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Translate to Arabic
New Zealand decriminalized sex work in 2003.
ู†ูŠูˆุฒูŠู„ุงู†ุฏุง ุฑูุนุช ุงู„ุชุฌุฑูŠู… ุนู† ุงุญุชุฑุงู ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุณู†ุฉ 2003.
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It's crucial to remember that decriminalization and legalization are not the same thing.
ูู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุชุฐูƒุฑ ุฃู† ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุชุฌุฑูŠู… ูˆุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุน ู„ุง ูŠุนุชุจุฑุงู† ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก.
Translate to Arabic
Decriminalization means the removal of laws that punitively target the sex industry, instead treating sex work much like any other kind of work.
ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุชุฌุฑูŠู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุฒุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชู‡ุฏู ู…ุนุงู‚ุจุฉ ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณุŒ ุจุฏู„ุง ุนู† ู…ุนุงู…ู„ุฉ ุงุญุชุฑุงู ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ูƒุฃูŠ ู†ูˆุน ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„.
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In New Zealand, people can work together for safety, and employers of sex workers are accountable to the state.
ููŠ ู†ูŠูˆุฒูŠู„ุงู†ุฏุงุŒ ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุนุง ู„ุถู…ุงู† ุณู„ุงู…ุชู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆู…ุญุชุฑููˆ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูˆู† ุฃู…ุงู… ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ.
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A sex worker can refuse to see a client at any time, for any reason, and 96 percent of street workers report that they feel the law protects their rights.
ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู…ุญุชุฑู ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุฃู† ูŠุฑูุถ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฒุจูˆู† ููŠ ุฃูŠ ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ู„ุฃูŠ ุณุจุจุŒ ูˆ %96 ู…ู† ู…ุญุชุฑููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุจุงู„ุดูˆุงุฑุน ุฃุจู„ุบูˆุง ุฃู† ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุดุนุฑูˆู† ุจุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ูŠุญู…ูŠ ุญู‚ูˆู‚ู‡ู….
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New Zealand hasn't actually seen an increase in the amount of people doing sex work, but decriminalizing it has made it a lot safer.
ู„ู… ุชุดู‡ุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู†ูŠูˆุฒูŠู„ุงู†ุฏุง ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ุญุชุฑููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุณู…ุงุญ ุจุนุฏู… ุชุฌุฑูŠู…ุฉ ุฌุนู„ู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู…ุงู†ุง.
Translate to Arabic
But the lesson from New Zealand isn't just that its particular legislation is good, but that crucially, it was written in collaboration with sex workers; namely, the New Zealand Prostitutes' Collective.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุนุจุฑุฉ ู…ู† ู†ูŠูˆุฒูŠู„ุงู†ุฏุง ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุฃู† ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุน ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุฌูŠุฏุŒ ุฅู„ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุชุจ ุจุงู„ุชุนุงูˆู† ู…ุน ู…ุญุชุฑููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠุŒ ุชุฌู…ุน ู…ูˆู…ุณุงุช ู†ูŠูˆุฒู„ุงู†ุฏุง .
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When it came to making sex work safer, they were ready to hear it straight from sex workers themselves.
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุฌุนู„ ุงุญุชุฑุงู ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุขู…ู†ุงุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู…ุณุชุนุฏูŠู† ู„ุณู…ุงุน ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุญุชุฑููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู….
Translate to Arabic
Here in the UK, I'm part of sex worker-led groups like the Sex Worker Open University and the English Collective of Prostitutes.
ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุนุถูˆุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ูŠู‚ูˆุฏู‡ุง ู…ุญุชุฑููˆ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุชูˆุญุฉ ู„ุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุญุชุฑููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ .
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And we form part of a global movement demanding decriminalization and self-determination.
ูˆู†ุดูƒู„ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู†ุทู„ุจ ุฅู†ู‡ุงุก ุงู„ุชุฌุฑูŠู… ูˆุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุตูŠุฑ.
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The universal symbol of our movement is the red umbrella.
ุงู„ุฑู…ุฒ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ ู„ุญุฑูƒุชู†ุง ู‡ูŠ ู…ุธู„ุฉ ุญู…ุฑุงุก.
Translate to Arabic
We're supported in our demands by global bodies like UNAIDS, the World Health Organization and Amnesty International.
ุฏุนู…ู†ุง ููŠ ู…ุทุงู„ุจู†ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู‡ูŠุฆุงุช ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ุฃู…ู… ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุฅูŠุฏุฒ ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุตุญุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ูˆู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนููˆ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉ.
Translate to Arabic
But we need more allies.
ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู„ูุงุก.
Translate to Arabic
If you care about gender equality or poverty or migration or public health, then sex worker rights matter to you.
ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุชู… ุชู‡ุชู…ูˆู† ุจุงู„ู…ุณุงูˆุงุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุฃูˆ ุงู„ู‡ุฌุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุตุญุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉุŒ ุฅุฐู† ูุฅู† ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ู…ุญุชุฑููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุชู‡ู…ูƒู….
Translate to Arabic
Make space for us in your movements.
ุงูุณุญูˆุง ู„ู†ุง ู…ุฌุงู„ุง ููŠ ุญุฑูƒุงุชูƒู… ุงู„ู…ุทู„ุจูŠุฉ.
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That means not only listening to sex workers when we speak but amplifying our voices.
ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูู‚ุท ุณู…ุงุน ู…ุญุชุฑููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชูƒู„ู…ูˆู† ูˆู„ูƒู† ุชุถุฎูŠู… ุฃุตูˆุงุชู†ุง.
Translate to Arabic
Resist those who silence us, those who say that a prostitute is either too victimized, too damaged to know what's best for herself, or else too privileged and too removed from real hardship, not representative of the millions of voiceless victims.
ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุฅุณูƒุงุชู†ุงุŒ ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ุฃู† ู…ุญุชุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุฅู…ุง ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุถุญูŠุฉ ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ุชุถุฑุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุจุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ุชุนุฑู ู…ุงู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃูุถู„ ู„ู‡ุงุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ุญุธูˆุธุฉ ุฌุฏุง ูˆุจุนูŠุฏู‡ ุฌุฏุง ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ุงุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ู„ุง ุชู…ุซู„ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุถุญุงูŠุง ุจู„ุง ุตูˆุช.
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This distinction between victim and empowered is imaginary.
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุถุญุงูŠุง ูˆุฃุตุญุงุจ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ.
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It exists purely to discredit sex workers and make it easy to ignore us.
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูู‚ุท ู„ุชุดูˆูŠู‡ ุณู…ุนุฉ ู…ุญุชุฑููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ูˆุฌุนู„ ุชุฌุงู‡ู„ู†ุง ุณู‡ู„ุง.
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No doubt many of you work for a living.
ู„ุง ุดูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู†ูƒู… ูŠุนู…ู„ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุนูŠุด.
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Well, sex work is work, too.
ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ู„ุŒ ุฃูŠุถุง.
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Just like you, some of us like our jobs, some of us hate them.
ู…ุซู„ูƒ ุชู…ุงู…ุงุŒ ุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ุง ูŠุญุจ ุนู…ู„ู‡ุŒ ุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ุง ูŠูƒุฑู‡ู‡.
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Ultimately, most of us have mixed feelings.
ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงูุŒ ู…ุนุธู…ู†ุง ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู…ุดุงุนุฑ ู…ุฎุชู„ุทุฉ.
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But how we feel about our work isn't the point.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒูŠู ู†ุดุนุฑ ุญูˆู„ ุนู…ู„ู†ุง ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ.
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And how others feel about our work certainly isn't.
ูˆูƒูŠู ูŠุดุนุฑ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูˆู† ุญูˆู„ ุนู…ู„ู†ุง ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ูˆุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุฃูŠุถุง.
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What's important is that we have the right to work safely and on our own terms.
ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุชู…ุชุน ุจุญู‚ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุจุฃู…ุงู† ูˆูˆูู‚ุง ู„ุดุฑูˆุทู†ุง.
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Sex workers are real people.
ู…ุญุชุฑููˆ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ู‡ู… ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูˆู†.
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We've had complicated experiences and complicated responses to those experiences.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุนุดู†ุง ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ูˆุฑุฏูˆุฏ ุฃูุนุงู„ ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ.
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But our demands are not complicated.
ู„ูƒู† ู…ุทุงู„ุจู†ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ.
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You can ask expensive escorts in New York City, brothel workers in Cambodia, street workers in South Africa and every girl on the roster at my old job in Soho, and they will all tell you the same thing.
ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุณุฃู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูู‚ุงุช ุนุงู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒุŒ ุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฎูŠุฑ ููŠ ูƒู…ุจูˆุฏูŠุงุŒ ูˆุงู„ุนุงู…ู„ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฑุน ููŠ ุฌู†ูˆุจ ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ูˆูƒู„ ูุชุงุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ููŠ ูˆุธูŠูุชูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ููŠ ุณูˆู‡ูˆุŒ ูˆุณูˆู ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ู„ูƒู… ุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ู… ุงู„ุดูŠุก ู†ูุณู‡ุŒ
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You can speak to millions of sex workers and countless sex work-led organizations.
ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒู… ุงู„ุชูƒู„ู… ู…ุน ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู…ุญุชุฑููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ูˆุนุฏุฏ ู„ุง ูŠุญุตู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆุฏู‡ุง ู…ุญุชุฑููˆ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ.
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We want full decriminalization and labor rights as workers.
ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฅู„ุบุงุก ุงู„ุชุฌุฑูŠู… ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ ูˆุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ูƒุนุงู…ู„ูŠู†.
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I'm just one sex worker on the stage today, but I'm bringing a message from all over the world.
ุฃู†ุง ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ุญุชุฑูุฉ ุฌู†ุณ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุตุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃู†ุง ุฃุญู…ู„ ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
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Thank you.
ุดูƒุฑุง ู„ูƒู….
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<reviewer></reviewer>
<reviewer href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/4188294">Waleed Mukhtar</reviewer>
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<translator></translator>
<translator href="http://www.ted.com/profiles/4515435">Zeineb Trabelsi</translator>
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</doc>
</doc>
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<doc docid="2510" genre="lectures">
<doc docid="2510" genre="lectures">
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<url>http://www.ted.com/talks/mariano_sigman_your_words_may_predict_your_future_mental_health</url>
<url>http://www.ted.com/talks/mariano_sigman_your_words_may_predict_your_future_mental_health</url>
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<keywords>talks, brain, cognitive science, communication, future, health, identity, language, mental health, mind, neuroscience, science, self, speech, writing</keywords>
<keywords>talks, brain, cognitive science, communication, future, health, identity, language, mental health, mind, neuroscience, science, self, speech, writing</keywords>
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<speaker>Mariano Sigman</speaker>
<speaker>Mariano Sigman</speaker>
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<talkid>2510</talkid>
<talkid>2510</talkid>
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<title>Mariano Sigman: Your words may predict your future mental health</title>
<title>ู…ุงุฑูŠุงู†ูˆ ุณูŠุบู…ุงู†: ู‚ุฏ ุชุชูˆู‚ุน ูƒู„ู…ุงุชูƒ ุตุญุชูƒ ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„</title>
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<description>TED Talk Subtitles and Transcript: Can the way you speak and write today predict your future mental state, even the onset of psychosis? In this fascinating talk, neuroscientist Mariano Sigman reflects on ancient Greece and the origins of introspection to investigate how our words hint at our inner lives and details a word-mapping algorithm that could predict the development of schizophrenia. "We may be seeing in the future a very different form of mental health," Sigman says, "based on objective, quantitative and automated analysis of the words we write, of the words we say."</description>
<description>TED Talk Subtitles and Transcript: ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุชู†ุจุฃ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชูƒู„ู… ูˆุชูƒุชุจ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุจุญุงู„ุชูƒ ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุŒ ูˆุญุชู‰ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงู†ุŸ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุŒ ูŠุชููƒุฑ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจ "ู…ุงุฑูŠุงู†ูˆ ุณูŠุบู…ุงู†" ููŠ ุฃุตูˆู„ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู† ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูƒูŠู ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุชู„ู…ูŠุญ ุนู† ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุฉ ู„ุจู†ุงุก ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุชู†ุจุค ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงู†. ูˆุฃุถุงู "ู‚ุฏ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุดูƒู„ ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุฌุฏุง ู„ู„ุตุญุฉ ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„" ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุณูŠุบู…ุงู†ุŒ "ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠุŒ ูƒู…ูŠ ูˆุขู„ูŠ ู„ู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ูƒุชุจู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุง."</description>
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We have historical records that allow us to know how the ancient Greeks dressed, how they lived, how they fought ...
ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุณุฌู„ุงุช ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ ุชุณู…ุญ ู„ู†ุง ุจู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุฑุชุฏูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฅุบุฑูŠู‚ุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู†ุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠู‚ุงุชู„ูˆู†...
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but how did they think?
ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒูŠู ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠููƒุฑูˆู†ุŸ
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One natural idea is that the deepest aspects of human thought -- our ability to imagine, to be conscious, to dream -- have always been the same.
ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุนู…ู‚ ุฌูˆุงู†ุจ ุงู„ููƒุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠ -- ู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฎูŠู„ุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒุŒ ู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู„ู… -- ูƒุงู†ุช ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ.
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Another possibility is that the social transformations that have shaped our culture may have also changed the structural columns of human thought.
ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ ุขุฎุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„ุงุช ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุดูƒู„ุช ุซู‚ุงูุชู†ุง ู‚ุงู…ุช ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุจุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุฏุฉ ุงู„ู‡ูŠูƒู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ููƒุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠ.
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We may all have different opinions about this.
ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹ ุขุฑุงุก ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน.
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Actually, it's a long-standing philosophical debate.
ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ู†ู‚ุงุด ูู„ุณููŠ ุทูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฏ.
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But is this question even amenable to science?
ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ู†ู‚ุงุด ูˆุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุŸ
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Here I'd like to propose that in the same way we can reconstruct how the ancient Greek cities looked just based on a few bricks, that the writings of a culture are the archaeological records, the fossils, of human thought.
ู‡ู†ุง ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ุชุฑุญ ุฃู†ู‡ ูˆุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ูƒู†ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ุจุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุงุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนุฏุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทูˆุจ ูู‚ุทุŒ ูุฅู† ูƒุชุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุญุถุงุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุณุฌู„ุงุช ุฃุซุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุฃุญุงููŠุฑุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ููƒุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠ.
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And in fact, doing some form of psychological analysis of some of the most ancient books of human culture, Julian Jaynes came up in the '70s with a very wild and radical hypothesis: that only 3,000 years ago, humans were what today we would call schizophrenics.
ูˆููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ู† ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠ ู„ุจุนุถ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ ู‚ุฏู…ุงู‹ุŒ ุฌุงุก "ุฌูˆู„ูŠุงู† ุฌุงูŠู†ูŠุณ" ููŠ ุงู„ุณุจุนูŠู†ุงุช ุจูุฑุถูŠุฉ ุฌุงู…ุญุฉ ูˆุฌุฐุฑูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุง: ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุจู„ 3000ุณู†ุฉ ูู‚ุทุŒ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุจู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ูุตุงู….
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And he made this claim based on the fact that the first humans described in these books behaved consistently, in different traditions and in different places of the world, as if they were hearing and obeying voices that they perceived as coming from the Gods, or from the muses ...
ูˆู‚ุฏู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุฏุนุงุก ุงุณุชู†ุงุฏุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู† ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู… ูˆุตูู‡ู… ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุชุชุตุฑู ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ู…ุชู†ุงุณู‚ุŒ ููŠ ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆููŠ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุณู…ุนูˆู† ูˆูŠุทูŠุนูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุตูˆุงุช ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ุจุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏู‡ู… ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุขู„ู‡ุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ู…ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠ...
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what today we would call hallucinations.
ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู…ุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู‡ู„ูˆุณุฉ.
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And only then, as time went on, they began to recognize that they were the creators, the owners of these inner voices.
ูˆุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ูู‚ุทุŒ ูˆู…ุน ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ุจุฏุฃูˆุง ุจุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู‡ู… ุฃุตุญุงุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุตูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ.
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And with this, they gained introspection: the ability to think about their own thoughts.
ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงูุŒ ุงูƒุชุณุจูˆุง ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ: ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฃููƒุงุฑู‡ู… ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ.
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So Jaynes's theory is that consciousness, at least in the way we perceive it today, where we feel that we are the pilots of our own existence -- is a quite recent cultural development.
ุชุดุฑุญ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ "ุฌุงูŠู†ูŠุณ" ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู†ุธุฑ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ู†ุดุนุฑ ุจุฃู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุชุญูƒู…ูŠู† ุจูˆุฌูˆุฏู†ุง ู‡ูŠ ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ุซู‚ุงููŠุฉ ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ.
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And this theory is quite spectacular, but it has an obvious problem which is that it's built on just a few and very specific examples.
ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ุฌุฏุงุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุจู†ูŠุช ุนู„ู‰ ุนุฏุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
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So the question is whether the theory that introspection built up in human history only about 3,000 years ago can be examined in a quantitative and objective manner.
ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆุฌุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูู‚ุท ู…ู†ุฐ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 3000 ุณู†ุฉ ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ูุญุต ุจุทุฑู‚ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูˆู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠุฉ.
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And the problem of how to go about this is quite obvious.
ูˆุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุง.
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It's not like Plato woke up one day and then he wrote, "Hello, I'm Plato, and as of today, I have a fully introspective consciousness."
ู‡ูŠ ู„ูŠุณุช ูˆูƒุฃู† ุฃูู„ุงุทูˆู† ุงุณุชูŠู‚ุธ ููŠ ูŠูˆู… ู…ุง ูˆู‚ุงู… ุจูƒุชุงุจุฉุŒ "ู…ุฑุญุจุงุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุฃูู„ุงุทูˆู†ุŒ ูˆุงุนุชุจุงุฑุง ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠ ูˆุนูŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุก ุงู„ุชุงู… ".
