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Translate to Arabic
|
New Zealand decriminalized sex work in 2003.
|
ูููุฒููุงูุฏุง ุฑูุนุช ุงูุชุฌุฑูู
ุนู ุงุญุชุฑุงู ุงูุฌูุณ ุณูุฉ 2003.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
It's crucial to remember that decriminalization and legalization are not the same thing.
|
ูู
ู ุงูุฃูู
ูุฉ ุชุฐูุฑ ุฃู ุนุฏู
ุงูุชุฌุฑูู
ูุงูุชุดุฑูุน ูุง ูุนุชุจุฑุงู ููุณ ุงูุดูุก.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Decriminalization means the removal of laws that punitively target the sex industry, instead treating sex work much like any other kind of work.
|
ุนุฏู
ุงูุชุฌุฑูู
ูุนูู ุฅุฒุงูุฉ ุงูููุงููู ุงูุชู ุชุณุชูุฏู ู
ุนุงูุจุฉ ุตูุงุนุฉ ุงูุฌูุณุ ุจุฏูุง ุนู ู
ุนุงู
ูุฉ ุงุญุชุฑุงู ุงูุฌูุณ ูุฃู ููุน ุขุฎุฑ ู
ู ุงูุนู
ู.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
In New Zealand, people can work together for safety, and employers of sex workers are accountable to the state.
|
ูู ูููุฒููุงูุฏุงุ ูุณุชุทูุน ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุนู
ู ู
ุนุง ูุถู
ุงู ุณูุงู
ุชูู
ุ ูู
ุญุชุฑูู ุงูุฌูุณ ู
ุณุคูููู ุฃู
ุงู
ุงูุฏููุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
A sex worker can refuse to see a client at any time, for any reason, and 96 percent of street workers report that they feel the law protects their rights.
|
ูู
ูู ูู
ุญุชุฑู ุงูุฌูุณ ุฃู ูุฑูุถ ุฑุคูุฉ ุฒุจูู ูู ุฃู ููุชุ ูุฃู ุณุจุจุ ู %96 ู
ู ู
ุญุชุฑูู ุงูุฌูุณ ุจุงูุดูุงุฑุน ุฃุจูุบูุง ุฃู ุฃููู
ูุดุนุฑูู ุจุฃู ุงููุงููู ูุญู
ู ุญููููู
.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
New Zealand hasn't actually seen an increase in the amount of people doing sex work, but decriminalizing it has made it a lot safer.
|
ูู
ุชุดูุฏ ูู ุงููุงูุน ูููุฒููุงูุฏุง ุฒูุงุฏุฉ ูู ุนุฏุฏ ู
ุญุชุฑูู ุงูุฌูุณุ ูููู ุงูุณู
ุงุญ ุจุนุฏู
ุชุฌุฑูู
ุฉ ุฌุนูู ุฃูุซุฑ ุฃู
ุงูุง.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
But the lesson from New Zealand isn't just that its particular legislation is good, but that crucially, it was written in collaboration with sex workers; namely, the New Zealand Prostitutes' Collective.
|
ูููู ุงูุนุจุฑุฉ ู
ู ูููุฒููุงูุฏุง ููุณ ููุท ุฃู ุงูุชุดุฑูุน ุงูุฎุงุต ุฌูุฏุ ุฅูุง ุฃู ุงูุฃูู
ู
ู ุฐููุ ุฃูู ูุชุจ ุจุงูุชุนุงูู ู
ุน ู
ุญุชุฑูู ุงูุฌูุณุ ูุนููุ ุชุฌู
ุน ู
ูู
ุณุงุช ูููุฒูุงูุฏุง .
|
Translate to Arabic
|
When it came to making sex work safer, they were ready to hear it straight from sex workers themselves.
|
ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุชุนูู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุจุฌุนู ุงุญุชุฑุงู ุงูุฌูุณ ุขู
ูุงุ ูุฅููู
ูุงููุง ู
ุณุชุนุฏูู ูุณู
ุงุน ุฐูู ู
ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ู
ู ู
ุญุชุฑูู ุงูุฌูุณ ุฃููุณูู
.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Here in the UK, I'm part of sex worker-led groups like the Sex Worker Open University and the English Collective of Prostitutes.
|
ููุง ูู ุงูู
ู
ููุฉ ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉุ ุฃูุง ุนุถูุฉ ูู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ูููุฏูุง ู
ุญุชุฑูู ุงูุฌูุณ ู
ุซู ุงูุฌุงู
ุนุฉ ุงูู
ูุชูุญุฉ ูุนุงู
ู ุงูุฌูุณ ูุงูุฌู
ุนูุฉ ุงูุฅูุฌููุฒูุฉ ูู
ุญุชุฑูู ุงูุฌูุณ .
|
Translate to Arabic
|
And we form part of a global movement demanding decriminalization and self-determination.
|
ููุดูู ุฌุฒุก ู
ู ุงูุญุฑูุฉ ุงูุนุงูู
ูุฉ ูุทูุจ ุฅููุงุก ุงูุชุฌุฑูู
ูุชูุฑูุฑ ุงูู
ุตูุฑ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
The universal symbol of our movement is the red umbrella.
|
ุงูุฑู
ุฒ ุงูุนุงูู
ู ูุญุฑูุชูุง ูู ู
ุธูุฉ ุญู
ุฑุงุก.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
We're supported in our demands by global bodies like UNAIDS, the World Health Organization and Amnesty International.
