translation
translation
{ "en": "Summary", "ja": "概要" }
{ "en": "The job function was to assist the Shogun during his travels to the Imperial Palace in Kyoto and to Nikko Shrine, to resolve the difficulty the Shogun in sokutai (ceremonial court dress) experiences when wishing to relieve himself, by slipping a copper, cylindrical container (urinal) into the dress from the side of the hakama.", "ja": "将軍の上洛・参内、日光社参の際、将軍が束帯すがたで排尿をおこないにくいとき、袴の脇から現在のポータブルトイレ、尿瓶(しびん)にあたる銅製の筒(尿筒、しとづつ)をさしこみ、排尿中ささえるのが仕事である。" }
{ "en": "The name of the post derives from the job function as \"a person performing fetid civic duty both day and night.\"", "ja": "名前の由来は、\"朝夕臭い公務を果たす人\"ということから。" }
{ "en": "During a journey, the Kunin-chojakunin was positioned at the right and left of the attendants in the second row of the parade, issuing warnings.", "ja": "道中は行列の二番にしたがう下部の左右にあって、警を唱える。" }
{ "en": "The post was subordinate to the dobo-kashira, with one appointed to the post with stipend for 10 persons", "ja": "同朋頭支配で定員は1人、扶持高10人扶持。" }
{ "en": "Tsuchida Family", "ja": "土田家" }
{ "en": "Tsuchida Family served this hereditary post from the time of FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, the 4th Shogun of the Kamakura bakufu, and had been in service also of the Ashikaga Shogun family, Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.", "ja": "土田家が、世襲で、鎌倉幕府4代将軍の藤原頼経の頃から将軍に仕え、足利将軍家、織田信長、豊臣秀吉にも、仕えていた。" }
{ "en": "In the Edo Period, the post was established with service to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.", "ja": "江戸時代に徳川家康の仕えたことが始まりである。" }
{ "en": "From then on, the post has been filled by the Tsuchida family, and even the name \"Magoemon TSUCHIDA\" was succeeded for generations.", "ja": "以後土田家は「土田孫左衛門」という名前も世襲。" }
{ "en": "For this reason, the post of Kunin-chojakunin became synonymous with the name Magoemon TSUCHIDA.", "ja": "よって公人朝夕人=土田孫左衛門となる。" }
{ "en": "The social status of the servant is believed to be servant to samurai warriors and not from the samurai class.", "ja": "身分は武士ではなく武家奉公人だったといわれている。" }
{ "en": "Although this job function would easily be perceived in modern TV variety shows as a target of comic banter because of what the job involves, the hereditary nature of the post dating back to the Kamakura period and the proximity of the postholder to the ruler suggest that the family enjoyed prestige despite the surprise and contempt modern people might feel toward them.", "ja": "やってる事が将軍のいわゆる「下の世話」なのでバラエティ番組なのでは、何かのギャクのようにとらわれるが、鎌倉時代から家が続き代々世襲している事と、将軍や権力者は誰でも近づけるわけではないので、現代の感覚では驚きと見下した感情が涌き出るようだが、当時としてはいわゆる名家だろう。" }
{ "en": "The post has been held on hereditary basis by the Tsuchida family since 1603.", "ja": "慶長8年いらい土田家の世襲となった。" }
{ "en": "According to Tsuchida family records, the hereditary post dates back to 1219, when they served as attendant to Shogun FUJIWARA no Yoritsune on his travel from Kyoto eastward.", "ja": "土田家の由緒書によれば、世襲の由来は承久元年、将軍藤原頼経東下向のとき、京都から扈従してまかり下るのにはじまるという。" }
{ "en": "Social status", "ja": "身分について" }
{ "en": "There is little documentation regarding the Kunin-chojakunin (Magozaemon TSUCHIDA), although the attendant is believed not to be from samurai class but was servant to the samurai but at times is believed to have been a lower-ranking samurai or common folk.", "ja": "公人朝夕人(土田孫左衛門)に、ついては資料が少なく、身分は武士ではなく武家奉公人だったといわれているが、下級武士身分だった説や町人扱いだった説もある。" }
