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Translate to Arabic
I say that for a very important reason.
ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุณุจุจ ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏุงูŽ.
Translate to Arabic
In order for us to really empower and inspire the next generation of scientists, we really need teachers to drive the adoption of new technologies in the classroom.
ู„ูŠุชุณู†ู‰ ู„ู†ุง ุชู…ูƒูŠู† ูˆ ุฅู„ู‡ุงู… ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุกุŒ ู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ู…ุนู„ู…ูŠู† ู„ู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ ุฅุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูุตูˆู„ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณูŠุฉ.
Translate to Arabic
And so in many ways, I believe that the next big, quantum leap in science education lies no longer with the technology, but rather with the teachers' decision to push forward and adopt these technologies inside the classrooms.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆ ุจุนุฏุฉ ุทุฑู‚ุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู†ูˆุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ููŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…ุŒ ู„ุง ุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุŒ ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุฅุนุชู…ุงุฏู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู… ู„ุฏูุน ูˆุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ูุตูˆู„ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณูŠุฉ.
Translate to Arabic
And so it is our hope that more universities and schools and teachers will collaborate with technology companies to realize this full potential.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฃู…ู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู…ูŠู† ุณูŠุชุนุงูˆู†ูˆุง ู…ุน ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ.
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And so, lastly, I'd like to leave you with a little story that really inspires me.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฃุฎูŠุฑุงูŽุŒ ุฃูˆุฏ ุชุฑูƒูƒู… ู…ุน ู‚ุตุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ุฃู„ู‡ู…ุชู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
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And that is the story of Jack Andraka.
ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ู‚ุตุฉ ุฌุงูƒ ุฃู†ุฏุฑูŠูƒุง .
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Some of you might already know him.
ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ูƒู… ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠุนุฑูู‡.
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Jack invented a new, groundbreaking low-cost test for pancreatic cancer at the age 15.
ุงุฎุชุฑุน ุฌุงูƒ ุฅุฎุชุจุงุฑู…ู†ุฎูุถ ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุญุฌุฑ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ู„ู„ูƒุดู ุนู† ุณุฑุทุงู† ุงู„ุจู†ูƒุฑูŠุงุณ ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุณู† ุงู„15 .
Translate to Arabic
And when Jack shares his story of how he did this huge breakthrough, he also explains that one thing almost prevented him from making this breakthrough.
ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุฎุจุฑ ุฌุงูƒ ู‚ุตุชู‡ ูˆูƒูŠู ูˆุตู„ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒ ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุŒ ู‚ุงู… ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุจุดุฑุญ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ุนู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูˆุตู„ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒ.
Translate to Arabic
And that was that he did not have access to real laboratories, because he was too inexperienced to be allowed in.
ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุนุฏู… ู‚ุฏุฑุชู‡ ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ู„ู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุชู…ุชุน ุจุงู„ุฎุจุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงููŠุฉ ู„ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุณู…ุงุญ ู„ู‡ ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
Translate to Arabic
Now, imagine if we could bring Ivy League, million-dollar virtual laboratories out to all these students just like Jack, all over the world, and give them the latest, greatest, most fancy machines you can imagine that would quite literally make any scientist in here jump up and down out of pure excitement.
ุงู„ุขู† ุŒุชุตูˆุฑูˆุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุชูˆููŠุฑ ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ุฑุงุจุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ุจู„ุงุจ ุงู„ุฅูุชุฑุงุถูŠุฉ ุจู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ู„ูƒู„ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ุฃู…ุซุงู„ ุฌุงูƒ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ูˆ ู…ู†ุญู‡ู… ุฃุญุฏุซ ูˆ ุฃุนุธู… ูˆุฃูุฎุฑ ุงู„ุขู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุตูˆุฑู‡ุง ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฌุนู„ ุฃูŠ ุนุงู„ู… ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ูุฒ ุตุนูˆุฏุงูŽ ูˆ ู‡ุจูˆุทุงูŽ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ุญู…ุงุณ
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And then imagine how that would empower and inspire a whole new generation of young and bright scientists, ready to innovate and change the world.
ูˆุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุชุตูˆุฑูˆุง ูƒูŠู ุณูŠู…ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ูˆ ูŠู„ู‡ู… ุฌูŠู„ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ูƒู„ูŠุงูŽ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุดุจุงุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‚ูŠู†ุŒ ู„ูŠุตุจุญูˆุง ุฌุงู‡ุฒูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุจุชูƒุงุฑ ูˆ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
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Thank you very much.
ุดูƒุฑุงูŽ ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงูŽ.
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<reviewer></reviewer>
<reviewer href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/4143605">Ahmad Altamimi</reviewer>
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<translator></translator>
<translator href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/5379403">Ehab Alsaadi</translator>
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</doc>
</doc>
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<doc docid="2501" genre="lectures">
<doc docid="2501" genre="lectures">
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<url>http://www.ted.com/talks/kang_lee_can_you_really_tell_if_a_kid_is_lying</url>
<url>http://www.ted.com/talks/kang_lee_can_you_really_tell_if_a_kid_is_lying</url>
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<keywords>talks, body language, children, communication, decision-making, intelligence, motivation, parenting, psychology, teaching</keywords>
<keywords>talks, body language, children, communication, decision-making, intelligence, motivation, parenting, psychology, teaching</keywords>
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<speaker>Kang Lee</speaker>
<speaker>Kang Lee</speaker>
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<talkid>2501</talkid>
<talkid>2501</talkid>
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<title>Kang Lee: Can you really tell if a kid is lying?</title>
<title>ูƒุงู†ุบ ู„ูŠ: ู‡ู„ ูŠูู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ูŠูƒุฐุจู ุŸ</title>
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<description>TED Talk Subtitles and Transcript: Are children poor liars? Do you think you can easily detect their lies? Developmental researcher Kang Lee studies what happens physiologically to children when they lie. They do it a lot, starting as young as two years old, and they're actually really good at it. Lee explains why we should celebrate when kids start to lie and presents new lie-detection technology that could someday reveal our hidden emotions.</description>
<description>TED Talk Subtitles and Transcript: ู‡ู„ ุงู„ุงุทูุงู„ ูƒุฐุงุจูˆู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู‡ุฑุฉ/ุจุณุทุงุกุŸ ู‡ู„ ุชุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒู… ูƒุดู ุฃูƒุงุฐูŠุจู‡ู… ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉุŸ ูŠุฏุฑุณู ุงู„ุจุงุญุซ ุงู„ุชู†ู…ูˆูŠ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ "ูƒุงู†ุบ ู„ูŠ" ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฌุฑูŠ ูุณูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงู‹ ู„ู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒุฐุจูˆู†. ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠูƒุฐุจูˆู† ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ุŒ ูˆูŠุจุฏุฃูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุฐุจ ููŠ ุนู…ุฑ ุณู†ุชูŠู†ุŒ ูˆู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ู‡ุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุฐุจ. ูŠุดุฑุญู "ู„ูŠ" ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุญุชูู„ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ููŠ ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฐูŠุจ ูˆูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ู†ุง ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู„ูƒุดู ุงู„ูƒุฐุจ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ูŠูˆู…ุงู‹ ู…ุง ุงู„ูƒุดู ุนู† ู…ุดุงุนุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุฎููŠุฉ.</description>
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Hi.
ู…ุฑุญุจุงู‹ุŒ
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Let me ask the audience a question: Did you ever lie as a child?
ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃุณุฃู„ ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ ุณุคุงู„ุงู‹: ู‡ู„ ูƒุฐุจุชู… ูƒุฃุทูุงู„ ููŠ ุฃูŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุถู‰ุŸ
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If you did, could you please raise your hand?
ุฅุฐุง ู‚ู…ุชู… ุจุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุงู„ุฑุฌุงุก ุงุฑูุนูˆุง ุฃูŠุฏูŠูƒู…ุŸ
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Wow! This is the most honest group of people I've ever met.
ูˆุงูˆ! ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุตุฏู‚ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‚ุงุจู„ุชู‡ู… ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชูŠ.
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So for the last 20 years, I've been studying how children learn to tell lies.
ู„ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุนุงู…ุงู‹ุŒ ูƒู†ุชู ุฃุฏุฑุณ ูƒูŠู ูŠุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฐูŠุจ.
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And today, I'm going to share with you some of the discoveries we have made.
ูˆุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ุฃุฑูŠุฏู ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุชูƒู… ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅูƒุชุดุงูุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง.