|
ุฏุนู
ูุง ูู ู
ุทุงูุจูุง ู
ู ูุจู ููุฆุงุช ุนุงูู
ูุฉ ู
ุซู ุจุฑูุงู
ุฌ ุงูุฃู
ู
ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ ููุฅูุฏุฒ ู
ูุธู
ุฉ ุงูุตุญุฉ ุงูุนุงูู
ูุฉ ูู
ูุธู
ุฉ ุงูุนูู ุงูุฏูููุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
But we need more allies.
|
ูููููุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅูู ุงูู
ุฒูุฏ ู
ู ุงูุญููุงุก.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
If you care about gender equality or poverty or migration or public health, then sex worker rights matter to you.
|
ุฅุฐุง ููุชู
ุชูุชู
ูู ุจุงูู
ุณุงูุงุฉ ุจูู ุงูุฌูุณูู ุฃู ุงูููุฑุฃู ุงููุฌุฑุฉ ุฃู ุงูุตุญุฉ ุงูุนุงู
ุฉุ ุฅุฐู ูุฅู ุญููู ู
ุญุชุฑูู ุงูุฌูุณ ุชูู
ูู
.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Make space for us in your movements.
|
ุงูุณุญูุง ููุง ู
ุฌุงูุง ูู ุญุฑูุงุชูู
ุงูู
ุทูุจูุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
That means not only listening to sex workers when we speak but amplifying our voices.
|
ุฐูู ูุง ูุนูู ููุท ุณู
ุงุน ู
ุญุชุฑูู ุงูุฌูุณ ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุชููู
ูู ูููู ุชุถุฎูู
ุฃุตูุงุชูุง.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Resist those who silence us, those who say that a prostitute is either too victimized, too damaged to know what's best for herself, or else too privileged and too removed from real hardship, not representative of the millions of voiceless victims.
|
ู
ูุงูู
ุฉ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุญุงูููู ุฅุณูุงุชูุงุ ุฃููุฆู ุงูุฐูู ูููููู ุฃู ู
ุญุชุฑูุฉ ุงูุฌูุณ ุฅู
ุง ุฃู ุชููู ุถุญูุฉ ุ ุฃู ู
ุชุถุฑุฑุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ ุจุญูุซ ูุง ุชุนุฑู ู
ุงูู ุงูุฃูุถู ููุงุ ุฃู ู
ุญุธูุธุฉ ุฌุฏุง ูุจุนูุฏู ุฌุฏุง ุนู ุงูู
ุนุงูุงุฉ ุงูุญูููุฉุ ูุง ุชู
ุซู ู
ูุงููู ุงูุถุญุงูุง ุจูุง ุตูุช.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
This distinction between victim and empowered is imaginary.
|
ูุฐุง ุงูุชู
ููุฒ ุจูู ุงูุถุญุงูุง ูุฃุตุญุงุจ ุงูุณูุทุฉ ุบูุฑ ุญูููู.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
It exists purely to discredit sex workers and make it easy to ignore us.
|
ู
ูุฌูุฏ ููุท ูุชุดููู ุณู
ุนุฉ ู
ุญุชุฑูู ุงูุฌูุณ ูุฌุนู ุชุฌุงูููุง ุณููุง.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
No doubt many of you work for a living.
|
ูุง ุดู ุฃู ุงูุนุฏูุฏ ู
ููู
ูุนู
ู ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุงูุนูุด.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Well, sex work is work, too.
|
ุญุณูุงุ ุงูุนู
ู ูู ุงูุฌูุณ ูู ุนู
ูุ ุฃูุถุง.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Just like you, some of us like our jobs, some of us hate them.
|
ู
ุซูู ุชู
ุงู
ุงุ ุงูุจุนุถ ู
ูุง ูุญุจ ุนู
ููุ ุงูุจุนุถ ู
ูุง ููุฑูู.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Ultimately, most of us have mixed feelings.
|
ูู ููุงูุฉ ุงูู
ุทุงูุ ู
ุนุธู
ูุง ูุฏูู ู
ุดุงุนุฑ ู
ุฎุชูุทุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
But how we feel about our work isn't the point.
|
ูููู ููู ูุดุนุฑ ุญูู ุนู
ููุง ููุณ ูู ุงูู
ูุตูุฏ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
And how others feel about our work certainly isn't.
|
ูููู ูุดุนุฑ ุงูุขุฎุฑูู ุญูู ุนู
ููุง ููุณ ููุงูู
ูุตูุฏ ุฃูุถุง.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
What's important is that we have the right to work safely and on our own terms.
|
ุงูู
ูู
ูู ุฃููุง ูุชู
ุชุน ุจุญู ุงูุนู
ู ุจุฃู
ุงู ููููุง ูุดุฑูุทูุง.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Sex workers are real people.
|
ู
ุญุชุฑูู ุงูุฌูุณ ูู
ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุญููููู.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
We've had complicated experiences and complicated responses to those experiences.
|
ููุฏ ุนุดูุง ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ู
ุนูุฏุฉ ูุฑุฏูุฏ ุฃูุนุงู ู
ุนูุฏุฉ ูุชูู ุงูุชุฌุงุฑุจ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
But our demands are not complicated.
|
ููู ู
ุทุงูุจูุง ููุณุช ู
ุนูุฏุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
You can ask expensive escorts in New York City, brothel workers in Cambodia, street workers in South Africa and every girl on the roster at my old job in Soho, and they will all tell you the same thing.
|
ูู
ููู ุฃู ุชุณุฃู ุงูู
ุฑุงููุงุช ุนุงููุงุช ุงูุชูููุฉ ูู ู
ุฏููุฉ ูููููุฑูุ ุนู
ุงู ุงูู
ูุงุฎูุฑ ูู ูู
ุจูุฏูุงุ ูุงูุนุงู
ููู ูู ุงูุดูุงุฑุน ูู ุฌููุจ ุฅูุฑูููุง ููู ูุชุงุฉ ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ุนูู ุงููุงุฆู
ุฉ ูู ูุธููุชู ุงููุฏูู
ุฉ ูู ุณูููุ ูุณูู ูููููู ููู
ุฌู
ูุนูู
ุงูุดูุก ููุณูุ
|
Translate to Arabic
|
You can speak to millions of sex workers and countless sex work-led organizations.
