込まれると、物部氏が単独の大連の地位を占めることになった。" }
{ "en": "In the late sixth century, which was the time of Emperor Bidatsu and Emperor Yomei, MONONOBE no Moriya, a son of Okoshi, was appointed as omuraji.", "ja": "敏達天皇・用明天皇の治世に当たる6世紀後期には尾輿の子である物部守屋が大連に任命された。" }
{ "en": "However, after the death of Emperor Yomei, the Mononobe clan was destroyed by a search-and-destroy unit of okimi SOGA no Umako after having conflicts over the matter of accepting Buddhism and succession to the Imperial Throne; since then, the system of omuraji was abolished and Oomi of the Soga clan took the real power of the Imperial Court.", "ja": "ところが、用明天皇の死後、仏教受容問題及び皇位継承問題で激しく対立した大臣蘇我馬子の追討軍によって守屋は攻め滅ぼされ、これを機に大連制は廃止されて、以後蘇我氏の大臣が宮廷の実権を掌握した。" }
{ "en": "Naishi no suke was a government post in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and an undersecretary (a court lady) of Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendants in kokyu [empress's residence.])", "ja": "典侍（ないしのすけ）とは、律令制における官職で、内侍司（後宮）の次官（女官）。" }
{ "en": "The director was Naishi no tsukasa, but later, Naishi no tsukasa became the empress, so that no one was appointed to that position and Naishi no suke practically served as the director.", "ja": "長官は、内侍司であったが、後に后妃化し設置されず、典侍が実質的に長官となった。" }
{ "en": "In the kanisoto sei (the ranks of the bureaucracy system of the ritsuryo system), Naishi no suke ranked at Jushiijo (Junior Fourth Rank) (or Jushiinoge [Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade]), but often promoted to the second or the third ranks.", "ja": "官位相当制では、従四位上（または従四位下）であったが、二、三位に昇る者も多かった。" }
{ "en": "It is also read as 'suke' or 'tenji.'", "ja": "別読み、「すけ」、「てんじ」。" }
{ "en": "Many of them were called themselves by adding their family names or the government posts of their fathers before the post name, such as To no Naishi no suke, or Dainagon Naishi no suke (Secretary of major councilor).", "ja": "前に姓や、父親の官職を付けて、藤典侍、大納言典侍と称する者が多い。" }
{ "en": "Naishi no suke was the highest rank of the high-quality court ladies in the palace at the end of Edo period.", "ja": "江戸末期には宮中における高級女官の最上位であった。" }
{ "en": "The person who was placed in the most highest position among the Naishi no suke and controlled the court ladies was called osuke, and controlled all of the various matters of Otsune Goten Palace in Gosho (imperial palace) along with the Koto naishi no jo (clerical worker at government offices, also called nagahashi no tsubone since lived in a corridor from Seiryoden to Shishinden.)", "ja": "その典侍の中でも最上位に位置し、女官を統括する者は大典侍と称し、匂当掌侍（長橋局）と並んで御所御常御殿の事務諸事一切を掌握した。" }
{ "en": "Some Naishi no suke served as the secretary in the daily life of the Emperor (vestal court ladies), others served as the concubines who receive the total favor of the Emperor and bear princes and princesses.", "ja": "典侍は天皇の日常生活における秘書的役割を勤める者（お清の女官）と、同じ典侍でも天皇の寵愛を一身に受け、皇子女を生む側室の役割を持つ者がいた。" }
{ "en": "(Almost all of the real mothers of the Emperors who were enthroned in the Edo period were Naishi no suke.", "ja": "（江戸期に即位した天皇の生母のほとんどは典侍である。" }
{ "en": "In the Imperial Families of the recent period, the biological child of seishitsu (legal wife) became the heir in the first time ever in the generations of Empress Teimei and Empress Kojun.)", "ja": "近代の天皇家においては貞明皇后と香淳皇后の代で初めて正室の実子が世継ぎとなった）。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, only daughters of kuge (a court noble) having the certain family status could be Naishi no suke, and the daughters of higher ranked kuge among Urinke and Meike became Naishi no suke.", "ja": "そのため典侍になるには公家の中でも一定の家格以上の子女しかなることができず、羽林家、名家の中で上位の家格を持つ公家の子女がなった。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, daughters of kuge having the most highest family status such as Sekke (line of regents and advisers), Seiga, and daijinke (the third highest status for court nobles) supposedly became the lawful wife, and were given the position upper than nyogo (Jusango), so that they were supposed not to be Naishi no suke.", "ja": "一方で正妃として迎えられることが建前となっていた摂家、清華、大臣家といった最上流の家格を持つ公家の子女は、女御以上（准三后）に叙せられるため、典侍にはならない決まりになっていた。" }
