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And this beauty is the foundation of the tourism industry in many countries with few or little other natural resources.
その矎しさは他にあたり倩然資源を持たない ― 倚くの囜で芳光産業の基盀を成しおいたす
So for all of these reasons, all of these ecosystem services, economists estimate the value of the world's coral reefs in the hundreds of billions of dollars per year.
このような理由 ― 生態系ぞの貢献床から経枈孊者はサンゎ瀁は䞖界党䜓で毎幎数十兆円の䟡倀を生み出しおいるず芋積もっおいたす
And yet despite all that hard work being done for us and all that wealth that we gain, we have done almost everything we possibly could to destroy that.
これ皋たでに我々にずっお圹立ち富を生み出しおいるのにも関わらず我々が行っおいるこずはサンゎ瀁を砎壊に導きかねないこずばかりです
We have taken the fish out of the oceans and we have added in fertilizer, sewage, diseases, oil, pollution, sediments.
海の魚を捕獲し肥料や汚氎病原䜓、油、汚染、土壌をたれ流しおきたした
We have trampled the reefs physically with our boats, our fins, our bulldozers, and we have changed the chemistry of the entire sea, warmed the waters and made storms worse.
ボヌト、フィンやブルドヌザヌで物理的なダメヌゞをサンゎ瀁に䞎えたしたたた海掋党䜓の化孊的性質を倉え氎枩を䞊昇させたり嵐の皋床を悪化させたした
And these would all be bad on their own, but these threats magnify each other and compound one another and make each other worse.
これらは個々にも悪い圱響を及がしたすがこれらの脅嚁が互いの䜜甚を匷め合い耇雑に絡み合っお事態を悪化させたす
I'll give you an example.
䟋を挙げたす
Where I live and work, in Curaçao, a tropical storm went by a few years ago.
私が䜏み仕事をしおいるキュラ゜ヌで数幎前に台颚が通過したした
And on the eastern end of the island, where the reefs are intact and thriving, you could barely tell a tropical storm had passed.
島の東端ではサンゎ瀁は無傷のたたで繁栄しおおり台颚が通過した圢跡は殆ど芋あたりたせんでした
But in town, where corals had died from overfishing, from pollution, the tropical storm picked up the dead corals and used them as bludgeons to kill the corals that were left.
しかし魚の乱獲や汚染によりサンゎが死滅した町の近くでは死んだサンゎが台颚によっおたき散らされそれが凶噚ずなっお生き残っおいたサンゎたで死滅させたのです
This is a coral that I studied during my PhD — I got to know it quite well.
これが私が博士課皋で研究しおいたサンゎでずおもよく知っおいたした
And after this storm took off half of its tissue, it became infested with algae, the algae overgrew the tissue and that coral died.
嵐がサンゎの組織を半分ほど剥がしおしたうず藻によっお汚染され藻が  共生するサンゎ䜓内で  過剰に育ちサンゎは死んだのです
This magnification of threats, this compounding of factors is what Jeremy Jackson describes as the "" slippery slope to slime. "" It's hardly even a metaphor because many of our reefs now are literally bacteria and algae and slime.
このように脅嚁が拡倧し芁因が重なっおいくこずをゞェレミヌ・ゞャク゜ンは「ヘドロぞの転萜」ず衚珟しおいたすこれは比喩的衚珟ずは蚀えたせん事実今や倚くのサンゎ瀁が文字通り现菌、藻やヘドロず化しおいるのです
Now, this is the part of the talk where you may expect me to launch into my plea for us to all save the coral reefs.
ここたでお聞きになるず私が「サンゎ瀁を救いたしょう」ずお願いをするず思われるかもしれたせん
But I have a confession to make: that phrase drives me nuts.
でも癜状するず先ほどの蚀葉が私に気を倉にさせるのです
Whether I see it in a tweet, in a news headline or the glossy pages of a conservation brochure, that phrase bothers me, because we as conservationists have been sounding the alarms about the death of coral reefs for decades.
それがツむッタヌだろうずニュヌスのヘッドラむンだろうず環境保護に関する立掟なパンフレットの䞭であろうずあの蚀葉は私を悩たせるのですずいうのも我々環境保護䞻矩者たちは䜕十幎も前からサンゎの死滅に぀いお譊鐘を鳎らしおきたしたが
And yet, almost everyone I meet, no matter how educated, is not sure what a coral is or where they come from.
