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{ "en": "However, since its tradition and Kiku (regulation) and Shingi (daily regulations in Zen temples) at the monastery followed the Rinzai Zen Buddhism of the Ming Dynasty in China, it was somewhat different from the Rinzai Sect that had already taken root in Japan, and the difference led it to form a new sect.", "ja": "もっとも、宗風や叢林としての規矩清規は当時の中国・明時代の臨済禅に倣っていたことから、既に日本に根付いていた臨済宗とは趣を異にし、その違いにより、自ずから一派を形成する方向に向かったものである。" }
{ "en": "Ingen's \"Obaku-shingi\" (Obaku code of conduct) had a great impact on the rehabilitation of religious code of conduct of Japanese Zen sects which began to be lapsed at that time, and the book was viewed as a valued model for the religious reform movement of Soto Sect led by Dohaku MANZAN.", "ja": "隠元の『黄檗清規』は、乱れを生じていた当時の禅宗各派の宗統・規矩の更正に大きな影響を与え、特に卍山道白らによる曹洞宗の宗門改革では重要な手本とされた。" }
{ "en": "Emperor Gomizunoo, the Imperial family members, senior officials of the bakufu, rural feudal lords, and many merchants became believers of the Obaku Sect of Ingen.", "ja": "隠元には、後水尾天皇を始めとする皇族、幕府要人を始めとする各地の大名、多くの商人たちが競って帰依した。" }
{ "en": "He occupied the position of resident head priest of Manpuku-ji Temple for three years, and gave the position to his disciple MOKUAN Shoto to retire in Shoin-do hall in October, 1664.", "ja": "萬福寺の住職の地位にあったのは3年間で、寛文4年(1664年)9月に後席は弟子の木庵性瑫に移譲し、松隠堂に退いた。" }
{ "en": "After retiring in Shoin-do hall, at eighty-two years old in February, 1673, he began putting his affairs in order in contemplation of his death, his health deteriorated rapidly in April, and he was given 'Daiko-fusho kokushi,' a posthumous Buddhist name, by Emperor Gomizunoo on May 18.", "ja": "松隠堂に退隠後、82才を迎えた寛文13年(1673年)正月、隠元は死を予知し身辺を整理し始め、3月になり、体調がますます衰え、4月2日には後水尾法皇から「大光普照国師」号が特諡された。" }
{ "en": "On the following day, May 19, he put down yuige (poem for teachings to disciples and posterity written by a dying venerable priest) before entering nirvana (he passed away).", "ja": "翌3日に遺偈を認めて示寂。" }
{ "en": "He was eighty-two years old.", "ja": "世壽82才。" }
{ "en": "He was also well-known as a great calligrapher, one of the best three calligraphers of Obaku, along with MOKUAN Shoto and Sokuhinyoitsu.", "ja": "能書家としても知られ、木庵性瑫、即非如一とともに黄檗の三筆と称される。" }
{ "en": "\"Ingen-zenji-goroku\" (Analects of Ingen), sixteen volumes", "ja": "『隠元禅師語録』16巻" }
{ "en": "\"Fusho-kokushi koroku\" (Analects of Ingen), thirty volumes", "ja": "『普照国師広録』30巻" }
{ "en": "\"Obaku Ingen Zenji Untoshu\" (Collection of Ingen's Poem) one volume", "ja": "『黄檗隠元禅師雲涛集』1巻" }
{ "en": "\"Gukaihogi\" (disciplines and precepts), one volume", "ja": "『弘戒法儀』1巻" }
{ "en": "\"Obakusan-jishi\" (History of Manpuku-ji on Mt. Obaku), one volume", "ja": "『黄檗山寺志』1巻" }
{ "en": "\"Obaku-shingi\" (Obaku code of conduct)", "ja": "『黄檗清規』" }
{ "en": "The number of teaching successors to Ingen was twenty-three including three Japanese priests.", "ja": "嗣法者は23名で、内3人が日本人である。" }
