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<BOP> Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/. <EOP> <BOQ> Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what? <EOQ> | Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what? | <BOL> aspiration <EOL> |
<BOP> According to John Everett-Heath, the author of Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names, Hyderabad means "Haydar's city" or "lion city", from haydar (lion) and ābād (city). It was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battles. Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, says the city was originally called Baghnagar (city of gardens). One popular theory suggests that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the founder of the city, named it "Bhagyanagar" or "Bhāgnagar" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl with whom he had fallen in love. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city was renamed Hyderabad in her honour. According to another source, the city was named after Haidar, the son of Quli Qutb Shah. <EOP> <BOQ> What does the Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names say Hyderabad means? <EOQ> | What does the Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names say Hyderabad means? | <BOL> "Haydar's city" or "lion city" <EOL> |
<BOP> Epigenetic changes in eukaryotic biology serve to regulate the process of cellular differentiation. During morphogenesis, totipotent stem cells become the various pluripotent cell lines of the embryo, which in turn become fully differentiated cells. A single fertilized egg cell, the zygote, gives rise to the many different plant cell types including parenchyma, xylem vessel elements, phloem sieve tubes, guard cells of the epidermis, etc. as it continues to divide. The process results from the epigenetic activation of some genes and inhibition of others. <EOP> <BOQ> What is the original cell of the plant? <EOQ> | What is the original cell of the plant? | <BOL> the zygote <EOL> |
From the facts presented in <BOP> 'Gary Lynn "Sudsy" Sutherland (born September 27, 1944) is a former American baseball player. He played college baseball at the University of Southern California and later played 13 seasons in Major League Baseball, principally as a second baseman (717 games) and shortstop (164 games), from 1966 to 1978.' </EOP>, decide if the statement: <BOH> 'Gary Lynn "Sudsy" played in the minor leagues for at least one year.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | Gary Lynn "Sudsy" played in the minor leagues for at least one year. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} The text talks about his college and major league career, but there is no mention of other league involvement. |
Based on the details provided in: <BOP> 'Wu Di () is a Chinese cinematographer and one-time film director, known for his collaborations with Sixth Generation director, Wang Xiaoshuai. The director of photography for over ten films (all with mainland directors), Wu Di also wrote and directed a feature of his own, 1995's "Goldfish".' </EOP>, determine if the claim: <BOH> 'Wu Di appears as a side character in his 1995 film "Goldfish"' </EOH> represents a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | Wu Di appears as a side character in his 1995 film "Goldfish" | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} In order to know who appeared in the movie, further context is required. |
<BOP> In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis caused extensive damage in the densely populated, rice-farming delta of the Irrawaddy Division. It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing, and damage totalled to 10 billion US Dollars, and as many as 1 million left homeless. In the critical days following this disaster, Myanmar's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts. Humanitarian aid was requested but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine, food, and other supplies. <EOP> <BOQ> How much was the financial cost of the damages of the 2007 natural disaster in Burma ? <EOQ> | How much was the financial cost of the damages of the 2007 natural disaster in Burma ? | <BOL> 10 billion US Dollars <EOL> |
With the premise: <BOP> '"Fans" is a song by American rock band Kings of Leon. It is the second single released from their 2007 album, "Because of the Times", and the ninth track on the album. Lyrically, the song pays homage to the band's fans in the UK, where the band have traditionally enjoyed more success than in their homeland: ""All of London sing / 'Cos England swings and they sure love the tales I bring"".' </EOP>, decide if the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Fans was released under a different name in 2008.' </EOH> leads to a contradiction, entailment, or neutral result. Explain why. | Fans was released under a different name in 2008. | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} Given the context, it is possible Fans was released under a different name in 2008, though it is not explicitly mentioned, so it is neither definitely correct not definitely incorrect. |
<BOP> The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924, a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary. The initialism IBM followed. Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging and its logo. <EOP> <BOQ> In what year was CTR created? <EOQ> | In what year was CTR created? | <BOL> 1911 <EOL> |
Given the context: <BOP> 'The Grand Prix des Frontières was a motor race held at a street circuit in Chimay, Belgium. The race was created by Jules Buisseret, who was also responsible for the circuit's existence. The first event was held in 1929 and was discontinued after the 1972 event for safety reasons.' </EOP>, classify the statement: <BOH> 'Jules Buisseret lost The Grand Prix des Frontières.' </EOH> as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Justify your choice. | Jules Buisseret lost The Grand Prix des Frontières. | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} the statement does not let you know if Jules Buisseret was a racer or not |
<BOP> The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's "Adolescence in 1904." Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based on two then new ways of understanding human behavior: Darwin's evolutionary theory and Freud's psychodynamic theory. He believed that adolescence was a representation of our human ancestors' phylogenetic shift from being primitive to being civilized. Hall's assertions stood relatively uncontested until the 1950s when psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Anna Freud started to formulate their theories about adolescence. Freud believed that the psychological disturbances associated with youth were biologically based and culturally universal while Erikson focused on the dichotomy between identity formation and role fulfillment. Even with their different theories, these three psychologists agreed that adolescence was inherently a time of disturbance and psychological confusion. The less turbulent aspects of adolescence, such as peer relations and cultural influence, were left largely ignored until the 1980s. From the '50s until the '80s, the focus of the field was mainly on describing patterns of behavior as opposed to explaining them. <EOP> <BOQ> Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution? <EOQ> | Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution? | <BOL> Darwin <EOL> |
<BOP> The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice. At a depth of 7000 km, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones. Very-high-pressure experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the base of the mantle may comprise an ocean of liquid carbon with floating solid 'diamonds'. <EOP> <BOQ> What rains on Neptune? <EOQ> | What rains on Neptune? | <BOL> diamond crystals <EOL> |
Examine the premise: <BOP> 'Thwaite is a small village in the Yorkshire Dales, North Yorkshire, England. It is in Swaledale and is part the district of Richmondshire and the civil parish of Muker. The village lies on the B6270 road that runs through Swaledale from east to west and is 15 km west of Reeth. The name "Thwaite" comes from the Old Norse word þveit, meaning 'clearing, meadow or paddock'.' </EOP> and assess if the subsequent statement: <BOH> 'Reeth is in North Yorkshire.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Include your rationale. | Reeth is in North Yorkshire. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} It does say say whether this is true or not. The system did not understand. |
With the premise: <BOP> 'The motion reads as follows: ``That this House request that the government convey to the governor of the state of Texas, the hon. George W. Bush, and to parole authorities of this state, its very serious concern about the violation of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations in the case of Mr. Stanley Faulder, a Canadian citizen who is to be executed on December 10, 1998 at Huntsville State Prison; and further, that the government convey this House's respectful request that the execution be stayed pending a judicial review of the case to ensure that due process has been followed''.' </EOP>, decide if the hypothesis: <BOH> 'George W. Bush was president on December 10, 1998.' </EOH> leads to a contradiction, entailment, or neutral result. Explain why. | George W. Bush was president on December 10, 1998. | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} He was governor of Texas. |
