translation
translation |
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{
"en": "The quantity of information on takai (the world after death) has increased dramatically in Japan due to the introduction of the Juo-shinko.",
"ja": "日本では、十王信仰が持ち込まれた事で他界についての情報が飛躍的に増えた。"
}
|
{
"en": "While the old takai-kan suggested that takai was the undefined world such as yominokuni (Hades) shown in Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) as well as the dim world which people would go after their death, the new takai-kan defined takai in detail, influenced by Taoism and Confucianism, therefore it imposed a heavy responsibility on each person because the new takai included Jigoku (hell) where people were tormented.",
"ja": "旧来は古事記に見られるような明確な定義の無い黄泉の国の他界観で、漠然と死後ただ行く世界であったのに対し、死した後の世界を詳細に定義付けた地獄(仏教)の他界観は道教と儒教の影響を色濃く受けた、人一人一人に対し厳しいものであったと言える。"
}
|
{
"en": "As the takai-kan was stressed at the time when Mappo-shiso gained popularity, the takai-kan of Buddhism was quite naturally accepted nationwide for its definite information about takai, Jigoku.",
"ja": "しかし、末法思想が流行った当時は他界観がクローズアップされ、明確な情報をもった仏教的他界である地獄(仏教)が広く受け入れられる結果となったのは極自然な事だったのだろう。"
}
|
{
"en": "Although most takai-kan advocated in Japan came from China, there are some differences between the two.",
"ja": "なお、日本の地獄の他界観はほとんどが中国由来だが、すべて中国のものと同じではなく、多少の差異がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "The differences include the Sanzu-no-kawa River, SAI no KAWARA (the Children's Limbo), Datsueba and Keneo (wizard staying in the Sanzu-no-kawa River to plunder the clothes of the dead).",
"ja": "三途の川・賽の河原・奪衣婆（だつえば）と懸衣翁（けんえおう）等がそうである。"
}
|
{
"en": "Trials by the Juo",
"ja": "十王の審理"
}
|
{
"en": "The number of trials for each dead person is usually decided to be seven.",
"ja": "死者の審理は通常七回行われる。"
}
|
{
"en": "After the death, trials are held every seven days under the charge of seven individual judges; Shinko-o (first judge for trial held on the 7th day after the death), Shoko-o (second judge for trial on the 14th day), Sotei-o (third judge for trial on the 21st day), Gokan-o (fourth judge for trial on the 28th day), Enma-o (fifth judge for trial on the 35th day), Henjo-o (sixth judge for trial on the 42nd day), Taizan-o (seventh judge for trial on the 49th day).",
"ja": "没して後、七日ごとにそれぞれ秦広王（初七日）・初江王(十四日)・宋帝王（二十一日）・五官王（二十八日）・閻魔王（三十五日）・変成王（四十二日）・泰山王（四十九日）の順番で一回ずつ審理を担当する。"
}
|
{
"en": "When a certain judge concluded that the trial has no problem, the trial would be closed without being reported to the next judge, allowing the dead person to reincarnate, so trials are not always held seven times.",
"ja": "ただし、各審理で問題が無いと判断された場合は次の審理に回る事は無く、抜けて転生していく事になるため、七回すべてやるわけではない。"
}
|
{
"en": "It is also decided how to deal with the trials in which seven judges could not find the instructions.",
"ja": "なお、七回の審理で決まらない場合も考慮されている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Three additional trials are prepared under the additional three judges; Byodo-o (eighth judge for trial held on the 100th day after the death), Toshi-o (ninth judge for trial in the first anniversary), Godotenrin-o (tenth judge for trial held in the second anniversary).",