|
ุจุฅู
ูุงููู
ุงูุชููู
ู
ุน ู
ูุงููู ู
ุญุชุฑูู ุงูุฌูุณ ูุนุฏุฏ ูุง ูุญุตู ู
ู ุงูู
ูุธู
ุงุช ุงูุชู ูููุฏูุง ู
ุญุชุฑูู ุงูุฌูุณ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
We want full decriminalization and labor rights as workers.
|
ูุฑูุฏ ุฅูุบุงุก ุงูุชุฌุฑูู
ุจุงููุงู
ู ูุญููู ุงูุนู
ู ูุนุงู
ููู.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
I'm just one sex worker on the stage today, but I'm bringing a message from all over the world.
|
ุฃูุง ู
ุฌุฑุฏ ู
ุญุชุฑูุฉ ุฌูุณ ูุงุญุฏุฉ ุนูู ุงูู
ูุตุฉ ุงูููู
ุ ูููู ุฃูุง ุฃุญู
ู ุฑุณุงูุฉ ู
ู ุฌู
ูุน ุฃูุญุงุก ุงูุนุงูู
.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Thank you.
|
ุดูุฑุง ููู
.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
<reviewer></reviewer>
|
<reviewer href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/4188294">Waleed Mukhtar</reviewer>
|
Translate to Arabic
|
<translator></translator>
|
<translator href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/4515435">Zeineb Trabelsi</translator>
|
Translate to Arabic
|
</doc>
|
</doc>
|
Translate to Arabic
|
<doc docid="2510" genre="lectures">
|
<doc docid="2510" genre="lectures">
|
Translate to Arabic
|
<url>http://www.ted.com/talks/mariano_sigman_your_words_may_predict_your_future_mental_health</url>
|
<url>http://www.ted.com/talks/mariano_sigman_your_words_may_predict_your_future_mental_health</url>
|
Translate to Arabic
|
<keywords>talks, brain, cognitive science, communication, future, health, identity, language, mental health, mind, neuroscience, science, self, speech, writing</keywords>
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<keywords>talks, brain, cognitive science, communication, future, health, identity, language, mental health, mind, neuroscience, science, self, speech, writing</keywords>
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<speaker>Mariano Sigman</speaker>
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<speaker>Mariano Sigman</speaker>
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<talkid>2510</talkid>
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<talkid>2510</talkid>
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<title>Mariano Sigman: Your words may predict your future mental health</title>
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<title>ู
ุงุฑูุงูู ุณูุบู
ุงู: ูุฏ ุชุชููุน ููู
ุงุชู ุตุญุชู ุงูููุณูุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุณุชูุจู</title>
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<description>TED Talk Subtitles and Transcript: Can the way you speak and write today predict your future mental state, even the onset of psychosis? In this fascinating talk, neuroscientist Mariano Sigman reflects on ancient Greece and the origins of introspection to investigate how our words hint at our inner lives and details a word-mapping algorithm that could predict the development of schizophrenia. "We may be seeing in the future a very different form of mental health," Sigman says, "based on objective, quantitative and automated analysis of the words we write, of the words we say."</description>
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<description>TED Talk Subtitles and Transcript: ูู ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชุชูุจุฃ ุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุชููู
ูุชูุชุจ ุจูุง ุงูููู
ุจุญุงูุชู ุงูููุณูุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุณุชูุจูุ ูุญุชู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุงูุฐูุงูุ ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุญุฏูุซ ุงูุฑุงุฆุนุ ูุชููุฑ ุนุงูู
ุงูุฃุนุตุงุจ "ู
ุงุฑูุงูู ุณูุบู
ุงู" ูู ุฃุตูู ู
ูููู
ุงูุชุฃู
ู ูู ุงููููุงู ุงููุฏูู
ุฉ ูู
ุนุฑูุฉ ููู ุฃูู ู
ู ุงูู
ู
ูู ูููู
ุงุชูุง ุงูุชูู
ูุญ ุนู ุญูุงุชูุง ุงูุฏุงุฎููุฉ ูุงูููุงู
ุจุชุญุฏูุฏ ุฎูุงุฑุฒู
ูุฉ ูุจูุงุก ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ุงูููู
ุงุช ูุงูุชู ูู
ูู ู
ู ุฎูุงููุง ุชูุจุค ุชุทูุฑ ุงูุฐูุงู. ูุฃุถุงู "ูุฏ ูู
ูููุง ุฑุคูุฉ ุดูู ู
ุฎุชูู ุฌุฏุง ููุตุญุฉ ุงูููุณูุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุณุชูุจู" ููููู ุณูุบู
ุงูุ "ุจูุงุก ุนูู ุชุญููู ู
ูุถูุนูุ ูู
ู ูุขูู ููููู
ุงุช ุงูุชู ููุชุจูุง ูุงูููู
ุงุช ุงูุชู ูููููุง."</description>
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We have historical records that allow us to know how the ancient Greeks dressed, how they lived, how they fought ...
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ูุฏููุง ุณุฌูุงุช ุชุงุฑูุฎูุฉ ุชุณู
ุญ ููุง ุจู
ุนุฑูุฉ ู
ุง ูุงู ูุฑุชุฏูู ุงูุฅุบุฑููุ ูููู ูุงููุง ูุนูุดููุ ูููู ูุงููุง ููุงุชููู...