未だもっお私が䌚うほずんどの人たちはどれほど教逊があっおもサンゎずは䜕かどう育぀のかを知らないのです
How would we get someone to care about the world's coral reefs when it's an abstract thing they can barely understand?
䞖界䞭のサンゎ瀁の保護が殆どの理解のできない抜象的なものならば誰に気にかけおもらえるでしょう 
If they don't understand what a coral is or where it comes from, or how funny or interesting or beautiful it is, why would we expect them to care about saving them?
サンゎずは䜕でありどう育぀のかたた ― いかに愛らしく興味深く矎しいのか知らなければサンゎの保護を圌らに期埅するこずはできたせんね 
So let's change that.
ここから倉えおいきたしょう
What is a coral and where does it come from?
サンゎずは䜕でありどう育぀のでしょうか 
Corals are born in a number of different ways, but most often by mass spawning: all of the individuals of a single species on one night a year, releasing all the eggs they've made that year into the water column, packaged into bundles with sperm cells.
サンゎの生誕は様々です䞀斉に産卵したす 幎かけお䜜られた卵が氎䞭に粟子现胞ず共に塊をなしお䞀気に解き攟たれたす
And those bundles go to the surface of the ocean and break apart.
この塊は海氎面ぞず到達するずバラバラになりたす
And hopefully — hopefully — at the surface of the ocean, they meet the eggs and sperm from other corals.
海氎面で䞊手く行けば ― 本圓にうたく行けばですが ― 他のサンゎから流れおきた卵子や粟子ず出䌚いたす
And that is why you need lots of corals on a coral reef — so that all of their eggs can meet their match at the surface.
サンゎ瀁に倚くのサンゎが必芁ずされるのはこのためです倚くの卵が氎面で受粟できるこずになるからです
When they're fertilized, they do what any other animal egg does: divides in half again and again and again.
受粟するず他の動物の卵ず同じように现胞は倍たた倍ぞず分裂しおいきたす
Taking these photos under the microscope every year is one of my favorite and most magical moments of the year.
顕埮鏡カメラで毎幎このような写真を撮るこずが 幎のうちで私の倧奜きなそしお最も神秘的な䞀瞬です
At the end of all this cell division, they turn into a swimming larva — a little tiny blob of fat the size of a poppy seed, but with all of the sensory systems that we have.
现胞分裂の終わりを迎えるず泳ぐこずのできる幌生になりたすそれは脂肪でできおいおケシの皮ほどのずおも小さな球のようですそれでも我々ず同様の感芚噚官を持っおいたす
They can sense color and light, textures, chemicals, pH.
色や光、衚面の感じ、化孊成分、 pHを怜知するこずができたす
They can even feel pressure waves; they can hear sound.
圧力の波を感じるこずもできたす぀たり音を聞くこずができたす
And they use those talents to search the bottom of the reef for a place to attach and live the rest of their lives.
このような胜力を掻かしお着床し生涯の棲み凊ずするサンゎの衚面を探したす
So imagine finding a place where you would live the rest of your life when you were just two days old.
生たれおわずか日目に䞀生䜏むこずになる堎所を探すこずを想像しおみお䞋さい
They attach in the place they find most suitable, they build a skeleton underneath themselves, they build a mouth and tentacles, and then they begin the difficult work of building the world's coral reefs.
最適な堎所を芋぀けお着床したら䜓の䞋に骚栌を築き口や觊手を成長させサンゎ瀁を圢成するずいう困難な仕事を開始したす
One coral polyp will divide itself again and again and again, leaving a limestone skeleton underneath itself and growing up toward the sun.
サンゎのポリプ 個は䜕床も倍増を繰り返すこずで䞋偎に石灰石でできた骚栌を造り倪陜の光の方向ぞず成長しおいきたす
Given hundreds of years and many species, what you get is a massive limestone structure that can be seen from space in many cases, covered by a thin skin of these hardworking animals.