{ "en": "MOKUAN Shoto", "ja": "木庵性トウ" }
{ "en": "Sokuhinyoitsu", "ja": "即非如一" }
{ "en": "ERIN Shoki", "ja": "慧林性機" }
{ "en": "RYOKEI Shosen (the former chief priest of Myosin-ji Temple)", "ja": "龍渓性潜" }
{ "en": "DOKUTAN Shokei", "ja": "独湛性ケイ" }
{ "en": "DAIBI Shozen", "ja": "大眉性善" }
{ "en": "Dokusho Shoen", "ja": "独照性円" }
{ "en": "DOKUHON Shogen", "ja": "独本性源" }
{ "en": "Ingen-mame,' which was named after Ingen who brought to Japan, is a farm product of a pea family native to Latin America.", "ja": "隠元が来日した際に日本に持ち込んだため、その名が付いたとされる「インゲンマメ」は、中南米原産のマメ科の作物。" }
{ "en": "After it was introduced to Europe, it traveled across the Eurasian Continent to China and then was imported to Japan.", "ja": "ヨーロッパに伝わった後、ユーラシア大陸を横断して中国から日本に伝来した。" }
{ "en": "However, some views explain that Ingen's bean was 'fuji-mame' (hyacinth-bean) as we know them today, and people call fuji-mame 'Ingen-mame' in the Kansai region (around Kyoto and Osaka Prefectures).", "ja": "但し、隠元が持ち込んだのは、現在の「フジマメ（藤豆）」だという説もあり、関西ではフジマメのことを「インゲンマメ」と呼ぶ。" }
{ "en": "Maitreya Bodhisattva in manas in a semi-lotus position came to Japan when Miroku (Maitreya) worship was imported from China in the sixth through the seventh centuries, and many statues created in the Asuka and Nara period still remain in Japan.", "ja": "弥勒菩薩半跏思惟像（みろくぼさつはんかしゆいぞう）は、大陸より6世紀から7世紀の弥勒信仰の流入と共に伝えられ、国内には飛鳥時代、奈良時代の作品が多く残されている。" }
{ "en": "One of the most famous Maitreya statues is 'Maitreya with berretta' (the first natural treasure) kept in the Reiho-den of Koryu-ji Temple in Uzumasa, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture, and it is known for his posture in which he is lost in thought with the right ring finger on his cheek.", "ja": "中でも有名な京都府京都市太秦の広隆寺霊宝殿に安置されている「宝冠弥勒」(国宝第一号)は、右手の薬指を頬にあてて物思いにふける姿で知られる。" }
{ "en": "As the statue was made of pine, which is unique for the statues created in the Asuka period, there has been a theory that the statue came from the Kingdom of Silla in 623 as written in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan).", "ja": "像はマツで作られる点が飛鳥時代の作例としては例外的であるため、日本書紀記載の推古31年新羅から伝来したものとする説もある。" }
{ "en": "Gold leaves were originally attached to the statue surface with lacquer.", "ja": "制作時は漆で金箔を貼り付けた漆箔像であった。" }
{ "en": "The smile of Maitreya Bodhisattva is known as an 'archaic smile.'", "ja": "弥勒菩薩の微笑みは「アルカイク・スマイル」として知られている。" }
{ "en": "Statue height: 123.3 cm (measured from the feet; height from the pedestal: approximately 147 cm)", "ja": "像高123.3cm（足元からの高さ、台座からは約147cm）" }
{ "en": "Major Work Examples", "ja": "代表作例" }
{ "en": "Maitreya with berretta: at the Reiho-den of Koryu-ji Temple in Uzumasa, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture; woodcraft", "ja": "京都府京都市広隆寺霊宝殿宝冠弥勒木彫" }
{ "en": "Crying Maitreya: at the Reiho-den of Koryu-ji Temple in Uzumasa, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture; woodcraft", "ja": "同泣き弥勒木彫" }
{ "en": "A statue of Maitreya: at Chugu-ji Temple, Ikaruga-cho, Ikoma-gun, Nara Prefecture; woodcraft", "ja": "奈良県生駒郡斑鳩町中宮寺木彫" }
