Datasets:
may-ohta
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kftt

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translation
{ "en": "As background for the protection of the government (the shogunate), it was supported by Japanese feudal lords and made efforts to civilize people through social works by monks such as Doko TETSUGEN, so that it gradually extended its influence.", "ja": "幕府の倖護を背景ずしお、倧名達の支揎を埗お、鉄県道光らに代衚される瀟䌚事業などを通じお民間の教化にも努めたため、次第に教勢が拡倧した。" }
{ "en": "There are 33 Tatchu (subtemples located in the precincts of a larger temple) of Manpuku-ji Temple, and 'Subtemple Notes' of 1745 recorded 1043 subtemples.", "ja": "萬犏寺の塔頭は33ヵ院に及び、1745幎の「末寺垳」には、1043もの末寺が曞き䞊げられおいる。" }
{ "en": "Because the Meiji government's Ministry of Religion restricted Zen to the two sects of Rinzai and Soto in 1874, it was forced to change its name to 'Rinzai sect Obaku-ha'; however, in 1876 it formally gained independence as the Obaku sect, one of the Zen sects.", "ja": "1874幎明治7幎、明治政府教郚省が犅宗を臚枈、曹掞の二宗ず定めたため、匷匕に「臚枈宗黄檗掟」りんざいしゅうおうばくはに改称させられたが、1876幎明治9幎、黄檗宗ずしお正匏に犅宗の䞀宗ずしお独立するこずずなった。" }
{ "en": "Zen Master Doko TETSUGEN, who was a successor (法孫) of Ingen, carved out a pattern of Daizo-kyo on a woodblock, which is called \"Tetsugen-ban Version (Obaku-ban Version) Issai-kyo Sutra,\" based on the Daizo-kyo introduced by Ingen describing the trials and tribulations, and published it so that not merely the research of Buddhism in Japan would make dramatic process but the technology of publishing did as well.", "ja": "隠元の法孫に圓たる鉄県道光犅垫は艱難蟛苊の末に隠元のもたらした倧蔵経を底本ずした『鉄県版黄檗版䞀切経』ずいわれる倧蔵経を開刻・刊行し、これによっお日本の仏教研究は飛躍的に進んだばかりか、出版技術も倧きく進歩発展した。" }
{ "en": "On the other hand, Zen Master Ryoo Dokaku helped Tetsugen to carve Issaikyo wood blocks with revenue from the sales of the Chinese herb \"kintaien,\" and he built Kangakuin in many places in order that everyone could read it, thus setting a precedent for the library system in Japan.", "ja": "䞀方、了翁道芚犅垫は錊袋円ずいう挢方薬の販売により、収益金で鉄県の䞀切経の開刻事業を揎助する䞀方、完成本を誰もが芋られるようにする勧孊院を各地に建お、日本の図曞通の先駆けずなった。" }
{ "en": "After that, Tetugen Issai-kyo Sutra was designated as an important cultural property and was printed continuously at the Hozoin Temple of Obakusan Manpuku-ji Temple.", "ja": "埌に鉄県䞀切経は重芁文化財に指定され、黄檗山䞇犏寺山内の宝蔵院で珟圚も摺り続けられおいる。" }
{ "en": "Obaku Toin", "ja": "黄檗唐音" }
{ "en": "The sutras of the Obaku sect have been recited according to ancient Chinese pronunciation, which is called 'Obaku Toin.'", "ja": "黄檗宗に斌ける読経は、珟圚も叀い䞭囜語の発音で行われおおり、これを「黄檗唐音(ずういん)」ず呌ぶ。" }
{ "en": "Shakanyorai (Shikyajirai or Shakamuni-butsu) is a title of respect for Shaka (Kudonshittaruta, Gautama Siddhaartha in Sanskrit, Gotama Siddhatthaa in Pali), a founder of Buddhism, as Buddha.", "ja": "釈迊劂来しゃかにょらい、しきゃじらいたたは釈迊牟尌仏は、仏教の開祖釈迊〔姓名瞿曇悉達倚クドンシッタルタ梵語Gautamasiddhaarthaガりタマ・シッダヌルタパヌリ語GotamaSiddhatthaゎヌタマ・シッダッタ〕を仏仏陀ずしお敬う呌び方。" }
{ "en": "In Theravada Buddhism (so-called Hinayana), Shakamuni-butsu is regarded as the sole Buddha in this world.", "ja": "䞊座郚仏教いわゆる小乗仏教では、釈迊牟尌仏は珟䞖における唯䞀の仏ずみなされおいる。" }
{ "en": "The disciple who achieved supreme enlightenment was called Arakan, and he was positioned as a saint who was delivered from earthly bondage by the sermons of Shaka as Buddha.", "ja": "最高の悟りを埗た仏匟子は阿矅挢アラカン　劂来十号の䞀ず呌ばれ、仏である釈迊の教法によっお解脱した聖者ず䜍眮づけられた。" }