{ "en": "the Kunin-chojakunin was at least authorized to carry one small sword and to bear a family name.", "ja": "少なくとも小刀一本持つ事が許され、苗字は公式に名乗る事が出来たそうである。" }
{ "en": "Because the post was not an everyday function, it is unknown what the Kunin-chojakunin did to make a living.", "ja": "ただ毎日のように仕事がある立場ではないので、普段は何をして生活していたのかは不明のままである。" }
{ "en": "Shogun-kokenshoku is one of the three key posts in Edo shogunate created in the final years of the Edo period, along with Seiji sosaishoku (president of political affairs) and Kyoto shugoshoku (military governor of Kyoto).", "ja": "将軍後見職(しょうぐんこうけんしょく)は、江戸時代後期、幕末に新設された政事総裁職、京都守護職と並ぶ江戸幕府三要職の一つである。" }
{ "en": "Because the 14th Seiitaishogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA assumed office in 1858 still in his youth, Yoshiyori TAYASU from gosankyo (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) was chosen to take this role in August of the same year, in the name of the will of former Shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA and the precedent of Masayuki HOSHINA filling this role for the 4th Shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA for the 11th Shogun Ienari TOKUGAWA (both shogun were assumed office in youth).", "ja": "安政6年(1858年)、幼少の徳川家茂が14代征夷大将軍に就任したために、同年8月前将軍徳川家定の遺命と、同じく幼少で将軍に付いた4代将軍徳川家綱時の保科正之・11代将軍徳川家斉における松平定信時の先例を名目に御三卿の田安慶頼が任命された。" }
{ "en": "However, it was a formal post created by the Tairo (chief minister) Naosuke II, without any real power or official recognition.", "ja": "ただし、実際には大老井伊直弼が形式的に擁立したもので正式な役職でもなく、実権も有しなかった。" }
{ "en": "However, in May 1862, demand from the Imperial Court to take punitive action against the followers of Ii inside the Edo shogunate led to the resignation of Yoshiyori TAYASU appointed to the post by Ii, on grounds that Iemochi had reached adulthood.", "ja": "ところが、文久2年(1862年)5月、朝廷内部に幕府内の親井伊派の処分を要求する動きがあり、その対応の一環として「家茂の成人」を理由に井伊に擁立された田安慶頼が後見職から退いた。" }
{ "en": "This was followed by an Imperial decree ordering Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI be appointed Shogun-kokenshoku, as an official position in the Edo shogunate.", "ja": "続いて朝廷より、一橋慶喜を幕府の正式な役職としての将軍後見職に任じるように勅諚が下された。" }
{ "en": "In response, Yoshinobu was appointed to the post, now newly made official, in July of the same year.", "ja": "これを受けて同年7月に慶喜が幕府の正式な役職として新設された将軍後見職に任命された。" }
{ "en": "The post was abolished in March 1864 when Yoshinobu was moved to the post of Kinri Goshuei Sotoku (post to guard Kinri Palace).", "ja": "元治元年(1864年)3月、慶喜が禁裏守衛総督に転じたために廃止された。" }
{ "en": "Tenka-bito (or tenka-nin) refers to the people who controlled the world as they knew it (in this case, the Japanese islands).", "ja": "天下人(てんかびと/てんかにん)とは、天下の政権を掌握した人のことをいう。" }
{ "en": "It refers to the people who unified and controlled the whole of Japan, except Ryukyu (Okinawa prefecture) and most areas of Ezochi (Hokkaido), from the Sengoku period to the early Edo period.", "ja": "主に戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代初期にかけて、琉球(沖縄県)と蝦夷地(北海道)の大半を除く日本全土を自らの支配下に置き、日本全土を統一した者を指す。" }
{ "en": "\"Tenka\" is a concept, which originated in China that referred to the entire world; it has been used in Japan since ancient times.", "ja": "もともと「天下」とは、世界の全体を指す抽象概念であり、古代中国の思想概念だったものが、日本でも古代から用いられるようになった。" }
{ "en": "The word \"tenka\" is seen on the roban (dew basin at the bottom of a pagoda finial) of Asuka-dera Temple established by SOGA no Umako, which confirms that the word was already used in 596.", "ja": "「天下」という言葉は、蘇我馬子が草創した飛鳥寺の塔の露盤銘で、推古天皇4年(596年)に使用されていることが確認されている。" }