{ "en": "A statue of Maitreya: at Yachu-ji Temple, Habikino City, Osaka Prefecture; gilt bronze statue", "ja": "大阪府羽曳野市野中寺金銅" }
{ "en": "A statue of Maitreya: at Tokyo National Museum, Taito-ku Ward, Tokyo; gilt bronze statue", "ja": "東京都台東区東京国立博物館金銅" }
{ "en": "A statue of Maitreya: at National Museum of Korea, Seoul Special City, Republic of Korea; gilt bronze statue", "ja": "大韓民国ソウル特別市国立中央博物館金銅" }
{ "en": "A statue of Maitreya: No. 38 cave interior wall, Kizil Cave, Kucha Prefecture, Xinjiang Uighur, China; mural", "ja": "中華人民共和国新疆ウィグル自治区クチャキジル石窟第38窟内壁壁画" }
{ "en": "Kancho (916 - July 13, 998) was a Buddhist monk of the Shingon Sect in the middle of the Heian period.", "ja": "寛朝（かんちょう、916年（延喜16年）-998年7月13日（長徳4年6月12日(旧暦)））は、平安時代中期の真言宗の僧。" }
{ "en": "His father was Imperial Prince Atsumi, who was a son of Emperor Uda.", "ja": "父は宇多天皇の皇子敦実親王。" }
{ "en": "He was also one of the leading figures in Shingon Shomyo (Buddhist liturgical chant) composition.", "ja": "真言声明の第一人者でもあった。" }
{ "en": "Since he was the chief priest of Hensho-ji Temple (Kyoto City) by Sarusawa-ike Pond in the Hirosawa area outside the capital city of Kyoto, he was called 'Sarusawa no Sojo (priest),' 'Hirosawa Sojo,' or 'Hensho-ji Sojo.'", "ja": "洛外・広沢の猿沢池ほとりの遍照寺(京都市)の住持であったことから「猿沢の僧正」「広沢僧正」「遍照寺僧正」とも呼ばれた。" }
{ "en": "He entered the priesthood under the guidance of his grandfather Cloistered Emperor Uda, and Kanku carried out kanjo (a ceremony to be the successor) for him.", "ja": "祖父宇多法皇の下で出家し、寛空から灌頂を受けた。" }
{ "en": "He was appointed to betto (superior) of Ninna-ji Temple, betto of Sai-ji Temple, betto of To-ji Temple, gon-risshi (fifteenth-ranked Buddhist priest of the Shingon Sect, literally meaning \"supernumerary master of discipline\"), homu (Director of temple affairs) of To-ji Temple, and To-ji choja (chief abbot of To-ji Temple), and in 986, he became the Shingon Sect's top and Japan's third highest-ranked Buddhist priest.", "ja": "仁和寺別当・西寺別当・東寺別当・権律師・法務・東寺長者に任じられ、986年（寛和2年）真言宗では初めて、また、日本では三番目の大僧正に至った。" }
{ "en": "Meanwhile, he served as a preceptor when Emperor Enyu received religious precepts.", "ja": "この間、円融天皇が受戒する際の戒和尚を勤めている。" }
{ "en": "On December 2, 989, he established Hensho-ji Temple by Hirosawa-ko Lake under the order from Emperor Enyu.", "ja": "989年（永祚(日本)元年）10月26日円融天皇の命により広沢湖畔に遍照寺を建立した。" }
{ "en": "FUJIWARA no Sanesuke's diary called Shoyuki contained an entry about the memorial service at the time of temple establishment, describing a large number of Kugyo (top court officials) such as Cloistered Emperor Enyu attending the service.", "ja": "この際の供養の記事が藤原実資の日記小右記に載っており、円融法皇を始めとして多くの公卿が参列したことが分かる。" }
{ "en": "He had extensive knowledge in practical training and logical study of doctrines of Esoteric Buddhism and wrote 'Kongokai-shidai' (writings about Vajradhatu) and 'Fudo-shidai' (writings about Fudo).", "ja": "密教の事相・教相に詳しく「金剛界次第」「不動次第」などを著している。" }