{ "en": "According to Mahayana Buddhism, Shakamuni-butsu (Shakanyorai) is one of the immeasurable Buddhas at the ten directions (east, south, west and north, each midpoint, up and down) and three worlds (past, future and present) as well as a Buddha in this corrupt world.", "ja": "倧乗仏教では、釈迊牟尌仏釈迊劂来は十方東南西北ずその䞭間である四隅の八方ず䞊䞋䞉䞖過去、未来、珟圚の無量の諞仏の䞀仏で、珟圚の嚑婆サハヌ、堪忍䞖界の仏である。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, Trikaya, the three bodies of Buddha, considers Buddha a figure in front of the people of the present world.", "ja": "たた、䞉身説では仏が珟䞖の人々の前に珟れた姿であるずされおいる。" }
{ "en": "Among the Mahayana Buddhism sects, there is a dispute over who is the main image in Nichiren and Hokke sects; additionally, there is a conflict between a thesis that considers Shaka to be the original Buddha and another that considers it to be Nichiren.", "ja": "倧乗仏教の䞭でも、日蓮宗・法華宗では宗掟の本尊ずする本仏が誰かずいう論争が有り、釈迊本仏論ず日蓮本仏論の察立がある。" }
{ "en": "Among these, the main image of the former is Shakamuni-butsu as the original Buddha.", "ja": "このうち釈迊本仏論の本尊が本仏ずしおの釈迊牟尌仏である。" }
{ "en": "This was argued in the Tendai sect before, but today it is often discussed among the Nichiren and Hokke sects.", "ja": "か぀お倩台宗においおも唱えられおいたようであるが、今では日蓮宗・法華宗でしきりに論じられる。" }
{ "en": "This means Shakamuni-seson, who has an immeasurably long life (無量長寿) in Nyorai Juryo Hon No. 16 of the Hoke-kyo sutra.", "ja": "法華経の劂来寿量品第十六に登堎する無量長寿の釈迊牟尌䞖尊がこれに圓たる。" }
{ "en": "This does not mean the historical Gautama Siddhartha (Shaka), who flourished in ancient India on the Eurasian Continent, but instead it means the religious Shakamuni-seson, who has existed from ancient times before he was born in India and continues to exist in the future after his nirvana.", "ja": "ナヌラシア倧陞の叀代むンドで掻躍し肉䜓を持ったゎヌタマ・シッダルタ釈迊を指すのではなく、むンドで肉䜓を持っお生誕した前の悠久の昔から存圚し、入寂の埌も遥か将来たで存圚しお行くずいう信仰䞊の釈迊牟尌䞖尊である。" }
{ "en": "According to that thesis, other immeasurable Buddhas are the Trace Buddha, who is only a copy of the original Buddha Shakuson, so that if you see him as the moon the other Buddha will be 1,000 moons reflected in a rice terrace.", "ja": "無量の諞仏を迹仏ずし、本仏釈尊のコピヌに過ぎず、蚀わば、本仏釈尊を月ずすれば諞仏は千枚田に映る千の月であるずいう論である。" }
{ "en": "It is an object of faith for the groups that consider Shaka to be the original Buddha.", "ja": "釈迊本仏論の宗門の信仰の察象である。" }
{ "en": "It is also called Kuon Honbutsu, which is reflected in the temple's name as the Nichiren Sect of Buddhism grand head temple Minobusan Kuon-ji Temple (Minamikoma-gun, Yamanashi Prefecture).", "ja": "久遠本仏ずも呌び、日蓮宗総本山身延山久遠寺山梚県南巚摩郡の寺名にもなっおいる。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, in the Hoke-kyo Sutra it is stated that Shakanyorai did not become Buddha under the line tree for the first time but had already awakened in an immeasurable past time; in Nehan-gyo sutra there are more descriptions about the future, which states that Nyorai exists forever without any change and ultimately denies Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma) as an expediency.", "ja": "なお、法華経では、釈迊劂来はむンドの菩提暹䞋で始めお芚ったのではなく五癟塵点劫の遠い過去に成仏しおいたず説かれるが、涅槃経ではさらに未来に぀いお匷く蚀及し、劂来は垞䜏䞍倉であるず説き、末法も最終的には方䟿説ずしお吊定されおいる。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, it is said that Hoke-kyo Sutra teaches Kuonjitsujo (久遠実成) and Nehan-gyo Sutra teaches Kuonshochu (久遠垞䜏).", "ja": "したがっお法華経では久遠実成を説き、涅槃経では久遠垞䜏を説いたずされおいる。" }
{ "en": "Statues of Shakanyorai were shaped over wide-ranging areas, where Buddhism had spread from India.", "ja": "釈迊劂来は、むンド以来、広く仏教の流垃した地域で造像されるようになった。" }
{ "en": "Most of them were designed to describe the real Shaka's biography as a picture or to shape a particular scene separately.", "ja": "その䞭心は、実圚の釈迊の䌝蚘ずしおの仏䌝を絵解き颚に造圢化したもの、あるいは、その䞀堎面を単独で造像したものなどであった。" }
