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{
"en": "Three Greatest Gates",
"ja": "三大門"
}
|
{
"en": "Three Greatest Gates in Japan",
"ja": "日本三大門"
}
|
{
"en": "There are two opinions about which gates are three greatest gates in Japan.",
"ja": "日本三大門については2つの見解がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "First Opinion",
"ja": "その1"
}
|
{
"en": "One of the Chionin Temple (in Higashiyama-ku Ward, Kyoto City)",
"ja": "知恩院（京都市東山区）"
}
|
{
"en": "One of the Nanzen-ji Temple (in Sakyo-ku Ward, Kyoto City)",
"ja": "南禅寺（京都市左京区）"
}
|
{
"en": "One of the Kuon-ji Temple (in Minobu Town, Yamanashi Prefecture)",
"ja": "久遠寺（山梨県身延町）"
}
|
{
"en": "Second Opinion",
"ja": "その2"
}
|
{
"en": "Nandaimon (the great south gate) of Todai-ji Temple (in Nara City)",
"ja": "東大寺南大門（奈良市）"
}
|
{
"en": "Nandaimon (the great south gate) of Horyu-ji Temple (in Ikaruga-cho, Nara Prefecture)",
"ja": "法隆寺南大門（奈良県斑鳩町）"
}
|
{
"en": "Yomeimon Gate of the Nikko Toshogu Shrine (in Nikko City)",
"ja": "日光東照宮陽明門（日光市）"
}
|
{
"en": "Three Greatest Gates in Kyoto",
"ja": "京都三大門"
}
|
{
"en": "One of Nanzen-ji Temple",
"ja": "南禅寺"
}
|
{
"en": "One of Chionin Temple",
"ja": "知恩院"
}
|
{
"en": "Goeidomon Gate of Higashi Hongan-ji Temple",
"ja": "東本願寺御影堂門"
}
|
{
"en": "Suden (1569 - February 28, 1633) was a priest of the Rinzai Sect and a politician serving the Tokugawa shogunate from the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the Edo period.",
"ja": "崇伝（すうでん、1569年（永禄12年）-1633年2月28日（寛永10年1月20日(旧暦)））は、安土桃山時代から江戸時代の臨済宗の僧、幕府の政治家である。"
}
|
{
"en": "His father was Hidekazu ISSHIKI, who was a vassal of the Ashikaga Shogunal family.",
"ja": "父は足利将軍家家臣の一色秀勝。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was also known as Ishin Suden or Konchiin Suden.",
"ja": "以心崇伝、金地院崇伝（こんちいんすうでん）。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was called a 'Prime Minister in Black Robes' (a Buddhist priest who rendered political service as if he were a prime minister).",
"ja": "「黒衣の宰相」と呼ばれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Suden was born in Kyoto in 1569.",
"ja": "1569年（永禄12年）、京都に生まれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "After his father's death, Suden studied Buddhism under Genpo Reisan at Nanzen-ji Temple, then inherited Buddhist doctrines from Tokurin SEISHUKU, the chief priest of Konchiin Subtemple of Nanzen-ji Temple, and thereafter further studied Buddhism at Sanboin Subtemple of Daigo-ji Temple.",
"ja": "父の没後に南禅寺で玄圃霊三に師事し、南禅寺塔頭の金地院の靖叔徳林に嗣法、さらに醍醐寺三宝院で学ぶ。"
}
|
{
"en": "Having served as chief priest of Fukugon-ji, Zenko-ji and Kencho-ji Temples, Suden became the 270th chief priest of Nanzen-ji Temple in 1605.",
"ja": "福厳寺や禅興寺、建長寺などの住職となり、1605年(慶長10年)には南禅寺の270世住職となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1608, Suden was invited to Sunpu by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who located the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in Edo by superseding the Toyotomi government, and served as a diplomatic secretary in place of last Jotai SAISHO.",
"ja": "1608年には豊臣政権に代わり江戸幕府を開いた徳川家康に招かれて駿府へ赴き、没した西笑承兌に代わり外交関係の書記を務めた。"
}
|
{
"en": "After a while, he came to have involvement in shogunal administration.",
"ja": "やがて幕政にも参加するようになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Engaged in administration concerning Buddhist temple and Shinto shrine affairs together with Genkitsu KANSHITSU and Katsushige ITAKURA, he was involved in projects, including the prohibition of the Christian religion, as well as the establishment of Jiin shohatto (the Acts for the Buddhist Temples), Buke shohatto (the Acts for the Military Houses) where the basic policies of the bakufu were laid out, and Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles).",