{ "en": "The court ladies including Naishi no suke were occupied by daughters of kuge until the end of the Edo period and they had the immeasurable power in the court by serving close to the Emperor, however, drastic reform was executed by the new Meiji government.", "ja": "幕末まで公家の子女によって占有され、天皇に近侍することで宮廷で絶大な権勢を誇るようになっていた典侍をはじめとする女官であるが、明治新政府によって大改革が行われた。" }
{ "en": "Fist, Naishi no suke Shizuko HIROHASHI and Naishi no suke Fusako TAKANO, who had the biggest power in the imperial court as the Naishi no suke of the Emperor Komei, were dismissed from their positions because 'they overwhelmed the kokyu (empress's residence) by their power and didn't frequently obey even the order of the empress.'", "ja": "まず孝明天皇の典侍として宮中で１、２の権力を誇っていた典侍広橋静子と典侍高野房子を「其の権勢自ら後宮を圧し、皇后の懿旨と雖も行わざること往々あり」として罷免した。" }
{ "en": "Next, all the court ladies under the rank of Naishi no suke who were placed under the Emperor were integrated and moved under the empress, and daughters of samurai families and the peerage could be adopted.", "ja": "次に天皇の下に置かれていた典侍以下全ての女官を皇后の下に統一して移し、武家華族の子女からも採用されるようになった。" }
{ "en": "Further, the government posts of the Empress and court ladies were arranged, and Naishi no Kami (Principal Handmaid) was again placed above Naishi no suke, however, it practically remained vacancy.", "ja": "さらに后妃および女官の官職が整理され、再び典侍の上に尚侍が置かれたが、実質的に欠員のままであった。" }
{ "en": "Naruko YANAGIHARA, the mother of Emperor Taisho was the last Naishi no suke who was the real mother of the Emperor in the imperial palace.", "ja": "宮中において典侍が天皇の生母であった最後は大正天皇の母柳原愛子である。" }
{ "en": "Thereafter, Naishi no suke played a role only as the court lady for clerical work in the modern age, however, its recruitment standard depended on the caste system until the end of Edo period.", "ja": "その後典侍は現代の事務女官としての役割しか持たないようになるが、採用基準は江戸末期までの身分制度に大きく依存した。" }
{ "en": "In 'Employment bylaw of Kyujo nyokan (court lady in the place where Emperor lives)' in the early Taisho period, it was described that when higher ranked court ladies such as Naishi no suke and Gon no naishi no suke are adopted, 'they should be selected from daughters of former tosho, former lords among peerage', so they were selected from kuge and Daimyo family (feudal lord family) before the Meiji restoration among the peerage (however, for the lower ranked court lady, woman who was not from the peerage was allowed to work in the palace only in her generation depending on her ability).", "ja": "大正初期の「宮城女官採用内規」には典侍、権典侍などの宮中上級女官の採用には「旧堂上旧諸侯華族子女のうちより選抜」とあり、華族であっても明治維新前の公家や大名家から選ぶことになっていた（ただし下級女官については能力によって、華族出身でなくても一代に限り出仕することが許されていた。" }
{ "en": "The examples of such court ladies were Toshiko Kishida and Utako Shimada.", "ja": "その代表が岸田俊子、下田歌子である）。" }
{ "en": "The salary of Naishi no suke was 250 yen (the first salary of a teacher of an elementary school at that time was 8 yen), and the salary of Gon no naishi no suke was 200 yen in the Meiji era.", "ja": "明治期における典侍の俸給は250円（当時の小学校教員の初任給は8円）、権典侍は200円であった。" }
{ "en": "In 'Document about acquaintanceship of Kyujo nyokan,' the duties of Naishi no suke and Gon no naishi no suke until the Taisho era were specified.", "ja": "「宮城女官奉職心得書」には大正期までの典侍および権典侍の職務が既定されている。" }
{ "en": "According to the document, the duties of Naishi no suke and Gon no naishi no suke were:", "ja": "それによると典侍・権典侍の職務は" }
{ "en": "To stand by the Emperor and the Empress to control everything in front of them;", "ja": "天皇皇后に近侍し御前一切のことを掌る" }
{ "en": "To take charge of the costume above the waist of the Emperor and the Empress, tray services, and bathing.", "ja": "天皇皇后の腰より上に関わる服装、配膳、湯の奉仕をする。" }