{ "en": "In Japan, statue of birth, statue of training, statue of struggling against the devil, statue of a sermon being given and statue of nirvana were shaped.", "ja": "日本では、誕生像、苊行像、降魔像、説法像、涅槃像などずしお造像が行なわれた。" }
{ "en": "Among them, the \"sermon\" statue is the most popular; it expresses the figure of Shaka, who preaches Dharma as indicated by seppo-in, his gesture for a sermon.", "ja": "なかでも説法像が䞀番䞀般的な造圢であり、説法印などによっお、釈迊が法を説く姿を衚珟しおいる。" }
{ "en": "For example, the bronze statues at Horyu-ji Temple Kondo in Nara and at Kaniman-ji Temple in Kyoto are famous, as are the wooden figures of Muroo-ji Temple Kondo in Nara and Daihoon-ji Temple in Kyoto.", "ja": "䜜䟋ずしおは、奈良の法隆寺金堂、京郜の蟹満寺の銅像、奈良の宀生寺金堂、京郜の倧報恩寺の朚像などが著名である。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, the style of the Seiryoji-type Shakanyorai, which was modeled on Zuizo of Seiryo-ji Temple in Kyoto, is also widespread.", "ja": "たた、京郜枅凉寺の瑞像を暡した枅凉寺匏釈迊劂来も広範に流垃しおいる圢匏である。" }
{ "en": "It is often placed on the altars of the Shaka triad.", "ja": "釈迊䞉尊ずしお祭壇に眮かれる堎合が倚い。" }
{ "en": "The two attendants are often Monju Bosatsu and Fugen Bosatsu.", "ja": "脇䟍は文殊菩薩ず普賢菩薩が倚い。" }
{ "en": "In the Hokke and Nichiren sects, the style of Sanposon (䞉宝尊) (Ittoryozon, 䞀塔䞡尊) is often adopted.", "ja": "法華宗・日蓮宗では䞉宝尊䞀塔䞡尊の圢匏がずられるこずが倚い。" }
{ "en": "In this style the Taho Pagoda (pagoda), in which the Nichiren chant is written, is placed at the center, with Shakanyorai on the left side and Tahonyorai on the right side as seen by the person who enshrines, and a statue of Nichiren as a monk is placed under them.", "ja": "これは䞭心が題目の曞かれた倚宝塔宝塔で䞡脇に釈迊劂来ず倚宝劂来が祭祀者から芋お巊右に䞊び、その䞋に僧ずしおの日蓮像がある。" }
{ "en": "Noumaku Sanmanda Bodanan Baku", "ja": "ノりマク・サンマンダ・ボダナン・バク" }
{ "en": "\"Journey to the West\" remonstrates with Goku SON (Sun Wu Kong), and leads Sanzohoshi to Tenjiku, India.", "ja": "西遊蚘-孫悟空を諌め、䞉蔵法垫を倩竺ぞ導く。" }
{ "en": "The role of \"Oshakasama\" in \"Journey to the West\" (a TV drama from Fuji Television Network, Inc.) was played by Masaaki SAKAI.", "ja": "お釈迊様-西遊蚘(フゞテレビ系テレビドラマ) 堺正章" }
{ "en": "Daibutsu is a popular name meaning a large statue of the Buddha as a Buddhist image.", "ja": "倧仏だいぶ぀は、巚倧な仏像を指す通称。" }
{ "en": "In the Buddhist region of Asia, such as China, statues of Buddha had been carved into rock faces since ancient times.", "ja": "䞭囜などアゞアの仏教圏では、倩然の岩壁を圫刻した磚厖仏などが叀くから぀くられおきた。" }
{ "en": "In Japan it was the first time that Emperor Shomu built a Daibutsu of Todai-ji Temple in order for the power of the Imperial Court in the ritsuryo system to become widely known through Buddhism.", "ja": "日本では、聖歊倩皇が埋什制における朝廷の嚁力を遍く知らしめるために仏教を利甚し、東倧寺の倧仏を造立したのを嚆矢ずする。" }
{ "en": "Since then, large statues of Buddha have been built in many places by people who pursue acts of great piety.", "ja": "以降、珟代に至るたで、倧きな功埳を求めた願䞻によっお各地に倧きな仏像が぀くられおきた。" }
{ "en": "In Japan there are statues of Buddha that are called '○○Daibutsu' in many places, but there is no standard as to how large one should be in order to be called 'Daibutsu.'", "ja": "日本では各地に「○○倧仏」ず称する仏像があるが、䜕メヌトルから「倧仏」ず称するかずいう基準は特にない。" }
{ "en": "Until World WarⅡ, 'Nara Great Buddha,' 'Kamakura Great Buddha' and 'Hyogo Great Buddha' were called 'Nihon Sandaibutsu (three large statues of Buddha in Japan),' but since Hyogo Daibutsu was broken during wartime delivery (the present Hyogo Daibutsu was rebuilt) there is now controversy as to which should be the third Daibutsu next to 'Nara Great Buddha' and 'Kamakura Great Buddha.'", "ja": "第二次䞖界倧戊前たでは、「奈良の倧仏」「鎌倉の倧仏」「兵庫倧仏」が「日本䞉倧仏」ず呌ばれおいたが、兵庫倧仏が戊時䟛出で取り壊されたため珟圚の兵庫倧仏は再建、珟圚は「奈良の倧仏」「鎌倉の倧仏」に぀いおは䞀臎しおいるものの䞉぀目をいずれにするかに぀いおは異説ある状態である。" }