"ja": "閑室元佶や板倉勝重とともに寺社行政に携わり、キリスト教の禁止や、寺院諸法度、幕府の基本方針を示した武家諸法度、朝廷権威に制限を加える禁中並公家諸法度の制定などに関係する。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was also involved in the Incident of Hoko-ji Temple Bell which triggered the Siege of Osaka, a battle against Toyotomi family).",
"ja": "豊臣家との戦いである大坂の役の発端にもなった方広寺鐘銘事件にも関与する。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the death of Ieyasu in 1616, he had a dispute with Tenkai concerning the shingo (literally, \"shrine name\"), which is the title given to a Shinto shrine.",
"ja": "1616年(元和(日本)2年)に家康が死去すると神号を巡り天海と争った。"
}
|
{
"en": "Suden insisted on deifying Ieyasu under the name of Myojin (a gracious god) while Tenkai insisted on deifying him under the name of Gongen (meaning the incarnation of a god), which was adopted eventually.",
"ja": "崇伝は明神として祀る事を主張するが、最終的には天海の主張する権現に決定する。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1618, Suden raised Konchin Temple (Minato-ku Ward, Tokyo Prefecture) in Edo.",
"ja": "1618年(元和4年)には江戸に金地院(東京都港区)を建立した。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the following year, 1619, he assumed the position of Soroku (highest-ranking priest of the Gozan, the leader of the Zen sect).",
"ja": "翌1619年には僧録となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Thereafter, the position of soroku of Konchiin Subtemple was succeeded by the priests who inherited the Buddhist doctrines directly from Suden.",
"ja": "以後、金地院僧録は崇伝の法系に属する僧で占められた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Suden administered the affairs of the bakufu, moving between Nanzen-ji Temple (Konchiin Subtemple) and Konchiin Temple in Edo, and both he and Tenkai were called Prime Minister in Black Robes.",
"ja": "南禅寺(金地院)と江戸の金地院を往還しながら政務を執り、天海と共に黒衣の宰相と呼ばれた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, Suden strived for the reconstruction and restoration of Nanzen-ji Temple and Kencho-ji Temple, and also undertook literary activities, such as the collection and publication of ancient books.",
"ja": "また、南禅寺や建長寺の再建復興にも力を尽くし、古書の収集や刊行などの文芸事業も行う。"
}
|
{
"en": "Suden intended to punish Soho TAKUAN, Sohaku GYOKUSHITSU and Sogan KOGETSU, who presented written objection to the tough measures taken by the bakufu with the Shie Incident in 1627, by exiling them to a distant island.",
"ja": "1627年（寛永4年）に起こった紫衣事件に対する幕府の強硬措置に、反対意見書を提出した沢庵宗彭、玉室宗珀、江月宗玩の3人を遠島の厳罰に処すつもりであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "However, through the intervention of Tenkai and Munenori YAGYU, Takuan and Gyokushitu were exiled to Kaminoyama in Dewa Province and Tanagura in Mutsu Province, respectively, and Kogetsu was subjected to no punishment.",
"ja": "しかし天海や柳生宗矩らのとりなしによって、沢庵は出羽上山に、玉室は奥州棚倉へ配流、江月はお咎めなしとなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "On February 28, 1633, Suden passed away at the age of 64.",
"ja": "1633年2月28日（寛永10年1月20日）に死去、享年64。"
}
|
{
"en": "He left behind the following literary works: \"Honko Kokushi Nikki\" (journal; the term \"Honko Kokushi\" is a portion of his posthumous title); \"Honko Kokushi Goroku\" (collection of sayings); \"Ikoku Nikki\" (journal concerning diplomatic affairs).",
"ja": "著作に日記の『本光国師日記』『本光国師語録』、外交関係の記録に『異国日記』。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is said that people gave him the nickname, 'Daiyokuzan Kikonin Senjo-ji Akukokushii,' which implicates his greediness, powerfulness, obtrusiveness and unpopularity, because he was very powerful and used political techniques that seem somewhat strong in the Incident of Hoko-ji Temple Bell and so forth.",
