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may-ohta
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kftt

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translation
{ "en": "According to Esoteric Buddhism, Jo-in assumed by Amida Nyorai is supposed to be Hokkaijo-in; however, a variation formed by both hands placed together in the same manner and the thumbs and the forefingers (or otherwise, the middle or annular fingers) forming a circle may be assumed by Amida Nyorai of the Jodo Sect, and so on.", "ja": "阿匥陀劂来の定印は密教では法界定印ずされるが、浄土教などでの堎合は同じように䞡手を重ねお芪指ず人差し指たたは䞭指、薬指で茪を぀くるものもある。" }
{ "en": "There are many variations of inso assumed by Amida Nyorai, which will be explained in full detail.", "ja": "阿匥陀劂来の印盞には沢山のバリ゚ヌションがあるので、埌に詳述する。" }
{ "en": "Sokuchi-in (Earth-Touching Mudra)", "ja": "觊地印そくちいん" }
{ "en": "It is also referred to as Goma-in (literally, mudra of conquering the devil).", "ja": "降魔印ずもいう。" }
{ "en": "It is used with a seated statue and formed by a palm facing downward with finger tips touching the earth.", "ja": "座像で、手のひらを䞋に䌏せお指先で地面に觊れる。" }
{ "en": "Shakyamuni is said, according to legend, to have sustained interference with his ascetic practices by a devil.", "ja": "䌝説によるず、釈迊は修行䞭に悪魔の劚害を受けた。" }
{ "en": "It is said that Shakyamuni touched the earth with finger tips at that time to cause a god of the earth to appear, thereby defeating the devil.", "ja": "その時釈迊は指先で地面に觊れお倧地の神を出珟させ、それによっお悪魔を退けたずいう。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, Sokuchi-in symbolizes a strong mind pursuing the truth without being overcome by temptations or obstacles.", "ja": "このため觊地印は、誘惑や障害に負けずに真理を求める匷い心を象城する。" }
{ "en": "It is assumed by Ashuku Nyorai (Immovable Buddha) or Tenkuraion Nyorai (or Divyadundubhimeganirghosa, literally, Buddha of Thunderous Sound of the Heavenly Drum) besides Shakyamuni Nyorai.", "ja": "釈迊劂来のほか、阿しゅく劂来や倩錓雷音劂来が結ぶ。" }
{ "en": "Chiken-in (the knowledge-fist mudra)", "ja": "智拳印ちけんいん" }
{ "en": "It is formed by the left hand with the forefinger stretched and the thumb clenched by the middle, annular and little fingers.", "ja": "巊手は人差し指を䌞ばし、䞭指、薬指、小指は芪指を握る。" }
{ "en": "And the right hand clenching the forefinger of the left hand with the tip of the thumb of the right hand and the tip of the forefinger of the left hand put together.", "ja": "右手は巊手人指し指を握り、右芪指の先ず巊人指し指の先を合わせる。" }
{ "en": "It is assumed by Dainichi Nyorai (in the diamond-world mandala), Ichiji Kinrin Buccho (the principal Buddha of the \"Court of the Perfected\") or Taho Nyorai (Prabhuta-ratnam in Sanskrit).", "ja": "倧日劂来(金剛界)、䞀字金茪仏頂、倚宝劂来が結ぶ。" }
{ "en": "Kozanze-in (Mudra of Subjection)", "ja": "降䞉䞖印こうざんぜいん" }
{ "en": "It is formed by the little fingers firmly crossed in front of the chest.", "ja": "小指を絡めお胞の前で亀差させる印。" }
{ "en": "Types of Inso Assumed by Amida Nyorai", "ja": "阿匥陀劂来の印盞" }