{ "en": "Since then, the word has frequently been used to the extent that Government of an Emperor is called \"chitenka\" (rule the tenka).", "ja": "それ以降、しきりに用いられ、天皇の支配を「治天下」と表現したりしている。" }
{ "en": "It is not certain when the word \"tenka-bito\" first became an established word or who started using it, however, it is said that the first book in which this word was mentioned was \"Kawasumi Taikoki\" written in 1621, and it is thought that this word had already become a common word among the people of that time.", "ja": "「天下人」という言葉がいつ頃出来上がって、誰が使い始めたかは定かではないが、江戸時代初期の元和(日本)7年(1621年)より書かれた『川角太閤記』が初めてといわれており、この頃にはすでに普及・定着しつつあったことがわかる。" }
{ "en": "Control the tenka (world)", "ja": "天下を掌握する。" }
{ "en": "The conditions for achieving the status of tenka-bito differ according to the period and the individual.", "ja": "天下人が天下を取った人である以上、当然の条件としていえるが、天下人が取った天下の内容が時代によって一様ではなかった。" }
{ "en": "For example, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo called his project 'Beginning of a unified country (tenka no shoshi),' however, his governing areas cannot be compared with the sixty or so provinces that Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA governed.", "ja": "例えば、源頼朝は、自らの事業を「天下の草創」と称したが、後の豊臣秀吉や徳川家康が日本六十余州を支配したことに比べ、頼朝は比較にならないほどである。" }
{ "en": "However, the reason Yoritomo was called tenka-bito is because he influenced the whole country through the firm master-and-servant relationship (obligation and service) with each samurai.", "ja": "しかし、頼朝が天下人と呼ばれるのは、御家人制と呼ばれる個々の武士たちとの主従的結合(御恩と奉公)を通じて、全国に影響力を及ぼすことができたためである。" }
{ "en": "The same thing applies to Takauji ASHIKAGA.", "ja": "足利尊氏についても同様のことがいえる。" }
{ "en": "The tenka of Nobunaga ODA differs from that of Yoritomo, Takauji, and his successor Hideyoshi.", "ja": "織田信長の天下は、頼朝や尊氏、後継者となった秀吉のそれとは違う。" }
{ "en": "Nobunaga was aiming to unify the whole country under 'Nobunaga ODA's unification of Japan policy,' however, he suddenly died in the Honnoji Incident.", "ja": "信長は「織田信長天下布武」のもと、天下統一を志していたが、本能寺の変で急死。" }
{ "en": "At the time of his death, he had only around 20 domains under control.", "ja": "その段階では畿内を含む二十数か国の主に留まっていた。" }
{ "en": "The reason he was regarded as 'the master of tenka (tenka no nushi)' or 'Mr. Tenka (tenka sama)' is because he controlled the center of Japan, i.e. Kyoto.", "ja": "しかし、信長が在世中から「天下の主」「天下様」とされていたのは、天下=日本の中心部、つまり京都を支配下に置いていたことである。" }
{ "en": "However, if he had not suddenly died in this incident, it is thought that he would have unified the whole country.", "ja": "もし、信長が生き長らえていたならば、全国を統一していたに違いない。" }
{ "en": "Establish of a samurai government", "ja": "武士として政権を立てる。" }
{ "en": "It was only samurai who were called tenka-jin.", "ja": "天下人と呼ばれたのは、いずれも武士である。" }
{ "en": "They were the people who established the samurai government by military power.", "ja": "つまり、武力を背景として武家政権を興したものが天下人とされてきた。" }
{ "en": "Behave as the vassals of the Imperial Court.", "ja": "朝廷の臣下として振る舞う。" }
{ "en": "Tenka-bito took control of the government as the vassal of the Imperial Court.", "ja": "天下人は、例外なく朝廷の臣下としての形を取りながら、政治の実権を握った。" }
{ "en": "It can be said that, by having the Imperial family as their leader, they were in fact running the country.", "ja": "彼らは天皇家(天皇・治天の君)を頭の上に戴いて事業を進めていたといえる。" }