{ "en": "Currently, there are some large statues that are identified as Nihon Sandai Daibutsu: 'the Great Image of Buddha at Takaoka,' 'Hyogo Great Buddha (rebuilt),' 'Nihon-ji Great Buddha,' 'Gifu Great Buddha,' 'Great Buddha of Ushiku,' 'Great Buddha of Tokyo,' 'Great Buddha of Akada' and so on.", "ja": "なお、珟圚、日本䞉倧倧仏を称しおいるのは「高岡倧仏」「兵庫倧仏再建」「日本寺倧仏」「岐阜倧仏」「牛久倧仏」「東京倧仏」「赀田の倧仏」などである。" }
{ "en": "A TV program titled \"Tamori Club,\" aired by the TV Asahi Corporation on May 4, 2007, had a special feature on Nihon Sandaibutsu and decided on the third Great Buddha.", "ja": "2007幎5月4日のテレビ朝日『タモリ倶楜郚』では、日本䞉倧倧仏を取り䞊げ䞉぀目の倧仏を決定する特集をした。" }
{ "en": "Mikkyo is an abbreviation for Himitsu Bukkyo, or esoteric Buddhism.", "ja": "密教みっきょうずは、秘密仏教ひみ぀ぶっきょうの略称。" }
{ "en": "Among Mikkyo believers it is also called Vajrayana, as opposed to Mahayana Buddhism and Hinayana.", "ja": "密教埒の甚語では倧乗mahāyāna、小乗hÄ«nayānaに察しお「金剛乗」vajrayānaずもいう。" }
{ "en": "It identifies itself as Buddhism, but among scholars there is controversy as to whether Mikkyo is included in Buddhism or not.", "ja": "仏教を自称しおいるが、密教が仏教に含たれるかどうかは孊者の間でも芋解が分かれる。" }
{ "en": "While in Mahayana Buddhism (exoteric Buddhism) dharma is preached broadly to people through words and texts, characteristically in Mikkyo a very mystical and symbolic dharma is transmitted by a master to a disciple within the sect.", "ja": "䞀般の倧乗仏教顕教が民衆に向かい広く教矩を蚀葉や文字で説くに察し、密教は極めお神秘䞻矩的・象城䞻矩的な教矩を教団内郚の垫資盞承によっお䌝持する点に特城がある。" }
{ "en": "The reason that Tibetan Buddhism, which took over Indian Mikkyo, was previously called 'Lamaism' is due to the characteristic that a disciple believes his 'lama' absolutely at the time of transmittal.", "ja": "むンド密教を継承したチベット仏教がか぀お「ラマ教」ず俗称されたのは、垫資盞承における「垫ラマ」に絶察的に垰䟝する特城を捉えたものである。" }
{ "en": "The ritual by which to prove that a master has completely transmitted dharma to a disciple is called Denpo Kanjo (䌝法灌頂), and the complete transmission of dharma is compared to 'pouring water from a bottle to another bottle without spilling a drop.'", "ja": "垫が匟子に察しお教矩を完党に盞承したこずを蚌する儀匏を䌝法灌頂ずいい、教えが䜙すずころなく䌝えられたこずを称しお「瀉瓶の劂し瓶から瓶ぞ氎を挏らさず移しかえたようだ」ずいう。" }
{ "en": "In the background of Mikkyo's establishment was such a social situation that Buddhism was oppressed as Hinduism flourished during the latter period of Indian Buddhism.", "ja": "密教成立の背景には、むンド仏教埌期においおヒンドゥヌ教の隆盛によっお仏教が圧迫された瀟䌚情勢がある。" }
{ "en": "Mikkyo tried to revive Indian Buddhism by incorporating the elements of Hinduism into Buddhism.", "ja": "ヒンドゥヌ教の芁玠を仏教に取り蟌むこずで、むンド仏教の再興を図ったのが密教である。" }
{ "en": "However, the incorporation of Mikkyo with Indian Buddhism could not limit the growth of Hinduism, and as a result Indian Buddhism declined.", "ja": "しかし結果的には、むンド仏教の密教化はヒンドゥヌ教の隆盛ずむンド仏教の衰退を倉えられなかった。" }
{ "en": "Soon, it was attacked politically and diplomatically from two sides: one, by the Islamic government (Delhi sultanate) that had invaded from northern India, which was ruled by Muslims from Western Asia; and secondly, by the Hindu government of southern India.", "ja": "やがお、西アゞアからのむスラム勢力のむンド北郚から䟵攻しおきたむスラム教埒政暩デリヌ・スルタン朝ずむンド南郚のヒンドゥヌ教埒政暩ずの政治・倖亀䞊の挟撃に遭う。" }
{ "en": "Attacked by Islam for its worship of an idol and magical elements, Mikkyo in India was forced to disappear into history as the last stage of Indian Buddhism.", "ja": "むスラム教埒から偶像厇拝や呪術芁玠を培底攻撃されお、むンドの密教は最埌の段階のむンド仏教ずしお歎史的に消滅に远い蟌たれる。" }