<BOP> Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister. His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign. <EOP> <BOQ> Who replaced Lord Rosenbery after only a year of government? <EOQ> | Who replaced Lord Rosenbery after only a year of government? | <BOL> Lord Salisbury <EOL> |
<BOP> Popular music in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek Laïka scene; artists who play in this genre include international platinum star Anna Vissi, Evridiki, and Sarbel. Hip Hop, R&B and reggae have been supported by the emergence of Cypriot rap and the urban music scene at Ayia Napa. Cypriot rock music and Éntekhno rock is often associated with artists such as Michalis Hatzigiannis and Alkinoos Ioannidis. Metal also has a small following in Cyprus represented by bands such as Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, Winter's Verge and Quadraphonic. <EOP> <BOQ> What other genres of music are enjoyed in Cyprus? <EOQ> | What other genres of music are enjoyed in Cyprus? | <BOL> Hip Hop, R&B and reggae <EOL> |
<BOP> According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 25% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 29% professing Roman Catholic beliefs. while 33% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 10% of the population. <EOP> <BOQ> In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Christian? <EOQ> | In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Christian? | <BOL> 57% <EOL> |
<BOP> The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution, with a branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During "the eclipse of Darwinism" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences. <EOP> <BOQ> When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution? <EOQ> | When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution? | <BOL> in the 1930s and 1940s <EOL> |
<BOP> Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava, under fire from Russian batteries in the hills. The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700-man unit. The Light Brigade was memorialized in the famous poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, "The Charge of the Light Brigade." Although traditionally the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses, recent historians say that the charge of the Light Brigade did succeed in at least some of its objectives. The aim of any cavalry charge is to scatter the enemy lines and frighten the enemy off the battlefield. The charge of the Light Brigade had so unnerved the Russian cavalry, which had previously been routed by the Heavy Brigade, that the Russian Cavalry was set to full-scale flight by the subsequent charge of the Light Brigade.:252 <EOP> <BOQ> Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava? <EOQ> | Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava? | <BOL> Cardigan <EOL> |
<BOP> Tibet has some of the world's tallest mountains, with several of them making the top ten list. Mount Everest, located on the border with Nepal, is, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), the highest mountain on earth. Several major rivers have their source in the Tibetan Plateau (mostly in present-day Qinghai Province). These include the Yangtze, Yellow River, Indus River, Mekong, Ganges, Salween and the Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra River). The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, along the Yarlung Tsangpo River, is among the deepest and longest canyons in the world. <EOP> <BOQ> On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located? <EOQ> | On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located? | <BOL> Nepal <EOL> |
Using the premise: <BOP> 'Lorado Zadoc Taft (April 29, 1860 – October 30, 1936) was an American sculptor, writer and educator. Taft was born in Elmwood, Illinois, in 1860 and died in his home studio in Chicago in 1936. Taft was the father of US Representative Emily Taft Douglas, father-in-law to her husband, US Senator Paul Douglas, and a distant relative of US President William Howard Taft.' </EOP>, decide if the conclusion: <BOH> 'Larado Zadoc Taft was a US Representative.' </EOH> logically follows as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Explain your reasoning. | Larado Zadoc Taft was a US Representative. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} He was the father of one, and I used words from the context |
Using the premise: <BOP> 'O Pai Tirano (lit. "The Tyrant Father") is a 1941 Portuguese film comedy directed by António Lopes Ribeiro, starring Vasco Santana, Ribeirinho (Francisco Ribeiro), Leonor Maia, Teresa Gomes and Laura Alves. It is one of the best known comedies of the Golden Age of Portuguese cinema, still popular six decades after its release.' </EOP>, decide if the conclusion: <BOH> 'António Lopes Ribeiro reads Paddington bear books to his kids.' </EOH> logically follows as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Explain your reasoning. | António Lopes Ribeiro reads Paddington bear books to his kids. | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} From the context, we do no know whether or not António Lopes Ribeiro reads Paddington bear books to his kids, therefore the statement is neither definitely correct nor definitely incorrect. |
Reflect on the information in: <BOP> 'Alana de la Garza (born June 18, 1976) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Connie Rubirosa on the NBC television series "Law & Order", "", and "", and as Marisol Delko-Caine on "". In 2014 and 2015, she starred as Detective Jo Martinez in the ABC series "Forever". From 2016 to 2017, she starred in "" as Special Agent Clara Seger.' </EOP>. Does the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Alana de Garza is an actress on more than ten TV series.' </EOH> constitute a contradiction, entailment, or neutral? | Alana de Garza is an actress on more than ten TV series. | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} The context doesn't say the total number of TV series she has appeared in, only the ones she is best known for. |
<BOP> The Ricketts family acquired a majority interest in the Cubs in 2009, ending the Tribune years. Apparently handcuffed by the Tribune's bankruptcy and the sale of the club to the Ricketts family, the Cubs' quest for a NL Central 3-peat started with notice that there would be less invested into contracts than in previous years. Chicago engaged St. Louis in a see-saw battle for first place into August 2009, but the Cardinals played to a torrid 20–6 pace that month, designating their rivals to battle in the Wild Card race, from which they were eliminated in the season's final week. The Cubs were plagued by injuries in 2009, and were only able to field their Opening Day starting lineup three times the entire season. Third baseman Aramis Ramírez injured his throwing shoulder in an early May game against the Milwaukee Brewers, sidelining him until early July and forcing journeyman players like Mike Fontenot and Aaron Miles into more prominent roles. Additionally, key players like Derrek Lee (who still managed to hit .306 with 35 HR and 111 RBI that season), Alfonso Soriano and Geovany Soto also nursed nagging injuries. The Cubs posted a winning record (83–78) for the third consecutive season, the first time the club had done so since 1972, and a new era of ownership under the Ricketts' family was approved by MLB owners in early October. <EOP> <BOQ> When did the Ricketts family acquire a majority interest in the Cubs? <EOQ> | When did the Ricketts family acquire a majority interest in the Cubs? | <BOL> 2009 <EOL> |
From the information in: <BOP> 'The MySpace Transmissions is a digital EP by Say Anything. The album was released over MySpace on December 12, 2009,as part of MySpace's The MySpace Transmissions series. It contains five songs, four from "Say Anything" and one from "...Was a Real Boy".' </EOP>, deduce whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'There was not more than one song by Was a Real Boy on the digital EP by Say Anything that was released on MySpace after 12/11/2009.' </EOH> results in a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | There was not more than one song by Was a Real Boy on the digital EP by Say Anything that was released on MySpace after 12/11/2009. | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} The album was released on MySpace on 12/12/2009 making it after 12/11/2009 and there were 4 songs from "Say Anything" and one from "...Was a Real Boy". |
Examine the information in <BOP> 'Around 130 flights were cancelled during a strike held on 19 January, and others were cancelled in the days that followed. When the flight assistants announced a further 24-hour for 23 January, the Italian Guarantee Authority (Commissione di Garanzia) which regulates strikes in essential public services (under the terms of laws no. 194/1990 and no. 83/2000) (IT0004266F) accused the unions of breaching the legal provision that 10 days must elapse between one strike and the next.' </EOP> Is the statement: <BOH> '19 flights were cancelled because of this.' </EOH> a contradiction, entailment, or neutral? Justify your conclusion. | 19 flights were cancelled because of this. | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} 130 flights were cancelled. |
