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All the natural products become a natural resource again.
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自然の産物はすべてが天然資源に戻ります
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This is something which I learned when I made a forest in the backyard of my own house.
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これは私が自分の裏庭に森林を造ったときに学んだことです
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And this was the first time I worked with nature, rather than against it.
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自然に反してではなく自然と共に何かをしたのはこれが初めてでした
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Since then, we have made 75 such forests in 25 cities across the world.
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その時以来
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Every time we work at a new place, we find that every single element needed to make a forest is available right around us.
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新しい土地での仕事に着手するたびに森林を作るにあたって必要な要素は 1つ残らず
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All we have to do is to bring these elements together and let nature take over.
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やるべきことはただ1つ
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To make a forest we start with soil.
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森林造りは土から始まります
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We touch, feel and even taste it to identify what properties it lacks.
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触ったり、感じたり食べたりもしながらその土に欠けている成分を見極めます
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If the soil is made up of small particles it becomes compact — so compact, that water cannot seep in.
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土の成分がきめ細かい場合は
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We mix some local biomass available around, which can help soil become more porous.
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私たちは身近にある有機物を混ぜ合わせ通水性を良くします
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Water can now seep in.
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これでようやく水が浸み込むようになります
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If the soil doesn't have the capacity to hold water, we will mix some more biomass — some water-absorbent material like peat or bagasse, so soil can hold this water and it stays moist.
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有機物を追加して泥炭やバガスといわれる植物繊維などの吸水物と混ぜ土が水分を失わず湿った状態を保てるようにします
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To grow, plants need water, sunlight and nutrition.
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植物が育つには水と日光と栄養が必要です
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What if the soil doesn't have any nutrition in it?
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土に栄養がない場合はどうするべきでしょうか ?
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We don't just add nutrition directly to the soil.
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直接栄養を与えるようなことはしません
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That would be the industrial way.
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それでは産業と同じです
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It goes against nature.
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自然に反しています
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We instead add microorganisms to the soil.
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なので代わりに微生物を加えます
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They produce the nutrients in the soil naturally.
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微生物は土の中で養分を自然に作り出します
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They feed on the biomass we have mixed in the soil, so all they have to do is eat and multiply.
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土に含まれる有機物がエサなのでひたすら食べて増殖するだけです
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And as their number grows, the soil starts breathing again.
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微生物が増えるにつれ土が呼吸を再開します
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It becomes alive.
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土が生き返るのです
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We survey the native tree species of the place.
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私の事業ではその土地の在来木本種の調査もします
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How do we decide what's native or not?
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在来種かそうでないかを見分ける方法は ?
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Well, whatever existed before human intervention is native.
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答えは人類の侵入以前に存在していたもの全てが在来です
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That's the simple rule.
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ごく単純な法則です
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We survey a national park to find the last remains of a natural forest.
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国立公園を調査して天然森林の生き残りを探すのも仕事です
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We survey the sacred groves, or sacred forests around old temples.
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神聖な林や森林を寺院の周りで調査したりもします
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And if we don't find anything at all, we go to museums to see the seeds or wood of trees existing there a long time ago.
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そこで何も見つからなければ博物館へ行き大昔に存在していた木からの木材や種子を探します
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We research old paintings, poems and literature from the place, to identify the tree species belonging there.
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現地の古い絵画、詩、文献を研究することでその土地に属する樹木の種類を突き止めます
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Once we know our trees, we divide them in four different layers: shrub layer, sub-tree layer, tree layer and canopy layer.
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いったん種類が分かったらそれらを4つの層に分けます低木層、亜高木層、高木層そして林冠層です
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We fix the ratios of each layer, and then we decide the percentage of each tree species in the mix.
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それぞれの層の割合を定めてから植える樹木各種の割合を決めます
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If we are making a fruit forest, we increase the percentage of fruit-bearing trees.
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果樹中心の森を作る場合は果樹の割合を大きくします
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It could be a flowering forest, a forest that attracts a lot of birds or bees, or it could simply be a native, wild evergreen forest.
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花が咲きみだれたくさんの鳥やハチを引き寄せる森林やシンプルに自生の常緑植物からなる森林も作れます
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We collect the seeds and germinate saplings out of them.
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種を集めて発芽させ苗になるまで育てます
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We make sure that trees belonging to the same layer are not planted next to each other, or they will fight for the same vertical space when they grow tall.