"ja": "追加の審理が三回、平等王（百ヶ日忌）・都市王（一周忌）・五道転輪王（三回忌）と言う形である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Even if seven judges could not find the instructions after seven trials, they instruct the dead person to go to one of the Rokudo (six posthumous realms) after those trials, therefore additional trials are effectively the relief measures.",
"ja": "ただし、七回で決まらない場合でも六道のいずれかに行く事になっており、追加の審理は実質救済処置である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Additional trials work as the following; even if the dead person had gone to the San-akudo (three realms where people are tormented for their malevolent acts conducted while they were alive) of Jigoku-do (Hell), Gaki-do (torment of starvation) and Chikusho-do (ordered to live as animals), they are pardoned, while when the dead person had been in Asura-do (pandemonium), Jin-do (the realm human beings live) or Ten-do (the realm celestial beings live), their virtues are added.",
"ja": "もしも地獄道・餓鬼道・畜生道の三悪道に落ちていたとしても助け、修羅道・人道・天道に居たならば徳が積まれる仕組みとなっている。"
}
|
{
"en": "Buddhist memorial services were customarily held seven times every seven days, because the bereaved family could pray to the Juo for seeking commutation for the dead person at every trial, while additional memorial services held in line with the additional three trials supposedly functioned to save all dead persons.",
"ja": "なお、仏事の法要は大抵七日ごとに七回あるのは、審理のたびに十王に対し死者への減罪の嘆願を行うためであり、追加の審理の三回についての追善法要は救い損ないを無くすための受け皿として機能していたようだ。"
}
|
{
"en": "This custom, however, has been simplified at present, and a Buddhist memorial service 49 days after a person's death is commonly the first service held after Tsuya (all-night vigil over a body), the final service and a memorial service on the sixth day after person's death.",
"ja": "現在では簡略化され通夜・告別式・初七日の後は四十九日まで法要はしない事が通例化している。"
}
|
{
"en": "While these are the descriptions about the Juo, there are three more additional trials in the Jusanbutsu-shinko belief.",
"ja": "ここでは十王について述べているが、十三仏信仰の審理では更に三回の追加審理がある。"
}
|
{
"en": "(the sixth anniversary, the twelfth anniversary and the 32nd anniversary of a person's death)",
"ja": "（七回忌・十三回忌・三十三回忌）"
}
|
{
"en": "Juo and their Honji (their real form in Buddhism)",
"ja": "十王とその本地"
}
|
{
"en": "Shinko-o: Fudo Myoo (Acala, one of the Five Wisdom Kings)",
"ja": "秦広王（しんこうおう）→不動明王"
}
|
{
"en": "Shoko-o: Shaka Nyorai (Buddha Shakamuni)",
"ja": "初江王（しょこうおう）→釈迦如来"
}
|
{
"en": "Sotei-o: Monju Bosatsu (Manjusri Bodhisattva, Buddha associated with wisdom, doctrine and awareness)",
"ja": "宋帝王（そうていおう）→文殊菩薩"
}
|
{
"en": "Gokan-o: Fugen Bosatsu (Samantabhadra, Buddha associated with Buddhist practice and meditation)",
"ja": "五官王（ごかんおう）→普賢菩薩"
}
|
{
"en": "Enma-o: Jizo Bosatsu (Ksitigarbha)",
"ja": "閻魔（えんまおう）→地蔵菩薩"
}
|
{
"en": "Henjo-o: Miroku Bosatsu (Maitreya, a future Buddha of this world in Buddhist eschatology)",
"ja": "変成王（へんじょうおう）→弥勒菩薩"
}