{ "en": "There are several types of inso assumed by Amida Nyorai, any of which is formed in principle by the thumbs and the forefingers (or otherwise, the middle or annular fingers) forming a circle.", "ja": "阿匥陀劂来の印盞には数皮類あるが、いずれの堎合も芪指ず人差し指たたは䞭指、薬指で茪を぀くるのが原則である。" }
{ "en": "Jo-in", "ja": "定印(じょういん)" }
{ "en": "It is formed as mentioned above.", "ja": "前述のずおり。" }
{ "en": "In the case of Amida Nyorai, there may be a statue assuming inso formed by both hands pointing upward in front of the chest with the thumbs and the forefingers (or otherwise, the second or third fingers) forming a circle.", "ja": "阿匥陀劂来の堎合は、䞡手を胞の高さたで䞊げ芪指ず人差し指たたは䞭指、薬指で茪を぀くるものもある。" }
{ "en": "Examples of statues assuming Jo-in existing in Japan include the principal statue in Hoo-do Hall (the Phoenix Pavilion) of Byodoin Temple in Uji City and the principal statue in Kotokuin Temple in Kamakura City (Kamakura Great Buddha) shown in Figure 2.", "ja": "日本での䜜䟋ずしおは、宇治垂の平等院鳳凰堂本尊像、図2の鎌倉垂・高埳院本尊像鎌倉倧仏などがある。" }
{ "en": "Seppo-in (the exposition of the Dharma mudra)", "ja": "説法印(せっぜういん)" }
{ "en": "It refers to Tenborin-in.", "ja": "転法茪印のこず。" }
{ "en": "It is formed by both hands pointing upward in front of the chest with the thumbs and the forefingers (or otherwise, the middle or annular fingers) forming a circle.", "ja": "䞡手を胞の高さたで䞊げ、芪指ず人差し指たたは䞭指、薬指で茪を぀くる。" }
{ "en": "Examples of statues assuming Tenborin-in existing in Japan include the principal statue enshrined in the hall of Koryu-ji Temple in Kyoto; however, this inso is relatively rare.", "ja": "日本での䜜䟋ずしおは、京郜・広隆寺講堂本尊像などがあるが、比范的珍しい印盞である。" }
{ "en": "The central Buddhist image in Taima mandala also assumes this inso.", "ja": "圓麻曌荌矅の䞭尊像もこの印盞である。" }
{ "en": "Raigo-in (Reasoning Mudra)", "ja": "来迎印(らいごういん)" }
{ "en": "Similar to Semui-Yogan-in, it is formed by the right hand turned upward and the left hand turned downward with both palms facing outward and the thumb and forefinger (or otherwise, the middle or annular finger) of each hand forming a circle.", "ja": "斜無畏䞎願印に䌌お、右手を䞊げお巊手を䞋げお共に手のひらを前に向け、それぞれの手の芪指ず人差し指たたは䞭指、薬指で茪を぀くる。" }
{ "en": "This inso is assumed by Amida Nyorai coming to fetch a believer on his or her deathbed.", "ja": "信者の臚終に際しお、阿匥陀劂来が西方極楜浄土から迎えに来る時の印盞である。" }
{ "en": "Examples of statues assuming Raigo-in existing in Japan include the central Buddhist statue among the statues of the three Amida divinities in Sanzenin Temple in Kyoto.", "ja": "日本での䜜䟋ずしおは、京郜・䞉千院の阿匥陀䞉尊の䞭尊像などがある。" }
{ "en": "The principal statue enshrined in a temple of the Jodo sect or the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) assumes in principle this inso.", "ja": "浄土宗、浄土真宗の本尊像は基本的にこの印盞である。" }
{ "en": "Figure 3 shows Ushiku Daibutsu (the Great Buddha of Ushiku) in Ibaraki Prefecture, which assumes Raigo-in.", "ja": "図3は茚城県の牛久倧仏で、来迎印を結んでいる。" }
{ "en": "In Joshin-ji Temple (commonly known as Kuhonbutsu) in Setagaya-ku Ward, Tokyo, nine statues of Amida Nyorai, which assume nine different types of inso respectively, are enshrined.", "ja": "東京郜䞖田谷区の浄真寺通称九品仏には9䜓の阿匥陀劂来像が安眮され、それぞれが異なった9通りの印盞を瀺しおいる。" }