{ "en": "He was also familiar with chants and so made tone adjustments for 'Rishu-kyo' (Principle of Wisdom Sutra); therefore, he was considered the originator of the restoration of Tomitsu (eastern esotericism) shomyo (chant).", "ja": "また「理趣経」読誦の音調を整備するなど声明に通じ、東密声明中興の祖とされる。" }
{ "en": "When TAIRA no Masakado started a rebellion in the Kanto area, Kancho went there to pray.", "ja": "平将門が関東で反乱を起こした際には自ら関東に下向し祈祷をした。" }
{ "en": "There, Kancho prayed to Fudo Myoo (Acala, one of the Five Wisdom Kings), and later, Shinsho-ji Temple on Mt. Narita, famous for having 'Narita Fudo Temple,' was built with Fudo Myoo as the honzon (principal image of Buddha).", "ja": "その時に祈祷した不動明王を本尊として創建されたのが「成田不動」で有名な成田山新勝寺である。" }
{ "en": "Sanbo-ekotoba is a collection of Buddhist tales compiled in the middle of the Heian period.", "ja": "三宝絵詞（さんぼうえことば）は、平安時代中期の仏教説話集。" }
{ "en": "It is also called Sanbo-E for short.", "ja": "略して三宝絵（さんぼうえ）とも呼ばれている。" }
{ "en": "It was completed in December 984 during the reign of Emperor Enyu.", "ja": "円融天皇の永観2年（984年）11月に成立。" }
{ "en": "Tales were selected by the scholar MINAMOTO no Tamenori (? - 1011) and dedicated to Imperial Princess Sonshi (966 - 985) of nihon (the second court rank).", "ja": "二品尊子内親王（966－985）のために学者源為憲（？－1011）が撰進。" }
{ "en": "As decided by fortune-telling, Imperial Princess Sonshi became Sai-in (Imperial Princess appointed to serve the deities of the Kamo-jinja Shrines) of her father, Emperor Reizei, when she was three years old, and later married her uncle, Emperor Enyu, after her father resigned as Emperor; however, she had her hair cut in secret and entered the priesthood in May 982.", "ja": "尊子内親王は三歳で父帝冷泉天皇の斎院に卜定され、退下ののち叔父にあたる円融天皇に入内するが、天元(日本)5年（982年）四月、密かに髪を切り入道した。" }
{ "en": "Afterwards, three volumes of 'Sanbo-ekotoba' were offered to the Imperial Princess as introduction to the priesthood.", "ja": "その後、内親王の仏道の入門書として「三宝絵詞」3巻が献上された。" }
{ "en": "According to the annotation, these books originally had illustrations, but they were excluded over time and only text-based tales remain.", "ja": "本文の注記によれば成立当時は絵を伴ったが、やがて絵は散逸し、説話のみが現存。" }
{ "en": "Sanbo refers to Buddhist images (such as Buddha), laws (Buddhist scriptures), and monks, and the books describe their kudoku (merits).", "ja": "三宝とは仏（釈迦など諸仏）・法（経典）・僧を指し、本書はその功徳について述べたもの。" }
{ "en": "13 tales in the first volume are about Shakyamuni's good deeds in a previous life.", "ja": "上巻13話は釈迦の本生譚。" }
{ "en": "18 tales in the second volume are biographies of high-rank monks of that imperial reign and 17 of them have been cited from \"Nihon Ryoiki\" (Miraculous Stories from the Japanese Buddhist Tradition, written in the early Heian period).", "ja": "中巻18話は本朝の高僧伝などで、内17話までが『日本霊異記』からの引用。" }
{ "en": "The third volume describes the history and manners of annual Buddhist services (masses) for each month.", "ja": "下巻は年中の仏事（法会）の来歴・作法を月次に解説。" }