"ja": "その権勢の大きさと、方広寺鐘銘事件時のような強引とも思える政治手法により、世人から「大欲山気根院僭上寺悪国師」とあだ名されたという。"
}
|
{
"en": "The term kaidan (ordination platform) is a Buddhist term that refers to a place for giving the precepts of Buddhism.",
"ja": "戒壇（かいだん）とは仏教用語で、戒律を授ける（授戒）ための場所を指す。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kaidan is a place where a person who intends to become a Buddhist priest or priestess is given the precepts of Buddhism, the bounds of which are kept fixed.",
"ja": "戒壇は戒律を受けるための結界が常に整った場所である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Such a person needs to be given the precepts of Buddhism to be duly authorized as a Buddhist priest or priestess.",
"ja": "授戒を受けることで出家者が正式な僧尼として認められることになる。"
}
|
{
"en": "History",
"ja": "歴史"
}
|
{
"en": "Buddhism was introduced into Japan in 538, and the precepts introduced at that time were imperfect.",
"ja": "日本に仏教が伝わったのは538年であるが、その際に伝わった戒律は、不完全なものであった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In those days, Buddhist priests were exempted from taxation, and therefore there were many people who took the tonsure but did not enter the Buddhist priesthood (illegally ordained priests) to evade taxes.",
"ja": "当時、出家は税を免除されていたため、税を逃れるために出家して得度を受けない輩（私度僧）が多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In other words, there were many corrupt priests who did not even train themselves in Buddhist ascetic practices.",
"ja": "出家といえど修行もせず堕落した僧が多かった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In response to this situation, Jianzhen was invited from Tang to introduce the precepts of Buddhism.",
"ja": "その為、唐より鑑真が招かれ、戒律が伝えられた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Thereafter, only persons who could observe those precepts were authorized as Buddhist priests.",
"ja": "この戒律を守れるものだけが僧として認められることとなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Consequently, disciplines came to be observed in Buddhist society.",
"ja": "その結果、仏教界の規律は守られるようになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jianzhen had kaidan built at Todai-ji Temple in 754, and gave the precepts of Buddhism to 430 people including the Emperor Shomu in April of the same year.",
"ja": "鑑真は754年、東大寺に戒壇を築き、同年4月に聖武天皇をはじめ430人に授戒を行なった。"
}
|
{
"en": "This is the oldest kaidan.",
"ja": "これが最初の戒壇である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Thereafter, Jianzhen had a building to house Kaidanin at Todai-ji Temple, and had kaidan at Kanzeon-ji Temple in Dazaifu in Tsukushi Province and Yakushi-ji Temple in Shimotsuke Province (present Shimotsuke City, Tochigi Prefecture) (Three Major Kaidan in Japan).",
"ja": "その後、東大寺に戒壇院を建立し、筑紫の太宰府の観世音寺、下野国（現在の栃木県）の薬師寺(下野市)に戒壇を築いた（天下の三戒壇）。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since then, it has been mandatory to be given the precepts of Buddhism at one of the three kaidan mentioned above and have kaicho (a certificate to that effect) issued, and priests have been under the supervision of the State (provincial monastery).",
"ja": "これ以降、僧になるためには、いずれかの戒壇で授戒して戒牒を受けることが必須となり、国（国分寺）が僧を管理することになった。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the death of Saicho in 822, however, Imperial sanction for the construction of kaidan at Enryaku-ji Temple was given, and kaidan was built there.",
"ja": "が、822年、最澄の死後、延暦寺に戒壇の勅許が下され、戒壇が建立された。"
}
|
{
"en": "This is called Daijo kaidan (a Mahayana ordination platform) in some cases.",
"ja": "大乗戒壇と呼ばれることもある。"
}
|
{