Given the premise: <BOP> 'The 1993 Boise State Broncos football team represented Boise State University in the 1993 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Broncos competed in the Big Sky Conference and played their home games on campus at Bronco Stadium in Boise, Idaho. Led by first-year head coach Pokey Allen, Boise State finished the season 3–8 overall and 1–6 in conference.' </EOP>, evaluate whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Led by first-year head coach Pokey Allen, Boise State finished the season 1-6 overall and 3-8 in conference.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Explain your decision. | Led by first-year head coach Pokey Allen, Boise State finished the season 1-6 overall and 3-8 in conference. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} Led by first-year head coach Pokey Allen, Boise State finished the season 3–8 overall and 1–6 in conference. The figures are the other way around |
Reflect on the information in: <BOP> 'Sunday Live with Adam Boulton was a weekend news and political show on Sky News and on Sky News HD, presented by Sky News' Political Editor Adam Boulton. From January 2011, the programme was replaced with "Murnaghan", a similar show presented by Dermot Murnaghan. Boulton moved to a new weekday show at 13:00 on Sky News.' </EOP>. Does the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Sunday Live with Adam Boulton has run for five years.' </EOH> constitute a contradiction, entailment, or neutral? | Sunday Live with Adam Boulton has run for five years. | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} My statement, albeit not found in the Agent snippet, can't be assumed to be incorrect and it was difficult for the system because, I reasoned well above the system. |
<BOP> Left-wing politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s. Voters approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana (1974), and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan (1990). In 1974, Kathy Kozachenko's victory in an Ann Arbor city-council race made her the country's first openly homosexual candidate to win public office. In 1975, Ann Arbor became the first U.S. city to use instant-runoff voting for a mayoral race. Adopted through a ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party, which feared a splintering of the liberal vote, the process was repealed in 1976 after use in only one election. As of August 2009, Democrats hold the mayorship and all council seats. The left tilt of politics in the city has earned it the nickname "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor". Nationally, Ann Arbor is located in Michigan's 12th congressional district, represented by Democrat Debbie Dingell. <EOP> <BOQ> What kind of politics have been strong in the municipal government? <EOQ> | What kind of politics have been strong in the municipal government? | <BOL> Left-wing politics <EOL> |
<BOP> The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact. <EOP> <BOQ> What was the final goal of the state economic system? <EOQ> | What was the final goal of the state economic system? | <BOL> to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects <EOL> |
Considering the context: <BOP> 'The United States government has filed a civil lawsuit against BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc. (BPXA) alleging that the company "violated federal clean air and water laws" by "illegally discharging" more than 200,000 gallons crude oil during two oil spills in 2006 on Alaska's North Slope in Prudhoe Bay. BPXA previously pleaded guilty to one count of criminal negligence in illegally discharging the oil and paid US$20 million in damages. As a result of the plea, the lawsuit was filed saying that they "failed" to prepare for such a disaster by implementing "certain [sic] spill prevention measures" as the law requires.' </EOP>, determine whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'As a result of the plea, the lawsuit was filed saying that they "failed" to prepare for clean air and water.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Provide your rationale. | As a result of the plea, the lawsuit was filed saying that they "failed" to prepare for clean air and water. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} BPXA failed to prepare for the disaster - per the context - not the laws. |
From the information in: <BOP> 'Ezhou () is a prefecture-level city in eastern Hubei Province, China. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 1,048,668, of which 668,727 lived in the core Echeng District. The Ezhou - Huanggang built-up ("or metro") area was home to 1,035,496 inhabitants from the Echeng and Huangzhou, Huanggang Districts.' </EOP>, deduce whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'ezhou had a 1,048,668 population in 2009' </EOH> results in a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | ezhou had a 1,048,668 population in 2009 | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} Ezhou had a population of 1,048,668 in 2010 but no information was given about its population in 2009 thus there is no answer in the context. |
Analyze the premise: <BOP> 'Until There’s A Cure is a national organization based in Redwood City, California, dedicated to eradicating HIV/AIDS by raising awareness and funds to combat the pandemic. The organization raises money for research, treatment, and care of people suffering from HIV and AIDS through fundraisers, the sale of bracelets, and donations.' </EOP>. Classify the hypothesis: <BOH> 'HIV/AIDS was officially declared a pandemic.' </EOH> as contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | HIV/AIDS was officially declared a pandemic. | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} The paragraph writer describes it as a pandemic but says nothing about an official declaration, so we don't know -- the algorithm appears to think it wasn't declared, perhaps because it's not stated outright. |
<BOP> Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In 2015, she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history. <EOP> <BOQ> Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer? <EOQ> | Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer? | <BOL> Queen Victoria <EOL> |
<BOP> Sometimes it is desired to bring a database back to a previous state (for many reasons, e.g., cases when the database is found corrupted due to a software error, or if it has been updated with erroneous data). To achieve this a backup operation is done occasionally or continuously, where each desired database state (i.e., the values of its data and their embedding in database's data structures) is kept within dedicated backup files (many techniques exist to do this effectively). When this state is needed, i.e., when it is decided by a database administrator to bring the database back to this state (e.g., by specifying this state by a desired point in time when the database was in this state), these files are utilized to restore that state. <EOP> <BOQ> What parameter is requiret to restore a database? <EOQ> | What parameter is requiret to restore a database? | <BOL> desired point in time <EOL> |
With the given context: <BOP> 'Consumer prices didn't undergo any changes from May to June, according to the Labor Department's Consumer Price Index. Meanwhile, core prices — excluding volatile food and energy — were up from the same time last year. Amid the news, Christopher Low — chief economist at FTN Financial — joined us to talk about what the Fed might have planned for future interest rate increases. Afterwards, we'll look at how leadership changes at the FBI affect work their the ground.' </EOP>, analyze if the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Core prices will drop every year from here on out.' </EOH> is best described as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Justify your answer. | Core prices will drop every year from here on out. | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} It doesn't talk about future trends. |
<BOP> In Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista. By about 1150, the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal. Southern Iberia remained under control of Islamic states, initially under the Caliphate of Córdoba, which broke up in 1031 into a shifting number of petty states known as taifas, who fought with the Christians until the Almohad Caliphate re-established centralised rule over Southern Iberia in the 1170s. Christian forces advanced again in the early 13th century, culminating in the capture of Seville in 1248. <EOP> <BOQ> How many major Christian kingdoms existed in Iberia around 1150? <EOQ> | How many major Christian kingdoms existed in Iberia around 1150? | <BOL> five <EOL> |
<BOP> An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and support of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air Force's scheduled TriStar flights to the Falkland Islands. Some airbases are co-located with civilian airports, sharing the same ATC facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate terminals, parking areas and hangars. Bardufoss Airport , Bardufoss Air Station in Norway and Pune Airport in India are examples of this. <EOP> <BOQ> Where is Bardufoss Air Station located? <EOQ> | Where is Bardufoss Air Station located? | <BOL> Norway <EOL> |
Considering the context: <BOP> 'Pleasant Lake is a 479 acre lake located in Rockingham County in central New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Deerfield. The eastern shore of the lake forms the boundary between Deerfield and the town of Northwood. Water from Pleasant Lake flows north to Northwood Lake, then west via the Little Suncook River to the Suncook River, a tributary of the Merrimack River.' </EOP>, determine whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Northwood Lake is in Northwood in Rockingham County.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Provide your rationale. | Northwood Lake is in Northwood in Rockingham County. | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} It only tells us what town Pleasant Lake is in, it doesn't tell us what town Northwood Lake is in. |
