translation
translation |
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{
"en": "The sum total will come to more than 120 koku in chigyo (the annual stipend).",
"ja": "知行になおすと計120余石となる。"
} |
{
"en": "When Kojunin went to Edo-jo Castle to work, he went on foot, put on Setta (Japanese traditional sandals) and hakama (pleated and divided skirt made in fine stripes), and had two servants, i. e. yarimochi (a lance bearer) and komono (a lower servant) with him.",
"ja": "江戸城に登城する際は、徒歩で雪駄履き・袴着用で、槍持ちと小者の計2名を従えた。"
} |
{
"en": "Distinguished or fortunate gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) among the high-ranking gokenin receiving Karoku (hereditary stipend) or their soryo (heir) were promoted to Kojunin.",
"ja": "江戸時代初期には、譜代席の御家人（御家人の上層部）の中で優秀な者・運の良い者（あるいはその惣領）は小十人となった。"
} |
{
"en": "Some of them were promoted to hatamoto.",
"ja": "旗本に班を進める者もいた。"
} |
{
"en": "Family lineage was more priotized in selection of bankata in time of peace.",
"ja": "泰平の世となると、番方は家柄優先の人事が行われていた。"
} |
{
"en": "Accordingly, very few gokenin were directly selected from those who guarded the route that a shogun took for Kojunin.",
"ja": "(そのため)、将軍通行の沿道警備役の御家人から小十人に直接抜擢された例はほとんどなかった。"
} |
{
"en": "Some gokenin who had assumed yakukata (an administrative post or a clerical post) such as a governmental accountant or a post at O-oku (the inner halls of Edo-jo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants resided) or their soryo were promoted to Kojunin thanks to a distribution of rewards according to their merits.",
"ja": "官庁会計・大奥をはじめとする役方（行政職・事務職）の役職に就任していた御家人（あるいはその惣領）が論功として小十人になることがあった。"
} |
{
"en": "In Satsuma Domain, Kakaku Kojunin gumi (a group of guards whose Kakaku [family status] was Kojunin in Satsuma Domain) was formed in the Tenmei era to maintain the dignity of Kakaku Koshogumi (a group of guards whose Kakaku was Koshogumi [a family rank of lower-ranking samurais in Satsuma Domain]).",
"ja": "なお、薩摩藩では天明に家格小姓与の品位を保つ目的で家格小十人組が置かれた。"
} |
{
"en": "Those who were the second and the third sons of guards of Koshogumi and set up a branch family were admitted into Kakaku Kojunin gumi.",
"ja": "小姓与の次男、三男で分家した者を編入していた。"
} |
{
"en": "But Kakaku Kojunin gumi was abolished in the Kyowa era.",
"ja": "だが、享和に廃止された。"
} |
{
"en": "After its abolition, those who had had Kakaku of Kojunin were integrated into Kakaku Koshogumi.",
"ja": "廃止後、小十人の家格だった者は家格小姓与に編入された。"
} |
{
"en": "Shinban is a post in a samurai family in the area of security and military affairs (bankata)",
"ja": "新番（しんばん）は、武家における警備・軍事部門（番方）の役職のひとつである。"
} |
{
"en": "In the peace of the Edo Period, it is a bankata post that merged the newly created function of guards to protect the shogun in his travels and the function of standing army.",
"ja": "江戸時代に入って泰平の世となり、平時外出用の警備隊として新設された性格と常備兵力としての性格を持つ番方の役職である。"
} |
{
"en": "It is one of the five bankata posts in the Edo shogunate (namely, shoinban (castle guards), koshogumi (page corps), oban (hatamoto castle guards), kojunin (escort guards) and shinban (new guards)) and joined the troop formation when the shogun ventured out of the Edo Castle, to serve as security guards as well as to inspect weapons.",
"ja": "江戸幕府にあっては五番方（書院番・小姓組・大番・小十人・新番）のひとつで、特に将軍の江戸城外出時に隊列に加わり、警護に当たったほか、武器の検分役などの役目もあった。"
} |
{