"en": "In those days, the Buddhist society in China did not approve the Daijo kaidan at Enryaku-ji Temple, and the priests who had been given the precepts of Buddhism at that temple were not recognized as priests in China.",
"ja": "当時は、中国の仏教界は延暦寺の大乗戒壇を、戒壇としては認めておらず、ここで受戒した僧は、中国では僧侶として認められなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, Todai-ji Temple and other temples in Nanto (Nara) had antipathy toward the sanction for the construction of kaidan at Enryaku-ji Temple, which was not kanji (state-sponsored temples).",
"ja": "また、官立寺院（官寺）ではない延暦寺に戒壇設置を認められたことに東大寺をはじめとする南都（奈良）の寺院の反発を抱き、両者の対立の原因の一つとなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "This became one of the causes of the conflict between Enryaku-ji Temple and temples in Nanto.",
"ja": "両者の対立の原因の一つとなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Daijo kaidan also caused power struggles, among which one between Sanmon (referring to Enryaku-ji Temple) and Jimon (referring to Onjo-ji Temple) of the Tendai Sect is well-known.",
"ja": "大乗戒壇は権力闘争の原因ともなり、天台宗の山門寺門の争いは有名である。"
}
|
{
"en": "In addition, among the priests who had been given the precepts of Buddhism at kaidan, more of them did not even train themselves in Buddhist ascetic practices and corrupted.",
"ja": "また、戒壇で授戒を受けた僧侶の中にも修行もせず堕落した僧侶も多くなった。"
}
|
{
"en": "Eison, in the Kamakura period, was originally belonged to the Shingon Sect, but later learned the doctrines of the Ritsu Sect introduced by Jianzhen to found the Shingon Ritsu Sect by combining the doctrines of both sects.",
"ja": "鎌倉時代の叡尊は元々真言宗僧であったが、後に鑑真が伝えた律宗を学んで両者を統合した真言律宗を起こした。"
}
|
{
"en": "He criticized the three major kaidan and the one at Enryaku-ji Temple for being no longer what they should be and being unworthy as a place to give the precepts of Buddhism, and advocated that the giving of the Buddhist precepts be effected by fixing the bounds of a sacred place to give those precepts in conformity with the precepts and performing a rite in accordance with proper procedure.",
"ja": "三戒壇や延暦寺の戒壇は実態を失って授戒を行うに値しないと批判して、戒律に則って結界を築き正しい手順に従って儀式を行えば授戒は成立すると唱えた。"
}
|
{
"en": "He gave the Buddhist precepts at Todai-ji Temple in person again in collaboration with other like-minded priests, and also founded an original kaidan at Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City).",
"ja": "自ら仲間とともに東大寺において改めて授戒を行い、更に西大寺(奈良市)に独自の戒壇を創設した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Following this, Enkan, who had served as a priest at Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, left there to place an original kaidan.",
"ja": "続いて、延暦寺の僧侶であった円観も比叡山を離れて独自の戒壇を置いた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Thereafter, in the Kamakura New Buddhism, which was founded as a result of the conflict with temples in Nanto and Enryaku-ji Temple, original rites for entrance into the Buddhist priesthood and giving the precepts of Buddhism came to be performed.",
"ja": "以後、南都や延暦寺と対立する形で成立した鎌倉新仏教も独自の得度・授戒の儀式を行うようになっていった。"
}
|
{
"en": "On the other hand, the kaidan at Todai-ji and Enryaku-ji Temples were respected as time-honored ones, and the precepts of Buddhism were given there until the end of the Edo period.",
"ja": "その一方で、東大寺や延暦寺の戒壇も由緒あるものとして尊重され、江戸時代の終わりまで授戒が行われていた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Shinkei (1406 - May 29, 1475) was a Buddhist priest of the Tendai Sect and also a renga poet (linked-verse poet) in the middle of the Muromachi period.",
"ja": "心敬（しんけい、1406年（応永3年）-1475年5月20日（文明(日本)7年4月16日(旧暦)））は、室町時代中期の天台宗の僧、連歌師である。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was also called Renkai, Shinkei (using a different set of Chinese characters, 心恵), or Shinkyo.",