{ "en": "As the samurai government came to prominence, the Imperial family was gradually losing its power, to the extent that they had authority but no power.", "ja": "武家政権が出現した頃には、天皇家は次第に権力を失いつつあり、権威だけを保有する方向に向かっていた。" }
{ "en": "In spite of this change, the Imperial family was kokushu (Japanese feudal lord who governs more than one province) of the 66 domains in Japan.", "ja": "それでも、天皇家は日本66か国の国主であった。" }
{ "en": "Tenka-bito as the vassal of the Imperial Court governed the country in two ways: as a military officer such as Seiitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) and as a civil officer such as Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) and Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister); however, to holding such a position was not necessarily a requirement of a tenka-bito.", "ja": "朝廷の臣下としての天下人は、征夷大将軍のような武官コースを取る場合と、関白・太政大臣といった文官コースを取る場合とがあったが、それは関係のないことであり、一定のポストに就かなければ天下人と見られないわけではない。" }
{ "en": "Yoritomo, Takauji, and Ieyasu all became Seiitaishogun, however, Hideyoshi chose to be kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor).", "ja": "頼朝、尊氏、家康は征夷大将軍になっているが、秀吉は関白となる道を選んだ。" }
{ "en": "As for Nobunaga, he became Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of the Inner Palace Guards) in 1575 and then became naidaijin (Minister of the center) and udaijin (Minister of the right), however, after that, he did not hold any further government positions.", "ja": "信長の場合、天正3年(1575年)、右近衛大将となり、内大臣、右大臣へと進んだが、その後は無官となっている。" }
{ "en": "He was even offered the positions of kanpaku, Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister), or seitaishogun from the Imperial Court (the question of the three alternative positions, called Sanshoku suinin mondai).", "ja": "朝廷から関白・太政大臣・征夷大将軍のいずれかへの推挙をしたいという要望があったくらいである(三職推任問題)。" }
{ "en": "The government controls the whole country.", "ja": "政権が「全国性」を持っている。" }
{ "en": "As explained above, unification of the whole country means to unify the whole of Japan in an integrated fashion.", "ja": "天下統一とは、上述の通り、日本全国を統一して一元的に支配することである。" }
{ "en": "The governments of Hideyoshi and Ieyasu, both in name and reality, were in control of the whole country.", "ja": "秀吉と家康の政権は、名実ともに全国政権であった。" }
{ "en": "Yoritomo mainly ruled Togoku (eastern country), he could also control the whole country by the system of gokenin (shogunal retainers).", "ja": "頼朝の場合、領国的な支配は東国中心であったが、御家人制によって全国的に人を支配していた。" }
{ "en": "At the time of Takauji, the Northern and Southern Courts both claimed to be the legitimate governments.", "ja": "尊氏になると、南北朝の時代になっており、お互いを正当な政権であると主張していた。" }
{ "en": "The Northern Court, led by the Ashikaga family, was always more powerful than the government of the Southern Court ruled by kuge (court nobles) and the Northern court governed Kyoto, which was the center of Japan during that time.", "ja": "北朝(日本)を擁した足利家の武家政権は、終始、公家である南朝(日本)政権より強力であり、日本の中心部である京都をほぼ支配していた。" }
{ "en": "Nobunaga's government also ruled the kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) and the Imperial Courts of this area.", "ja": "信長の政権も、畿内を含む京都とそこにいる朝廷を押さえていた。" }
{ "en": "In that sense, it is thought that the government had power over the whole country.", "ja": "その意味においては、全国性を持っていたことになる。" }
{ "en": "Be eager to take the reins of the government", "ja": "天下取りの意欲がある。" }
{ "en": "First of all, they must have the will to become tenka-bito.", "ja": "天下人になるためには、まず天下人になろうという意欲があることである。" }
{ "en": "However, the degree of eagerness is a different matter.", "ja": "しかし、その意欲がどのくらい強固なものであったかは、別問題である。" }