|
{
"en": "Taizan-o: Yakushi Nyorai (Bhaisajyaguru, the Buddha of healing and medicine in Mahayana Buddhism)",
"ja": "泰山王（たいざんおう）→薬師如来"
}
|
{
"en": "Byodo-o: Kannon Bosatsu (Guanyin, the bodhisattva associated with compassion)",
"ja": "平等王（びょうどうおう）→観音菩薩"
}
|
{
"en": "Toshi-o: Seishi Bosatsu (Mahasthamaprapta, the bodhisattva that represents the power of wisdom)",
"ja": "都市王（としおう）→勢至菩薩"
}
|
{
"en": "Godotenrin-o: Amida Nyorai (Amitabha, a principal Buddha in the Pure Land Sect)",
"ja": "五道転輪王（ごどうてんりんおう）→阿弥陀如来"
}
|
{
"en": "Shinzui KIKEI (1401 - September 25, 1469) was a priest of the Rinzai Sect of Buddhism and also master of Inryoken Household in Rokuonin Temple in the Muromachi period.",
"ja": "季瓊真蘂（きけいしんずい、1401年（応永8年）-1469年9月16日（文明(日本)元年8月11日(旧暦)））は、室町時代の臨済宗の僧、鹿苑院蔭涼軒主。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was also called Shinzui INRYOKEN.",
"ja": "蔭涼軒真蘂とも。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was of Uezuki clan lineage, which was a branch family of the Akamatsu clan in Harima Province, but his parents are uncertain.",
"ja": "播磨国の赤松氏の支族にあたる上月氏の生まれだが、父母は不明。"
}
|
{
"en": "He studied under Soban SHUKUEI of Unchoin Temple.",
"ja": "雲頂院の叔英宗播に師事する。"
}
|
{
"en": "He assumed the position of the master of Inryoken Household in Rokuonin of Shokoku-ji Temple, which was a liaison with shogun, being a close retainer serving the shogun.",
"ja": "将軍との連絡役である相国寺鹿苑院内蔭涼軒主となり、将軍に近侍する側近となる。"
}
|
{
"en": "He once retired from the political world after the Kakitsu War in which Mitsusuke AKAMATSU and others murdered the sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA in 1441, nevertheless later becoming a political adviser along with Sadachika ISE and others in the period of the eighth Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, he exerted influence on the shogunate government.",
"ja": "1441年に赤松満祐らが6代将軍足利義教を謀殺した嘉吉の乱の後に引退するが、8代将軍足利義政時代には伊勢貞親らとともに政治顧問となり、幕政に影響力を持つ。"
}
|
{
"en": "After Tomiko HINO, the wife of Shogun Yoshimasa, had a son (Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA), he not only plotted to out Yoshimi ASHIKAGA, Yoshimasa's younger brother, to whom Yoshimasa had promised that he would hand over the shogunate, but also interfered in the succession dispute in the Shiba clan, one of the three Kanrei (family in the post of shogunal deputy to the Muromachi Shogunate), but he fell from power along with Sadachika and others in the Bunsho Coup caused by the opposition such as Katsumoto HOSOKAWA in 1466.",
"ja": "義政夫人の日野富子に子（足利義尚）が誕生した後は義政が次期将軍と約束していた弟の足利義視を排斥しようとして策謀し、三管領の1つの斯波氏の家督問題にも介入し、1466年（文正1年）に対立する細川勝元らによる文正の政変で貞親らとともに失脚する。"
}
|
{
"en": "He took sanctuary in Omi Province when the Onin War started in 1467.",
"ja": "1467年からの応仁の乱で近江国へ逃れる。"
}
|
{
"en": "He was appraised negatively in historical material such as \"Oninki\" (The Record of the Onin War).",
"ja": "『応仁記』などでは否定的評価で書かれている。"
}
|
{
"en": "He wrote a part of \"Inryoken Nichiroku\" (Inryoken's Diary), an official diary.",
"ja": "公式日記である『蔭涼軒日録』の一部を執筆。"