<BOP> Adolescence is also a time for rapid cognitive development. Piaget describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form and the egocentric thoughts decrease. This allows the individual to think and reason in a wider perspective. A combination of behavioural and fMRI studies have demonstrated development of executive functions, that is, cognitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behaviour, which are generally associated with the prefrontal cortex. The thoughts, ideas and concepts developed at this period of life greatly influence one's future life, playing a major role in character and personality formation. <EOP> <BOQ> Does Piaget believe that egocentric thoughts decrease or increase during adolescence? <EOQ> | Does Piaget believe that egocentric thoughts decrease or increase during adolescence? | <BOL> decrease <EOL> |
Considering the context: <BOP> 'LaserWash is a brand name of a type of touchless in-bay automatic vehicle wash system, or car wash. Sometimes used as a genericized trademark, especially in the United States, the name "LaserWash" is a registered trademark of PDQ Manufacturing. LaserWash vehicle wash systems are manufactured in the United States and sold in over 40 countries.' </EOP>, determine whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Over 40 countries numerous brands of car washes.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Provide your rationale. | Over 40 countries numerous brands of car washes. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} We don't know how many they use. |
Given the context: <BOP> 'Dorobanțu is a commune in Tulcea County, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Ardealu (depopulated as of 2002, historical name: "Asînlar"), Cârjelari, Dorobanțu, Fântâna Oilor (historical name: "Coiumbunar" or "Coiumpunar") and Meșteru (historical name:"Canat Calfa").' </EOP>, classify the statement: <BOH> 'Today, out of the five villages that compose Dorobanțu, Ardealu contains the most residents.' </EOH> as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Justify your choice. | Today, out of the five villages that compose Dorobanțu, Ardealu contains the most residents. | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} It is definitely incorrect because Ardealu was depopulated as of 2002. It may have been difficult because it thought it didn't have the population information. |
With the premise: <BOP> 'The Cedar Grove Open is a defunct tennis tournament that was played on the Grand Prix tennis circuit in 1974. The event was held in Cedar Grove, New Jersey. Ilie Năstase won the singles title while Kim Warwick and Steve Siegel partnered to win the doubles title.' </EOP>, decide if the hypothesis: <BOH> 'In 1970's The Cedar Grove Open had professionals such as Steve Siegel and Kim Warwick pairing up to play.' </EOH> leads to a contradiction, entailment, or neutral result. Explain why. | In 1970's The Cedar Grove Open had professionals such as Steve Siegel and Kim Warwick pairing up to play. | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} I think it was difficult for the system to match as I generalized the era and avoided using key words. |
Based on the details provided in: <BOP> 'Arturo Guzmán Decena (a.k.a. Z-1) (13 January 1976 – 21 November 2002) was a Mexican Army Special Forces operative who in 1997 defected to the Gulf Cartel and subsequently founded the criminal syndicate's enforcement wing at the behest of drug baron Osiel Cárdenas Guillén. Known today as Los Zetas, the cartel's armed wing ultimately broke apart and formed its own drug trafficking organization.' </EOP>, determine if the claim: <BOH> 'Arturo Guzmán Decena was asked to defect by Osiel Cárdenas.' </EOH> represents a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | Arturo Guzmán Decena was asked to defect by Osiel Cárdenas. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} We know that Osiel Cárdenas asked Arturo Guzmán Decena to founded the criminal syndicate's enforcement wing but it is after he had defected. The reasons for his defection were not listed. Therefore "Arturo Guzmán Decena was asked to defect by Osiel Cárdenas." is neither definitely correct nor definitely incorrect. It fooled the system because it did not understand that "subsequently" means after and the two events (the defection and the foundation of the wing) have different reason of being. |
<BOP> Since the start of the 1994–95 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored. However, to protect the identity of the competition, the sponsored name has always included 'The FA Cup' in addition to the sponsor's name, unlike sponsorship deals for the League Cup where the word 'cup' is preceded by only the sponsor's name. Sponsorship deals run for four years, though – as in the case of E.ON – one-year extensions may be agreed. Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018, renaming the competition as 'The Emirates FA Cup', unlike previous editions, which included 'The FA Cup in association with E.ON' and 'The FA Cup with Budweiser'. <EOP> <BOQ> Can they extend their deal? <EOQ> | Can they extend their deal? | <BOL> one-year extensions may be agreed <EOL> |
Examine the information in <BOP> 'Abraham Roqueñi Iglesias (born April 16, 1978) is a Spanish welterweight kickboxer. He was the K-1 MAX Spain 2004 tournament winner, and is a former ISKA, WAKO and WFCA world champion. He holds notable wins over Gago Drago, Luis Reis, Andy Souwer and Artur Kyshenko.' </EOP> Is the statement: <BOH> 'Abraham Roqueñi Iglesias was born after WW2' </EOH> a contradiction, entailment, or neutral? Justify your conclusion. | Abraham Roqueñi Iglesias was born after WW2 | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} WW2 ended in 1945, Iglesias was born in 1978 |
<BOP> Proper nutrition is important for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea. It is especially important to young children who do not have a fully developed immune system. Zinc deficiency, a condition often found in children in developing countries can, even in mild cases, have a significant impact on the development and proper functioning of the human immune system. Indeed, this relationship between zinc deficiency reduced immune functioning corresponds with an increased severity of infectious diarrhea. Children who have lowered levels of zinc have a greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever. Similarly, vitamin A deficiency can cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes, however there is some discrepancy when it comes to the impact of vitamin A deficiency on the rate of disease. While some argue that a relationship does not exist between the rate of disease and vitamin A status, others suggest an increase in the rate associated with deficiency. Given that estimates suggest 127 million preschool children worldwide are vitamin A deficient, this population has the potential for increased risk of disease contraction. <EOP> <BOQ> Why is proper nutrition important? <EOQ> | Why is proper nutrition important? | <BOL> for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea <EOL> |
<BOP> Objections to banning the use of incandescent light bulbs include the higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps. Some people have concerns about the health effects of fluorescent lamps. However, even though they contain mercury, the environmental performance of CFLs is much better than that of light bulbs, mostly because they consume much less energy and therefore strongly reduce the environmental impact of power production. LED lamps are even more efficient, and are free of mercury. They are regarded as the best solution in terms of cost effectiveness and robustness. <EOP> <BOQ> Is the environmental performance of CFLs better or worse than that of incandescents? <EOQ> | Is the environmental performance of CFLs better or worse than that of incandescents? | <BOL> better <EOL> |
<BOP> Dowding was summoned to an Air Ministry conference on 17 October 1940 to explain the poor state of night defences and the supposed (but ultimately successful) "failure" of his daytime strategy. The criticism of his leadership extended far beyond the Air Council, and the Minister of Aircraft Production, Lord Beaverbrook, and Churchill themselves intimated their support was waning. While the failure of night defence preparation was undeniable, it was not the AOC's responsibility to accrue resources. The general neglect of the RAF until the late spurt in 1938 had left sparse resources to build defences. While it was permissible to disagree with Dowding's operational and tactical deployment of forces, the failure of the Government and Air Ministry to allot resources was ultimately the responsibility of the civil and military institutions at large. In the pre-war period, the Chamberlain Government stated that night defence from air attack should not take up much of the national effort and, along with the Air Ministry, did not make it a priority. <EOP> <BOQ> Lord Beaverbrook and Churchill's support of Dowding was what? <EOQ> | Lord Beaverbrook and Churchill's support of Dowding was what? | <BOL> waning <EOL> |