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同じ層に属する木は背が伸びるにつれて同じ高さの空間を取り合うことになりますからね
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We plant the saplings close to each other.
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苗木は近くに集めて植えておきます
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On the surface, we spread a thick layer of mulch, so when it's hot outside the soil stays moist.
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表面は分厚い腐葉土の層で覆って暑いときでも土の湿度が保てるようにします
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When it's cold, frost formation happens only on the mulch, so soil can still breathe while it's freezing outside.
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寒いときには霜が降りるのは腐葉土までなので極寒の中でも土は呼吸できる状態になります
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The soil is very soft — so soft, that roots can penetrate into it easily, rapidly.
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土はとても柔らかいので根が地中に簡単に貫通しますし
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Initially, the forest doesn't seem like it's growing, but it's growing under the surface.
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最初の頃は成長しているように見えなくても森林は地下で育っているのです
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In the first three months, roots reach a depth of one meter.
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最初の3ヶ月で根は1mほどの深さに届きます
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These roots form a mesh, tightly holding the soil.
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この根が網目を形成し土をしっかりと保持します
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Microbes and fungi live throughout this network of roots.
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微生物や菌類がこの網にびっしりと棲みつきます
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So if some nutrition is not available in the vicinity of a tree, these microbes are going to get the nutrition to the tree.
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このため木の周辺に栄養がなくても微生物が栄養を補給してくれます
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Whenever it rains, magically, mushrooms appear overnight.
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雨が降れば魔法のようにキノコが夜のうちに生えてきます
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And this means the soil below has a healthy fungal network.
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これは地下に元気なキノコの網があるということです
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Once these roots are established, forest starts growing on the surface.
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いったん根が定着すれば地上でも森林の成長が始まります
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As the forest grows we keep watering it — for the next two to three years, we water the forest.
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森林が育つ2 〜 3年の間は人の手で水をやり続けます
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We want to keep all the water and soil nutrition only for our trees, so we remove the weeds growing on the ground.
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育てている木だけに水や栄養を送りたいので雑草を抜いたりします
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As this forest grows, it blocks the sunlight.
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森林が育つほどに日光が遮られるようになります
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Eventually, the forest becomes so dense that sunlight can't reach the ground anymore.
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終いには日光が地面に届かないほど木が密集します
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Weeds cannot grow now, because they need sunlight as well.
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すると日光を必要とする雑草も生えてきません
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At this stage, every single drop of water that falls into the forest doesn't evaporate back into the atmosphere.
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この段階では森に落ちてきた水は1滴たりとも蒸発して大気に戻ることはありません
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This dense forest condenses the moist air and retains its moisture.
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この密林が湿った空気を凝縮して湿度を保ちます
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We gradually reduce and eventually stop watering the forest.
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ここで徐々に水をやるのをやめていきます
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And even without watering, the forest floor stays moist and sometimes even dark.
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すると水をやらなくても森の地面は湿度を保ち暗いままであることもあります
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Now, when a single leaf falls on this forest floor, it immediately starts decaying.
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さてここで1枚でも葉が落ちるとすぐに腐敗が始まります
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This decayed biomass forms humus, which is food for the forest.
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この腐敗した有機物が腐植土を作ります森林の食料となるものです
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As the forest grows, more leaves fall on the surface — it means more humus is produced, it means more food so the forest can grow still bigger.
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森林が大きくなるにつれより多くの葉が落ちよりたくさんの腐植土ができます森林がさらに育つための食べ物が増えるのです
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And this forest keeps growing exponentially.
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そして森林は急成長を続けます
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Once established, these forests are going to regenerate themselves again and again — probably forever.
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一度土台ができればこの森林は何度でも再生します多分永遠に再生するでしょう
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In a natural forest like this, no management is the best management.
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このような天然森林にはどんな管理も適しません
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It's a tiny jungle party.
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小さなジャングルパーティと化します
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(Laughter) This forest grows as a collective.
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この人工森林は 1つの共同体として育ちます
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If the same trees — same species — would have been planted independently, it wouldn't grow so fast.
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もし同種の木がそれぞれ単体で植えられたとしたらこんなに早く育たないでしょう
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And this is how we create a 100-year-old forest in just 10 years.
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これが100歳の森林を 10年で作る方法でした
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Thank you very much.
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ありがとうございました
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(Applause)
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( 拍手 )
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The Highline is an old, elevated rail line that runs for a mile and a half right through Manhattan.
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ハイラインというのはマンハッタンの中を3km程走っていた古い高架鉄道のことです
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And it was originally a freight line that ran down 10th Ave.