"ja": "連海、心恵、心教ともいう。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was born in Kii Province.",
"ja": "紀伊国に生まれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "He entered the priesthood when he was still young and trained himself on Mt. Hiei.",
"ja": "幼いときに出家し、比叡山で修行。"
}
|
{
"en": "He lived at the Butchiin of Onjo-ji Temple when he was 44 or 45 years old, assumed the position of the chief priest of Jujushinin Temple near Kiyomizu-dera Temple in Kyoto, became Gon Daisozu (Associate grade of Daisojo (the highest grade that can be held by one who has reached the second highest rank in the hierarchy of Buddhist priests)), and then he was finally appointed to Hoin (the highest rank in the hierarchy of Buddhist priests).",
"ja": "44あるいは45歳のころ園城寺仏地院に住し、のち京都清水寺付近の十住心院の住持となり、権大僧都、法印に叙せられる。"
}
|
{
"en": "While he studied under another Buddhist priest called Shotetsu and was known as a poet of the Reizei School, he gradually became a renga poet of the time by for example attending the 'Kitano-sha manku' (10,000 linked verses event at Kitano-jinja Shrine) in 1433.",
"ja": "正徹に師事して冷泉派の歌人として知られる一方、1433年（永享5年）、「北野社万句」の座に列するなど、連歌作者として次第に時代を代表する存在となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "Based on the Shinkon style (tone of poems seen in \"New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese poetry\") learned from Shotetsu, Shinkei's work was unique in the way that he placed the importance on close examination of poem subjects and self-preoccupation in poem themes, exhibiting his refined senses in his 'hieyasetaru' (simple and natural) poem style.",
"ja": "作風は、正徹から受け継いだ新古今風を基礎に、表現対象の凝視と表現主体の沈潜とを重視する独特のもので、「ひえやせたる」風趣のうちに得意な感覚の冴え方を示している。"
}
|
{
"en": "According to his renga theory, waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) and renga training, and Buddhism training were ultimately the same thing, and this theory was emphasized in his important work called \"Sasamegoto\" (Murmurings) as well as other works such as \"Oinokurigoto\" (Old man's prattle), and \"Hitorigoto\" (Solitary ramblings) (1468), and also influenced next-generation renga poets such as Sogi and Kensai INAWASHIRO and a master of tea ceremony Juko MURATA who practiced wabicha (literally, \"poverty tea style\"; known as the tea ceremony).",
"ja": "和歌及び連歌の修行を仏道の修行と究極的に同一視する連歌論は、主著である『ささめごと』のほか『老のくり言』『ひとり言』(1468年)などに強調され、次代の宗祇、猪苗代兼載、侘び茶の村田珠光ら茶人にも影響を与える。"
}
|
{
"en": "Avoiding wars, he spent the later stages of his life in Kanto and died at the age of 70.",
"ja": "戦乱を避けて晩年を関東で過ごし、70歳で死去。"
}
|
{
"en": "While he compiled rengashu (renga collections) and kashu (poem collections) such as \"Shingyokushu\" (New gems collection) and \"Shinkei Sozu Juttai Waka\" (Priest Shinkei's Waka in Ten Style), he was also one of the renga shichiken (seven sages of renga) whose poems were included in \"Chikurinsho\" (Bamboo Grove Notes) compiled by Sogi.",
"ja": "連歌集・歌集として『心玉集』、『心敬僧都十体和歌』などがあるほか、宗祇編『竹林抄』に入集する連歌七賢の一人である。"
}
|
{
"en": "\"Shinsen Tsukubashu\" (the newly-selected Tsukubashu) included the largest number of his poems.",
"ja": "『新撰菟玖波集』に最多数の入集を見る。"
}
|
{
"en": "INGEN Ryuki (December 7, 1592 – May 19, 1673) was a Chinese Zen Buddhist priest in the periods of the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, who was born in Fuqing, Fuzhou of Fujian Province, China; his secular family name was Hayashi (林), and his imperially bestowed titles in Japan were Shinku daishi (daishi: a great teacher monk) and Kako daishi; and he was given special posthumous Buddhist names, Daiko-fusho kokushi (kokushi: a posthumous Buddhist title given by the Emperor), Butsuji-kokan kokushi, Kinzan-shushutsu kokushi, and Kakusho-enmyo kokushi.",