{ "en": "To supervise the court ladies;", "ja": "女官の監督をする" }
{ "en": "To hold Kenji (the Sacred Sword and the Sacred Jewel) and hand them to the chokunin jiju (chamberlain appointed by the royal command) at the Kenji togyo (ceremony for imperial succession);", "ja": "剣璽渡御の際、剣璽を捧持し勅任侍従に渡す" }
{ "en": "To attend the pray in the shinden (shrine sanctuary) such as kashikodokoro (a palace sanctuary) and Koreiden (a palace enshrines the sprits of ancestor) as the proxy for the Empress when she cannot attend;", "ja": "賢所、皇霊殿などの神殿の祭典に皇后が礼拝できない場合に代わりを行う" }
{ "en": "To manage a grant and a gift;", "ja": "下賜、献上物がある場合の管理を行う" }
{ "en": "To mediate the visit from the Imperial family to the Emperor and the Empress;", "ja": "皇族が天皇皇后を訪問する場合の取次ぎを行う" }
{ "en": "To manage the stored money;", "ja": "納戸金の管理を行う" }
{ "en": "And others.", "ja": "などとされている。" }
{ "en": "Abolition of the post of Naishi no suke was triggered by the establishment of the Togu-shiki (the Board of the Crown Prince's Affairs) court lady system in the end of Taisho era, and was determined by the reform of the court ladies led by crown prince at the time, Prince Hirohito (Emperor Showa).", "ja": "典侍の職制が廃止されるに至ったのは、大正末期の東宮職女官制の制定が端緒であり、当時の皇太子裕仁親王（昭和天皇）が進めた女官改革からである。" }
{ "en": "When Prince Hirohito became the emperor, the Togu-shiki court lady system changed over to Kogogushiki (the Queen-consort's Household Agency) court laday, and Naishi no suke naturally disappeared, so that Otsubone system (court lady system), which continued from the ritsuryo system, was abolished.", "ja": "裕仁親王が天皇に即位し、東宮職女官制がそのまま皇后宮職女官へとスライドすることによって典侍は自然消滅し、同時に律令制度から続くお局制度もここで廃止されることとなった。" }
{ "en": "A daikan (local governor) meant a person, who performed the public administration and construction in a designated territory on behalf of his monarch (state), and his rank.", "ja": "代官（だいかん）とは、君主(国家)の代わり任地の行政・作事などを司る職務を司った者及びその地位をいう。" }
{ "en": "Daikan became one of the samurai government's posts in Japan.", "ja": "日本では、武家政権における役職の一つとなった。" }
{ "en": "A local governor enforcing the king's will in western countries was sometimes translated into Japanese as a daikan, and in many cases,he was a villain like the one in stories such as William Tell or Robin Hood, being possibly effected by Japanese period dramas.", "ja": "西洋において国王の代理をはたす地方役人を日本語で代官と訳することがあるが、時代劇の影響からか、ウィリアム・テルやロビン・フッドの場合のように悪役の場合に使われることが多い。" }
{ "en": "Daikan before the Edo period.", "ja": "江戸時代以前の代官" }
{ "en": "After the medieval period in Japan, there were many deputy posts like azukaridokorodai (acting deputy shoen lord; shoen was a manor), kokushi no mokudai (deputy kokuhsi; kokushi was a provincial governor mostly before the Muromachi period), shugodai (deputy shugo: shugo was a military governor), koshugodai (acting deputy military governor), jitodai (deputy jito; jito was a shoen steward), and jindai whose function was to preside troops on a campaign as a deputy, and furthermore, there existed a deputy post of these deputies called matadai (literally, \"double deputy\").", "ja": "中世以降の日本では、預所代、国司の目代、守護代、小守護代、地頭代、或いは出征した軍勢の統括を代行する陣代などの代官職があり、さらにそれらの代官である叉代というのもあった。" }
{ "en": "Originally, the concept of daikan represented a deputy post which administered political affairs and ruling in koryo (government's territory) or shoryo (private territory).", "ja": "そもそも、代官という概念は、公領及び所領の政務・支配を代行する職をいった。" }
{ "en": "Before the samurai government came into power, a typical sample of the post was mokudai acting as deputy of kokushi.", "ja": "主な例は武家政権成立以前の国司とその職務を代行した目代が挙げられる。" }
{ "en": "After the Heian period, yonin system (remote appointments), which kokushi did not reside in his appointed province but his deputy attended the governance of the province on his behalf, was established, and it became popular for kokushi who adopted this system to set up the deputy post called mokudai (deputy kokushi) in kokufu (provincial office).", "ja": "平安時代以降、国司自ら着任することなく国府の政務を代行を遙任された遙任という制度が確立し、遙任をした国司より国府に目代という地位が置かれることが一般的となった。" }