{ "en": "How much one is eager to establish a central administration (the kuge, court nobles, government) depended on how the state of affairs were progressing.", "ja": "頼朝にしろ、尊氏にしろ、中央政権(公家政権)とは違う新しい政権を樹立しようという意欲は、その時々の事態が進行してからである。" }
{ "en": "Also, it was only after the Sengoku period (period of warring states) that the society began showing its attitude of giving a chance to anyone to rule the tenka as long as they had the will to do so.", "ja": "また、天下取りという意欲を持てば誰でも天下を望める風潮が出てきたのは、戦国時代になってからのことであった。" }
{ "en": "Few people truly had the will to do so and even fewer actually succeeded in accomplishing this goal.", "ja": "それを目指す者の中で何人かの者だけが、ある段階で天下取りへの意欲を持つようになり、そのうちのまた何人かが成功したというのが実情であろう。" }
{ "en": "Have a certain military force and economical power.", "ja": "一定の軍事力・経済力を備えている。" }
{ "en": "The government of tenka-bito should be strong enough in military terms to eliminate obstacles and overwhelm rivals.", "ja": "天下人の政権は、それを樹立するに当たって妨害を排除し、ライバルを圧倒するだけの軍事力がなければ成り立たない。" }
{ "en": "Even after the establishment of the government, they needed military power to control those who would rebel against their government.", "ja": "政権樹立後も、抵抗しようとする者たちを押さえて、これを維持していくための武力が必要である。" }
{ "en": "However, this military power was not always their own and did not have to be.", "ja": "しかし、その軍事力は、必ずしも自前のものとは限らないし、そうである必要もない。" }
{ "en": "The military power would be evaluated by its amount and quality.", "ja": "軍事力は数あるいは質の問題なのである。" }
{ "en": "Economical power was also an important factor in having tenka under control.", "ja": "経済力も天下取りの重要要素である。" }
{ "en": "In Japan, the major economical power was agricultural productivity, particularly, rice production.", "ja": "日本では、経済力は農業生産力、ことに米の生産力が主流である。" }
{ "en": "Rice, as well as money, was a convenient commercial product that could be circulated.", "ja": "米は貨幣と同様に通用する便利な商品であった。" }
{ "en": "However, the circulation of rice was not the only goal of the activities of the territorial lords and shogun.", "ja": "とはいえ、諸大名も将軍も米ばかりを当てにして動いていたわけではない。" }
{ "en": "TAIRA no Kiyomori emphasized trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China and Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was keen on trading between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China.", "ja": "平清盛は日宋貿易に力を入れていたし、足利義満も日明貿易に熱心だった。" }
{ "en": "It is well known that Nobunaga put great emphasis on trade and craft such as rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds).", "ja": "信長が楽市・楽座のような商工業を重視していたことは有名である。" }
{ "en": "Hideyoshi had gold mines and silver mines under direct control; it is thought this factor helped him remain rich and powerful.", "ja": "秀吉は金山・銀山を直轄化しており、豊臣氏が富強であったのはそうした背景があったからだとも言われている。" }
{ "en": "Have necessary social standing and status", "ja": "必要な家格・地位などを持っている。" }
{ "en": "Even though tenka-bito ran a military regime, it did not mean they wanted to govern by military power.", "ja": "天下人の政権は軍事政権であるといっても、ひたすら武力で支配したいたわけではない。" }
{ "en": "They had to think about how to look after and motivate their subordinates in order to gain their compliance to rule.", "ja": "支配される側に、支配されることへの同意や関心を呼び起こすようなことも考えなければならない。" }
{ "en": "Political force did not exist as an entity; it only existed in the relationship with the subordinates.", "ja": "政治権力というのは、単なる実体として存在するわけではなく、それに従う者、統治される者との関係において成立するものである。" }