"en": "The shinbangashira who heads the shinban earned salary of 2,000-koku rice yield and was in some instances selected from hatamoto retainers who ranked in the 5,000-koku class.",
"ja": "新番の責任者である新番頭は、役高2000石であるが、5000石級の旗本から選任されることもあった。"
} |
{
"en": "The earnings of the average shinban retainer was 250-koku yield, lower by 50 koku compared to those in shoinban and koshoban but is distinguished for not being obliged to keep horses at all times.",
"ja": "新番衆の役高は250石（俵）であり、書院番衆・小姓番衆より50石（俵）少ないが、軍役上、馬を常時用意する義務がないのが特徴である。"
} |
{
"en": "However, the shinban was allowed to ride horses.",
"ja": "ただし、馬上資格は認められている。"
} |
{
"en": "Like the oban, promotion was limited.",
"ja": "大番と同じく出世は限られていた。"
} |
{
"en": "The title of the shinban is sometimes seen in domains, especially in large domains.",
"ja": "諸藩にあっても特に大きな藩には新番の役職名が見えることがある。"
} |
{
"en": "In addition to serving as standing army for the domain, the shinban very often escorted the lord in his travels for protection.",
"ja": "藩の常備兵力であるほか、領内に藩主などが外出するときには一行に付き添い、これを供奉して警備にあたることが多かった。"
} |
{
"en": "In Satsuma Domain, there was shinban as a name for social standing.",
"ja": "薩摩藩では家格としての新番があった。"
} |
{
"en": "Uneme was a maid-in-waiting who attended to the emperor or empress in the Imperial Court to exclusively take care of the emperor or empress including meals.",
"ja": "采女（うねめ）とは、日本の朝廷において天皇や皇后に近侍し、食事など身の回りの雑事を専門に行う女官のこと。"
} |
{
"en": "From the Heian period, Uneme became obsolete so as to be the post only required in special events.",
"ja": "平安時代以降は廃れ、特別な行事の時のみの役職となった。"
} |
{
"en": "Summary",
"ja": "概略"
} |
{
"en": "Although the origin of Uneme is unknown, \"Nihonshoki\" (Chronicles of Japan) describes that it was a custom of powerful regional clans to present their daughters to the Imperial family as early as the Asuka period.",
"ja": "発祥ははっきりしないが、『日本書紀』によると既に飛鳥時代には地方の豪族がその娘を天皇家に献上する習慣があった。"
} |
{
"en": "While the most likely opinion has it that powerful regional clans offered their daughters as a kind of hostage to show their subjugation to the emperor, there is another opinion based on the official document from Daijokan in 917, which forbade Izumo no Kuninomiyatsuko to have a mistress under the pretext of 'Jingu Uneme' except for one Uneme for shinto religious services as required, that Uneme was supposedly a system established in the process of integration of regional religious services by the Imperial family, and that Uneme was identified with the mistress in the religious service, implying the conduct of making Uneme pregnant as mentioned later.",
"ja": "一種の人質であり、豪族が服属したことを示したものと考える説が有力だが、延喜17年（917年）の太政官符に、出雲国造が「神宮采女」と称して妾を蓄えることを禁止しつつも神道祭祀に必要な場合には1名に限り認める内容のものがあることを根拠に、地方の祭祀を天皇家が吸収統合していく過程で成立した制度で、祭祀においては妾と同一視され後述のとおり子供が出来る行為を伴ったと推測した説もある。"
} |
{
"en": "Some Uneme gained emperor's favor and gave birth to the emperor's baby.",
"ja": "中には天皇の気に入り、その子供を産む者もいた。"
} |
{
"en": "As the status of mother was also considered important in those days, the children born from Uneme were mostly placed lower than the children of the powerful clans in the capital or the Imperial family.",
"ja": "が、当時は母親の身分も重視する時代であったため、采女出生の子供は中央豪族や皇族出生の子供に比べて低い立場に置かれることがほとんどであった。"
} |
{
"en": "Uneme became a system by Kokyu Shokuin Rei in Taiho ritsuryo legal code.",
"ja": "大宝律令の後宮職員令によって制度化される。"