{ "en": "After the Kamakura period, with the establishment of a power structure concerning land ruling based on shugo jito system (system to govern provinces by military governors and their estate stewards) in the samurai government, gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) who were assigned multiple shugo posts in several provinces came to privately appoint shugodai (deputy shugo), who performed the shugo role on behalf of shugo.", "ja": "鎌倉時代以降、守護地頭制に基づく武家政権の土地支配の権力構造が成立すると、複数の諸国に守護職を得た御家人が守護代を置くようになり、守護の職権を代行した。" }
{ "en": "In the Muromachi period, the administrators of lands under direct control of bakufu (the shogunate) were called daikan, and they were distinguished from shugodai who performed the deputy role of shugo, and from koshugodai who were deputies of shugodai (See Shugodai for details).", "ja": "室町時代においては幕府直轄領の管理者が代官と称され、守護の代官たる守護代やその代官たる小守護代などとは区別された（守護代の項目参照）。" }
{ "en": "In a broad sense, as explained above, the post of daikan extensively meant a deputy post, whose role was to perform duties in an appointed province like the post of mokudai and shugodai; but after the Muromachi period, daikan post came to mean, originally, a post which attended the rulings of lands under direct control of the Muromachi bakufu (Muromachi shogunate) on behalf of it, and later in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) followed this practice and appointed their own daikan in lands under their direct control, thus the name of daikan came to represent whole posts who had the name.", "ja": "このように、広義における代官職は国司の目代や守護代のように、任国の職務を代行する地位を広く指したが、室町時代以降となると、当初は室町幕府の直轄領地の支配を代行する地位を指すようになり、これに習い、戦国大名たちも自身の直轄領に代官を置くようになったことから代官を職名とする地位全般を指すようになった。" }
{ "en": "After the Azuchi-Momoyama Period in particular, as Nobunaga ODA forced his vassals of his clan to live in his castle town without exception, which resulted in a rapid increase in demesnes without their lords residing there, thus it became a practice to let daikan administer their demesnes including new chigyo-chi(territory).", "ja": "特に安土桃山時代以降は織田信長が自身の家中において家臣を城下に居住させることを徹底し、領主不在の領地が急激に増えたこともあり、家臣の新知の知行地もまとめて代官に管理させるようにした。" }
{ "en": "In the Edo period, daikan as well as gundai (daikan administering relatively wide shogunal lands) were appointed by the bakufu under the control of kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), and they administered chigyo-chi of small sized hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu) and tenryo (shogunal lands; the name tenryo was used after Meiji era).", "ja": "江戸時代、幕府の代官は郡代と共に勘定奉行の支配下におかれ小禄の旗本の知行地と天領を治めていた。" }
{ "en": "Daikan in the early Edo period were mostly hereditary posts, and small sized gozoku (local ruling families) and jizamurai (local samurai) residing in the local lands were selected to be daikan and taken into the bakufu as retainers.", "ja": "初期の代官職は世襲である事が多く、在地の小豪族・地侍も選ばれ、幕臣に取り込まれていった。" }
{ "en": "Among the daikan, famous figures are Tarozaemon EGAWA of Nirayama daikan office, MIYAGAWA no Tomoyuki Sukezaemon of Matsuzaki daikan office, and Shigenari SUZUKI of Amakusa daikan office.", "ja": "代官の中で有名な人物として、韮山代官所の江川太郎左衛門や松崎代官所の宮川智之助佐衛門、天草代官鈴木重成などがいる。" }
{ "en": "With the increase of bureaucratic daikan, although their term was not fixed, they were mostly replaced within a few years after the Kanei era (1624 - 1644).", "ja": "寛永（1624年ー1644年）期以降は、吏僚的代官が増え、任期は不定ではあるが数年で交替することが多くなった。" }
{ "en": "The lands administered by daikan were generally said to be easier to live than in the other ones governed by daimyo (lord whose domains have at least 10,000 koku of rice [one koku equals 5.1 bushels]).", "ja": "概ね代官所の支配地は、他の大名の支配地よりも暮らしやすかったという。" }