{ "en": "It can be thought that social standing or court rank was one of the important factors that cemented the relationship between the governor and his subordinates.", "ja": "ここでいう家格や官位といったものが、支配される者を納得させ、支配される者が自ら納得するための重要な要素の1つであったといえる。" }
{ "en": "Governors could actually justify their reasons for governing by having these attributes.", "ja": "支配する側としては、そうしたものを備えることによって、支配することの正当性を獲得するような形になるのである。" }
{ "en": "Yoritomo was a direct descendant of Seiwa-Genji (the Minamoto clan) and had a social status as great-great-grandson of HACHIMANTARO Yoshiie.", "ja": "頼朝の場合、清和源氏の嫡流であり、八幡太郎義家の玄孫であるという家格があった。" }
{ "en": "Takauji was the same.", "ja": "また、尊氏もまったく同じであった。" }
{ "en": "However, during the Sengoku period after the Onin War (1467-1477), gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) became more prevalent and the collapse of family status began to happen.", "ja": "しかし、応仁の乱(1467年~1477年)以降、戦国時代に入ると、下剋上の風潮が高まり、「家格破壊」が実現した。" }
{ "en": "Not only Hideyoshi, but also Nobunaga and Ieyasu did not have high positions.", "ja": "秀吉はもちろんのこと、信長、家康にしても、その家格は決して高いものではなかった。" }
{ "en": "After the collapse of the importance of family status, there was a trend in the society to overlook the origins as long as they have the ability to rule.", "ja": "家格破壊の結果、実力さえあれば氏素性の怪しさなどは、黙認された時代になっていた。" }
{ "en": "Have certain abilities.", "ja": "一定の能力を備えている。" }
{ "en": "It is often thought that people who influenced human history had extraordinary abilities, however, in reality, that was not always the case.", "ja": "歴史を動かすような人たちは、いずれも非凡な才能の持ち主であったかのように考えがちだが、実態は必ずしもそうではない。" }
{ "en": "People who governed the tenka may have had abilities that excelled others, however, at the same time, there must also have been numbers of people who had the same level of abilities.", "ja": "天下を取るほどの人間には、人より優れたものがあったのかもしれないが、天下人以外にも同じ程度の能力を持っていた者は、いくらでもいたに違いない。" }
{ "en": "However, one cannot deny the fact that it is we who flattered and raised them to the positions of big politicians, heroes, and revolutionaries.", "ja": "しかし、結果論的評価として、彼らを大政治家、大英雄、大革命家と持ち上げられるようになったのは否めない。" }
{ "en": "Be surrounded by good conditions and environment", "ja": "運・ツキに恵まれている。" }
{ "en": "Having seen the process of becoming a tenka-bito, it is clear that a combination of circumstances and chance, would raise someone to the position.", "ja": "天下人が天下人になれた過程をみると、その時々に偶然としかいいようのない出来事や事情の積み重ねが彼らを天下人に押し上げていったことは明白である。" }
{ "en": "In fact, in many cases, their efforts and reasonable judgments brought about fruitful results, however, it is also true that some accidental factors that they did not even expect often influenced them, which suggests that these accidental factors are also important factors that can determine their success.", "ja": "本人たちの努力やその合目的的な判断が実を結んだことも多々あったにちがいないが、本人たちにも計算できなかったような偶発的要素も大きく作用していることもあり、運・ツキはなおさら能力以上に重要である。" }
{ "en": "In 1603, Ieyasu received the proclamation of seiitaishogun and started the Edo bakufu.", "ja": "慶長8年(1603年)、家康は征夷大将軍の宣下を受け、江戸に幕府を開いた。" }
{ "en": "The Edo bakufu lasted for 15 successive reigns, some 260 years, until the time of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.", "ja": "それ以後、最後の将軍徳川慶喜まで15代、約260年間続いた。" }
{ "en": "However, with the arrival of the Black Ships, reverence for the Emperor became dominant and led to the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate after 700 years of government.", "ja": "しかし、黒船来航で攘夷・尊王思想が高まり、最終的には徳川幕府は倒壊し、700年近く続いた武家政権は幕を閉じた。" }