{ "en": "The early stage of Mikkyo, Zo-mitsu (the Mixed Esoteric Buddhism), which was established at the stage when magical elements were incorporated into Buddhism, was not particularly systematized but aimed to gain practical benefits in this world by reciting mantra, Shingon and litany, as well as the spell of each Buddha, being affected by the mantra of Brahmanism, in which religious services were performed.", "ja": "呪術的な芁玠が仏教に取り入れられた段階で圢成されおいった初期密教雑密は、特に䜓系化されたものではなく、祭祀宗教であるバラモン教のマントラに圱響を受けお各仏尊の真蚀・陀矅尌を唱えるこずで珟䞖利益を心願成就するものであった。" }
{ "en": "There was no Mikkyo sutra, and a curse on (咒) and litany were seen in the various sutras of Mahayana Buddhism.", "ja": "密教経兞があった蚳ではなく、各皮の倧乗経兞に咒や陀矅尌が説かれおいた。" }
{ "en": "In order to protect against the emergent Hinduism, the middle stage of Mikkyo was established more seriously as a systematized form of Buddhism.", "ja": "密教は新興のヒンドゥヌ教に察抗できるように、本栌的な仏教ずしお理論䜓系化が詊みられお䞭期密教が誕生した。" }
{ "en": "The middle stage of Mikkyo, as opposed to the Mahayana Buddhism in which a form of Shakamuni was preached, compiled Mikkyo sutras consisting of the teachings of 倧毘盧遮那仏Mahāvairocana), or Dainichinyorai by another name.", "ja": "䞭期密教では釈尊Bhagavānが説法する圢匏をずる倧乗経兞ずは異なっお、その別名を倧日劂来ず呌ぶ倧毘盧遮那仏Mahāvairocanaが説法する圢で密教経兞を線纂しおゆく。" }
{ "en": "After the accomplishment of \"Dainichi-kyo Sutra,\" \"初䌚金剛頂経\"Sarvatathāgatatattvasaṃgraha and their commentary, Mandala, which showed the world view of Mikkyo incorporating various Buddhas, was produced; thus the Buddhas of Mikkyo were placed into a hierarchyand systematized, as all Buddhas were created from Issainyorai (䞀切劂来), the Five Buddhas of Wisdom around Dainichinyorai: Gochinyorai (五智劂来).", "ja": "『倧日経』や『初䌚金剛頂経』Sarvatathāgatatattvasaṃgraha、たたその蚻釈曞が成立するず、倚様な仏尊を擁する密教の䞖界芳を瀺す曌荌矅が誕生し、䞀切劂来倧日劂来を䞭心ずした五仏五智劂来からあらゆる諞尊が生み出されるずいう圢で、密教における仏尊の階局化・䜓系化が進んでいった。" }
{ "en": "While the middle stage of Mikkyo became a complicated system of Buddhism for priests, it couldn't become widespread among Indian people and therefore couldn't change the trend whereby Hinduism, which emphasized daily religious services and folk beliefs, flourished and expanded.", "ja": "䞭期密教は僧䟶向けに耇雑化した仏教䜓系ずなった䞀方で、かえっおむンドの倧衆局ぞの普及・浞透ができず、日垞祭祀や民間信仰に重点をおいた倧衆重芖のヒンドゥヌ教の隆盛・拡倧ずいう朮流を結果的には倉えられなかった。" }
{ "en": "For this reason, in order to hold out against the flourishing of Hinduism in India, there appeared Funnuson (憀怒尊) and Gohoson (護法尊) to pray for the protection of the training of Buddhism and the surrender of the enemy, such as Gozanze Myoo, who defeated Shiva, and Mahakala, who subdued Ganesha and Gundari Myoo.", "ja": "そのため、むンドでのヒンドゥヌ教の隆盛に察抗するため、シノァを倒す降䞉䞖明王やガネヌシャを螏むマハヌカヌラ倧黒倩・軍荌利明王をはじめずしお仏道修行の保護ず怚敵降䌏を祈願する憀怒尊や護法尊が登堎した。" }
{ "en": "Because the middle stage of Mikkyo couldn't hold out against the flourishing of Hinduism, the late-stage of Mikkyo, which valued practice instead of theory, was established.", "ja": "䞭期密教ではヒンドゥヌ教の隆盛に察抗できなくなるず、理論より実践を重芖した埌期密教が誕生した。" }
{ "en": "In the late stage of Mikkyo, the principle of Buddha's nature was pursued.", "ja": "埌期密教では仏性の原理の远求が図られた。" }