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but how did they think?
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ูููู ููู ูุงููุง ูููุฑููุ
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One natural idea is that the deepest aspects of human thought -- our ability to imagine, to be conscious, to dream -- have always been the same.
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ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุฃููุงุฑ ุงูุทุจูุนูุฉ ูู ุฃู ุฃุนู
ู ุฌูุงูุจ ุงูููุฑ ุงูุฅูุณุงูู -- ูุฏุฑุชูุง ุนูู ุงูุชุฎููุ ููุฏุฑุชูุง ุนูู ุงูุฅุฏุฑุงูุ ูุฏุฑุชูุง ุนูู ุงูุญูู
-- ูุงูุช ุฏุงุฆู
ุงู ู
ุชุดุงุจูุฉ.
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Another possibility is that the social transformations that have shaped our culture may have also changed the structural columns of human thought.
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ุงุญุชู
ุงู ุขุฎุฑ ูู ุฃู ุงูุชุญููุงุช ุงูุงุฌุชู
ุงุนูุฉ ูุงูุชู ุดููุช ุซูุงูุชูุง ูุงู
ุช ุฃูุถุงู ุจุชุบููุฑ ุงูุฃุนู
ุฏุฉ ุงููููููุฉ ููููุฑ ุงูุฅูุณุงูู.
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We may all have different opinions about this.
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ูุฏ ูููู ูุฏููุง ุฌู
ูุนุงู ุขุฑุงุก ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ุญูู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ูุถูุน.
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Actually, it's a long-standing philosophical debate.
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ูู ุงููุงูุนุ ุฅูู ููุงุด ููุณูู ุทููู ุงูุฃู
ุฏ.
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But is this question even amenable to science?
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ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุณุคุงู ูุงุจู ููููุงุด ูุงูุชุญููู ุงูุนูู
ูุ
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Here I'd like to propose that in the same way we can reconstruct how the ancient Greek cities looked just based on a few bricks, that the writings of a culture are the archaeological records, the fossils, of human thought.
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ููุง ุฃูุฏ ุฃู ุฃูุชุฑุญ ุฃูู ูุจููุณ ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุชู ุชู
ููุง ู
ู ุฎูุงููุง ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุจูุงุก ุงูู
ุฏู ุงููููุงููุฉ ุงููุฏูู
ุฉ ุจุงูุงุณุชูุงุฏ ุฅูู ุนุฏุฏ ูููู ู
ู ุงูุทูุจ ููุทุ ูุฅู ูุชุงุจุงุช ุงูุญุถุงุฑุฉ ูู ุณุฌูุงุช ุฃุซุฑูุฉุ ูุฃุญุงููุฑุ ู
ู ุงูููุฑ ุงูุฅูุณุงูู.
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And in fact, doing some form of psychological analysis of some of the most ancient books of human culture, Julian Jaynes came up in the '70s with a very wild and radical hypothesis: that only 3,000 years ago, humans were what today we would call schizophrenics.
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ููู ูุงูุน ุงูุฃู
ุฑุ ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูููุงู
ุจุดูู ู
ู ุฃุดูุงู ุงูุชุญููู ุงูููุณู ูุจุนุถ ุฃูุซุฑ ูุชุจ ุงูุซูุงูุฉ ุงูุฅูุณุงููุฉ ูุฏู
ุงูุ ุฌุงุก "ุฌูููุงู ุฌุงูููุณ" ูู ุงูุณุจุนููุงุช ุจูุฑุถูุฉ ุฌุงู
ุญุฉ ูุฌุฐุฑูุฉ ุฌุฏุง: ุฃูู ูุจู 3000ุณูุฉ ููุทุ ูุงู ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุญูููุง ู
ุง ูุณู
ููู
ุงูููู
ุจู
ุฑุถู ุงููุตุงู
.
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And he made this claim based on the fact that the first humans described in these books behaved consistently, in different traditions and in different places of the world, as if they were hearing and obeying voices that they perceived as coming from the Gods, or from the muses ...
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ููุฏู
ูุฐุง ุงูุงุฏุนุงุก ุงุณุชูุงุฏุง ุฅูู ุญูููุฉ ุฃู ุฃูู ุงูุจุดุฑ ูุงูุฐู ุชู
ูุตููู
ูู ูุฐู ุงููุชุจ ุชุชุตุฑู ูุนูู ุดูู ู
ุชูุงุณูุ ูู ุชูุงููุฏ ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ููู ุฃู
ุงูู ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ู
ู ุงูุนุงูู
ุ ูู
ุง ูู ูุงููุง ูุณู
ุนูู ููุทูุนูู ุงูุฃุตูุงุช ูุงูุชู ูุงู ุจุงุนุชูุงุฏูู
ุฃููุง ู
ู ุงูุขููุฉุ ุฃู ู
ู ู
ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงููุญู...
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what today we would call hallucinations.
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ูุงูุฐู ูุทูู ุนููู ุงูููู
ู
ุณู
ู ุงููููุณุฉ.
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And only then, as time went on, they began to recognize that they were the creators, the owners of these inner voices.
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ูุญูููุง ููุทุ ูู
ุน ู
ุฑูุฑ ุงูููุชุ ุจุฏุฃูุง ุจุงูุงุนุชุฑุงู ุฃููู
ูู
ุฃุตุญุงุจ ูุฐู ุงูุฃุตูุงุช ุงูุฏุงุฎููุฉ.
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And with this, they gained introspection: the ability to think about their own thoughts.