䜕癟幎も経぀ず倚くの皮が䞀䜓ずなっお倧きな石灰石の構造物ができあがり倚くの堎合宇宙空間からも芋るこずができたすその衚面にはこのように働き者の生き物がいたす
Now, there are only a few hundred species of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000.
この地球䞊にいるサンゎの皮はわずか数癟もしくは千皮類だけです
But these systems house millions and millions of other species, and that diversity is what stabilizes the systems, and it's where we're finding our new medicines.
しかしその生態系には䜕癟䞇もの皮が棲んでいおこの倚様性が生態系を安定させおいるのですそこでは新しい薬も芋぀かるかもしれたせん
It's how we find new sources of food.
新たな食糧を芋぀ける手がかりもあるでしょう
I'm lucky enough to work on the island of Curaçao, where we still have reefs that look like this.
私はキュラ゜ヌ島で研究する機䌚に恵たれたしたそこでは今でもこのようなサンゎを目にしたす
But, indeed, much of the Caribbean and much of our world is much more like this.
しかしカリブ海はじめ䞖界䞭のほずんどに残されおいるのはこのようなものです
Scientists have studied in increasing detail the loss of the world's coral reefs, and they have documented with increasing certainty the causes.
科孊者たちは倱われゆくサンゎ瀁に぀いおこれたで以䞊に詳现を調べおおりサンゎの枛少理由はより高い信頌床でもっお報告されおいたす
But in my research, I'm not interested in looking backward.
しかし私の研究は過去の経緯を調べるこずではなく
My colleagues and I in Curaçao are interested in looking forward at what might be.
仲間たちず共にキュラ゜ヌでサンゎ瀁の行く末を研究しようずしおいたす
And we have the tiniest reason to be optimistic.
私たちは僅かながらも楜芳的な芋通しを持っおいたす
Because even in some of these reefs that we probably could have written off long ago, we sometimes see baby corals arrive and survive anyway.
ずいうのはこのようなサンゎ瀁の䞭にはずっず前に芋攟されたであろうず思われるようなものもありたすがそこでは幌生サンゎの生存を芋かけるこずが出来るのです
And we're starting to think that baby corals may have the ability to adjust to some of the conditions that the adults couldn't.
幌生サンゎには倧人のサンゎが適応できないような状況に察応できおいるのではないかず私たちは考え始めたした
They may be able to adjust ever so slightly more readily to this human planet.
人間の䜏むこの地球においおサンゎはほんの少しだけ適応力を高めおいるのかもしれたせん
So in the research I do with my colleagues in Curaçao, we try to figure out what a baby coral needs in that critical early stage, what it's looking for and how we can try to help it through that process.
そこで私は仲間たちず共にここキュラ゜ヌで幌生サンゎが生存するために最も倧事な時期に必芁なもの求めおいるものそしおその過皋で私たちにできるこずを探し出そうずしおいたす
I'm going to show you three examples of the work we've done to try to answer those questions.
これらの問いに答えるために私たちが行った ぀の䟋をお芋せしたしょう
A few years ago we took a 3D printer and we made coral choice surveys — different colors and different textures, and we simply asked the coral where they preferred to settle.
数幎前に 3Dプリンタヌを䜿っおサンゎの奜みを調査したした異なる「色」や「衚面の質感」を甚意しサンゎが奜む棲み凊を調べるずいう単玔な実隓です
And we found that corals, even without the biology involved, still prefer white and pink, the colors of a healthy reef.
生物孊的でない実隓ですがそこで分かったこずは癜やピンク色を奜むずいうこずです健康的なサンゎの色です
And they prefer crevices and grooves and holes, where they will be safe from being trampled or eaten by a predator.
たた割れ目や溝それに穎を奜みたすそこは螏み぀けられたり捕食者に捕らえられるこずのない安党な堎所だからです
So we can use this knowledge, we can go back and say we need to restore those factors — that pink, that white, those crevices, those hard surfaces — in our conservation projects.
こうやっお埗た知識から保護プロゞェクトで必芁なこずはピンクや癜、割れ目、硬い衚面ずいった芁玠を埩元させるこずが必芁であるず蚀えたす
We can also use that knowledge if we're going to put something underwater, like a sea wall or a pier.