{ "en": "This is based on the idea of kubon-ojo (the nine classes of people reborn in the Land of Happiness according to the nine levels of religiousness), as preached in 'Kanmuryoju-kyo sutra' (The Sutra of Visualization of the Buddha of Measureless Life, meaning Amida).", "ja": "これは「芳無量寿経」に説く九品くがんおうじょうの思想に基づくものである。" }
{ "en": "It is assumed that there are nine grades of gokuraku ojo (dying peacefully to be born in the Pure Land) from very religious people to accomplished villains as listed below: starting with 'jobon josho' (Upper grade: upper birth), 'jobon chusho' (Upper grade: middle birth), 'jobon gesho' (Upper grade: lower birth), 'chubon josho' (Middle grade: upper birth), 'chubon chusho' (Middle grade: middle birth), 'chubon gesho' (Middle grade: lower birth), 'gebon josho' (Lower grade: upper birth), 'gebon chusho' (Lower grade: middle birth) and 'gebon gesho' (Lower grade: lower birth).", "ja": "極楜埀生のしかたには、信仰の節い者から極悪人たで9通りの段階があるずされ、「䞊品䞊生」じょうがんじょうしょうから始たっお「䞊品䞭生」「䞊品䞋生」「䞭品䞊生」「䞭品䞭生」「䞭品䞋生」「䞋品䞊生」「䞋品䞭生」「䞋品䞋生」に至る。" }
{ "en": "In the case of the nine statues of Amida Nyorai enshrined in Joshin-ji Temple, the three types of inso assumed by Amida Nyorai, that is, Jo-in, Seppo-in and Raigo-in are assigned as 'Josho-in' (inso representing josho (upper birth)), 'Chusho-in' (inso representing chusho (middle birth)) and 'Gesho-in' (inso representing gesho (lower birth)), respectively, and combinations of the thumbs and the forefingers put together, those of the thumbs and the middle fingers put together and those of the thumbs and the annular fingers put together are assigned to 'jobon' (upper grade), 'chubon' (middle grade) and 'gebon' (lower grade), respectively.", "ja": "浄真寺の九品仏の堎合、阿匥陀劂来の印盞のうち、定印を「䞊生印」、説法印を「䞭生印」、来迎印を「䞋生印」ずし、芪指ず人差し指䞭指、薬指を接するものをそれぞれ「䞊品」「䞭品」「䞋品」に充おる。" }
{ "en": "It should be noted, however, that there are no explicit doctrinal grounds for the representation of kuhon ojo (nine grades of birth in the Pure Land) by nine types of inso and they seem to have been contrived in early-modern times in Japan.", "ja": "なお、九品埀生を9通りの印盞で衚わす教矩的根拠は明確でなく、日本においお近䞖になっおから考え出されたもののようである。" }
{ "en": "Inso Referring to the Design of a Seal", "ja": "印鑑における印盞" }
{ "en": "The design of a seal imprint is called inso, and fortune may be told from such a design.", "ja": "印鑑の印圱デザむンを印盞ず呌び、占いの察象ずする堎合がある。" }
{ "en": "A symmetric arrangement of characters is assumed to be inauspicious; moreover, fortune is told from the appearance of the fracture of a seal arising from long-term use.", "ja": "巊右察称の文字配列は䞍吉ずされ、たた長く䜿っおいるず欠損箇所が生じるので、その出方で占う。" }
{ "en": "Zenjo ANO (1153 - August 8, 1203) was a priest from late Heian period to early Kamakura period and the seventh son of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.", "ja": "阿野党成あのぜんじょうぜんせい、仁平3幎1153幎-建仁3幎6月23日(旧暊)1203幎8月1日は平安時代末期、鎌倉時代初期の僧で、源矩朝の䞃男。" }
{ "en": "He was also known as Hokkyo (the third highest rank for Buddhist priests) Zenjo (or Zensei) ANO.", "ja": "阿野法橋党成ずも。" }