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ูู
ู ุฎูุงู ูุฐุง ุงูุงุนุชุฑุงูุ ุงูุชุณุจูุง ูุฏุฑุฉ ุงูุชุฃู
ู ุงูุฐุงุชู: ุงููุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ุงูุชูููุฑ ูู ุฃููุงุฑูู
ุงูุฎุงุตุฉ.
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So Jaynes's theory is that consciousness, at least in the way we perceive it today, where we feel that we are the pilots of our own existence -- is a quite recent cultural development.
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ุชุดุฑุญ ูุธุฑูุฉ "ุฌุงูููุณ" ุฃู ุงููุนูุ ุนูู ุงูุฃูู ูู ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุชู ููุธุฑ ู
ู ุฎูุงููุง ุงูููู
ุ ุญูุซ ูุดุนุฑ ุจุฃููุง ุงูู
ุชุญูู
ูู ุจูุฌูุฏูุง ูู ุชูู
ูุฉ ุซูุงููุฉ ุญุฏูุซุฉ.
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And this theory is quite spectacular, but it has an obvious problem which is that it's built on just a few and very specific examples.
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ููุฐู ุงููุธุฑูุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ุฌุฏุงุ ูููู ูููุง ู
ุดููุฉ ูุงุถุญุฉ ููู ุฃููุง ุจููุช ุนูู ุนุฏุฏ ูููู ู
ู ุงูุฃู
ุซูุฉ ูุงูู
ุญุฏุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
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So the question is whether the theory that introspection built up in human history only about 3,000 years ago can be examined in a quantitative and objective manner.
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ูุฐุง ูุฅู ุงูุณุคุงู ูู ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุช ูุธุฑูุฉ ุฃู ุงูุชุฃู
ู ุงูุฐุงุชู ุงูุฐู ูุฌุฏ ูู ุงูุฅูุณุงู ููุท ู
ูุฐ ุญูุงูู 3000 ุณูุฉ ูุงุจูุฉ ูููุญุต ุจุทุฑู ูู
ูุฉ ูู
ูุถูุนูุฉ.
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And the problem of how to go about this is quite obvious.
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ูุงูู
ุดููุฉ ุญูู ููููุฉ ุงูููุงู
ุจุฐูู ูุงุถุญุฉ ุชู
ุงู
ุง.
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It's not like Plato woke up one day and then he wrote, "Hello, I'm Plato, and as of today, I have a fully introspective consciousness."
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ูู ููุณุช ููุฃู ุฃููุงุทูู ุงุณุชููุธ ูู ููู
ู
ุง ููุงู
ุจูุชุงุจุฉุ "ู
ุฑุญุจุงุ ุฃูุง ุฃููุงุทููุ ูุงุนุชุจุงุฑุง ู
ู ูุฐุง ุงูููู
ุ ูุฏู ูุนู ุงูุงุณุชูุฑุงุก ุงูุชุงู
".
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And this tells us actually what is the essence of the problem.
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ูู ุงููุงูุน ุฃู ูุฐุง ูุฎุจุฑูุง ุนู ุฌููุฑ ุงูู
ุดููุฉ.
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We need to find the emergence of a concept that's never said.
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ูุญู ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ููุนุซูุฑ ุนูู ุธููุฑ ู
ูููู
ูู
ููู
ุฃุญุฏ ุจุฐูุฑู ุนูู ุงูุฅุทูุงู.
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The word introspection does not appear a single time in the books we want to analyze.
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ูู
ุชุธูุฑ ููู
ุฉ ุงูุชุฃู
ู ููุง ูู
ุฑุฉ ูุงุญุฏุฉ ูู ุงููุชุจ ุงูุชู ูุฑูุฏ ุชุญููููุง.
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So our way to solve this is to build the space of words.
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ุงููุณููุฉ ูุญู ูุฐู ุงูู
ุดููุฉ ููู ุจูุงุก ูุถุงุก ู
ู ุงูููู
ุงุช.
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This is a huge space that contains all words in such a way that the distance between any two of them is indicative of how closely related they are.
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ููู ู
ุณุงุญุฉ ุถุฎู
ุฉ ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ุฌู
ูุน ุงูููู
ุงุช ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุทุฑููุฉ ุชููู ูููุง ุงูู
ุณุงูุฉ ุจูู ุฃู ููู
ุชููุ ุฏููู ุนูู ู
ุฏู ุงูุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงููุซูู ุจูููู
ุง.
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Translate to Arabic
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So for instance, you want the words "dog" and "cat" to be very close together, but the words "grapefruit" and "logarithm" to be very far away.
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ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุซุงูุ ุชุฑูุฏ ููููู
ุชูู "ุงูููุจ" ู"ุงููุท" ุฃู ุชููู ูุฑูุจุฉ ุฌุฏุง ู
ู ุจุนุถูุงุ ูููู
ุชูู "ุงูุฌุฑูุจ ูุฑูุช" ู "ููุบุงุฑูุชู
" ุฃู ุชูููุง ุจุนูุฏุชูู ุฌุฏุง.
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Translate to Arabic
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And this has to be true for any two words within the space.
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ููุฌุจ ุฃู ูููู ูู
ูุฐุฌ ุงูุฑุจุท ูุฐุง ุตุญูุญุง ูุฃู ููู
ุชูู ุฏุงุฎู ูุถุงุก ุงูููู
ุงุช.
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And there are different ways that we can construct the space of words.
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ูููุงู ุทุฑู ู
ุฎุชููุฉ ูุชู
ูู ู
ู ุฎูุงููุง ุจูุงุก ูุถุงุก ุงูููู
ุงุช.
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One is just asking the experts, a bit like we do with dictionaries.
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ุงูุฃููู ููู ุงูุงุณุชุนุงูุฉ ุจุงูุฎุจุฑุงุกุ ุชูุฑูุจุง ูู
ุง ููุนู ู
ุน ุงูููุงู
ูุณ.