} |
{
"en": "It was written as below.",
"ja": "その内容は以下の通りである。"
} |
{
"en": "Although Uneme were recruited from each province by a prescribed number indicated in the official document issued by Nakatsukasasho, Uneme were 'offered' formally.",
"ja": "中務省が発する牒により、諸国に定員を割り振って募集されるが、名目は「献上」という形を取った。"
} |
{
"en": "Requirement information for Uneme was:",
"ja": "募集条件は"
} |
{
"en": "at the age of 13 to 30;",
"ja": "13歳以上30歳以下であること。"
} |
{
"en": "should be a sister or daughter of those at the status of Gunji or above; and",
"ja": "出身は郡司以上の姉妹か娘であること。"
} |
{
"en": "should be selected carefully by their figures.",
"ja": "容姿を厳選すること。"
} |
{
"en": "Uneme belonged to 'Uneme no Tsukasa' under Kunaisho and 6 Uneme were allocated to 'Suishi', which was another branch of Kunaisho, and 60 Uneme were allocated to 'Kashiwade no Tsukasa', which was also another branch of Kunaisho.",
"ja": "宮内省の配下にある「采女司」に所属し、更に宮内庁配下の別の課に当たる「水司」に6名、「膳司（かしわでのつかさ）」に60名配属される。"
} |
{
"en": "The prescribed number was 66, but it is considered that the number included Nyoju (prescribed number was 152), which was similar to Uneme, and Uneme to the princess.",
"ja": "定員は計66名であるが、同様の職種の女孺（定員152名）と皇子女付きの采女等も含むと見られている。"
} |
{
"en": "According to Gunborei of Taiho ritsuryo legal code, Uneme was to be raised from one third of counties across the country.",
"ja": "大宝律令の軍防令によると全国の郡の三分の一から采女を募集することとなっている。"
} |
{
"en": "According to the reform by Emperor Heizei, the system of offering Uneme was abolished and accordingly 'Uneme no Tsukasa' was abolished, and the remaining Uneme became to belong to 'Nuidonoryo.'",
"ja": "平城天皇の改革により、采女献上の制度は廃止され、「采女司」も廃止になり、残っていた采女は「縫殿寮」に所属した。"
} |
{
"en": "Emperor Saga restored 'Uneme no Tsukasa', but thereafter, Uneme were selected from the daughters of the nobles in the capital and became a mere formality.",
"ja": "嵯峨天皇は「采女司」を復活させたが、以後は采女は中央貴族の子女から選ばれるようになり、形骸化。"
} |
{
"en": "From the Edo period, Uneme were selected from court ladies only on the occasion of an emperor's enthronement ceremony.",
"ja": "江戸時代以降は天皇の即位の礼の時のみ女官から選抜されるようになった。"
} |
{
"en": "On this occasion, Uneme were dressed not in full uniform of court lady, Junihitoe, but in a special costume for Uneme which was shorter than Junihitoe.",
"ja": "この時には、女官の正装たる十二単ではなく丈の短い特殊な采女装束を着用した。"
} |
{
"en": "Historically well-known Uneme",
"ja": "歴史上有名な采女"
} |
{
"en": "IGA no Yakakonoiratsume",
"ja": "伊賀宅子娘"
} |
{
"en": "She was from the Iga clan, which was the powerful clan in Iga Province, and gave birth to Emperor Kobun, the first son of Emperor Tenji.",
"ja": "伊賀国豪族・伊賀氏出身で天智天皇の長男・弘文天皇を産む。"
} |
{
"en": "INABANOYAKAMI no Uneme",
"ja": "因幡八上采女"
} |
{
"en": "She was from the Inabano kuninomiyatsuko clan, the powerful clan in Yakami no Kori, Inaba Province, and known for her tragic love with Aki no Okimi, which was contained in \"Manyoshu.\"",
"ja": "因幡国八上郡の豪族・因幡国造氏出身で、『万葉集』に載せられた安貴王との悲恋で知られる。"
} |
{
"en": "It is a likely opinion that she was identical with 稲葉国造気豆女 (Inabano Kuninomiyatsuko kimame no musume), who gave birth to FUJIWARA no Hamanari, the first son of FUJIWARA no Maro.",
"ja": "藤原麻呂の長男・藤原浜成を産んだ稲葉国造気豆女と同一人物と言う説が有力。"
} |
{
"en": "It is considered that she was from the same clan as Inabano Kuninomiyatsuko Kiyonari no musume, who was loved by Emperor Kanmu.",