{ "en": "His mother was Tokiwa Gozen.", "ja": "母は垞盀埡前。" }
{ "en": "His childhood name was Imawakamaru.", "ja": "幌名・今若䞞。" }
{ "en": "Gien and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune were his younger brothers by the same mother, and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was his elder brother by a different mother.", "ja": "矩円・源矩経の同母兄、源頌朝の異母匟。" }
{ "en": "His wife was Awa no Tsubone (Tokimasa HOJO's daughter).", "ja": "劻は北条時政の嚘阿波局(北条時政の嚘)。" }
{ "en": "His children included: Harimanokimi (the lord of Harima Province) Yorimasa, and Tokimoto ANO, a wife of FUJIWARA no Kimisuke (藀原公䜐宀).", "ja": "子は播磚公頌党はりたのきみよりたさ、阿野時元、藀原公䜐宀、他。" }
{ "en": "Since Imawaka's father Yoshitomo was defeated and died in the Heiji War when he was at an early age of 7 in 1159, he was forced to enter the priesthood at Daigo-ji Temple and named himself Ryucho (隆超) (or Ryuki (隆起)), then Zenjo after a short while.", "ja": "今若が7歳の平治元幎1159幎、平治の乱で父矩朝が敗死したため幌くしお醍醐寺にお出家させられ、隆超たたは隆起ず名乗り、ほどなく党成ず改名。" }
{ "en": "He was commonly known as Daigo Zenji (Master of Zen Buddhism), or Aku (evil) Zenji from his crudeness (\"Heiji Monogatari\" (The Tale of Heiji).", "ja": "通称醍醐犅垫、もしくはその荒くれ者ぶりから悪犅垫ずも呌ばれた『平治物語』。" }
{ "en": "On September 15, 1180, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, his elder brother by a different mother, raised an army in Izu Province.", "ja": "治承4幎1180幎8月17日、異母兄の源頌朝が䌊豆囜で挙兵。" }
{ "en": "Upon knowing this fact, Zenjo slipped out of the temple and happened to meet Sadatsuna SASAKI and Sadatsuna's brothers shortly after Yoritomo was defeated in the Battle of Ishibashiyama on September 24, and was given refuge by them in Shibuya no sho Manor in Sagami Province.", "ja": "それを知った党成は寺を抜け出し、同幎8月26日石橋山の戊いで頌朝が敗北した盎埌に䜐々朚定綱ら兄匟ず行き䌚い、盞暡囜枋谷荘に匿われる。" }
{ "en": "On October 28, he managed to meet Yoritomo at a lodging in Saginuma, Shimousa Province.", "ja": "10月1日には䞋総囜鷺沌の宿所で頌朝ず察面を果たす。" }
{ "en": "This was the first reunion of members of the Minamoto clan.", "ja": "源氏䞀門で最初の合流であった。" }
{ "en": "Zenjo told Yoritomo that he had secretly slipped out of the temple in Kyoto upon knowing about ryoji (orders issued by princes, empresses, and so on) and then went down to the place having disguised himself as a trainee priest, and Yoritomo appreciated Zenjo's resolution by weeping with joy.", "ja": "党成は京郜で什旚が出された事を知り、密かに寺を抜け出しお修行僧に扮しお䞋っおきた事を語り、頌朝は泣いおその志を喜んだ。" }
{ "en": "Winning Yoritomo's confidence, Zenjo was rewarded with Nagao-ji Temple in Musashi Province (the present Myoraku-ji Temple in Tama-ku Ward, Kawasaki City) and married Awa no Tsubone (a daughter of Tokimasa HOJO) who was a younger sister of Masako HOJO, Yoritomo's wife.", "ja": "頌朝の信任を埗た党成は歊蔵囜長尟寺珟川厎垂倚摩区の劙楜寺を䞎えられ、頌朝の劻・北条政子の効である阿波局(北条時政の嚘)ず結婚。" }
{ "en": "Awa no Tsubone became a wet nurse for the second son of Yoritomo, Senmanmaru (later MINAMOTO no Sanetomo), and thereafter established an unspectacular but solid position in the Yoritomo administration.", "ja": "阿波局は頌朝の次男千幡䞞埌の源実朝の乳母ずなり、以降頌朝政暩においお地味ながら着実な地䜍を築いた。" }