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本来この鉄道は 10番通りを走る貨物線でしたが
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So they elevated it.
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そこでついに高架鉄道に変更されました
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They built it 30 ft. in the air, right through the middle of the city.
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地上9mに街の中心部を通る線路を設置しました
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But with the rise of interstate trucking, it was used less and less.
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しかし州の間のトラック輸送の高まりで利用は徐々に落ち込んでいきました
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And by 1980, the last train rode.
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1980年についに最後の運行となりました
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It was a train loaded with frozen turkeys — they say, at Thanksgiving — from the meatpacking district.
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感謝祭用の冷凍の七面鳥を積んで食肉加工業地区を出発したとのことです
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And then it was abandoned.
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その後廃線となってしまいました
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And I live in the neighborhood, and I first read about it in the New York Times, in an article that said it was going to be demolished.
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私は鉄道の近くに住んでいましたがニューヨークタイムズの記事に取り壊しが書かれておりそこで初めて知りました
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And I assumed someone was working to preserve it or save it and I could volunteer, but I realized no one was doing anything.
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誰かが取り壊しに反対して活動を起こしたらボランティアとして私も参加しようと思っていましたがそんな人はいないんだと気づきました
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I went to my first community board meeting — which I'd never been to one before — and sat next to another guy named Joshua David, who's a travel writer.
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初めて足を運んだ地元の集会でジョシュア・デイビッドという紀行作家の隣に腰を下ろしたんですが
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And at the end of the meeting, we realized we were the only two people that were sort of interested in the project; most people wanted to tear it down.
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集会が終わるまでにはこの計画に興味があるのは私たち2人だけと分かりました大半の人は取り壊しを望んでいました
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So we exchanged business cards, and we kept calling each other and decided to start this organization, Friends of the High Line.
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私たちは名刺を交換してその後連絡を取り合いましたそして Friends of the High Line という団体を設立しました
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And the goal at first was just saving it from demolition, but then we also wanted to figure out what we could do with it.
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まず最初の目標は鉄道を取り壊しから救うことでしたが何かに利用できるのではと思うようになりました
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And what first attracted me, or interested me, was this view from the street — which is this steel structure, sort of rusty, this industrial relic.
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まず興味をそそったのは地上からのこの少しさび付いた産業の名残とも言える鉄鋼建築の景観でした
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But when I went up on top, it was a mile and a half of wildflowers running right through the middle of Manhattan with views of the Empire State Building and the Statue of Liberty and the Hudson River.
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しかし上で目にしたのはエンパイアステートビルに自由の女神とハドソン川を望むことが出来るマンハッタンの中心を貫く 3kmも続く緑でした
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And that's really where we started, the idea coalesced around, let's make this a park, and let's have it be sort of inspired by this wildscape.
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これが全ての始まりでした考えがまとまってきて公園を作ろうそしてその中にこの緑を取り入れようと考えました
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At the time, there was a lot of opposition.
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当時は反対する方も多くいました
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Mayor Giuliani wanted to tear it down.
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ジュリアー二市長も取り壊しを求めました
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I'm going to fast-forward through a lot of lawsuits and a lot of community engagement.
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訴訟や闘争といった部分の話は割愛しましょうかね
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Mayor Bloomberg came in office, he was very supportive, but we still had to make the economic case.
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後に就任するブルーミング市長は協力的でしたが経済的な数値上の説得が必要でした
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This was after 9 / 11; the city was in tough times.
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当時は9 / 11テロの直後だったので市も苦境にあえいでいました
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So we commissioned an economic feasibility study to try to make the case.
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そこで承認を得るために経済的実行可能性の見積もりを依頼しました
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And it turns out, we got those numbers wrong.
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後程この数値の誤りが発覚します
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We thought it would cost 100 million dollars to build.
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私たちは1億ドルと思っていたものが
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So far it's cost about 150 million.
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すでに1億5000万ドルかかっています
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And the main case was, this is going to make good economic sense for the city.
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街への経済効果創出を最終的なポイントとして
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So we said over a 20-year time period, the value to the city in increased property values and increased taxes would be about 250 million.
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20年間という長い目で見れば土地代と税収との合計で 2億6000万ドル以上の増収が期待できると報告しました
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That was enough. It really got the city behind it.
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こうしてなんとか市の後押し得られました
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It turns out we were wrong on that.
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しかしこの数値は間違っていました
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