}
|
{
"en": "Ojoyoshu is a Buddhism book in one part and three volumes compiled in 985 by Genshin (priest), a Sozu (the Prelate) in Eshinin Temple at Yokawa on Mt. Hiei, in which he collected important passages relating to gokuraku ojo (the Pure Land of Amitabha where the dead are allowed to live peacefully), extracting from many sources such as Buddhist scriptures and instructions in terms of the Jodo Sect.",
"ja": "往生要集（おうじょうようしゅう）は、比叡山中、横川の恵心院僧都の源信_(僧侶)が、寛和元年（985年）に、浄土教の観点より、多くの仏教の経典や論書などから、極楽往生に関する重要な文章を集めた仏教書で、1部3巻からなる。"
}
|
{
"en": "He laid the foundation of the Jodo Sect by preaching that there is no other way but praying to Amitabha wholeheartedly to be granted the gokuraku ojo posthumously.",
"ja": "死後に極楽往生するには、一心に仏を想い念仏の行をあげる以外に方法はないと説き、浄土教の基礎を創る。"
}
|
{
"en": "The spirits of onri-edo (abhorring this impure world) and gongu-jodo (seeking rebirth in the Pure Land) preached in this book also spread among the nobility and common people, having a big influence on literary thought later.",
"ja": "また、この書物で説かれた厭離穢土、欣求浄土の精神は貴族・庶民らにも普及し、後の文学思想にも大きな影響を与えた。"
}
|
{
"en": "As shown in the last passage, soon after this book had been compiled, SHU Buntoku, a lay Buddhist in Taizhou Prefecture Northern Song, went to Kokusei-ji Temple on Mt. Tendai with this book to be respected by many monks and seculars in China, with the result that this book contributed to the resurrection of the Buddhism doctrine in China, which had been scattered and lost due to the confusion at the end of the Tang and Wudai Shiguo period after the persecution of Buddhists in the Huichang era.",
"ja": "また、その末文によっても知られるように、本書が撰述された直後に、北宋台州の居士で周文徳という人物が、本書を持って天台山国清寺に至り、中国の僧俗多数の尊信を受け、会昌の廃仏以来、唐末五代十国の混乱によって散佚した教法を、中国の地で復活させる機縁となったことが特筆される。"
}
|
{
"en": "The First Volume",
"ja": "巻上"
}
|
{
"en": "The first chapter (onri-edo) describes the abhorrence of this impure world and preaches the Rokudo (six posthumous realms) of Hell, preta realm, animal realm, Asura realm, Human realm and blissful realm.",
"ja": "大文第一 厭離穢土--地獄・餓鬼・畜生・阿修羅・人間・天人の六道を説く。"
}
|
{
"en": "The second chapter (gongu-jodo) is about seeking rebirth in the Pure Land, explaining ten kinds of pleasure obtained in the Pure Land of Amitabha.",
"ja": "大文第二 欣求浄土--極楽浄土に生れる十楽を説く。"
}
|
{
"en": "The third chapter (Gokuraku-shoko) describes the justice of \"gokuraku ojo\".",
"ja": "大文第三 極楽証拠--極楽往生の証拠を書く。"
}
|
{
"en": "The fourth chapter (Shoshu nenbutsu) encourages practicing correct Buddhist invocation and suggests the path leading to the jodo ojo (the pure land of Amitabha).",
"ja": "大文第四 正修念仏--浄土往生の道を明らかにする。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Second Volume",
"ja": "巻中"
}
|
{
"en": "The fifth chapter (Jonenhoho) explains the methodology of Buddhist invocation and ascetic practices.",
"ja": "大文第五 助念方法--念仏修行の方法論。"
}
|
{
"en": "The sixth chapter (Betsuji Nenbutsu) is about the Buddhist invocation prayed at person's death.",
"ja": "大文第六 別時念仏--臨終の念仏を説く。"
}
|
{
"en": "The Third Volume",
"ja": "巻下"
}
|
{