{ "en": "However, Yoritomo's death and the succession to the office of a shogun by MINAMOTO no Yoriie (Zenjo's nephew) in 1199 resulted in Zenjo being allied with Tokimasa HOJO (Zenjo's father-in-law) and Yoshitoki HOJO (Zenjo's brother-in-law) who supported MINAMOTO no Sanetomo and came to be opposed to Yoriie's followers.", "ja": "しかし正治元幎1199幎に頌朝が死去し、甥の源頌家が将軍職を継ぐず、党成は源実朝を擁する舅の北条時政ず矩兄匟の北条矩時ず結び、頌家䞀掟ず察立するようになる。" }
{ "en": "Yoriie moved one step ahead of Zenjo and dispatched Nobumitsu TAKEDA around midnight on July 6, 1203, to have him arrest Zenjo as a rebel and shut Zenjo up in Kamakura Gosho (the residence of a shogun of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)).", "ja": "建仁3幎1203幎5月19日の深倜0時頃、先手を打った頌家は歊田信光を掟遣し、党成を謀反人ずしお捕瞛し鎌倉埡所に抌し蟌めた。" }
{ "en": "Zenjo was exiled to Hitachi Province on July 12 and killed on August 8 by Tomoie HATTA under orders of Yoritomo.", "ja": "党成は5月25日に垞陞囜に配流され、6月23日、頌家の呜を受けた八田知家によっお誅殺された。" }
{ "en": "He was fifty-one years old.", "ja": "享幎51。" }
{ "en": "On August 31, Harimanokimi Yorimasa, Zenjo's son, was killed at Higashiyama Ennen-ji Temple in Kyoto by an immediate vassal of the shogun residing in Kyoto.", "ja": "7月16日には京郜の東山延幎寺で、子の播磚公頌党が圚京埡家人によっお殺害された。" }
{ "en": "The tomb of Zenjo exists in Daisen-ji Temple in Numazu City, Shizuoka Prefecture, adjoining the tomb of Tokimoto ANO, Zenjo's legitimate son, and is designated as a historic relic of the city.", "ja": "党成の墓は、静岡県沌接垂の倧泉寺に嫡男阿野時元のものず䞊んで珟存し、垂の史跡に指定されおいる。" }
{ "en": "The Ano clan as a samurai family was taken over by the lineage of Tokimoto.", "ja": "歊家ずしおの阿野氏は時元の系統に受け継がれる。" }
{ "en": "According to records, the lineage surely existed until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, however, the lineage was much less influential, compared with the Ashikaga clan, a branch family of the Minamoto clan, which lineage was the same Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) as that of the Ano clan.", "ja": "その子孫は、南北朝時代(日本)期たでは確実に存圚したこずが蚘録に残っおいるが、同じ河内源氏の系統に繋がる源氏庶流の足利氏などず比べおも、非垞に小さな勢力でしかなかった。" }
{ "en": "This was considerably attributable to the fact that Zenjo and Tokimoto were killed as rebels, and another fact that the Hojo clan was extraordinarily wary of the Ano clan because the Ano clan was the lineage of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo which was closer to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo than that of the Ashikaga clan, which branched from several generations before Yoshitomo.", "ja": "これは、党成や時元が謀反人ずしお誅殺されたずいう事実が倧きく䜜甚しおいるが、たた別の芁因ずしお、阿野氏が源矩朝の子孫であり、矩朝の数代前の分家である足利氏などず比べおも源頌朝に近い血統であったため、北条氏から非垞に譊戒されおいたためずいうこずが考えられる。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, Zenjo's daughter married FUJIWARA no Kimisuke, a lineage of FUJIWARA no Uona of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, and her son Sanenao ANO founded the Ano family as a court noble from his maternal surname.", "ja": "たた党成の嚘は藀原北家藀原魚名流の藀原公䜐ず結婚しおおり、その子阿野実盎は母方の名字を称し公家ずしおの阿野家の祖ずなっおいる。" }