埗られた知識を元に防波堀や埠頭の氎面䞋に䜕かを蚭眮するこずも考えられるでしょう
We can choose to use the materials and colors and textures that might bias the system back toward those corals.
サンゎが奜む環境ぞず倉えるべく玠材、色や構造を遞ぶこずができたす
Now in addition to the surfaces, we also study the chemical and microbial signals that attract corals to reefs.
衚面の性質にずどたらずサンゎを瀁ぞず匕き寄せるような化孊的成分や埮生物の圱響に぀いおも研究しおいたす
Starting about six years ago, I began culturing bacteria from surfaces where corals had settled.
幎前のこずですサンゎが棲み぀いた衚面から採取した ― バクテリアを繁殖させたした
And I tried those one by one by one, looking for the bacteria that would convince corals to settle and attach.
぀぀詊すこずでサンゎに定着するよう促すバクテリアを探し出そうずしたした
And we now have many bacterial strains in our freezer that will reliably cause corals to go through that settlement and attachment process.
今ではサンゎが確実に着床し棲み凊ずするのに圹立぀ような倚くのバクテリア株を冷蔵庫に保存しおいたす
So as we speak, my colleagues in Curaçao are testing those bacteria to see if they'll help us raise more coral settlers in the lab, and to see if those coral settlers will survive better when we put them back underwater.
今この瞬間にもキュラ゜ヌにいる私の同僚はこれらのバクテリアが研究宀のサンゎがより倚く育぀のに圹立぀のかたた ― これを海氎に戻した時により高い生存率が埗られるのか確かめおいたす
Now in addition to these tools, we also try to uncover the mysteries of species that are under-studied.
このような手段を詊すだけでなくただ研究が十分になされおいない皮の謎を解き明かそうずしおいたす
This is one of my favorite corals, and always has been: dendrogyra cylindrus, the pillar coral.
これはずっず私のお気に入りである孊名デンドロゞャむラ・シリンドラスずいうハシラサンゎです
I love it because it makes this ridiculous shape, because its tentacles are fat and look fuzzy and because it's rare.
気に入っおいる理由は倉な姿をしおいお倪っちょな觊角がおかしくしかも皀な皮だからです
Finding one of these on a reef is a treat.
これが芋぀かるこずはご耒矎ずいえたす
In fact, it's so rare, that last year it was listed as a threatened species on the endangered species list.
実際あたりにも珍しく昚幎存続の危機にある皮ずしお絶滅危惧皮に登録されたした
And this was in part because in over 30 years of research surveys, scientists had never found a baby pillar coral.
その理由のひず぀は科孊者たちは過去30幎間の調査においお幌生のハシラサンゎを芋たこずがなかったからです
We weren't even sure if they could still reproduce, or if they were still reproducing.
このサンゎが再生できるのか再生過皋にあるのかも知りたせんでした
So four years ago, we started following these at night and watching to see if we could figure out when they spawn in Curaçao.
幎前から倜間調査を開始しキュラ゜ヌでの排卵時期を確かめようずしたした
We got some good tips from our colleagues in Florida, who had seen one in 2007, one in 2008, and eventually we figured out when they spawn in Curaçao and we caught it.
私たちはフロリダに䜏む同僚からいい助蚀を埗たした 2007幎ず2008幎に床ず぀排卵を目撃した人でそのおかげでキュラ゜ヌでの排卵時期を解き明かし芳察するこずができたした
Here's a female on the left with some eggs in her tissue, about to release them into the seawater.
巊にいるのがメスで䜓内に卵を抱えおおり海䞭ぞず排卵するずころです
And here's a male on the right, releasing sperm.
右偎はオスで粟子を解き攟぀ずころです
We collected this, we got it back to the lab, we got it to fertilize and we got baby pillar corals swimming in our lab.
これを採取しお研究宀に持ち垰り受粟させたしたハシラサンゎの赀ちゃんが研究宀で泳いでいたす
So this is the first pillar coral baby that anyone ever saw.
これが初めお目にしたハシラサンゎの赀ちゃんです
(Applause) And I have to say — if you think baby pandas are cute, this is cuter.
 拍手  断蚀したすパンダの赀ちゃんはかわいいかもしれたせんがこれはもっずかわいいですよ
(Laughter) So we're starting to figure out the secrets to this process, the secrets of coral reproduction and how we might help them.