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But to begin, I'm going to tell you a story from Mr. Richard Messina, who is my friend and an elementary school principal.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃุณุชู‡ู„ู ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ู„ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูƒู… ู‚ุตุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูŠุฏ ุฑูŠุชุดุงุฑุฏ ู…ุณูŠู†ุงุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุตุฏูŠู‚ูŠ ูˆู…ุฏูŠุฑ ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ุฅุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠุฉ.
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He got a phone call one day.
ุชู„ู‘ู‚ู‰ ู…ูƒุงู„ู…ุฉ ุชู„ูŠููˆู†ูŠุฉ ุฐุงุช ูŠูˆู….
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The caller says, "Mr. Messina, my son Johnny will not come to school today because he's sick."
ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุชุตู„ุŒ "ุณูŠุฏ ู…ุณูŠู†ุงุŒ ู„ู† ูŠุญุถุฑ ุงุจู†ูŠ ุฌูˆู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุฑูŠุถ."
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Mr. Messina asks, "Who am I speaking to, please?"
ูŠุณุฃู„ ุงู„ุณูŠุฏ ู…ุณูŠู†ุงุŒ "ู…ู† ูุถู„ูƒุŒ ู…ู† ูŠุชุญุฏุซู ู…ุนูŠุŸ"
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And the caller says, "I am my father."
ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุซุŒ "ุฃู†ุง ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ."
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So this story -- sums up very nicely three common beliefs we have about children and lying.
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ-- ุชู„ุฎุตู ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฅุนุชู‚ุงุฏุงุช ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฑุงุฆุน ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูˆุงู„ูƒุฐุจ.
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One, children only come to tell lies after entering elementary school.
ุงู„ุฃูˆู„: ูŠุญุฏุซู ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูŠูƒุฐุจูˆู† ูู‚ุท ุจุนุฏ ุฏุฎูˆู„ู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุฅุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠุฉ.
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Two, children are poor liars.
ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ: ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูƒุฐุงุจูˆู† ุจุณุทุงุก.
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We adults can easily detect their lies.
ูˆูŠูู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ูƒูƒุจุงุฑ ุถุจุท ุฃูƒุงุฐูŠุจู‡ู… ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ.
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And three, if children lie at a very young age, there must be some character flaws with them, and they are going to become pathological liars for life.
ูˆุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ: ุฅุฐุง ูƒุฐุจ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ููŠ ุณู† ู…ุจูƒุฑ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ูู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุงู„ู…ุคูƒุฏ ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุดุฎุตูŠุชู‡ู… ูˆูู„ุฏูˆุง ุจู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุณูŠุตุจุญูˆุง ูƒุฐุงุจูŠู† ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุทูˆุงู„ ุญูŠุงุชู‡ู….
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Well, it turns out all of the three beliefs are wrong.
ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชุจูŠู‘ู† ุฃู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุนุชู‚ุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฎุงุทุฆุฉ.
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We have been playing guessing games with children all over the world.
ูˆุฃู†ู†ุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ู„ุนุจู ุฃู„ุนุงุจ ุงู„ุชุฎู…ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุชุญุฒูŠุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
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Here is an example.
ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„.
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So in this game, we asked children to guess the numbers on the cards.
ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ุนุจุฉุŒ ุทู„ุจู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุฃู† ูŠุฎู…ู†ูˆุง ุงู„ุฃุฑู‚ุงู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุทุงู‚ุงุช.
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And we tell them if they win the game, they are going to get a big prize.
ูˆุฃุฎุจุฑู†ุงู‡ู… ุฅุฐุง ูุงุฒูˆุง ุงู„ู„ุนุจุฉุŒ ุณูŠุญุตู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ.
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But in the middle of the game, we make an excuse and leave the room.
ู„ูƒู† ูˆููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงู„ู„ุนุจุฉุŒ ุงุฎุชุฑุนู†ุง ุนุฐุฑุงู‹ ูˆุชุฑูƒู†ุง ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ.
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And before we leave the room, we tell them not to peek at the cards.
ูˆู‚ุจู„ ู…ุบุงุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉุŒ ุฃุฎุจุฑู†ุงู‡ู… ุฃู† ู„ุง ูŠุฎุชู„ุณูˆุง ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุทุงู‚ุงุช.