<BOP> The cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam poses challenges for Chamorros struggling to preserve their culture and identity amidst forces of acculturation. The increasing numbers of Chamorros, especially Chamorro youth, relocating to the U.S. Mainland has further complicated both definition and preservation of Chamorro identity.[citation needed] While only a few masters exist to continue traditional art forms, the resurgence of interest among the Chamorros to preserve the language and culture has resulted in a growing number of young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people. <EOP> <BOQ> What else has led to the Chamorro find it hard to keep their culture that involves it's children? <EOQ> | What else has led to the Chamorro find it hard to keep their culture that involves it's children? | <BOL> relocating to the U.S. Mainland <EOL> |
Given the detailed context: 'Bülent Ecevit, former prime minister of Turkey and poet, has died at 81. Ecevit was in a coma for nearly six months following a stroke. Ecevit was the prime minister of the government ordering a military intervention on July 20, 1974, to prevent a coup in Cyprus by Greek forces, dividing the island and setting the stage for the foundation of the breakaway Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.', judge whether the statement: <BOH> 'Bülent Ecevit was the prime minister during a military operation in 1978.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | Bülent Ecevit was the prime minister during a military operation in 1978. | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} It said that he was the prime minister of an event in 1974, but there could also have been an event in 1978. There is no way to know from the passage... it didn't list every military event that occurred. |
<BOP> India's cotton-processing sector gradually declined during British expansion in India and the establishment of colonial rule during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This was largely due to aggressive colonialist mercantile policies of the British East India Company, which made cotton processing and manufacturing workshops in India uncompetitive. Indian markets were increasingly forced to supply only raw cotton and, by British-imposed law, to purchase manufactured textiles from Britain.[citation needed] <EOP> <BOQ> What British business's policies damaged the Indian cotton industry? <EOQ> | What British business's policies damaged the Indian cotton industry? | <BOL> British East India Company <EOL> |
From the facts presented in <BOP> 'Luke Damon Goss (born 29 September 1968) is an English actor and former drummer in late 1980s band Bros. He has appeared in numerous films including "Blade II" (2002) as Jared Nomak, "One Night with the King" (2006) as King Xerxes, "" (2008) as Prince Nuada, "Tekken" (2010) as Steve Fox and "Interview with a Hitman" (2012) as Viktor.' </EOP>, decide if the statement: <BOH> 'Luke Damon Goss was a teenager when he appeared in the movie "Blade II".' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | Luke Damon Goss was a teenager when he appeared in the movie "Blade II". | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} Luke Damon Goss was born in 1968, and the movie "Blade II" was released in 2002, so he cannot have been a teenager when he appeared in this movie. The AI system probably did not make this arithematic calculation. |
<BOP> Oakland County in Metro Detroit, once rated amongst the wealthiest US counties per household, is no longer shown in the top 25 listing of Forbes magazine. But internal county statistical methods – based on measuring per capita income for counties with more than one million residents – show that Oakland is still within the top 12, slipping from the 4th-most affluent such county in the U.S. in 2004 to 11th-most affluent in 2009. Detroit dominates Wayne County, which has an average household income of about $38,000, compared to Oakland County's $62,000. <EOP> <BOQ> What is Oakland Counties average income? <EOQ> | What is Oakland Counties average income? | <BOL> $62,000 <EOL> |
<BOP> The military of Estonia is based upon the Estonian Defence Forces (Estonian: Kaitsevägi), which is the name of the unified armed forces of the republic with Maavägi (Army), Merevägi (Navy), Õhuvägi (Air Force) and a paramilitary national guard organisation Kaitseliit (Defence League). The Estonian National Defence Policy aim is to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state, the integrity of its land, territorial waters, airspace and its constitutional order. Current strategic goals are to defend the country's interests, develop the armed forces for interoperability with other NATO and EU member forces, and participation in NATO missions. <EOP> <BOQ> What name describes the combined body of all Estonia military? <EOQ> | What name describes the combined body of all Estonia military? | <BOL> the Estonian Defence Forces <EOL> |
<BOP> When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA), and for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards. <EOP> <BOQ> What's the more appropriate, but mostly unused, name for a printed circuit board when it doesn't have embedded components? <EOQ> | What's the more appropriate, but mostly unused, name for a printed circuit board when it doesn't have embedded components? | <BOL> printed wiring board <EOL> |
<BOP> The Yiddish linguist Max Weinreich published the expression, A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot ("אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט": "A language is a dialect with an army and navy") in YIVO Bleter 25.1, 1945, p. 13. The significance of the political factors in any attempt at answering the question "what is a language?" is great enough to cast doubt on whether any strictly linguistic definition, without a socio-cultural approach, is possible. This is illustrated by the frequency with which the army-navy aphorism is cited. <EOP> <BOQ> When did Max Weinrich write "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot"? <EOQ> | When did Max Weinrich write "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot"? | <BOL> 1945 <EOL> |
<BOP> Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold. <EOP> <BOQ> What was the October 2014 purchase price of the Waldorf Astoria? <EOQ> | What was the October 2014 purchase price of the Waldorf Astoria? | <BOL> US$1.95 billion <EOL> |
Given the premise: <BOP> 'The petitioners are drawing attention to the fact that our region has been heavily affected by the groundfish moratorium imposed by Fisheries and Oceans Canada back in May 1994. Since then, the Atlantic Groundfish Strategy, or TAGS, has been the only means of survival for a large part of our population.' </EOP>, evaluate whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Since 1994 the Atlantic Groundfish Strategy, or TAGS, has been not been the only means of survival for a small part of the population.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Explain your decision. | Since 1994 the Atlantic Groundfish Strategy, or TAGS, has been not been the only means of survival for a small part of the population. | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} it says in the context that " since 1994, the Atlantic Groundfish Strategy, or TAGS, has been the only means of survival for a large part of our population." So that means for the small remaining part of the population, this was not the only means of survival. So the statement " Since 1994 the Atlantic Ground fish Strategy, or TAGS, has been not been the only means of survival for a small part of the population. ", is definitely correct |
Using the premise: <BOP> 'Fashion show invite<br>Alicia wanted to go to the fashion show. Her sister had invited her. Alicia was so excited. But then the show got canceled. She couldn't believe it.' </EOP>, decide if the conclusion: <BOH> 'Alicia's sister was at the show' </EOH> logically follows as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Explain your reasoning. | Alicia's sister was at the show | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} The show got cancelled, therefore no one was at it. I believe the AI doesn't carry over it's logic to less important elements, If I had said Alicia was at the show, i am sure it wouldn't have been fooled. But saying her sister was there did work as her sister is only mentioned as having invited her to the show. |
<BOP> From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for "national use." However, the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world, causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points. <EOP> <BOQ> When was ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation? <EOQ> | When was ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation? | <BOL> 1967 <EOL> |
Analyze the premise: <BOP> 'Pretzel Nugget is a 1994 EP by the Beastie Boys, released on the Grand Royal records label. Almost every song on the EP is from the contemporary album, "Ill Communication", with the exception of "Mullet Head", which first appeared only on Japanese versions as a bonus track, then worldwide on the 2009 remaster.' </EOP>. Classify the hypothesis: <BOH> 'The song Mullet head first appeared as a bonus track, then it was released worldwide 15 years after the Pretzel Nugget release' </EOH> as contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | The song Mullet head first appeared as a bonus track, then it was released worldwide 15 years after the Pretzel Nugget release | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} Mullet head was released in 2009, that is 15 years after Pretzel nugget, so my statement is correct |
Using the premise: <BOP> 'How to know if you are infertile<br>Consider your age. Your chances of conceiving generally get smaller as you get older. This is because your eggs decrease in number and quality with time.' </EOP>, decide if the conclusion: <BOH> 'The number of men's eggs decrease as they get older.' </EOH> logically follows as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Explain your reasoning. | The number of men's eggs decrease as they get older. | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} Men don't have eggs. |