 笑  我々はサンゎの再生過皋の秘密ずそれを助ける方法を理解し始めおいたす
But this is still so low-tech.
それでも所詮高床な技術を䜿っおいるわけではありたせん
We are limited by the space on our bench, the number of hands in the lab and the number of coffees we can drink in any given hour.
研究のスペヌスも人手も限られおいるのでコヌヒヌを飲んでいられる時間もあたりありたせん
Now, compare that to our other crises and our other areas of concern as a society.
瀟䌚における他の危機や関心ごずず比范しおみたしょう
We have advanced medical technology, we have defense technology, we have scientific technology, we even have advanced technology for art.
先進的な医療技術防衛技術科孊技術それに芞術分野での先端技術さえありたす
But our technology for conservation is behind.
しかし保護の技術は立ち遅れおいたす
Think back to the most difficult job you ever did.
あなたが経隓したもっずも倧倉な仕事を思い出しおください
Many of you would say it was being a parent.
それは芪になったこずだず蚀う人も倚いこずでしょう
My mother described being a parent as something that makes your life far more amazing and far more difficult than you could've ever possibly imagined.
私の母はこう蚀いたした芪になるこずは想像する以䞊に自らの生掻をはるかに玠晎らしくもひどく困難にもさせおしたうのだず
I've been trying to help corals become parents for over 10 years now.
私はこれたで10幎間サンゎが芪ずなる手助けを詊みおきたした
And watching the wonder of life has certainly filled me with amazement to the core of my soul.
自然の神秘を芋るに぀れ私の心は芯たで驚きに満たされおきたした
But I've also seen how difficult it is for them to become parents.
しかしサンゎが芪になる難しさも芋おきたした
The pillar corals spawned again two weeks ago, and we collected their eggs and brought them back to the lab.
週間前にもハシラサンゎが産卵しそれを集めお研究宀に持ち垰りたした
And here you see one embryo dividing, alongside 14 eggs that didn't fertilize and will blow up.
぀の胚が现胞分裂しおいるのがご芧になれたすが䞀方で14個の卵は孵化したせんでしたいずれ砎裂したす
They'll be infected with bacteria, they will explode and those bacteria will threaten the life of this one embryo that has a chance.
バクテリアに感染し砎裂するのです生き延びる可胜性のある幌生サンゎもバクテリアの脅嚁に晒されおしたいたす
We don't know if it was our handling methods that went wrong and we don't know if it was just this coral on this reef, always suffering from low fertility.
どのような䞍備があっおこうなっおしたったのか私たちは理解しおいたせん生存率の䜎さはこのサンゎ瀁のサンゎだけの問題だったのでしょうか
Whatever the cause, we have much more work to do before we can use baby corals to grow or fix or, yes, maybe save coral reefs.
原因が䜕であれ幌生サンゎを成長させ着床させサンゎ瀁を救うにはやるべきこずが倚くありたす
So never mind that they're worth hundreds of billions of dollars.
サンゎに䜕十兆円の䟡倀があるこずはひずたず忘れたしょう
Coral reefs are hardworking animals and plants and microbes and fungi.
サンゎ瀁はあくせくず働く動物、怍物、埮生物や菌類からなり
They're providing us with art and food and medicine.
審矎的な矎しさ、食糧や薬を我々に提䟛しおいたす
And we almost took out an entire generation of corals.
我々人類は䞀䞖代分のサンゎを根こそぎにしおしたったようなものです
But a few made it anyway, despite our best efforts, and now it's time for us to thank them for the work they did and give them every chance they have to raise the coral reefs of the future, their coral babies.
人間による砎壊にもかかわらずいくらかは生き残りたしたサンゎが人間にもたらした恵みに察し今や我々が感謝する番ですあらゆる手段を講じお将来のサンゎ瀁である幌生サンゎを育おなければなりたせん
Thank you so much.
どうも有難うございたした
(Applause)
 拍手 
Growing up, I didn't always understand why my parents made me follow the rules that they did.
子䟛の頃私は䞡芪がなぜルヌルに埓うように蚀うのかよく分かりたせんでした