"ja": "隠元隆琦（いんげんりゅうき、特諡として大光普照国師、仏慈広鑑国師、径山首出国師、覚性円明国師、勅賜として真空大師、華光大師、万暦20年・文禄元年11月4日(旧暦)(1592年12月7日)-寛文13年4月3日(旧暦)(1673年5月19日)）は、中国明末清初の禅宗の僧で、福建省福州福清の生まれで俗姓は林である。"
}
|
{
"en": "He introduced Zen Buddhism of the Ming Dynasty that was characterized by nenbutsu-zen (Zen training with Buddhist invocation) to Japan, and keeping his unique solemn manner, he made a great impact on the Zen Buddhism world at that time to give large stimulation to the recovery movement of the Rinzai Sect and the Soto Sect, along with Dosha Chogen (unknown – 1660: he came to Japan in 1651, and returned to China in 1658) who had come to Japan little earlier than him.",
"ja": "独特の威儀を持ち、念仏禅を特徴とする明朝禅を日本に伝え、やや先に渡来した道者超元（?-1660年,1651年来朝、1658年帰国）と共に、当時の禅宗界に多大な影響を与え、臨済宗・曹洞宗二宗の復興運動にも大きな影響を与えた。"
}
|
{
"en": "He is also said to have been a founder of Senchado (green tea ceremony) in Japan.",
"ja": "また日本における煎茶道の開祖ともされる。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was born at Manango-reitokuri-torin (万安郷霊得里東林), Fuqing, Fuzhou of Fujian Province, China.",
"ja": "福建省福州府福清県万安郷霊得里東林に生まれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "His secular name was Sohei LIN (林曽炳).",
"ja": "俗名は、林曽炳。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although he was awakened to Buddhism when he was ten years old (some say sixteen), his mother would not allow him to become a priest.",
"ja": "10歳で仏教に発心する（16歳という説もあり）が、出家修道は母に許されなかった。"
}
|
{
"en": "When he was twenty-three he visited Chondoshu (潮音洞主) in Mt. Putuo (Zhejiang Province), where he served as a non-priest devotee.",
"ja": "23歳の時、普陀山（浙江省）の潮音洞主のもとに参じ、在俗信者として奉仕した。"
}
|
{
"en": "At twenty-nine, he entered the Buddhist priesthood under KANGEN Koju at Manpuku-ji Temple on Mt. Obaku of Fuqing (Fujian Province, China), which was an old temple at his birth place and once a residence of OBAKU Kiun (or Huangbo Xiyun in Chinese) (黄檗希運).",
"ja": "29歳で、生地である福清の古刹で、黄檗希運も住した黄檗山萬福寺(中国福建省)の鑑源興寿の下で得度した。"
}
|
{
"en": "At thirty-three, he practiced Zen under MITSUN Engo (Also known as Mi-yun Yuan-wu, 密雲円悟), a Zen priest, at Vang-un ghoul-un juu Temple on Mt. Jinsushan, and later Ingen followed Mistun who took up a new position as chief priest at Manpuku-ji Temple.",
"ja": "33歳の時、金粟山広慧寺で密雲円悟禅師に参禅し、密雲が萬福寺に晋山するに際して、隠元も随行した。"
}
|
{
"en": "At thirty-five, he became enlightened.",
"ja": "35歳で、大悟した。"
}
|
{
"en": "When Ingen was thirty-eight, Mitsun gave his position over to his disciple HIIN Tsuyo and left the temple, but Ingen stayed at Manpuku-ji Temple to inherit the dharma from Hiin at forty-five.",
"ja": "38歳の時、密雲は弟子の費隠通容に萬福寺を継席して退山したが、隠元はそのまま萬福寺に残り、45歳で費隠に嗣法した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later, when Ingen was engaged himself in ascetic practices at Shishiiwa (獅子巌) after leaving Manpuku-ji Temple, he was invited to become a juji (a resident head of a temple) on Mt. Obaku succeeding Hiin, where he assumed the position in 1637.",
"ja": "その後隠元は萬福寺を出、獅子巌で修行していたが、費隠が退席した後の黄檗山の住持に招請されることとなり、明崇禎10年(1637年)に晋山した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Later he once left the Temple, but took the position again in 1646, when the social upheavals in the transition period from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty spread to Fujian Province.",
"ja": "その後、退席したが、明末清初の動乱が福建省にも及ぶ中、順治3年（1646年）に再度晋山した。"
}
|
{
"en": "In the early Edo period, as a juji position became vacant at Sofuku-ji Temple (Nagasaki City) that was a temple of Chinese priests, ITSUNEN Shoyu (逸然性融) who was in Japan and juji of Kofuku-ji Temple (Nagasaki City) invited Ingen to Japan.",