{ "en": "These three volumes supposedly correspond to 'a long time ago,' 'in the middle,' and 'now.'", "ja": "三巻はそれぞれ、「昔」、「中頃」、「今」の時代に対応する。" }
{ "en": "Existing books may be written in hiragana, Japanized Chinese, or in a combination of Chinese characters and katakana characters.", "ja": "伝本の形態には平仮名、変体漢文、漢字片仮名の別がある。" }
{ "en": "Compilations of these various texts have been published by Gendaishicho-sha and The Toyo Bunko (Oriental Library) of Heibon-sha.", "ja": "現代思潮社や平凡社の東洋文庫から校本が出ている。" }
{ "en": "Some of the writing has been believed to be MINAMOTO no Toshiyori's calligraphic works.", "ja": "全部ではないが、源俊頼の書道として伝えられる。" }
{ "en": "The drawing style is refined, neat, and elegant.", "ja": "書風は温雅、清楚で気品も高い。" }
{ "en": "The postscript reads 'copying completed on July 11, 1120.'", "ja": "奥書きに「保安元年（1120年）六月七日書うつしおはりぬ」とある。" }
{ "en": "In Juo-shinko, the faithful beg for the mercy of ten judges, who decide the realm to which the dead would go posthumously.", "ja": "十王信仰（じゅうおうしんこう）とは、地獄(仏教)を統べる10人の裁判官に対して慈悲を乞う信心の一種である。" }
{ "en": "The faithful worship the Juo (ten judges) while alive, aiming to have their wrong doings pardoned posthumously.", "ja": "生前は十王を祭り、死して後の罪を軽減してもらうという意図があった。" }
{ "en": "The Juo were regarded as an awesome existence because they decided whether the dead should be sent to Jigoku (Hell, one of the posthumous realms advocated by Buddhism) and presided over the Rokudo-rinne (transmigration in the six posthumous realms advocated by Buddhism) in light of the seriousness of the karma belonging to the dead person.", "ja": "十王は死者の罪の多寡を鑑み、地獄(仏教)へ送ったり、六道への輪廻を司るなど畏怖の対象であった。" }
{ "en": "In general, this belief tends to be seen as a belief in Enma (one of the Juo).", "ja": "なお、一般においては主に閻魔に対する信仰ととる向きもある。" }
{ "en": "This tendency originates from the low name recognition of judges except for Enma.", "ja": "これは、閻魔以外の裁判官が知名度が低いせいである。" }
{ "en": "Summary", "ja": "概要" }
{ "en": "While Buddhism was fused with Chinese Taoism after being introduced to China, a pseudepigrapha \"Enra-o-juki Shishu Gyakushu Shoshichiojo Jodo-kyo Sutra\" (Sutra of Jizo and the Ten Kings) (Also known as \"Yoshu Juo Shoshichi-kyo Sutra\" for short) was composed, with the result that the Juo-shinko was established at the end of the Tang period.", "ja": "仏教が中国に渡り、当地の道教と習合していく過程で偽経の『閻羅王授記四衆逆修生七往生浄土経』（略称として『預修十王生七経』）が作られ、晩唐の時期に十王信仰は成立した。" }
{ "en": "There are also sutra among Taoism Sutra such as \"Genshitenson-setsu-hoto-metsuzai-kyo Sutra\" (元始天尊説鄷都滅罪経, sutra of salvation at the hell by Genshi Tenson (Primeval Lord of Heaven, the highest god in Taoism)), \"Chifu-juo Batsudogi\" (地府十王抜度儀, scripture about salvation by Ten kings in Chifu (Earth Palace)) and \"Taijo-kyukutenson-setsu-shoken-metsuzai-kyo Sutra\" (太上救苦天尊説消愆滅罪経, sutra of salvation by Taijo Kyuku tenson (most honorable gods)), which explain the Juo by the same name and in the same order as \"Yoshu Juo Shoshichi-kyo Sutra.\"", "ja": "また道教経典の中にも、『元始天尊説鄷都滅罪経』、『地府十王抜度儀』、『太上救苦天尊説消愆滅罪経』という同名で同順の十王を説く経典が存在する。" }