{ "en": "It should be noted that the daikan had a different role from Sunpu machi bugyo (Sunpu town magistrate), Sado bugyo (Sado mine magistrate), etc.", "ja": "なお、駿府町奉行・佐渡奉行等とは役割が違うので注意が必要である。" }
{ "en": "The status of daikan among hatamoto was the lowest with bestowed appanage of 150 bales (a bale is a traditional unit for rice, which is 60 kilograms) of rice, but his administering land was large and his power was big considering his status, which often resulted in making daikan's appearance as bad one in period dramas.", "ja": "代官の身分は150俵と旗本としては最下層に属するが、身分の割には支配地域、権限が大きかったため、時代劇で悪代官が登場することが多い。" }
{ "en": "Due to the above reasons, the bad image of daikan—oppressing peasants, receiving bribe from merchants, and ruling local women－has widely spread.", "ja": "こうしたことから代官とは、百姓を虐げ、商人から賄賂を受け取り、土地の女を好きにする悪代官のイメージが広く浸透した。" }
{ "en": "Bosses and superiors who order irrational demand are sarcastically called odaikan sama (Mr. Daikan) today, which derives from the persistent images of the bad daikan in those dramas.", "ja": "今日、無理難題を強いる上司や目上を指してお代官様と揶揄するのも、こうしたドラマを通じた悪代官のイメージが強いことに由来する。" }
{ "en": "Due to influence of these period dramas, people sometimes jocularly use the word, odaikan sama, when they beg somebody for something.", "ja": "ジョークで物事を懇願する際に相手をお代官様と呼ぶ場合があるのも、こうした時代劇の影響によるところである。" }
{ "en": "However, actually, the political system removed a daikan who was even slightly ill reputed without delay, so a bad daikan pursuing his personal greed could not exist for a long time in that society.", "ja": "しかし、実際には少しでも評判の悪い代官はすぐに罷免される政治体制になっており、私利私欲に走るような悪代官が長期にわたって存在し続けることは困難な社会であった。" }
{ "en": "As severe levy of nengu (annual tribute) led to peasants' chosan (to abandon one's field and flee away to other districts to evade cruel taxes), which adversely decreased the amount of collected nengu.", "ja": "過酷な年貢の取り立ては農民の逃散につながり、かえって年貢の収量が減少するためである。" }
{ "en": "There were actually some daikan who were dismissed and punished due to their responsibility for people who died from starving at the time of famines.", "ja": "実際、飢饉の時に餓死者を出した責任で罷免・処罰された代官もいる。" }
{ "en": "Basically, in fact, daikan were so busy that most of them could not even find time to think about the evil conducts as written above.", "ja": "そもそも、代官の仕事は非常に多忙で、ほとんどの代官は上に書かれているような悪事を企んでいる暇さえもなかったのが実情らしい。" }
{ "en": "However, according to a record, there seems to have been a rare daikan, who deserved to be called as an evil one, who collected 88% as nengu in Harima Province, this rate was apparently an extortionate levy compared with the average rate 27.6% in tenryo (shogunal lands; the name tenryo was used after Meiji ear) during the Shotoku no chi (the peaceful era of Shotoku).", "ja": "ただし、それでも稀には悪代官と言える人物もいたようであり、文献によると播磨国で8割8分の年貢（正徳の治の時代の天領の年貢の平均が2割7分6厘であったことと比較すると、明らかに法外な取り立てである）を取り立てていた代官がいたそうである。" }
{ "en": "The area under the daikan's control was several tens of thousands of koku, which was usually considered as one unit of his area.", "ja": "通常、代官支配地は数万石位を単位に編成される。" }
{ "en": "The daikan set up a jinya (or called daikansho; regional office of administrative officials) in their jurisdictional area to administrate.", "ja": "代官は支配所に陣屋（代官所）を設置し、統治にあたる。" }
{ "en": "Under the daikan, there were about 10 tetsuke (assistants of daikan but an immediate vassal of the shogunate; busi class) and a few tedai (assistants of daikan; servant for a samurai family), who assisted him.", "ja": "代官の配下には10名程度の手付（武士身分）と数名の手代（武家奉公人）が置かれ、代官を補佐した。" }
{ "en": "Particularly, the daikan whose appointed lands were near Kanto area remained as Edo jofu (a Daimyo feudal lord's retainer who remained permanently in the Edo with the lord's and their own family in the Edo period) and administered their lands through communicating with their tedai and went to their jurisdictional lands only on the occasion of kenchi (land survey), kemi (annual crop inspection), junsatsu (inspection), and serious affairs.", "ja": "特に関東近辺の代官は江戸定府で、支配は手付と連絡を取り行い、代官は検地、検見、巡察、重大事件発生時にのみ支配地に赴いた。" }