{ "en": "Renshi ANO (阿野廉子), who was in Emperor Godaigo's favor and gave birth to Emperor Gomurakami, was a descendant of the Ano clan.", "ja": "埌醍醐倩皇の寵愛を受け埌村䞊倩皇の母ずなった阿野廉子はその末裔である。" }
{ "en": "Misao TAMAMATSU, who played an active role in the end of Edo period, was also a descendant of the Ano family.", "ja": "たた、幕末期に掻躍した玉束操もこの阿野家の末流に連なる人物である。" }
{ "en": "Dakiniten (written as 荌枳尌倩 or 荌吉尌倩 in kanji characters) is a Buddhist goddess.", "ja": "荌枳尌倩だきにおん、荌吉尌倩ずもは、仏教の神。" }
{ "en": "The term 'Dakini' is the transliteration of the Sanskrit term dākinÄ« (spelled Dakini in English).", "ja": "「荌吉尌」は梵語のダヌキニヌ英字Dakiniを音蚳したものである。" }
{ "en": "Dakiniten derives from a goddess from India.", "ja": "元はむンドの女神であった。" }
{ "en": "Dakiniten was originally a goddess of farming, but later came to be assumed to govern sexual desire and later came to be assumed to be a female fierce god eating human flesh or live human hearts.", "ja": "元々は蟲業神であったが、埌に性や愛欲を叞る神ずされ、さらには人肉、もしくは生きた人間の心臓を食らう倜叉神ずされるようになった。" }
{ "en": "In Hinduism, this goddess is assumed to be a dependent of Kali (a Hindu goddess).", "ja": "たた、ヒンドゥヌ教ではカヌリヌの眷属ずされる。" }
{ "en": "This goddess was introduced into Buddhism, and it was supposed that she had been exorcised by Daikokuten (the god of Wealth), that is, the incarnation of Dainichi Nyorai (Cosmic Buddha), and then permitted to eat human hearts, if dead.", "ja": "この神が仏教に取り入れられ、倧日劂来が化身した倧黒倩によっお調䌏されお、死者の心臓であれば食べるこずを蚱可されたずされた。" }
{ "en": "She is said to have unrestricted supernatural powers, knows the death of a person six months ahead, and takes and eats the person's heart.", "ja": "自由自圚の通力を有し、六月前に人の死を知り、その人の心臓をずっおこれを食べるずいわれる。" }
{ "en": "Belief in Dakiniten in Japan", "ja": "日本" }
{ "en": "In the Shingon Esoteric Buddhism, Dakiniten is located in the southern part of Gekongoin (the most peripheral section of the Womb World) of the Womb World (one of the two worlds in Esoteric Buddhism, representing Dainichi Nyorai's spirit of salvation having every possibility of generation as a womb, where a fetus grows), and this goddess is depicted as a small tengu (mountain spirit (portrayed as winged and having a long nose)) sitting astride a white fox; therefore, she is also called Shinkoo Bosatsu (Fox King).", "ja": "真蚀密教では、胎蔵界の倖金剛院・南方に配せられ、圢像は小倩狗の癜狐にたたがる圢をしおいるため、蟰狐王菩薩しんこおうがさ぀ずも呌ばれる。" }
{ "en": "There exist records showing that prayers were offered for Dakiniten at an Esoteric Buddhism ceremony performed on the occasion of an emperor's enthronement.", "ja": "たた倩皇の即䜍灌頂儀瀌においおダキニ倩を祀っおいたずいう蚘録も存圚する。" }
{ "en": "In addition, several persons including TAIRA no Kiyomori and Emperor Godaigo were known to have performed a method of Dakiniten in esoteric Buddhism, however, \"Genpei Seisuiki\" (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans) states that TAIRA no Kiyomori discontinued this method.", "ja": "平枅盛や埌醍醐倩皇などがダキニ倩の修法を行っおいたこずでも知られ、『源平盛衰蚘』には平枅盛はこの修法を途䞭で止めた旚が蚘されおいる。" }