Examine the information in <BOP> 'Swarthy Jones<br>Swarthy Jones was a bouncer at a local club. He turned down a girl because she was too ugly. Her boyfriend returned minutes later. Swarthy Jones had never seen someone bigger than him. Swarthy Jones was afraid, and let the girlfriend in.' </EOP> Is the statement: <BOH> 'Swarthy Jones thought he wasn't the biggest man alive.' </EOH> a contradiction, entailment, or neutral? Justify your conclusion. | Swarthy Jones thought he wasn't the biggest man alive. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} Swarthy Jones did think that he was the biggest man alive. |
Examine the information in <BOP> 'I think a lot of times we just spend aid and say we feel better about it and it ends up being spent the wrong way, and there's some pretty egregious examples recently. One being Russia, where we had IMF loans that ended up in the pockets of a lot of powerful people and didn't help the nation.' </EOP> Is the statement: <BOH> 'The text mentions at least two countries.' </EOH> a contradiction, entailment, or neutral? Justify your conclusion. | The text mentions at least two countries. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} It's definitely incorrect because only one country, Russia, is mentioned. It's difficult because the word nation is also used, so perhaps the system thought this was a separate country. |
<BOP> After Mary continued in the "blood of her purifying" another 33 days for a total of 40 days, she brought her burnt offering and sin offering to the Temple in Jerusalem,[Luke 2:22] so the priest could make atonement for her sins, being cleansed from her blood.[Leviticus 12:1-8] They also presented Jesus – "As it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord" (Luke 2:23other verses). After the prophecies of Simeon and the prophetess Anna in Luke 2:25-38 concluded, Joseph and Mary took Jesus and "returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth".[Luke 2:39] <EOP> <BOQ> Who prophesized in Luke 2:25-38? <EOQ> | Who prophesized in Luke 2:25-38? | <BOL> Simeon and the prophetess Anna in <EOL> |
<BOP> Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange. Experimental equipment that he built in 1934 went into operation 5 years later, converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system, using thousands of vacuum tubes. In the US, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed and tested the Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) in 1942, the first "automatic electronic digital computer". This design was also all-electronic and used about 300 vacuum tubes, with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory. <EOP> <BOQ> The Atanasoff-Berry computer was invented in what year? <EOQ> | The Atanasoff-Berry computer was invented in what year? | <BOL> 1942 <EOL> |
<BOP> Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees. <EOP> <BOQ> What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees? <EOQ> | What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees? | <BOL> academization <EOL> |
Given the premise: <BOP> 'A saveloy is a type of highly seasoned sausage, usually bright red, normally boiled and frequently available in British fish and chips shops, occasionally also available fried in batter. The word is believed to originate from the Swiss-French "cervelas" or "servelat", ultimately from the Latin "cerebrus"; originally a pig brain sausage particularly associated with Switzerland.' </EOP>, evaluate whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'the sausage is sometimes fried in hot oil' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Explain your decision. | the sausage is sometimes fried in hot oil | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} My statement is correct because frying involves putting something in hot oil. This is linked to the original claim that the meat was occasionally fried. The model was probably thrown off by the language I used. |
<BOP> BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel, which operated between December 2004 and April 2006. It ceased operations after its Japanese distributor folded. <EOP> <BOQ> What was the genre of BBC Japan? <EOQ> | What was the genre of BBC Japan? | <BOL> general entertainment <EOL> |
<BOP> Multi-color LEDs offer not merely another means to form white light but a new means to form light of different colors. Most perceivable colors can be formed by mixing different amounts of three primary colors. This allows precise dynamic color control. As more effort is devoted to investigating this method, multi-color LEDs should have profound influence on the fundamental method that we use to produce and control light color. However, before this type of LED can play a role on the market, several technical problems must be solved. These include that this type of LED's emission power decays exponentially with rising temperature, resulting in a substantial change in color stability. Such problems inhibit and may preclude industrial use. Thus, many new package designs aimed at solving this problem have been proposed and their results are now being reproduced by researchers and scientists. <EOP> <BOQ> What problem results when rising temperatures decays power? <EOQ> | What problem results when rising temperatures decays power? | <BOL> substantial change in color stability <EOL> |
From the information in: <BOP> 'Pleasant Lake is a 479 acre lake located in Rockingham County in central New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Deerfield. The eastern shore of the lake forms the boundary between Deerfield and the town of Northwood. Water from Pleasant Lake flows north to Northwood Lake, then west via the Little Suncook River to the Suncook River, a tributary of the Merrimack River.' </EOP>, deduce whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Northwood Lake is south of Pleasant Lake' </EOH> results in a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | Northwood Lake is south of Pleasant Lake | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} This is incorrect because the context says water from Pleasant Lake flows north to Northwood Lake, so Northwood Lake is not south of Pleasant Lake. I think it was difficult because several directions were provided in the context. |
<BOP> The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Indian "Golden Age". The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions. <EOP> <BOQ> Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent? <EOQ> | Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent? | <BOL> Golden Age <EOL> |
<BOP> The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient on a variety of instruments and were able to read music expertly. These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie. William "Cat" Anderson, Jabbo Smith, and Freddie Green are but a few of the alumni from the Jenkins Orphanage band who became professional musicians in some of the best bands of the day. Orphanages around the country began to develop brass bands in the wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band's success. At the Colored Waif's Home Brass Band in New Orleans, for example, a young trumpeter named Louis Armstrong first began to draw attention. <EOP> <BOQ> What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage accept? <EOQ> | What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage accept? | <BOL> donations of musical instruments <EOL> |
Examine the premise: <BOP> 'Neil Sedaka: Italiano is a 1964 compilation album containing twelve of Neil Sedaka's Italian-language recordings. It was released in Italy by RCA Victor's Italiana studios. Of the twelve songs on the album, six were recorded by Sedaka in English. A seventh song on the album, "A 16 Anni Tu Vuoi Amare", is an Italian-language version of Andrea Carroll's 1963 hit, "It Hurts To Be Sixteen".' </EOP> and assess if the subsequent statement: <BOH> 'Neil Sedaka sings in languages other than Italian and English.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Include your rationale. | Neil Sedaka sings in languages other than Italian and English. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} Neil Sedaka may have sung songs in more than just English and Italian, but the text does not suggest otherwise. |
Given the premise: <BOP> 'The Second Silesian War was a theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession. The name is used to describe Prussia's war against Austria between 1744 and 1745, fought mainly in Silesia, Bohemia, and Upper Saxony. It was the second in a series of three Silesian Wars fought between Frederick the Great's Prussia and Maria Theresa's Austria.' </EOP>, evaluate whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'The Second Silesian War did not last more than a year.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Explain your decision. | The Second Silesian War did not last more than a year. | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} The Second Silesian War lasted from 1744 to 1745, therefore it is definitely correct that the war did not last more than a year. I thought that the wording of my statement would confuse the system. |