{ "en": "\"Yoshu Juo Shoshichi-kyo Sutra\" remarkably differs from ordinary Buddhist scriptures translated into Chinese in the way that it has a description of 'Seitofu Daiseiji-ji Shamon Zosen Jutsu' (described by Zosen, a Shamon priest of Daiseiji-ji Temple in Chengdu) at the beginning of the book.", "ja": "『預修十王生七経』が、一般的な漢訳仏典と際立って異なっている点は、その巻首に「成都府大聖慈寺沙門蔵川述」と記している点である。" }
{ "en": "As shown in the term, Buddhist scriptures translated into Chinese, it is obvious in the translated scriptures that the description at its beginning should be written as 'OO代翻経三蔵△△訳' (OO Sutra translated by Sanzo (venerable priest with profound knowledge of sutra) △△) as a rule, even if it is a pseudepigrapha.", "ja": "漢訳仏典という用語の通り、たとえ偽経であったとしても、建て前として「○○代翻経三蔵△△訳」のように記すのが、漢訳仏典の常識である。" }
{ "en": "Only 'Juo-kyo Sutra' (sutra for Juo-shinko), however, neglects this custom.", "ja": "しかし、こと「十王経」に限っては、この当たり前の点を無視しているのである。" }
{ "en": "This is the peculiar character of 'Juo-kyo Sutra' and its peer.", "ja": "この点が、「十王経」類の特徴である。" }
{ "en": "Because there is a similar description at the beginning of \"Jizo juo-kyo Sutra,\" described later, as well, which is believed to have been composed in Japan.", "ja": "と言うのは、後述の日本で撰せられたと考えられる『地蔵十王経』の巻首にも、同様の記述がある。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, it had long been misunderstood that it was composed in China.", "ja": "それ故、中国で撰述されたものと、長く信じられてきたという経緯がある。" }
{ "en": "The similarity observed at the beginning of \"Jizo juo-kyo Sutra,\" however, supposedly originates from the author's plot to give authority to his sutra through copying the writing style of \"Yoshu Juo Shoshichi-kyo Sutra.\"", "ja": "ただ、これは、『地蔵十王経』の撰者が、自作の経典の権威づけをしようとして、先達の『預修十王生七経』の撰述者に仮託したものと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "The reason why \"Jizo juo-kyo Sutra\" is not arranged in the style of translated sutra is presumably in its background that the original sutra was initially composed as an article for Raisan (worship the Buddha) or a rule book without adopting the style of sutra.", "ja": "また、訳経の体裁を借りなかった点に関しては、本来の本経が、経典の体裁をとっておらず、はじめ、礼讃文や儀軌の類として制作された経緯に拠るものと考えられている。" }
{ "en": "\"Yoshu Juo Shoshichi-kyo Sutra\" preaches a blessing given through two Buddhist ceremonies, Seishichisai (生七斎) and Shichishichisai (七七斎).", "ja": "『預修十王生七経』が説くのは、生七斎と七七斎という二つの仏教儀礼の功徳である。" }
{ "en": "As Seishichisai was a ceremony in which living people pray for their posthumous peace, the term 'Yoshu' (預修) or 'Gyakushu' (逆修) was used.", "ja": "このうち、生七斎は、生者が自身の没後の安穏を祈願して行う儀礼であり、その故に「預修」（または「逆修」）という用語が用いられる。" }
{ "en": "It is believed that the main pillar of the original 'Juo-kyo Sutra' was Seishichisai.", "ja": "本来の「十王経」は、生七斎を主とした経典であったと考えられる。" }
{ "en": "In the ceremony of Seishichisai, Buddhist mortuary tablets of Juo were enshrined with paper and brush put in front of them to offer an opinion to Tenso (celestial gods), Chifu (gods of Earth and other realms), Myokan (officers of Hell) through the Juo.", "ja": "生七斎の場においては、十王の位牌を安置し、十王を媒介して天曹・地府・冥官への上表文を奉るための紙と筆が、その位牌の前に供えられた。" }