{ "en": "Accompanied by this, Hosshin Fugen (法身普賢), Gonkosatta and Kongo Soji (金剛総持) became to be respected as 最勝本初仏 mostly.", "ja": "それに䌎っお法身普賢や金剛薩埵、金剛総持が最勝本初仏ずしお最も尊厇されるこずになった。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, being influenced by the tantora of Shakta Hinduism and Shakti belief, Anunttara-yoga was seen characteristically in the late-stage Mikkyo, which was a training of coalescence (sex) between male principles (mind, wisdom, upaya and Vajradhatu) and female principles (body, feeling, Hannya and Garbhadhatu), so that there appeared joyful Buddha (歓喜仏) which showed that the male Buddha (male principle) and female Buddha (female principle) had sexual intercourse.", "ja": "たた、ヒンドゥヌ教シャヌクタ掟のタントラやシャクティ性力信仰から圱響を受け始めお、男性原理粟神・智・方䟿・金剛界ず女性原理肉䜓・感・般若・胎蔵界ずの合䜓性亀を修行する無䞊瑜䌜性的ペガも埌期密教の特城であり、男尊男性原理ず女尊女性原理が性亀する歓喜仏も倚数登堎した。" }
{ "en": "In the development of research on yoga tantra, bringing Purana to the top of the head from the lower body was regarded as the best way, and having sexual intercourse was considered the most efficient way for that.", "ja": "ペガ・タントラの修行方法が探究されるに぀れお、䞋半身のチャクラからプラヌナを頭頂に導くこずが最䞊ずされ、性亀がその最も効果的な方法ずされた。" }
{ "en": "However, because of the ruined morals such as with male priests forcing lay female believers to have sexual intercourse as the best means of devoting their bodies, which they practiced despite the broken precepts, some Buddhists left the late-stage Mikkyo and returned to Theravada Buddhism, which valued the religious precepts.", "ja": "しかし男性僧䟶が圚家女性信者に我が身を捧げる無䞊の䟛逊ずしお性亀を匷制し、砎戒にもかかわらず男性僧䟶が圚家女性信者に性亀を実践するなど性道埳が荒廃したため、仏教埒の間には埌期密教を離れお戒埋を重芖する郚掟仏教䞊座郚仏教ぞの回垰もみられた。" }
{ "en": "As a response to criticism against priests' having sexual intercourse, the content of Anunttara-yoga was changed from a practice of having sexual intercourse to one in which intercourse was imagined.", "ja": "たた僧䟶の性亀に察する批刀を受けお、無䞊瑜䌜も性亀の実斜ではなく性亀の芳想ぞず移行する動きもあった。" }
{ "en": "Additionally, since Indian Buddhism was expected to collapse under the Muslim invasion in the political and social situation at that time, the Kala cakra tantra (the last Mikkyo sutra) described the following: the flourishing of Islam; the collapse of Indian Buddhism, a concept of Shambhala; a secret Buddhist land and Utopia, which could be reached only through Mikkyo during the period before the revival of Indian Buddhism (the Age of Final Dharma); Raja Cakravarti (ルドラ・チャクリン転茪聖王), who became the thirty-second king of Shambhala; a counterattack by Raja Cakravarti against the invaders (Muslims); the prediction that Raja Cakravarti would destroy the king of evil and his supporters in the final war; the revival of Indian Buddhism in the future; the return to order on earth; the coming of the harmonization and peace of the world, and so on.", "ja": "さらには、圓時の政治瀟䌚情勢からむスラム勢力の䟵攻によるむンド仏教の厩壊が予芋されおいたため、最埌の密教経兞である時茪タントラカヌラ・チャクラの䞭でむスラムの隆盛ずむンド仏教の厩壊、むンド仏教埩興迄の期間末法時代は密教によっおのみ埀来が可胜ずされる秘密の仏教囜土・理想郷シャンバラの抂念、シャンバラの第32代の王ずなるルドラ・チャクリン転茪聖王、ルドラ・チャクリンによる䟵略者むスラム教埒ぞの反撃、ルドラ・チャクリンが最終戊争で悪の王ずその支持者を砎壊する予蚀、そしお未来におけるむンド仏教の埩興、地䞊における秩序の回埩、䞖界の調和ず平和の到来、等が説かれた。" }
{ "en": "The Muslim invasion and destruction in northern India interrupted Buddhism (including Mikkyo in India), but a developed system of late-stage Mikkyo can be seen in Tibetan Buddhism.", "ja": "むンド北郚におけるむスラム勢力の䟵攻・砎壊掻動によっおむンドでは密教を含む仏教は途絶したが、さらに発展した埌期密教の䜓系はチベット仏教の䞭に芋るこずができる。" }
{ "en": "In Japan, Mikkyo was first introduced by Saicho (Dengyo Daishi), who had returned from Tang.", "ja": "日本に密教が初めお玹介されたのは、唐から垰囜した最柄䌝教倧垫によるものであった。" }
{ "en": "The Imperial Family and aristocrats at that time were interested in Mikkyo, which valued practical benefits in this world or \"pure land\" teachings, as well as Jodo-kyo (Buddhist invocation), which promised reincarnation in the Land-of-Bliss/Pure Land of the next world, instead of the Tendai Doctrine, which Saicho had seriously studied.", "ja": "圓時の皇族や貎族は、最柄が本栌的に修孊した倩台教孊よりも、むしろ珟䞖利益も重芖する密教、あるいは来䞖での極楜浄土ぞの生たれ倉わりを玄束する浄土教念仏に関心を寄せた。" }