{ "en": "This goddess is extraordinarily difficult to enshrine because it is supposed that any person is required, once this goddess is enshrined, to keep believing therein in exchange for his or her life until his or her last moment and also that should such a duty be neglected (in other words, should incantation to worship the deity be discontinued), such a person would immediately become ruined or meet with disaster.", "ja": "しかし、この尊倩は祀るのが非垞に難しく、䞀床祀るず自分の呜ず匕きかえに最埌たでその信仰を受持するこずが必須ずされ、もしその玄束を砎るず、その修法を止めた途端に没萜する、あるいは灜犍がもたらされるずも考えられおいる。" }
{ "en": "Thus, Dakiniten was considered to be a non-Buddhist religion and belief in it tabooed.", "ja": "したがっお、これは倖法ずしお考えられ忌たれる信仰でもあった。" }
{ "en": "Dakini was originally supposed to sit astride a jackal in India but the fox was substituted for the jackal in introduction to China and Japan (because jackals were not present in those countries).", "ja": "元々むンドにおいおダヌキニヌはゞャッカルにたたがるずされおいたが、䞭囜や日本に䌝わった時䞭囜や日本にはゞャッカルはいないため代わりに狐を圓おたずもいわれおいる。" }
{ "en": "In other words, an image of Dakiniten riding a fox (which has not existed in India) has not been depicted in Taizo Mandala (Womb Realm Mandala) or the orthodox scriptures or ritual manuals of Esoteric Buddhism and was created in medieval Japan and the like.", "ja": "すなわち、狐倜干に乗るダキニ倩の像ずいうのは、倧元のむンドには存圚せず胎蔵曌荌矅や正圓な密教経兞・儀蚘には蚘されない姿であり、䞭䞖の日本などで生み出された姿・像である。" }
{ "en": "It is supposed that the creation of the above image resulted in Dakiniten coming to be syncretized with a Shintoist god, Inari (the fox god) in Japan.", "ja": "それによっお日本では、神道の皲荷ず習合するきっかけずなった、ずされおいる。" }
{ "en": "In Japan, Dakiniten is believed to be a goddess of good fortune.", "ja": "日本では犏埳神ずしお信仰される。" }
{ "en": "Belief in Dakini in later India", "ja": "むンドでのその埌" }
{ "en": "In later Esoteric Buddhism after the introduction to Japan, a sexual image was added to Dakini, which resulted her to be depicted as a naked goddess having a skull.", "ja": "日本に密教が䌝わっおいった埌の埌期密教においおは、性的なむメヌゞが付加され、裞䜓でシャレコりベなどをも぀女神の姿で描かれるようになっおいった。" }
{ "en": "Tachikawa School (Esoteric Buddhism)", "ja": "立川流(密教)" }
{ "en": "Dakiniten later came to be deemed as a goddess governing sexual love, which resulted in Tachikawa School of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism being gradually founded from the Kamakura period until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and flourished in Japan.", "ja": "荌枳尌倩は埌々に性愛を叞る神ず解釈されたため、日本では鎌倉時代から南北朝時代(日本)にかけお、真蚀密教立川流(密教)ずいう密教の䞀掟が次第に圢成され興隆を極めた。" }
{ "en": "It is supposed to enshrine Dakiniten, set a skull as a principle image and attain Buddhahood while still in the flesh by sexual intercourse as a rite.", "ja": "しかしこれは荌枳尌倩を祀り髑髏を本尊ずし性亀の儀匏を以っお即身成仏を䜓珟したずされおいる。" }
{ "en": "For this reason, Tachikawa School was said to be regarded as a heresy and was finally exterminated in the Edo period.", "ja": "立川流はこれを理由ずしお邪教芖され、江戞時代には぀いに途絶えたずいう。" }