"ja": "桓武天皇の寵愛を受けた因幡国造浄成女とは同族とされる。"
} |
{
"en": "IITAKA no Morotaka",
"ja": "飯高諸高"
} |
{
"en": "She was from Iitaka gun, Ise province.",
"ja": "伊勢国飯高郡出身。"
} |
{
"en": "She lived so long that she served for six tenures of five emperors, Emperor Gensho, Emperor Shomu, Emperor Koken, Emperor Junnin, and Emperor Konin.",
"ja": "長命で、元正天皇、聖武天皇、孝謙天皇、淳仁天皇、光仁天皇の計5人6代に仕える。"
} |
{
"en": "She was given the title Sukune, in recognition of her services.",
"ja": "その功績により、宿禰の姓を賜る。"
} |
{
"en": "Unemematsuri",
"ja": "采女祭"
} |
{
"en": "An annual festival observed on November 18 at Unemejinja shrine by Sarusawa no ike pond in Nara prefecture.",
"ja": "奈良市の猿沢池畔にある采女神社の毎年9月18日に行われる例祭。"
} |
{
"en": "It is believed that Uneme who had lost emperor's favor committed suicide by jumping into the pond in the Nara period; Unemematsuri has been held to let the soul of the Uneme rest in peace.",
"ja": "奈良時代のさる天皇の寵愛を失った采女が猿沢池に投身自殺したとされ、その霊を慰める祭り。"
} |
{
"en": "This episode was the motif of the Noh song 'Uneme.'",
"ja": "謡曲「采女(能)」はこのエピソードを題材としている。"
} |
{
"en": "Tang names (tomei, tomyo, or karana) are Chinese names of government posts or departments each of which corresponds to a Japanese name of a government post or department whose official duties were similar to those of Tang under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.",
"ja": "唐名（とうめい、とうみょう、からな）は、律令制日本の律令制下の官職名・部署名を同様の職掌を持つ中国の官称にあてはめたもの。"
} |
{
"en": "In the early eighth century, in accordance with Taiho Ritsuryo Code and Yoro Ritsuryo Code, the office organizations, as described below, after the establishment of the government-regulated ritsuryo system (Taiho Ritsuryo Code), were developed and official titles of all the officials were established.",
"ja": "8世紀前半、大宝律令・養老律令により日本の官制律令制（大宝律令）以後以下の職制が整備され、百官の職名が制定されていった。"
} |
{
"en": "Around that time, Tang-style official titles and department names representing the same official duties were already used as a kind of elegant name, and when FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, who idolized the Tang culture, took control of the government, the titles of all the officials were translated into Tang names in 758.",
"ja": "その前後からすでに、同様の職掌を有する唐風の職名および部署名を一種の雅称として用いることが行われていたが、唐風文化に心酔する藤原仲麻呂が政権を握ると、天平宝字2年（758年）百官名をすべて唐名で言い換えることが行われた。"
} |
{
"en": "(Nakamaro himself had taken the title Shibirei [director general of Shibi institution] of the newly created Shibi chudai [office handling the principal empress Komyo's affairs], namely kotaigogushoku [Imperial Household Agency officer assigned to the household of Queen Mother])",
"ja": "（仲麻呂自らは新設した紫微中台＝皇太后宮職として紫微令を称した。）"
} |
{
"en": "After Nakamaro fell from the position in 764, the titles were returned to the former names, however, the Tang name was often used as another name or an elegant name of the government post.",
"ja": "天平宝字8年（764年）仲麻呂失脚後は旧に戻されたが、その後も官職の別名・雅称として用いられることが多かった。"
} |
{
"en": "Various Ryoge no kan (posts outside the original Ritsuryo code created by Imperial edicts), which were created from the late Nara period to the Heian period, had Tang names.",
"ja": "奈良時代後半から平安時代にかけて生じた様々な令外官についても、唐名がつけられた。"
} |
{
"en": "(The Emperor Saga who set the posts of Ryoge no kan such as Kurodo no to [Head Chamberlain] and kebiishi [officials with judicial and police powers] also idolized the Tang culture.)",