"en": "The seventh chapter (nenbutsu riyaku(benefit)) explains the blessings given by intoning the Buddhist invocation.",
"ja": "大文第七 念仏利益--念仏を唱えることによる功徳。"
}
|
{
"en": "The eighth chapter (nenbutsu shoko) describes the merits of intoning the Buddhist invocation.",
"ja": "大文第八 念仏証拠--念仏を唱えることによる善業。"
}
|
{
"en": "The ninth chapter (Ojo-shogyo) explains the tolerance of Amitabha.",
"ja": "大文第九 往生諸行--念仏の包容性。"
}
|
{
"en": "The tenth chapter (Mondo Ryoken) describes the excellence of the Buddhist invocation through exchanging questions and answers.",
"ja": "大文第十 問答料簡--何よりも勝れているのが念仏であると説く。"
}
|
{
"en": "Muryojyu-kyo, Bussetsu Muryoju-kyo (Sutra of Immeasurable Life)",
"ja": "無量寿経仏説無量寿経"
}
|
{
"en": "The Kanmuryoju-kyo sutra ('The Sutra of Visualization of the Buddha of Measureless Life,' meaning Amida)",
"ja": "観無量寿経"
}
|
{
"en": "Daihoshaku-kyo Sutra (Daebojeokgyeong Sutra)",
"ja": "大宝積経"
}
|
{
"en": "Hanju Zanmai-kyo Sutra (Sutra of the Meditation to Behold the Buddhas)",
"ja": "般舟三昧経"
}
|
{
"en": "Myohorenge-kyo Sutra (Lotus Sutra)",
"ja": "妙法蓮華経"
}
|
{
"en": "Amida kuonjo-kyo (The Sutra on the Dharani of Amida Drum-Sound King)",
"ja": "阿弥陀鼓音声経"
}
|
{
"en": "Daihokobutsu-kegon-kyo Sutra (Avatamsaka Sutra)",
"ja": "大方広仏華厳経"
}
|
{
"en": "Kanbutsu Zanmai-kyo Sutra (Also known as Kanbutsu Zanmaikai-kyo (the Sutra on the Ocean-like Samadhi of Contemplation of Buddhas))",
"ja": "観仏三昧経"
}
|
{
"en": "Daijkkyo Sutra (Mahsamnipata sutra)",
"ja": "大集経"
}
|
{
"en": "Byodo gakkyo (The Sutra on the Equal Enlightenment)",
"ja": "平等覚経"
}
|
{
"en": "Dai-hannyahatamitsu-kyo Sutra (Also known as Daihannyakyo (Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra))",
"ja": "大般若波羅蜜経"
}
|
{
"en": "Juojo-kyo Sutra (the Sutra on the Ten Ways of Attaining Birth)",
"ja": "十往生経"
}
|
{
"en": "Daihatsu-nehan-gyo Sutra (Nirvana Sutra)",
"ja": "大般涅槃経"
}
|
{
"en": "Daijo honsho shinjikangyo (An 8-fascicle sutra)",
"ja": "大乗本生心地観経"
}
|
{
"en": "Butsuzokyo (The Buddha Repository Sutra)",
"ja": "仏蔵経"
}
|
{
"en": "Shobonenjo-kyo Sutra (Meditation on the Correct Teaching Sutra)",
"ja": "正法念処経"
}
|
{
"en": "Daihi-kyo Sutra (Sutra of the Great Compassion)",
"ja": "大悲経"
}
|
{
"en": "Bonmo-kyo Sutra (Sutra of Brahma's Net)",
"ja": "梵網経"
}
|
{
"en": "Ubasokukai-kyo Sutra (The Sutra on Upasaka (devout male lay follower of Buddhism) Precepts)",
"ja": "優婆塞戒経"
}
|
{
"en": "Daichidoron (Commentary on the Great Wisdom Sutra)",
"ja": "大智度論"
}
|
{
"en": "Jujubibasharon (the Discourse on the Ten Stages)",
"ja": "十住毘婆沙論"
}
|
{
"en": "Muryoju-kyo Ubadaisha Ganshoge (Upadesa on the Sutra of Immeasurable Life)",
"ja": "無量寿経優婆提舎願生偈"
}
|
{
"en": "Yugashijiron (Discourse on the Stages of Concentration Practice)",
"ja": "瑜伽師地論"
}
|
{
"en": "Shakujodo Gungi-ron (the Discourse Answering Questions)",
"ja": "釈浄土群疑論"
}
|
{
"en": "Kasai Jodo-ron (the Pure Land Treatise written by Kasai)",
"ja": "迦才浄土論"
}
|
{
"en": "Makashikan (Mahayana Practice of Cessation and Contemplation)",
"ja": "摩訶止観"
}
|
{