<BOP> Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call "vacuum" or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space. In engineering and applied physics on the other hand, vacuum refers to any space in which the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure. The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum. <EOP> <BOQ> What type of pressure is less than atmospheric pressure in a vacuum? <EOQ> | What type of pressure is less than atmospheric pressure in a vacuum? | <BOL> gaseous <EOL> |
From the facts presented in <BOP> 'Idrees Kenyatta Walker (born February 1, 1979) is a former professional American football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons. Walker played college football for the University of Florida. A first-round pick in the 2001 NFL Draft, he played professionally for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the NFL.' </EOP>, decide if the statement: <BOH> 'Idrees Kenyatta Walker was born within the past 5 years.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | Idrees Kenyatta Walker was born within the past 5 years. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} He was born in 1979, which is not within the past 5 years. It's difficult for the system because the system has trouble comparing dates/ages in the past to the current date. |
Given the context: <BOP> 'The 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup was the 21st edition of the FIFA U-20 World Cup, the biennial international men's youth football championship contested by the under-20 national teams of the member associations of FIFA, since its inception in 1977 as the FIFA World Youth Championship. The tournament was hosted by South Korea between 20 May and 11 June 2017.' </EOP>, classify the statement: <BOH> 'he 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup was the 21st edition of the FIFA U-20 World Cup, the annual international men's youth football championship contested by the under-20 national teams of the member associations of FIFA, since its inception in 1977 as the FIFA World Youth Championship. ' </EOH> as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Justify your choice. | he 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup was the 21st edition of the FIFA U-20 World Cup, the annual international men's youth football championship contested by the under-20 national teams of the member associations of FIFA, since its inception in 1977 as the FIFA World Youth Championship. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} It is actually biennial and not annual. |
<BOP> The battle of Iwo Jima ("Operation Detachment") in February 1945 was one of the bloodiest battles fought by the Americans in the Pacific War. Iwo Jima was an 8 sq mile (21 km2) island situated halfway between Tokyo and the Mariana Islands. Holland Smith, the commander of the invasion force, aimed to capture the island, and utilize its three airfields as bases to carry out air attacks against the Home Islands. Lt. General Tadamichi Kuribayashi, the commander of the island's defense, knew that he could not win the battle, but he hoped to make the Americans suffer far more than they could endure. <EOP> <BOQ> How many airfields were on Iwo Jima? <EOQ> | How many airfields were on Iwo Jima? | <BOL> three <EOL> |
<BOP> According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: Põhiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with nineteen justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws. <EOP> <BOQ> What document declares supreme power for the people? <EOQ> | What document declares supreme power for the people? | <BOL> the Constitution of Estonia <EOL> |
Consider the premise in: <BOP> 'Martin was taken to New Orleans Ochsner Foundation Hospital, where nurse Jinny Resor said he was treated for dehydration.' </EOP>. Would you classify the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Martin was taken to New Orleans Ochsner Foundation Hospital to visit a friend' </EOH> as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral? Explain your reasoning. | Martin was taken to New Orleans Ochsner Foundation Hospital to visit a friend | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} he was getting treated |
Given the context: <BOP> 'A Doll's House (Bokmål: "Et dukkehjem" ; also translated as "A Doll House") is a three-act play written by Henrik Ibsen. It premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 December 1879, having been published earlier that month. The play is set in a Norwegian town circa 1879.' </EOP>, classify the statement: <BOH> 'It premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 December 1979. ' </EOH> as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Justify your choice. | It premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 December 1979. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} It premiered in 1879. |
Using the premise: <BOP> 'Kevin Romy (born 31 January 1985) is a Swiss professional ice hockey centre who currently serves as captain of Genève-Servette HC of the National League (NL). He previously played for HC La Chaux-de-Fonds and HC Lugano. Romy was drafted by the Philadelphia Flyers in the 4th round (108th overall) in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. Romy also represented Switzerland at the 2014 Winter Olympics.' </EOP>, decide if the conclusion: <BOH> 'Kevin Romy currently plays for the Philadelphia Flyers in the NHL.' </EOH> logically follows as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Explain your reasoning. | Kevin Romy currently plays for the Philadelphia Flyers in the NHL. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} Romy opted to end his 19 year professional career on 23 July 2019. |
Considering the context: <BOP> 'Steven K. Tsuchida is an American film and television director. He has directed episodes of "The Sarah Silverman Program", "Younger", "Community", and the award-winning short film "A Ninja Pays Half My Rent". "A Ninja Pays Half My Rent" was featured on the premiere of the Comedy Central program "Atom TV".' </EOP>, determine whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Steven K. Tsuchida is a film director and actor' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Provide your rationale. | Steven K. Tsuchida is a film director and actor | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} Steven K. Tsuchida was not an actor |
Based on the details provided in: <BOP> 'Joona Veteli (born 21 April 1995) is a Finnish football player currently playing for Norwegian OBOS-ligaen side Fredrikstad. Veteli plays in the position of centre midfielder but can also operate as an attacking midfielder, defensive midfielder, right-back and winger.' </EOP>, determine if the claim: <BOH> 'Joona Veteli has met Elvis Presley.' </EOH> represents a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | Joona Veteli has met Elvis Presley. | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} Elvis Presley died way earlier before Joona Veteli's birth. It's impossible that he met him. |
Consider the premise in: <BOP> 'Coldwater fish, in the context of aquariums, refers to fish species that prefer cooler water temperatures than tropical fish, typically below 20 °C . Some examples are koi and goldfish. These species tend to grow more slowly and live longer than fish that live in warmer waters, and are generally felt to be easier to keep.' </EOP>. Would you classify the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Fish that prefer water temperatures 21ºC and above usually grow faster than those in water 19ºC and below.' </EOH> as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral? Explain your reasoning. | Fish that prefer water temperatures 21ºC and above usually grow faster than those in water 19ºC and below. | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} The context explains coldwater fish as living at 20ºC and below grow slower than warmwater fish. |
Based on the details provided in: <BOP> 'Kwon So-hyun (born August 30, 1994), is a South Korean singer and actress. She was known as a member of the South Korean girl group 4Minute, under Cube Entertainment. She is also a former member of the South Korean girl group, Orange. Before June 15, 2016 (end of her contract with Cube), Sohyun left 4Minute and the record label along with members Nam Ji-hyun, Heo Ga-yoon, and Jeon Ji-yoon.' </EOP>, determine if the claim: <BOH> 'Kwon So-hyun left Cube Entertainment after her 22nd birthday.' </EOH> represents a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | Kwon So-hyun left Cube Entertainment after her 22nd birthday. | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} She left before June 15, 2016 but her birthdate is August 30, 1994 so she left prior to turning 22. The system must not understand birthdays. |
<BOP> In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations in order to report information about their financial relationships with physicians and hospitals. Data are made public in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website. The expectation is that relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent. <EOP> <BOQ> When did Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services have to start collecting information? <EOQ> | When did Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services have to start collecting information? | <BOL> starting in 2013 <EOL> |
From the information in: <BOP> 'Klagenfurt am Wörthersee (] ; Slovene: "Celovec ob Vrbskem jezeru" , Italian: "Clanforte" , Friulian: "Clanfurt" ) is the capital of the federal state of Carinthia in Austria. With a population of 99,100, it is the sixth-largest city in the country. The city is the bishop's seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gurk-Klagenfurt and home to the Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt.' </EOP>, deduce whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Klagenfurt am Wörthersee has a population of over 100000' </EOH> results in a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | Klagenfurt am Wörthersee has a population of over 100000 | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} No, its population is 99,100 |