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Of course, we have hidden cameras in the room to watch their every move.
ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏุŒ ุฃุฎููŠู†ุง ูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ ู„ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุฉ ูƒู„ ุญุฑูƒุงุชู‡ู….
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Because the desire to win the game is so strong, more than 90 percent of children will peek as soon as we leave the room.
ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฑุบุจุฉ ููŠ ููˆุฒ ุงู„ู„ุนุจุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ุณูŠุฎุชู„ุณ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 90% ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุญุงู„ ุฃู† ู†ุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ.
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The crucial question is: When we return and ask the children whether or not they have peeked, will the children who peeked confess or lie about their transgression?
ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุญุงุณู… ู‡ูˆ: ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุนูุฏู†ุง ูˆุณุฃู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ููŠู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุงุฎุชู„ุณูˆุง ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุทุงู‚ุงุชุŒ ู‡ู„ ุณูŠุนุชุฑู ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุงุฎุชู„ุณูˆุง ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฃูˆ ุณูŠูƒุฐุจูˆุง ุญูˆู„ ุงู†ุชู‡ุงูƒุงุชู‡ู…ุŸ
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We found that regardless of gender, country, religion, at two years of age, 30 percent lie, 70 percent tell the truth about their transgression.
ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ูˆุจุบุถ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ูˆุงู„ุจู„ุฏ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠุงู†ุฉุŒ ููŠ ุนู…ุฑ ุณู†ุชูŠู†ุŒ ูƒุฐุจ 30%ุŒ ูˆู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ 70% ุญูˆู„ ุงุฎุชู„ุงุณู‡ู… ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุทุงู‚ุงุช.
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At three years of age, 50 percent lie and 50 percent tell the truth.
ูˆููŠ ุนู…ุฑ ุซู„ุงุซ ุณู†ูˆุงุชุŒ ูƒุฐุจ 50% ูˆู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ 50%
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At four years of age, more than 80 percent lie.
ูˆููŠ ุนู…ุฑ ุฃุฑุจุน ุณู†ูˆุงุชุŒ ูƒุฐุจ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 80%
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And after four years of age, most children lie.
ูˆุจุนุฏ ุนู…ุฑ ุฃุฑุจุน ุณู†ูˆุงุชุŒ ูƒุฐุจ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„.
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So as you can see, lying is really a typical part of development.
ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู†ุŒ ุงู„ูƒุฐุจ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฌุฒุก ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠ ู„ู„ู†ู…ูˆ ูˆุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ.
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And some children begin to tell lies as young as two years of age.
ูˆูŠุจุฏุฃ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ููŠ ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฐูŠุจ ููŠ ุนู…ุฑ ู„ุง ูŠุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ุงู„ุณู†ุชูŠู†.
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So now, let's take a closer look at the younger children.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฏุนู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ู†ู„ู‚ูŠ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ูุงุญุตุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุตุบุฑ ุณู†ุงู‹.
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Why do some but not all young children lie?
ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูƒุฐุจ ุจุนุถ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ุตุบุงุฑุŸ
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In cooking, you need good ingredients to cook good food.
ุชุญุชุงุฌ ููŠ ุงู„ุทู‡ูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุช ูˆุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ู„ุทู‡ูŠ ุทุนุงู…ุงู‹ ุฌูŠุฏุงู‹.
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And good lying requires two key ingredients.
ูˆูŠุชุทู„ุจ ุงู„ูƒุฐุจ ุงู„ู…ุชู‚ู† ุนู†ุตุฑูŠู† ุฃุณุงุณูŠู†.
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The first key ingredient is theory of mind, or the mind-reading ability.
ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ูˆุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†.
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Mind reading is the ability to know that different people have different knowledge about the situation and the ability to differentiate between what I know and what you know.
ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃู† ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ุบุงูŠุฑุฉ ุญูˆู„ ู…ูˆู‚ูู ู…ุง ูˆุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ุจูŠู† ู…ุง ุฃุนุฑูู‡ ุฃู†ุง ูˆู…ุง ุชุนุฑููˆู†ู‡ ุฃู†ุชู….
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Mind reading is important for lying because the basis of lying is that I know you don't know what I know.
ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ู‡ูŠ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ูƒุฐุจ ู„ุฃู† ุฃุณุงุณ ุงู„ูƒุฐุจ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุฃุนุฑูู‡ ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุชุนุฑููˆู† ู…ุง ุฃุนุฑูู‡ ุฃู†ุง.
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Therefore, I can lie to you.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃูƒุฐุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒู….
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The second key ingredient for good lying is self-control.
ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ูƒุฐุจ ู‡ูˆ ุถุจุท ุงู„ู†ูุณ
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It is the ability to control your speech, your facial expression and your body language, so that you can tell a convincing lie.
ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ููŠ ุฃู‚ูˆุงู„ูƒู… ูˆุชุนุจูŠุฑุงุช ูˆุฌูˆู‡ูƒู… ูˆู„ุบุฉ ุฃุฌุณุงุฏูƒู…ุŒ ูˆุจุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ู‚ูˆู„ ูƒุฐุจุฉ ู…ู‚ู†ุนุฉ.
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And we found that those young children who have more advanced mind-reading and self-control abilities tell lies earlier and are more sophisticated liars.
ูˆูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ุตุบุงุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชู‚ุฏู…ุงู‹ ููŠู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ูˆุถุจุท ุงู„ู†ูุณ ูŠูƒุฐุจูˆู† ุจุนู…ุฑ ู…ุจูƒุฑ ูˆู‡ู… ูƒุฐุงุจูˆู† ู…ู‡ุฑุฉ.
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As it turns out, these two abilities are also essential for all of us to function well in our society.
ูƒู…ุง ุชุจูŠู† ุฃู† ู‡ุงุชูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุชูŠู† ู‡ูŠ ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹ ู„ู„ุฃุฏุงุก ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏ ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุชู†ุง.
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In fact, deficits in mind-reading and self-control abilities are associated with serious developmental problems, such as ADHD and autism.
ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุนุฌุฒ ููŠ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ูŠุฑุชุจุทู ุจู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุฌุฏู‘ูŠุฉ ุชุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ ูˆุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงุถุทุฑุงุจ ู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุจุงู‡ ู…ุน ูุฑุท ุงู„ู†ุดุงุท ูˆู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ุชูˆุญุฏุŒ
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So if you discover your two-year-old is telling his or her first lie, instead of being alarmed, you should celebrate -- because it signals that your child has arrived at a new milestone of typical development.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุงูƒุชุดูุชู… ุทูู„ูƒู… ุงู„ุจุงู„ุบ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ ุณู†ุชูŠู† ูŠูƒุฐุจ ู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุฉุŒ ูุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ุจุงู„ูุฒุนุŒ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุฅุญุชูุงู„ -- ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุดูŠุฑู ุฃู† ุทูู„ูƒู… ู‚ุฏ ูˆุตู„ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุชุญูˆู„ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ ูˆุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ.
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Now, are children poor liars?
ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู‡ู„ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูƒุฐุงุจูˆู† ุจุณุทุงุกุŸ
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Do you think you can easily detect their lies?
ู‡ู„ ุชุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ูƒุดู ุฃูƒุงุฐูŠุจู‡ู… ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉุŸ
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Would you like to give it a try?
ู‡ู„ ุชุฑุบุจูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉุŸ
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Yes? OK.
ู†ุนู…ุŸ ุญุณู†ุงู‹.
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So I'm going to show you two videos.
ุณุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุฅุซู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆู‡ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณุฌู„ุฉ.
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In the videos, the children are going to respond to a researcher's question, "Did you peek?"
ููŠู‡ู…ุงุŒ ุณูŠุฌูŠุจู ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุนู† ุณุคุงู„ ู„ู„ุจุงุญุซุฉ. "ู‡ู„ ุงุฎุชู„ุณุช ุงู„ู†ุธุฑุŸ"
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So try to tell me which child is lying and which child is telling the truth.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุญุงูˆู„ูˆุง ุฅุฎุจุงุฑูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูƒุฐุจ ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
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Here's child number one.
ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„.
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Are you ready?
ู‡ู„ ุฃู†ุชู… ู…ุณุชุนุฏูˆู†ุŸ
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Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
ุจุงู„ุบ: ู‡ู„ ุงุฎุชู„ุณุช ุงู„ู†ุธุฑุŸ ุงู„ุทูู„: ู„ุง.