"ja": "（蔵人頭・検非違使などの令外官を置いた嵯峨天皇も唐風文化の心酔者であった。）"
} |
{
"en": "These Tang names do not completely match the office organizations originated in Chinese successive dynasties, so that they cannot be always replaced by one-to-one correspondence.",
"ja": "これらの唐名は、本家中国歴代王朝の職制と完全に一致するわけではないため、必ずしも一対一で置換ができるものではない。"
} |
{
"en": "Therefore, some organizations overlapped in using the Tang name; to the contrary, there were many cases in which a single organization had multiple Tang names.",
"ja": "そのためいくつかの職においては重複するものあり、逆にひとつの職に対し複数の唐名があるものも少なくない。"
} |
{
"en": "Tang name was not used in a formal Iki (a letter of appointment) in Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) of Chotei (Imperial Court) and the like, however, often used in private documents such as letters, diaries, and Chinese-style poems.",
"ja": "唐名は、除目における朝廷の正式な位記等に記されることこそは無かったが、書簡・日記・漢詩など私的な文書には頻繁に用いられた。"
} |
{
"en": "In the Edo period, Tang name was still continued as the elegant name attached to the Buke-kani (official court titles for samurai), and even after the ritsuryo system came to the end both in name and in reality by the Meiji restoration, it was taken over by attaching to the System of Departments of State in the early Meiji era.",
"ja": "江戸時代になってからも武家官位に付随する雅称として存続し、明治維新で律令制が名実ともに終焉を迎えた後も、明治初期の太政官制明治維新の太政官に付随して引き継がれた。"
} |
{
"en": "In 1885, the cabinet system was established, and even in this system, the tradition of Tang name was taken over, so that the prime minister was called 'shusho' and the foreign minister was called 'gaisho.'",
"ja": "明治18年（1885年）には内閣制度が発足するが、ここでも唐名の伝統は引き継がれ、内閣総理大臣を「首相」、外務大臣(日本)を「外相」などと呼んだ。"
} |
{
"en": "Further, the Privy Council which was established together with the cabinet system was called 'sufu', the Chairman of the Privy Council was called 'susho', and both the Office of minister of the center and the minister of the center were called 'naifu', thus, this custom has been completely established in Japan.",
"ja": "また内閣制度とともに設置された枢密院を「枢府」、枢密院議長を「枢相」、内大臣府と内大臣府をともに「内府」と呼ぶなど、この習慣は日本文化に完全に定着したものとなっている。"
} |
{
"en": "Examples of historic terms fixed by Tang name",
"ja": "唐名で定着した歴史的名辞の例"
} |
{
"en": "SUGAWARA no Michizane … SUGAWARA no Michizane, the Udaijin (minister of the right.)",
"ja": "菅原道真 … 右大臣・菅原道真。"
} |
{
"en": "The name used in \"Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami\" (Sugawara's secrets of calligraphy), the masterpiece of Joruri (Ballad drama) and Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors).",
"ja": "浄瑠璃・歌舞伎の名作『菅原伝授手習鑑』での呼称。"
} |
{
"en": "Ribu O ki (diary of Shikibu-kyo) … The diary of Imperial Prince Shigeakira who was the prince of the Emperor Daigo.",
"ja": "吏部王記（りほうおうき） … 醍醐天皇の皇子重明親王の日記。"
} |
{
"en": "The term comes from Shikibukyo of kyokkan (the most highest rank which one was appointed.)",
"ja": "極官の式部卿から。"
} |
{
"en": "Sankaiki … The diary of FUJIWARA no Tadachika (Nakayama Naidaijin [Nakayama, the minister of the center.])",
"ja": "山槐記 … 藤原忠親（中山内大臣）の日記。"
} |
{
"en": "The term comes from 'san' (=yama) in 'NAKAYAMA' and a different name of the minister 'Kaimon.'",
"ja": "中山の山と、大臣の異称・槐門から。"
} |
{
"en": "FUJIWARA no Yorinaga … FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, the Sadaijin (Minister of the left) who was told as the ringleader of Hogen War.",