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Another possibility is following the simple assumption that when two words are related, they tend to appear in the same sentences, in the same paragraphs, in the same documents, more often than would be expected just by pure chance.
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ูุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุฃุฎุฑู ูู ุงุชุจุงุน ุงูุชุฑุงุถ ุจุณูุท ููู ุนูุฏ ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ููู
ุชููุ ูุฅููุง ุชู
ูู ุฅูู ุฃู ุชุธูุฑ ูู ููุณ ุงูุฌู
ูุ ูู ููุณ ุงูููุฑุงุชุ ููู ููุณ ุงููุซุงุฆูุ ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู
ุง ููุง ูุชููุน ุญุฏูุซู ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูุตุฏูุฉ.
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And this simple hypothesis, this simple method, with some computational tricks that have to do with the fact that this is a very complex and high-dimensional space, turns out to be quite effective.
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ููุฐู ุงููุฑุถูุฉ ุงูุจุณูุทุฉุ ูุฐู ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุจุณูุทุฉุ ูู
ุน ุจุนุถ ุงูุญูู ุงูุญุณุงุจูุฉ ูุงูู
ุชุนููุฉ ุจุญูููุฉ ุฃู ูุฐุง ุงููุถุงุก ู
ุชุนุฏุฏ ุงูุฃุจุนุงุฏ ูู
ุนูุฏ ุฌุฏุงุ ุชุจูู ุฃููุง ูุนุงูุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ.
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And just to give you a flavor of how well this works, this is the result we get when we analyze this for some familiar words.
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ูููุท ูุฅุนุทุงุฆูู
ูููุฉ ุนู ููููุฉ ุนู
ู ุงูุทุฑููุฉุ ูุฐู ูู ุงููุชูุฌุฉ ุงูุชู ูุญุตู ุนูููุง ุนูุฏ ุงูููุงู
ุจุงูุชุญููู ูุฅูุฌุงุฏ ุจุนุถ ุงูููู
ุงุช ุงูู
ุฃูููุฉ.
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And you can see first that words automatically organize into semantic neighborhoods.
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ููู
ููู ุงู ุชุฑู ุฃููุง ุฃู ุงูููู
ุงุช ุชูุธู
ุชููุงุฆูุง ุนูู ุดูู ููุงูู ุฏูุงููุฉ.
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So you get the fruits, the body parts, the computer parts, the scientific terms and so on.
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ุชุญุตู ุนูู ุงูููุงููุ ูุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงูุฌุณู
ุ ูุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงููู
ุจููุชุฑุ ูุงูู
ุตุทูุญุงุช ุงูุนูู
ูุฉ ูุฅูู ุขุฎุฑู.
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The algorithm also identifies that we organize concepts in a hierarchy.
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ูุชุญุฏุฏ ุงูุฎูุงุฑุฒู
ูุฉ ุฃูุถุง ุฃููุง ูููู
ุจุชูุธูู
ุงูู
ูุงููู
ุนูู ุดูู ุณูุงุณู ูุฑู
ูุฉ.
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So for instance, you can see that the scientific terms break down into two subcategories of the astronomic and the physics terms.
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ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุซุงูุ ูู
ููู ุฃู ุชุฑู ุฃู ุงูู
ุตุทูุญุงุช ุงูุนูู
ูุฉ ุชุชูุฑุน ูู ุงุซููู ู
ู ุงููุฆุงุช ุงููุฑุนูุฉ ู
ู ุนูู
ุงูููู ูุงูู
ุตุทูุญุงุช ุงูููุฒูุงุฆูุฉ.
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And then there are very fine things.
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ูููุงู ุฃูุถุงู ุฃุดูุงุก ุฏูููุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
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Translate to Arabic
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For instance, the word astronomy, which seems a bit bizarre where it is, is actually exactly where it should be, between what it is, an actual science, and between what it describes, the astronomical terms.
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ูุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุซุงูุ ููู
ุฉ ุนูู
ุงููููุ ูุงูุฐู ูุจุฏู ู
ูุงููุง ุบุฑูุจุง ุจุนุถ ุงูุดูุกุ ูู ูู ุงููุงูุน ุญูุซ ุชูุจุบู ุฃู ุชููู ุจุงูุถุจุทุ ุจูู ุชุนุฑูููุง ูููู
ุฉุ ุนูู ุฃููุง ู
ู ุงูุนููู
ุงููุนููุฉุ ูุจูู ู
ุง ุชุตููุ ููู ุงูู
ุตุทูุญุงุช ุงูููููุฉ.
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And we could go on and on with this.
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ููู
ูููุง ุงูููุงู
ุจุฐูู ู
ุฑุงุช ุนุฏุฉ.
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Actually, if you stare at this for a while, and you just build random trajectories, you will see that it actually feels a bit like doing poetry.
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ูู ุงููุงูุนุ ุฅุฐุง ูู
ุชู
ุจุงูุชู
ุนู ููุชุฑุฉ ูุฌูุฒุฉุ ููู
ุชู
ุจุจูุงุก ู
ุณุงุฑุงุช ุนุดูุงุฆูุฉุ ุณุชุดุนุฑูู ุญูููุง ููุฃูู ูุธู
ููุดุนุฑ.
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And this is because, in a way, walking in this space is like walking in the mind.
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ููุฐุง ูุฃู ุงูุณูุฑุ ูุจุทุฑููุฉ ู
ุงุ ูู ูุฐุง ุงููุถุงุก ูู ู
ุซู ุงูุณูุฑ ูู ุงูุนูู.