{ "en": "When the daikan's appointed lands were in remote places, zaichi (to reside in one's place) was the principle.", "ja": "遠隔地では代官の在地が原則であった。" }
{ "en": "Resembling the bakufu, in many han (domains), as their vassals' appanage generally changed from chigyo (grant) to kuramai (payment by rice from warehouses), gundai (intendant of a region or administrator of a town) and daikan who were appointed by their han came to administer vassals' territories together.", "ja": "諸藩でも、家臣の知行地の蔵米化が進み、郡代、代官がまとめて管理するようになった。" }
{ "en": "The status of daikan as a bushi was low in various han, many daikan were in kachi (foot guard) class with appanage of below 10 koku and also were inherited by local powerful families.", "ja": "諸藩においての代官は、武士としての格式は低く、十石未満の徒士クラスが任ぜられていることも多く、また土地の有力者等が世襲しているものもある。" }
{ "en": "In the latter case, their kakaku (family status) were mostly kachi class in the han.", "ja": "その場合も藩内での家格は徒士であることが多い。" }
{ "en": "Furthermore, in outlands, local rich farmers were mostly appointed as daikan and no officials were sent.", "ja": "また飛び地などでは在地の富農を代官に任命することが多く役人を派遣することはなかった。" }
{ "en": "The rewards in this case were status privileges such as myojitaito (the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword) and tax privileges such as tax exemption and permission to use utility mail system.", "ja": "このような場合の報酬は名字帯刀などの身分特権や免租や効用便の利用許可などの租税特権などであった。" }
{ "en": "Daikansho was an administrative office, where a daikan was sent and performed administration, set up in the territory under the direct control of the Edo bakufu such as shihaijo (bakufu-owned land) and tenryo in the Edo period.", "ja": "代官所とは、江戸時代に江戸幕府直轄の領地（支配所、天領）に立てられ、代官が派遣されて統治を行うところのことである。" }
{ "en": "As the feudal system under the shogunate (bakuhan taisei system) had been completely established in the Edo period, the size of daikansho was rather small considering the size of the area which the daikan administrated.", "ja": "江戸時代においては、幕藩体制が確立していたこともあり、代官所の規模はその支配地域と比べて比較的小さかった。" }
{ "en": "At the end of the Edo period, in Gojo daikansho (south Yamato; 70 thousand koku), there were only one daikan, three tetsuke who were vassals of the bakufu, and ten personal tedai (samurai class), although there were ashigaru (common foot solders) and chugen (chore men below common foot solders) in addition.", "ja": "幕末の五条代官所(南大和7万石)では、代官1人、幕臣の手付3人、お抱えの手代10人（士分）しかいなかったという（他に足軽、中間はいる）。" }
{ "en": "When local powerful persons were appointed as daikan, their residences were used as daikansho without setting up exclusive ones, and the local people such as their family members and servants served as the officials of the daikan.", "ja": "また在地有力者を代官に任命する場合は専用の代官所は設置せず代官の居宅を代官所として使用し吏員も家族や使用人など在地の者が兼任した。" }
{ "en": "Otsu-bugyo (Otsu magistrate) is a post created in Otsu domain of Omi Province (present-day Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture) in the Middle Ages.", "ja": "大津奉行（おおつぶぎょう）とは、中世以後に近江国大津（現在の滋賀県大津市）に設置されていた役職。" }
{ "en": "Sometimes, the name Otsu daikan was used to refer to the post and both names were used at the same time.", "ja": "時期によって大津代官（おおつだいかん）と呼ばれたり、両者併置の時期もある。" }
{ "en": "Otsu-bugyo appointment is believed to date back to 1534, when it was created by the Rokkaku clan (either by Ujitsuna or Sadayori ROKKAKU) and Kiyomune KOMAI was appointed to the post, but the details remain unknown.", "ja": "六角氏（六角氏綱あるいは六角定頼）が天文(日本)2年（1534年）に設置して、駒井清宗を大津奉行に任じたのが最古とされているが詳細は不詳である。" }
{ "en": "Since then, Kiyomune has assumed the Otsu name, with the bugyo post held by his descendants for generations.", "ja": "以後、清宗は大津氏を名乗って子孫が代々奉行を継承した。" }

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