"ja": "藤原頼長 … 保元の乱の首謀者とされる左大臣藤原頼長。"
} |
{
"en": "Also called Uji Aku-safu (evil minister of the left.)",
"ja": "宇治悪左府とも。"
} |
{
"en": "TAIRA no Kiyomori (nyudo-shokoku [the Grand Minister who became a priest]) … TAIRA no Kiyomori who became Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister.)",
"ja": "平清盛（入道相国） … 太政大臣となった平清盛。"
} |
{
"en": "Heiko-ki … The diary written by TAIRA no Tsunetaka, the Minbukyo",
"ja": "平戸記 … 民部卿・平経高が記した日記。"
} |
{
"en": "The term comes from Minbukyo = Ministry of Revenue.",
"ja": "民部＝戸部から。"
} |
{
"en": "Choshuki (diary of MINAMOTO no Morotoki) … The diary of MINAMOTO no Morotoki.",
"ja": "長秋記 … 源師時の日記。"
} |
{
"en": "The term comes from Morotoki who served as Kogogushiki (the Queen-consort's Household Agency).",
"ja": "皇后宮職を務めたことから。"
} |
{
"en": "The Urin family … one of the ranks of kuge (a Court noble.)",
"ja": "羽林家 … 公家の格の一つ。"
} |
{
"en": "The term comes from the government post of Konoe no shosho (Minor Captain of the Palace Guards) and Chujo (Middle Captain) as its Kashoku (one's trade or profession).",
"ja": "家職とした近衛少将・中将の官職から。"
} |
{
"en": "Hosokawa Keicho family … The main line of the Hosokawa family which produced many Muromachi bakufu kanrei (A shogunal deputy for the Muromachi bakufu.)",
"ja": "細川氏京兆家 … 室町幕府管領を輩出した細川氏嫡流。"
} |
{
"en": "The term comes from kanto (government service) of Ukyo no daibu (Master of the Western Capital Offices.)",
"ja": "官途・右京大夫から。"
} |
{
"en": "The Shiba clan Buei family … The main line of the Shiba clan which produced many Muromachi bakufu kanrei.",
"ja": "斯波氏武衛家 … 室町幕府管領を輩出した斯波氏嫡流。"
} |
{
"en": "The term comes from kanto of the Captain of Division of Middle Palace Guards.",
"ja": "官途・兵衛督から。"
} |
{
"en": "The Hatakeyama clan in Kii Province and the Kawachi Hatakeyama family (Kingo family [Emonfu, or the Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards]) … The virtual main line of the Hatakeyama clan which produced many Muromachi bakufu kanrei.",
"ja": "畠山氏紀伊・河内畠山家（金吾家） … 室町幕府管領を輩出した畠山氏の事実上の嫡流。"
} |
{
"en": "The term comes from kanto of Emon no kami (Captain gate guards.)",
"ja": "官途・衛門督から。"
} |
{
"en": "Nobushige TAKEDA … Nobushige was a younger brother of Shingen TAKEDA.",
"ja": "武田信繁 … 武田信玄の弟・信繁。"
} |
{
"en": "The term comes from kanto of Samanosuke (vice-minister of Left Division of Bureau of Horses.)",
"ja": "官途の左馬助から。"
} |
{
"en": "Nobunaga ODA … The name came from udaijin, the government post of Nobunaga ODA.",
"ja": "織田信長 … 織田信長の官職が右大臣であったことからの呼び名。"
} |
{
"en": "Ieyasu TOKUGAWA … Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the Naidaijin (minister of the center.)",
"ja": "徳川家康 … 内大臣・徳川家康。"
} |
{
"en": "This term is often used in period dramas.",
"ja": "時代劇などでよく用いられる。"
} |
{
"en": "Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA … Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA, the Saemon no kami and Chunagon (Middle Counselor.)",
"ja": "小早川秀秋 … 左衛門督兼中納言・小早川秀秋。"
} |
{
"en": "Masakazu KOBORI … Masakazu KOBORI, the Sado (tea ceremony.)",
"ja": "小堀政一 … 茶道・小堀政一。"
} |
{
"en": "The term comes from Totomi no kuni no kami (Governor of Totomi Province.)",
"ja": "遠江国守から。"
} |
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