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And the last thing is that this algorithm also identifies what are our intuitions, of which words should lead in the neighborhood of introspection.
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ูุขุฎุฑ ุดูุก ููู ุฃู ูุฐู ุงูุฎูุงุฑุฒู
ูุฉ ุชุญุฏุฏ ุฃูุถุง ุญุฏุณูุงุ ุนู ูููุฉ ุงูููู
ุงุช ูุงูุชู ูุฌุจ ูุฌูุฏูุง ูู ุงููููู ุงูุฏูุงูู ุงูุชุงุจุน ูู
ูููู
ุงูุชุฃู
ู.
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So for instance, words such as "self," "guilt," "reason," "emotion," are very close to "introspection," but other words, such as "red," "football," "candle," "banana," are just very far away.
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ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุซุงูุ ููู
ุงุช ู
ุซู "ุงูุฐุงุช"ุ "ุงูุดุนูุฑ ุจุงูุฐูุจ" "ุงูู
ูุทู"ุ "ุงูู
ุดุงุนุฑุ" ูู ูุฑูุจุฉ ุฌุฏุงู ู
ู "ุงูุชุฃู
ู ุงูุฐุงุชูุ" ูููู ููู
ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑูุ ู
ุซู "ุฃุญู
ุฑ"ุ "ูุฑุฉ ุงููุฏู
" "ุดู
ุนุฉ"ุ "ุงูู
ูุฒุ" ูู ุจุนูุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
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Translate to Arabic
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And so once we've built the space, the question of the history of introspection, or of the history of any concept which before could seem abstract and somehow vague, becomes concrete -- becomes amenable to quantitative science.
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ูุจู
ุฌุฑุฏ ููุงู
ูุง ุจุจูุงุก ูุถุงุก ุงูููู
ุงุชุ ูุฅู ุงูู
ุณุฃูุฉ ุงูุชุงุฑูุฎูุฉ ุญูู ุงูุชุฃู
ู ุงูุฐุงุชูุ ุฃู ุฃู ู
ุณุงุฆู ุชุงุฑูุฎูุฉ ุงุฎุฑู ูุงูู
ุชุนููุฉ ุจุฃู ู
ูููู
ูุงูุชู ุจุฏุช ู
ุฌุฑุฏุฉ ูุบุงู
ุถุฉ ููุนุง ู
ุงุ ุชุตุจุญ ูุงุถุญุฉ-- ูุชุตุจุญ ูุงุจูุฉ ููุชุญููู ูุงูุชูุณูุฑ ู
ู ูุจู ุงูุนููู
ุงููู
ูุฉ.
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Translate to Arabic
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All that we have to do is take the books, we digitize them, and we take this stream of words as a trajectory and project them into the space, and then we ask whether this trajectory spends significant time circling closely to the concept of introspection.
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ูู ู
ุง ุนูููุง ุงูููุงู
ุจู ูู ุฃุฎุฐ ุงููุชุจุ ูุชุญููููุง ููุชุจ ุฑูู
ูุฉุ ููุฃุฎุฐ ูุฐุง ุงูุชูุงุฑ ู
ู ุงูููู
ุงุช ุนูู ููุฆุฉ ู
ุณุงุฑ ููููู
ุจุฅุณูุงุทู ุฏุงุฎู ูุถุงุก ุงูููู
ุงุชุ ุซู
ูุณุฃู ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุถู ุงูู
ุณุงุฑ ููุชุง ุทูููุง ูู ุงูุฏูุฑุงู ูุจุดูู ูุซูู ุญูู ู
ูููู
ุงูุชุฃู
ู ุงูุฐุงุชู.
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Translate to Arabic
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And with this, we could analyze the history of introspection in the ancient Greek tradition, for which we have the best available written record.
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ูู
ู ุฎูุงู ูุฐุงุ ูุณุชุทูุน ุชุญููู ุชุงุฑูุฎ ุงูุชุฃู
ู ุงูุฐุชู ูู ุงูุชูุงููุฏ ุงููููุงููุฉ ุงููุฏูู
ุฉุ ูุงูุฐู ูุฏููุง ุฃูุถู ุงูุณุฌูุงุช ุงูู
ูุชูุจ ูุงูู
ุชุงุญุฉ ุนูู.
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Translate to Arabic
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So what we did is we took all the books -- we just ordered them by time -- for each book we take the words and we project them to the space, and then we ask for each word how close it is to introspection, and we just average that.
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ูู ู
ุง ูุนููุงู ูู ุฃููุง ุฃุฎุฐูุง ูู ุงููุชุจ-- ููู
ูุง ุจุชุฑุชูุจูุง ุญุณุจ ุงูุชุณูุณู ุงูุฒู
ูู-- ูุฃุฎุฐ ููู
ุงุช ูู ูุชุงุจ ููููู
ุจุฅุณูุงุทูู
ุฏุงุฎู ูุถุงุก ุงูููู
ุงุชุ ุซู
ูุณุฃู ุนู ู
ุฏู ูุฑุจ ูู ููู
ุฉ ู
ู ู
ูููู
ุงูุชุฃู
ู ุงูุฐุงุชูุ ููููู
ุจุฅูุฌุงุฏ ุงูู
ุชูุณุท.
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Translate to Arabic
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And then we ask whether, as time goes on and on, these books get closer, and closer and closer to the concept of introspection.
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ุซู
ูุณุฃู ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุ ูู
ุน ู
ุฑูุฑ ุงูููุชุ ุชููู
ููู
ุงุช ูุฐู ุงููุชุจ ุจุงูุงูุชุฑุงุจ ุฃูุซุฑ ูุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู ู
ูููู
ุงูุชุฃู
ู ุงูุฐุงุชู.