"en": "Anrakushu (A Collection of Passages Concerning Birth in the Pure Land)",
"ja": "安楽集"
}
|
{
"en": "Ojoraisan-ge (Hymns of Birth in the Pure Land)",
"ja": "往生礼讃偈"
}
|
{
"en": "Kannen-bomon (the Method of Contemplation on Amida)",
"ja": "観念法門"
}
|
{
"en": "Saiho Yoketsu (Essentials for Birth in the Western Land)",
"ja": "西方要決"
}
|
{
"en": "Jodo Jugi ron (Ten Doubts on the Pure Land)",
"ja": "浄土十疑論"
}
|
{
"en": "Ojo-ron-shaku (Commentary on Treatise on the Sutra of Immeasurable Life) (by Chiko)",
"ja": "往生論釈（智光）"
}
|
{
"en": "Gokuraku Jodo Kuhon Ojogi (a text on the nine grades of rebirth in gokuraku jodo (the Pure Land of Amitabha) specified in the Kanmuryoju-kyo sutra (The Sutra of Visualization of the Buddha of Measureless Life)) (by Ryogen)",
"ja": "極楽浄土九品往生義（良源）"
}
|
{
"en": "Kanjo is a ceremony mainly celebrated in Esoteric Buddhism, in which a legitimate successor is declared by pouring water over the top of the head.",
"ja": "灌頂（かんじょう）とは、主に密教で行う、頭頂に水を灌ぎ、正統な継承者とする為の儀式。"
}
|
{
"en": "It originated as a ceremony that celebrated enthronement of the kind or investiture of the Crown Prince in India, which used to be called Tenjiku.",
"ja": "元々は天竺といわれたインドで王の即位や立太子での風習である。"
}
|
{
"en": "Examples includes Kanbutsu-e, which is a ceremony that commemorates Buddha's birthday; Esoteric Buddhism complicated the ceremony.",
"ja": "釈迦の誕生日を祝う祭りである灌仏会もこれの一例であったが、密教において複雑化した。"
}
|
{
"en": "There are a variety of ceremonies that are used on different occasions.",
"ja": "数種類あり、場合によって使い分ける。"
}
|
{
"en": "In Japan, it is believed that Saicho conducted the first Kanjo at Jingo-ji Temple at Mt. Takao in 805 (Saicho received the teachings of Himitsu (secret) kanjo from Jungyo at Ryuko-ji Temple when he visited Tang, and later received Kanjo in Kongokai (Diamond Realm) and Taizokai (Womb Realm) that were brought from Kukai.",
"ja": "日本では、805年に最澄が高雄山の神護寺で初めて灌頂を行ったといわれる（最澄は渡唐の際に龍興寺の順暁から秘密灌頂を受け、後年、空海の将来した金剛界・胎蔵界の灌頂も受けた）。"
}
|
{
"en": "The types of Kanjo are described below.",
"ja": "灌頂の種類は以下の通り。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kechien-kanjo",
"ja": "結縁灌頂（けちえんかんじょう）"
}
|
{
"en": "In this type of Kanjo, a person who enters priesthood chooses his or her guardian deity.",
"ja": "出家して、どの仏に守り本尊となってもらうかを決める儀式。"
}
|
{
"en": "It features Toke Tokubutsu, in which a blindfolded new initiate throws a flower onto mandala to choose his or her tutelary god depending on where the flower lands; the new initiate connects with the god.",
"ja": "投華得仏（とうけとくぶつ）といい、目隠しをして曼荼羅の上に華を投げ、華の落ちた所の仏と結縁する。"
}
|
{
"en": "The mandala includes Kijin (fierce god) and rakshasa (type of evil spirit) but new initiates learn how to worship and celebrate those gods in case they select them.",
"ja": "曼荼羅には鬼神や羅刹などもあるが、その場合でも、祀り方などや儀式を伝授される。"
}
|
{
"en": "Kukai conducted the ceremony three times; his flowers always fell on Dainichi Nyorai (Mahavairocana).",
"ja": "空海は3度これを行い3度とも大日如来の上に落ちた。"
}
|
{
"en": "Jumyo-kanjo",
"ja": "受明灌頂（じゅみょうかんじょう）"
}
|
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