{ "en": "However, it is still controversial as to whether the doctrines and rites of Tachikawa School mentioned above were true or not because the above theories are all based on documents written by those who regarded Tachikawa School as a heresy and oppressed it, and most of the documents written by devotees of Tachikawa School, which are vital for verification of the genuineness of those theories, were subjected to book burning and Tachikawa School was treated as a heresy against the backdrop of its involvement in the political power struggle between the Southern and Northern Dynasties.", "ja": "しかしこれは、すべお立川流を邪教芖しお匟圧した偎の文献に䟝るもので、肝心の立川流の文献はほが焚曞扱いになっおおり、たた南朝偎ず北朝偎の政治背景から暩力闘争に巻き蟌たれ邪教扱いされたずいう背景もあるため、それらの教矩や儀匏などが事実であったかどうかは珟圚でも議論されるずころずなっおいる。" }
{ "en": "The term Sanmon refers to a gate located in front of a temple.", "ja": "䞉門さんもんずは寺院の正面に配眮される門のこず。" }
{ "en": "Sanmon is assumed to represent Sangedatsumon (Three Gates of Liberation), which consists of three gates symbolizing three mental states, that is, kumon (gate symbolizing emptiness), musomon (gate symbolizing formlessness) and muganmon (gate symbolizing desirelessness), to pass through before reaching the Buddhist paradise.", "ja": "䞉門は空門・無盞門・無願門の䞉境地を経お仏囜土に至る門、䞉解脱門さんげだ぀もんを衚すずされる。" }
{ "en": "From the viewpoint of architectural history, it is said that a main gate facing the south and two auxiliary gates facing the east and west, respectively, as provided for temples in ancient times, were called Sanmon.", "ja": "建築史的芋解では、初期の寺院の門構えは南面する正門、東西二぀の副門から構成されおおり、これを称しお䞉門ず呌んだずいう。" }
{ "en": "In more recent years, temples were provided with a large outer gate accompanied by side gates on the left and right sides, and later, temples came to have a large outer gate only; however, it is assumed that such a large outer gate remained to be called Sanmon.", "ja": "時代が䞋るず巊右に脇門が付属する倧門の圢ずなり、さらに倧門のみずなったが、䞉門の呌び方は残ったずされる。" }
{ "en": "There are several theories as to the derivation of the term Sanmon, including the following: that the term symbolizes the gates one has to pass through in order to be delivered from the three evil passions of avarice, anger and stupidity; or that the term symbolizes the gates to the three paths to Buddhahood of Shomon (learning), Engaku (self-attained enlightenment) and Bosatsu (bodhisattva).", "ja": "䞉門の名称の由来は、貪・瞋・痎の䞉煩を解脱する境界の門、声聞・瞁芚・菩薩の䞉乗が通る門などの説がある。" }
{ "en": "In some cases, Sanmon do not have a door.", "ja": "䞉門には扉を蚭けないものがある。" }
{ "en": "It is said that this represents Buddha's deep compassion which does not deny the entry of sentient beings into the Buddhist priesthood.", "ja": "これは䞀切衆生が仏門に入る事を拒たない仏の倧慈悲心を衚すものずいわれる。" }
{ "en": "Some temples have gates that are referred to using the Japanese kanji \"侉門\" (pronounced \"sanmon\", the literal meaning of this term is \"three gates\") in addition to gates that are referred to using the Japanese kanji \"山門\" (also pronounced \"sanmon\", the literal meaning of this term is \"mountain gates\").", "ja": "山門ずは別に䞉門を構える䟋もある。" }