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Kang Lee: And this is child number two.
ุบุงู†ุบ ู„ูŠ: ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ.
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Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
ุจุงู„ุบ: ู‡ู„ ุงุฎุชู„ุณุช ุงู„ู†ุธุฑุŸ ุงู„ุทูู„: ู„ุง.
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KL: OK, if you think child number one is lying, please raise your hand.
ุบุงู†ุบ ู„ูŠ: ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู…ู† ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ูŠูƒุฐุจุŒ ุงู„ุฑุฌุงุก ุฑูุน ูŠุฏู‡.
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And if you think child number two is lying, please raise your hand.
ูˆู…ู† ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ูŠูƒุฐุจุŒ ุงู„ุฑุฌุงุก ุฑูุน ูŠุฏู‡.
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OK, so as a matter of fact, child number one is telling the truth, child number two is lying.
ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุตุฏู‚ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ูŠูƒุฐุจ.
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Looks like many of you are terrible detectors of children's lies.
ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู†ูƒู… ูƒุงุดููˆู† ุณูŠุฆูˆู† ู„ุฃูƒุงุฐูŠุจ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„.
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Now, we have played similar kinds of games with many, many adults from all walks of life.
ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ุนุจู†ุง ุฃู†ูˆุงุนุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจ ุงู„ู…ู…ุงุซู„ุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุจุงุฑ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠุงุช.
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And we show them many videos.
ูˆุฃุฑูŠู†ุงู‡ู… ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆู‡ุงุช.
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In half of the videos, the children lied.
ูƒุฐุจ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ููŠ ู†ุตู ู…ุฌู…ูˆุน ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆู‡ุงุช.
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In the other half of the videos, the children told the truth.
ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู†ุตู ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆู‡ุงุชุŒ ู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ุตุฏู‚.
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And let's find out how these adults performed.
ูˆุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ูƒุชุดู ูƒูŠู ูƒุงู† ุฃุฏุงุก ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ูƒุจุงุฑ.
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Because there are as many liars as truth tellers, if you guess randomly, there's a 50 percent chance you're going to get it right.
ู„ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุฐุจ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุตุฏู‚ุŒ ู„ูˆ ุฎู…ู†ุชูู… ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูุฑุตุฉ 50% ููŠ ุฃู† ุชุญุตู„ูˆุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุตุงุฆุจุฉ.
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So if your accuracy is around 50 percent, it means you are a terrible detector of children's lies.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฏู‚ุชูƒู… ู‡ูŠ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 50%ุŒ ูู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ูƒู… ูƒุงุดููˆู† ุชุนุณุงุก ู„ุฃูƒุงุฐูŠุจ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„.
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So let's start with undergrads and law school students, who typically have limited experience with children.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุจุฏุฃ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนูŠูŠู† ูˆุทู„ุงุจ ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ู…ุญุฏูˆุฏุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ุŒ
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No, they cannot detect children's lies.
ู„ุงุŒ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ูƒุดู ุนู† ุฃูƒุงุฐูŠุจ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„.
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Their performance is around chance.
ุฃุฏุงุคู‡ู… ู‡ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุตุงุฏูุฉ.
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Now how about social workers and child-protection lawyers, who work with children on a daily basis?
ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ุงู„ุนุงู…ู„ูŠู† ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุงู…ูŠูŠู† ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุชุนุงู…ู„ูˆู† ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุงุณ ูŠูˆู…ูŠุŸ
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Can they detect children's lies?
ู‡ู„ ูŠุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ูƒุดู ุฃูƒุงุฐูŠุจ ุงู„ุทูู„ุŸ
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No, they cannot.
ู„ุงุŒ ู„ุง ูŠุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู†.
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What about judges, customs officers and police officers, who deal with liars on a daily basis?
ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ุงู„ู‚ุถุงุฉุŒ ูˆุถุจุงุท ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุฑูƒุŒ ูˆู…ูˆุธููŠ ุงู„ุดุฑุทุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุชุนุงู…ู„ูˆู† ู…ุน ุงู„ูƒุฐุงุจูŠู† ูŠูˆู…ูŠุงู‹ุŸ
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Can they detect children's lies?
ู‡ู„ ูŠุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ูƒุดู ุฃูƒุงุฐูŠุจ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ุŸ