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Translate to Arabic
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And this is exactly what happens in the ancient Greek tradition.
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ููุฐุง ุจุงูุถุจุท ู
ุง ุญุฏุซ ูู ุงูุชูุงููุฏ ุงููููุงููุฉ ุงููุฏูู
ุฉ.
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Translate to Arabic
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So you can see that for the oldest books in the Homeric tradition, there is a small increase with books getting closer to introspection.
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ูุฐูู ูู
ูููู
ุฑุคูุฉ ุฃู ูู ุฃูุฏู
ูุชุจ ุงูุชูููุฏ ุงูุฅุบุฑููู ููู
ูุฑูุณุ ููุงู ุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ูู ููู ุงููุชุจ ุชูุชุฑุจ ู
ู ู
ูููู
ุงูุชุฃู
ู ุงูุฐุงุชู.
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Translate to Arabic
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But about four centuries before Christ, this starts ramping up very rapidly to an almost five-fold increase of books getting closer, and closer and closer to the concept of introspection.
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ูููู ูุจู ุญูุงูู ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูุฑูู ู
ู ู
ููุงุฏ ุงูู
ุณูุญุ ูุจุฏุฃ ุงูุชุฒุงูุฏ ูุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ูุฅูู ู
ุง ููุงุฑุจ ุงูุฎู
ุณุฉ ุฃุถุนุงู ูู ููู ุงููุชุจ ุชูุชุฑุจ ู
ู ู
ูููู
ุงูุชุฃู
ู ุงูุฐุงุชู.
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Translate to Arabic
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And one of the nice things about this is that now we can ask whether this is also true in a different, independent tradition.
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ูุงุญุฏุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฃุดูุงุก ุงูุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ูู ุฐูู ุฃูู ุจุฅู
ูุงููุง ุงูุขู ุฃู ูุณุฃู ู
ุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ูุฐุง ูู ุงูุญุงู ุฃูุถุง ูู ุงูุชูุงููุฏ ุงูู
ุฎุชููุฉ ูุงูู
ุณุชููุฉ.
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Translate to Arabic
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So we just ran this same analysis on the Judeo-Christian tradition, and we got virtually the same pattern.
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ูู
ูุง ุจุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุงูุชุญููู ููุณู ุนูู ุงูุชูุงููุฏ ุงููููุฏูุฉ ุงูู
ุณูุญูุฉุ ูุญุตููุง ุนูู ููุณ ุงููู
ุท ุชูุฑูุจุง.
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Translate to Arabic
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Again, you see a small increase for the oldest books in the Old Testament, and then it increases much more rapidly in the new books of the New Testament.
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ู
ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑูุ ุชุฑู ุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุทูููุฉ ูุฃูุฏู
ุงููุชุจ ูู ุงูุนูุฏ ุงููุฏูู
ุ ูุจุนุฏ ุฐูู ุชุฒูุฏ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุฃูุจุฑ ู
ู ุฐูู ุจูุซูุฑ ูู ุงููุชุจ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ู
ู ุงูุนูุฏ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏ.
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Translate to Arabic
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And then we get the peak of introspection in "The Confessions of Saint Augustine," about four centuries after Christ.
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ูู
ู ุซู
ูุญุตู ุนูู ุฐุฑูุฉ ู
ูููู
ุงูุชุฃู
ู ุงูุฐุงุชู ูู "ุงุนุชุฑุงูุงุช ุงููุฏูุณ ุฃูุบุณุทููุ" ุญูุงูู ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูุฑูู ุจุนุฏ ู
ููุงุฏ ุงูู
ุณูุญ.
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Translate to Arabic
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And this was very important, because Saint Augustine had been recognized by scholars, philologists, historians, as one of the founders of introspection.
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ููุงู ูุฐุง ู
ูู
ุง ุฌุฏุงุ ูุฃู "ุงููุฏูุณ ุฃูุบุณุทูู" ุชู
ุงูุงุนุชุฑุงู ุจู ู
ู ูุจู ุงูุนูู
ุงุกุ ุงููุบูููู ูุงูู
ุคุฑุฎููุ ุนูู ุงุนุชุจุงุฑู ุฃุญุฏ ู
ุคุณุณู ู
ูููู
ุงูุชุฃู
ู ุงูุฐุงุชู.
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Translate to Arabic
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Actually, some believe him to be the father of modern psychology.
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ูู ุงููุงูุนุ ูุนุชูุฏ ุงูุจุนุถ ุฃู "ุงููุฏูุณ ุฃูุบุณุทูู" ูู ู
ูุดุฃ ุนูู
ุงูููุณ ุงูุญุฏูุซ.
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Translate to Arabic
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So our algorithm, which has the virtue of being quantitative, of being objective, and of course of being extremely fast -- it just runs in a fraction of a second -- can capture some of the most important conclusions of this long tradition of investigation.
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ูุฅู ุฎูุงุฑุฒู
ูุชูุงุ ูุงุณุชูุงุฏุง ุฅูู ุญูููุฉ ููููุง ูู
ูุฉุ ูู
ูุถูุนูุฉุ ูุจุงูุทุจุน ู
ู ููููุง ุณุฑูุนุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ ุฃูุถุงู-- ูุงูุชู ุชููู
ุจุฅุชู
ุงู
ุนู
ููุฉ ุงูุญูุณุจุฉ ุจุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู
ู ุงูุซุงููุฉ-- ูู
ูู ููุง ุฃู ุชูุชูุท ุจุนุถ ู
ู ุฃูู
ุงุณุชูุชุงุฌุงุช ูุฐู ุงูุชูุงููุฏ ุงูุนุฑููุฉ ู
ู ุงูุชุญููู.
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