{ "en": "Artificial horses for sending paper were also displayed.", "ja": "また、文書を送るための作り物の馬が並べられる。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, Shichishichisai was a ceremony held by a bereaved family as a memorial service for praying for peace for the dead and accumulating good deeds.", "ja": "一方の七七斎の方は、亡者のための追福・修功徳として、遺族が執行する儀礼である。" }
{ "en": "After combining these two ceremonies, the main pillar of the 'Juo-kyo Sutra' was gradually shifted to the Shichishichisai.", "ja": "この二つの儀礼を合揉した「十王経」の主体は、次第に七七斎の方へと力点を移して行くこととなる。" }
{ "en": "However, it preached that six sevenths of good deeds brought through Eko (Buddhist memorial service, prayers for the repose of the soul) are allocated to living people, while one seventh is to the dead.", "ja": "しかしながら、回向による功徳の振り分けは、全体を七等分して、生者が六分、亡者には一分が割り振られると説かれている。" }
{ "en": "These allocations are preached not only in \"Yoshu Juo Shoshichi-kyo Sutra\" but also in \"Kanjozuiganojojippo-jodo-kyo Sutra\" (Also known as \"Kanjo-kyo Sutra\" (sutra of Kanjo (a ceremony to be the successor)) for short) and \"Jizo bosatsu hongan-kyo Sutra\" (The Sutra of Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha's Fundamental Vows).", "ja": "この配分は、『預修十王生七経』のみならず、『灌頂随願往生十方浄土経』（略称として『灌頂経』）や『地蔵菩薩本願経』でも説かれるところである。" }
{ "en": "\"Jizo Bosatsu Hossin Innen Juo-kyo Sutra\" (\"Jizo Juo-kyo Sutra\" (a late Heian-period Japanese sutra (based on a Chinese counterpart) dealing with Jizo Bosatsu and the Ten Kings of Hell) for short) was composed in Japan, spreading throughout the nation along with Mappo-shiso (the \"end of the world\" belief) and Meikai-shiso (belief that there is a posthumous realm) in the Heian period.", "ja": "日本では『地蔵菩薩発心因縁十王経』（略称として『地蔵十王経』）が作られ、平安時代に末法思想と冥界思想と共に広く浸透した。" }
{ "en": "\"Jizo Juo-kyo Sutra\" includes many elements which suggest this sutra was composed in Japan, for example, the appearance of the Sanzu-no-kawa River (river, the dead cross) and Datsueba (witch staying Sanzu-no-kawa River to rob the dead of their clothes), the description of a bird twittering '別都頓宜寿' (Hototogisu) and Japanese-tasted sentences.", "ja": "『地蔵十王経』中には、三途の川や脱衣婆が登場し、「別都頓宜寿（ほととぎす）」と鳴く鳥が描写され、文章も和習をおびるなど、日本で撰せられたことをうかがわせる面が多分にある。" }
{ "en": "The spread of Meikai-shiso supposedly originated from the accomplishment of Ojoyoshu (The Essentials of Salvation) compiled by Genshin.", "ja": "冥界思想の浸透については源信が記したとされる往生要集がその端緒であると考えられている。" }
{ "en": "Each Juo was correlated with each Buddha in the Kamakura period, thereafter the number of Buddha increased gradually to create the Jusanbutsu-shinko belief (Thirteen Buddha belief) in the Edo period.", "ja": "鎌倉時代には十王をそれぞれ十仏と相対させるようになり、時代が下るにつれてその数も増え、江戸時代には十三仏信仰なるものが生まれるに至った。" }
{ "en": "Transition of the Takai-kan (idea of \"the world after death\")", "ja": "他界観の変化" }

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