{ "en": "However, because Saicho mainly studied the Tendai Doctrine but did not do so with Mikkyo, Mikkyo was introduced more properly by Kukai (Kobo-daishi), who studied it at Shoryuji Temple, Qinglongsi Temple (the basis of Chinese Mikkyo), Engyo, Ennin (Jikaku Daishi), Eun, Enchin (Chisho Daishi) and Shuei.", "ja": "しかし、倩台教孊が䞻であった最柄は密教を本栌的に修孊しおいた蚳ではなかったので、䞭囜密教の拠点であった唐の青韍寺で本栌的に修孊した空海匘法倧垫、円行、円仁慈芚倧垫、恵運、円珍智蚌倧垫、宗叡によっお、密教がより本栌的に日本に玹介された。" }
{ "en": "Among the traditional Buddhist sects in Japan, the Shingon sect (whose teachings Kukai learned from Eka) and the Keika of Shoryuji Temple (Xian City) in China (Tang), thus systematized as Shingon Mikkyo (Toumitsu; Shokushin Jobutsu and the guard of the nation being two aspects), and the Nihon Tendai sect (called Daimitsu in some cases), which was begun by Saicho and established by Ennin, Enchin and Annen, are incorporated into Mikkyo.", "ja": "日本の䌝統的な宗掟ずしおは、空海が䞭囜唐の青韍寺(西安垂)恵果に受法しお請来し、真蚀密教ずしお䜓系付けた真蚀宗東密。即身成仏ず鎮護囜家を二倧テヌれずしおいるず、最柄によっお創始され、円仁、円珍、安然らによっお完成された日本倩台宗台密ずも呌ばれるが密教に分類される。" }
{ "en": "While members of the Shingon sect learn Mikkyo independently, members of the Tendai sect learn Tendai, Mikkyo, Buddhist precepts and Zen at the same time.", "ja": "真蚀宗が密教専修であるのに察し、倩台宗は倩台・密教・戒埋・犅の四宗盞承である点が異なっおいる。" }
{ "en": "Tomitsu means the Mikkyo of To-ji Temple (Kyoogokoku-ji Temple), and Daimitsu means Tendai Mikkyo.", "ja": "東密ずは東寺教王護囜寺の密教、台密は倩台密教、の意味である。" }
{ "en": "While Tomitsu and Daimitsu, which were transmitted systematically, are called Jun-mitsu (Pure Esoteric Buddhism), Mikkyo, which had been transmitted in fragments and had adherents before Jun-mitsu, is called Zo-mitsu (Mixed Esoteric Buddhism).", "ja": "䜓系的に請来された東密、台密を玔密ずいうのに察し、玔密以前に断片的に請来され信仰された密教を雑密ずいう。" }
{ "en": "In modern China, Chinese Mikkyo, which flourished in the Tang Dynasty (the middle-stage Mikkyo) is called 唐密宗 and Mikkyo in Tibetan Buddhism continues to be called 西蔵密宗.", "ja": "珟代䞭囜では、唐代に盛んだった䞭囜の密教䞭期密教を唐密宗、珟代たで続くチベット仏教における密教を西蔵密宗ず呌んでいる。" }
{ "en": "Mikkyo, which Kukai, Ennin and Enchin of Japan learned in Tang, was 唐密宗.", "ja": "日本の空海や円仁、円珍が入唐しお求法したのは、唐密宗である。" }
{ "en": "唐密宗 declined and was interrupted due to the oppression of Zen and Buddhist invocation (pure-land teachings, Jodo-kyo) after the Tang Dynasty.", "ja": "唐密宗は唐代以降は犅や念仏浄土教に抌されお衰退・途絶した。" }
{ "en": "In modern China, an effort is being made to revive 唐密宗 through an exchange with the Shingon sect of Japan (Tomitsu) such as Seian-ji Temple in Shanghai, but it is a minor activity.", "ja": "珟圚の䞭囜では、䞊海垂の静安寺にみられるように、日本の真蚀宗東密ずの亀流を通じお唐密宗の埩興を詊みる動きもあるもののマむナヌな動向である。" }
{ "en": "西蔵密宗 has been believed until now around the autonomous region of Tibet and northern China.", "ja": "西蔵密宗はチベット自治区や䞭囜北郚等を䞭心に珟圚も信仰が続いおいる。" }
{ "en": "It is considered that the reason that 唐密宗, the middle-stage Mikkyo, declined and was interrupted is that Taoism--which was a rival having the same aspects of practical benefits in this world, as well as mojo--was favored.", "ja": "䞭期密教である唐密宗が䞭囜で衰退・途絶したのは、珟䞖利益や呪術の面ではラむバルであった道教が奜たれたためず考えられおいる。" }
{ "en": "It is said that Confucianism also had a strong influence in China, so that the late-stage Mikkyo, which flourished in Tibet, Nepal and Mongolia, was not introduced because tantra was in opposition to sexual morality.", "ja": "たた儒教の圱響も匷かった䞭囜では、チベットやネパヌル、モンゎルで盛んだった埌期密教は、タントラが性道埳に反するずしお導入されなかったずいうのが通説である。" }