Given the context: <BOP> 'How to get yourself into the christmas spirit<br>Play christmas music in the background while you prepare for christmas. Great songs such as " white christmas " by bing crosby, " o holy night " by josh groban and " believe " by josh groban are great examples, and they will help you lift your spirit. Make a batch of christmas cookies.' </EOP>, classify the statement: <BOH> 'There are no more than three Christmas songs.' </EOH> as a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Justify your choice. | There are no more than three Christmas songs. | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} It said that those three Christmas songs are examples of songs, which implies that there are more than three songs. If they are examples it means that they are just some of a larger group. My statement that there are only three is correct. |
<BOP> Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots. Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the French Wars of Religion. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Roman Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Roman Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Roman Catholicism the sole legal religion once again. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam, giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. A significant community in France remained in the Cévennes region. <EOP> <BOQ> Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars? <EOQ> | Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars? | <BOL> Henry II <EOL> |
From the information in: <BOP> 'In The Wet is a novel by Nevil Shute that was first published in the United Kingdom in 1953. It contains many of the typical elements of a hearty and adventurous Shute yarn such as flying, the future, mystic states, and ordinary people doing extraordinary things.' </EOP>, deduce whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'In The Wet was first published in the UK more than 10,000 days ago.' </EOH> results in a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | In The Wet was first published in the UK more than 10,000 days ago. | {<BOL> contradiction </EOL>} 10,000 days is 27.4 years and it was published 66 years ago. It's difficult because I used 10,000 days as the measurement. |
<BOP> Based on experience with German strategic bombing during World War I against the United Kingdom, the British government estimated after the war that 50 casualties— with about one third killed— would result for every tonne of bombs dropped on London. The estimate of tonnes of bombs an enemy could drop per day grew as aircraft technology advanced, from 75 in 1922, to 150 in 1934, to 644 in 1937. That year the Committee on Imperial Defence estimated that an attack of 60 days would result in 600,000 dead and 1,200,000 wounded. News reports of the Spanish Civil War, such as the bombing of Barcelona, supported the 50-casualties-per-tonne estimate. By 1938 experts generally expected that Germany would attempt to drop as much as 3,500 tonnes in the first 24 hours of war and average 700 tonnes a day for several weeks. In addition to high explosive and incendiary bombs the enemy would possibly use poison gas and even bacteriological warfare, all with a high degree of accuracy. In 1939 military theorist Basil Liddell-Hart predicted that 250,000 deaths and injuries in Britain could occur in the first week of war. <EOP> <BOQ> What committee estimated that 60 days of attacks would result in 600,000 deaths? <EOQ> | What committee estimated that 60 days of attacks would result in 600,000 deaths? | <BOL> Imperial Defence <EOL> |
Analyze the premise: <BOP> 'Haley's Juke Box: Songs of the Bill Haley Generation (often listed in reference books as "Bill Haley's Jukebox"), is the eleventh studio album by Bill Haley & His Comets. Released by Warner Bros. Records in the summer of 1960, the album was produced by George Avakian.' </EOP>. Classify the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Warmer Bros has released 11 studio albums by Haley Juke Box.' </EOH> as contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | Warmer Bros has released 11 studio albums by Haley Juke Box. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} The statement is ambiguous. |
<BOP> Along with secular matters, readers also favoured an alphabetical ordering scheme over cumbersome works arranged along thematic lines. The historian Charles Porset, commenting on alphabetization, has said that "as the zero degree of taxonomy, alphabetical order authorizes all reading strategies; in this respect it could be considered an emblem of the Enlightenment." For Porset, the avoidance of thematic and hierarchical systems thus allows free interpretation of the works and becomes an example of egalitarianism. Encyclopedias and dictionaries also became more popular during the Age of Reason as the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply. In the later half of the 18th century, the number of dictionaries and encyclopedias published by decade increased from 63 between 1760 and 1769 to approximately 148 in the decade proceeding the French Revolution (1780–1789). Along with growth in numbers, dictionaries and encyclopedias also grew in length, often having multiple print runs that sometimes included in supplemented editions. <EOP> <BOQ> What ordering scheme did readers prefer? <EOQ> | What ordering scheme did readers prefer? | <BOL> alphabetical <EOL> |
Given the premise: <BOP> 'SNOBOL ("StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language") is a series of computer programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph E. Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4. It was one of a number of text-string-oriented languages developed during the 1950s and 1960s; others included COMIT and TRAC.' </EOP>, evaluate whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'It took 5 years to develop SNOBOL.' </EOH> is a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. Explain your decision. | It took 5 years to develop SNOBOL. | {<BOL> neutral </EOL>} The text states that SNOBOL was developed between 1962 and 1967, which is five years. |
<BOP> Other Fortune 500 companies, while not headquartered in the area, do have a major presence. These include SunTrust Bank (based in Atlanta), Capital One Financial Corporation (officially based in McLean, Virginia, but founded in Richmond with its operations center and most employees in the Richmond area), and the medical and pharmaceutical giant McKesson (based in San Francisco). Capital One and Altria company's Philip Morris USA are two of the largest private Richmond-area employers. DuPont maintains a production facility in South Richmond known as the Spruance Plant. UPS Freight, the less-than-truckload division of UPS and formerly known as Overnite Transportation, has its corporate headquarters in Richmond. <EOP> <BOQ> What city is the headquarters of McKesson located in? <EOQ> | What city is the headquarters of McKesson located in? | <BOL> San Francisco <EOL> |
From the information in: <BOP> 'The Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge ( ), formerly known as South Branch Bridge or Romney Bridge, is a historic Whipple truss bridge in Capon Lake, West Virginia. It is located off Carpers Pike (West Virginia Route 259) and crosses the Cacapon River. The bridge formerly carried Capon Springs Road (West Virginia Secondary Route 16) over the river, connecting Capon Springs and Capon Lake.' </EOP>, deduce whether the hypothesis: <BOH> 'Carper's Pike in West Virginia is also known as West Virginia secondary road 16.' </EOH> results in a contradiction, entailment, or neutral. | Carper's Pike in West Virginia is also known as West Virginia secondary road 16. | {<BOL> entailment </EOL>} The secondary road is 16 is Carper's Pike not Capon Springs road. |
<BOP> Spielberg directed 2015's Bridge of Spies, a Cold War thriller based on the 1960 U-2 incident, and focusing on James B. Donovan's negotiations with the Soviets for the release of pilot Gary Powers after his aircraft was shot down over Soviet territory. The film starred Tom Hanks as Donovan, as well as Mark Rylance, Amy Ryan, and Alan Alda, with a script by the Coen brothers. The film was shot from September to December 2014 on location in New York City, Berlin and Wroclaw, Poland (which doubled for East Berlin), and was released by Disney on October 16, 2015. Bridge of Spies received positive reviews from critics, and was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture. <EOP> <BOQ> Where was 'Bridge of Spies' filmed? <EOQ> | Where was 'Bridge of Spies' filmed? | <BOL> New York City, Berlin and Wroclaw, Poland <EOL> |
<BOP> In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II, Gen. Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea, a colony of the Kingdom of Italy. In the Treaty of Wuchale (It. Uccialli) signed the same year, King Menelik of Shewa, a southern Ethiopian kingdom, recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelek II (r. 1889–1913) made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory. <EOP> <BOQ> When did Emperor Yohannes II die? <EOQ> | When did Emperor Yohannes II die? | <BOL> 1889 <EOL> |
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