"ja": "江戸初期、長崎市の唐人寺であった崇福寺(長崎市)の住持に空席が生じたことから、先に渡日していた興福寺(長崎市)住持の逸然性融が、隠元を日本に招請した。"
}
|
{
"en": "At first Ingen sent his disciple YARAN Shokei (也嬾性圭) off, but he was killed in a shipwreck on his way to Japan, so Ingen had to bring himself to Japan aboard a ship Seiko TEI (鄭成功) prepared with many disciples in tow in 1654.",
"ja": "当初、隠元は弟子の也嬾性圭を派遣したが、途中船が座礁して客死したことから、やむなく承応3年(1654年)に、隠元自ら、鄭成功が仕立てた船に乗り、多くの弟子を率いて来日した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although he is said to have come to Japan to avoid the social turmoil that China experienced in the transition period between the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, this judgment has no grounds in remaining letters and records.",
"ja": "渡日当時、中国は明末清初の騒乱期であったことから、この騒乱を避けて来日したとされているが、残されている書簡や記録等からは、そのように判断する根拠は乏しい。"
}
|
{
"en": "A number of intelligent monks and scholars were attracted by Ingen's high virtue and the new Zen Buddhism of Ming to gather around Kofuku-ji Temple where Ingen first lived, and the temple is said to have been very active and was flocked to by several thousand monks and believers.",
"ja": "隠元が入った興福寺には、明禅の新風と隠元の高徳を慕う具眼の僧や学者たちが雲集し、僧俗数千とも謂われる活況を呈した。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1655, RYOKEI Shosen, juji of Myoshin-ji Temple, persuaded Ingen to become juji of Fumon-ji Temple in Shimagami, Settsu Province (present Takatsuki City of Osaka Prefecture), but the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) forbid him to go out of the temple and also restricted the number of attendants at the meetings in the temple to within 200, because the bakufu feared Ingen's religious influence.",
"ja": "明暦元年(1655年)、妙心寺元住持の龍渓性潜の懇請により、摂津国嶋上（現在の大阪府高槻市）の普門寺(高槻市)に晋山するが、隠元の影響力を恐れた幕府によって、寺外に出る事を禁じられ、また寺内の会衆も200人以内に制限された。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although he decided to return to China after the three years which he at first promised to stay for, responding to the repeated requests of his home country to go home, Ryukei and other priests worked hard to detain him from going home and set up a meeting between Ingen and Ietsuna TOKUGAWA, the Shogun, successfully in 1658.",
"ja": "隠元の渡日は、当初3年間の約束であり、本国からの再三の帰国要請もあって帰国を決意するが、龍渓らが引き止め工作に奔走し、万治元年（1658年）には、将軍徳川家綱との会見に成功した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Consequently, in 1660, he was given land for a temple at Owada of Uji-gun, Yamashiro Province, and the next year he built a new temple which he named Manpuku-ji Temple on Mt. Obaku after the temple of his home Fuqing as he pledged to remember the old people and things.",
"ja": "その結果、万治3年（1660年）、山城国宇治市郡大和田に寺地を賜り、翌年、新寺を開創し、旧を忘れないという意味を込め、故郷の中国福清と同名の黄檗山萬福寺と名付けた。"
}
|
{
"en": "In 1663, he held an opening ceremony at the newly completed hall to bless the country and conducted Japan's first Jukai (handing down the precepts) called 'Obaku Sandan kaie' (Triple Ordination Platform Ceremony) for people.",
"ja": "寛文3年（1663年）には、完成したばかりの法堂で祝国開堂を行い、民衆に対しては、日本で初めての授戒「黄檗三壇戒会」を厳修した。"
}
|
{
"en": "Obakuzan Manpuku-ji Temple in Fuqing of China has been called 'Ko-obaku' (literally, Old Obaku) ever since in Japan.",
"ja": "以後、中国福清の黄檗山萬福寺は「古黄檗」と呼ばれる。"
}
|
{
"en": "This made Ingen a founder of a sect of Zen Buddhism in Japan, but initially, the sect did not call itself Obaku Sect.",
"ja": "これによって、隠元は日本禅界の一派の開祖となったが、当初から黄檗宗と名乗っていたわけではない。"
}
|
{
"en": "Since he was proud of himself as a successor of authentic Rinzai Sect, the sect called itself Rinzaisei Sect.",
"ja": "本人は歴とした臨済宗を嗣法している自負があったので、臨済正宗を名乗っている。"
}
|
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