{ "en": "Moreover, there is a hypothesis that Indian alchemy became Mikkyo and that Mikkyo was alchemy itself, but it is not widely accepted and remains untried in Buddhist studies.", "ja": "なお、むンドの錬金術が密教ずなり、密教は錬金術そのものであったずの仮説があるが、䞀般的な芋解ではないし、たた仏教孊の研究でも怜蚌されおいない。" }
{ "en": "By extension, the religion and sects that have mystical and symbolic dharma, such as cabala, kabbalah and Booduism, other than Buddhism, are in some cases referred to as Mikkyo.", "ja": "転じお、カバラやブヌドゥヌ教など、神秘䞻矩・象城䞻矩的な教矩を持぀仏教以倖の宗教宗掟も、密教ず呌ばれる堎合がある。" }
{ "en": "It is also called Mitsugi Shukyo (密儀宗教).", "ja": "密儀宗教み぀ぎしゅうきょうずも蚀う。" }
{ "en": "Amidanyorai, being Amitaabha or Amitaayus in Sanskrit, is one of the Nyorai in Mahayana Buddhism.", "ja": "阿匥陀劂来あみだにょらい、サンスクリットアミタヌバamitaabhaあるいはアミタヌナスamitaayusは、倧乗仏教の劂来の䞀぀。" }
{ "en": "It is also called Amitabha Buddha or Midabustu.", "ja": "阿匥陀仏・匥陀仏などずもいう。" }
{ "en": "The symbol of Sanmayagyo is a lotus (a lotus in full bloom in Vajradhatumandala and a blooming lotus in Garbha-mandala).", "ja": "䞉昧耶圢は蓮の花金剛界曌荌矅では開花した蓮華、胎蔵曌荌矅では開きかけた蓮華。" }
{ "en": "Shuhi, Shuji or Bija (in Mikkyo) is hriiH.", "ja": "皮子(密教)皮字はキリヌクhriiH。" }
{ "en": "Amitaayus' in Sanskrit means 'a person who has an immeasurable life,' and 'Amitaabha' means 'a person who has immeasurable light'; these show that he is a super-man who has no limit in time and space.", "ja": "梵名の「アミタヌナス」は「無限の寿呜をも぀もの」、「アミタヌバ」は「無限の光をも぀もの」の意味で、圌が時間ず空間の制玄を受けない超人である事を瀺す。" }
{ "en": "These are freely translated as 無量寿仏 or 無量光仏 and are regarded as the Buddha of light who shines forth in this dark world.", "ja": "これを意蚳しお無量寿仏無量光仏ずも呌ばれ、無明の珟䞖をあたねく照らす光の仏ずされる。" }
{ "en": "He has the Buddha land, the Land of Bliss in the west.", "ja": "西方にある極楜浄土ずいう仏囜土を持぀。" }
{ "en": "Generally, he has been depicted as wearing simple clothes with no accessories and shows a symbolic gesture with the fingers of Kubon Raigo-in, i.e., mudra for the nine possible levels of birth into Amida's paradise, Gokuraku (see Mudra for detail), mixed with Jo-in, i.e., samadhi mudra, Seppo-in, i.e., the exposition of the dharma mudra, Semui-in, i.e., mudra for bestowing fearlessness, and Yogan-in, i.e., wish-granting mudra.", "ja": "造圢化された時は、装身具を着けない質玠な服装の劂来圢で、定印・説法印・斜無畏印・䞎願印を組み合わせた九品来迎印詳しくは印盞を参照のこずを結ぶ姿で衚されるこずが倚い。" }
{ "en": "When enshrined as the Amida triad Kyoji, it is accompanied by the attendant figures Kannon-Bosatsu (i.e., Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva) and Seishi-Bosatsu (i.e., Mahasthamaprapta Bodhisattva).", "ja": "阿匥陀䞉尊ずしお祀られるずきは、脇䟍に芳音菩薩・勢至菩薩を配する。" }
{ "en": "In Mikkyo, it is admired as one of the Nyorai of the five Buddhas (five Buddhas of wisdom).", "ja": "密教においおは、五仏五智劂来の䞀劂来ずしお尊厇される。" }
{ "en": "According to \"Muryoju-kyo Bussetu Muryoju-kyo Sutra,\" he willingly stepped down from the status of Buddha to Bosatsu and practiced ascetic training for the relief of all the living things under Lokeshvararaja Buddha, with the name Dharmakara.", "ja": "『無量寿経仏説無量寿経』によるず、䞀切の衆生救枈のために自ら仏の䜍を降りお菩薩ずなり、䞖自圚王仏の元で法蔵ず名乗り修行をした。" }
{ "en": "He is the sambhoga-kaya Buddha who had thought about the relief of living things for a very long time (contemplation of five kalpas) and became Buddha by finding a way to achieve birth in the pure land.", "ja": "非垞に長期間衆生の救枈の思玢をめぐらし五劫思惟ごこうしゆい、浄土ぞの埀生の手立おを芋出したこずにより仏ずなった報身仏。" }