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And this tells us actually what is the essence of the problem.
ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุนู† ุฌูˆู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ.
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We need to find the emergence of a concept that's never said.
ู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ู„ู… ูŠู‚ู… ุฃุญุฏ ุจุฐูƒุฑู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
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The word introspection does not appear a single time in the books we want to analyze.
ู„ู… ุชุธู‡ุฑ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ูˆู„ุง ู„ู…ุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุชุญู„ูŠู„ู‡ุง.
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So our way to solve this is to build the space of words.
ุงู„ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ู„ุญู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุจู†ุงุก ูุถุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช.
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This is a huge space that contains all words in such a way that the distance between any two of them is indicative of how closely related they are.
ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุถุฎู…ุฉ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุจูŠู† ุฃูŠ ูƒู„ู…ุชูŠู†ุŒ ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ูˆุซูŠู‚ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง.
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So for instance, you want the words "dog" and "cat" to be very close together, but the words "grapefruit" and "logarithm" to be very far away.
ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ุชุฑูŠุฏ ู„ู„ูƒู„ู…ุชูŠู† "ุงู„ูƒู„ุจ" ูˆ"ุงู„ู‚ุท" ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ุฌุฏุง ู…ู† ุจุนุถู‡ุงุŒ ูˆูƒู„ู…ุชูŠู† "ุงู„ุฌุฑูŠุจ ูุฑูˆุช" ูˆ "ู„ูˆุบุงุฑูŠุชู…" ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ุง ุจุนูŠุฏุชูŠู† ุฌุฏุง.
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And this has to be true for any two words within the space.
ูˆูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุฑุจุท ู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญุง ู„ุฃูŠ ูƒู„ู…ุชูŠู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ูุถุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช.
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And there are different ways that we can construct the space of words.
ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุฑู‚ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุจู†ุงุก ูุถุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช.
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One is just asking the experts, a bit like we do with dictionaries.
ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนุงู†ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฎุจุฑุงุกุŒ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ูƒู…ุง ู†ูุนู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู…ูŠุณ.
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Another possibility is following the simple assumption that when two words are related, they tend to appear in the same sentences, in the same paragraphs, in the same documents, more often than would be expected just by pure chance.
ูˆุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู‡ูˆ ุงุชุจุงุน ุงูุชุฑุงุถ ุจุณูŠุท ูˆู‡ูˆ ุนู†ุฏ ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ูƒู„ู…ุชูŠู†ุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชู…ูŠู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุชุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุŒ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุงุชุŒ ูˆููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ุŒ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู…ุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุชูˆู‚ุน ุญุฏูˆุซู‡ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุตุฏูุฉ.
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And this simple hypothesis, this simple method, with some computational tricks that have to do with the fact that this is a very complex and high-dimensional space, turns out to be quite effective.
ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฑุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุณูŠุทุฉุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุจุณูŠุทุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุน ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญูŠู„ ุงู„ุญุณุงุจูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุถุงุก ู…ุชุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ูˆู…ุนู‚ุฏ ุฌุฏุงุŒ ุชุจูŠู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูุนุงู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
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And just to give you a flavor of how well this works, this is the result we get when we analyze this for some familiar words.
ูˆูู‚ุท ู„ุฅุนุทุงุฆูƒู… ู†ูƒู‡ุฉ ุนู† ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฃู„ูˆูุฉ.
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And you can see first that words automatically organize into semantic neighborhoods.
ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฃูˆู„ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุชู†ุธู… ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆูŠุง ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ู‡ูŠุงูƒู„ ุฏู„ุงู„ูŠุฉ.
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So you get the fruits, the body parts, the computer parts, the scientific terms and so on.
ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุงูƒู‡ุŒ ูˆุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุŒ ูˆุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุขุฎุฑู‡.
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The algorithm also identifies that we organize concepts in a hierarchy.
ูˆุชุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุฉ ุฃูŠุถุง ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุณู„ุงุณู„ ู‡ุฑู…ูŠุฉ.
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So for instance, you can see that the scientific terms break down into two subcategories of the astronomic and the physics terms.
ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุชุชูุฑุน ููŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูุฆุงุช ุงู„ูุฑุนูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูู„ูƒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ.
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And then there are very fine things.
ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
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For instance, the word astronomy, which seems a bit bizarre where it is, is actually exactly where it should be, between what it is, an actual science, and between what it describes, the astronomical terms.
ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูู„ูƒุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุง ุบุฑูŠุจุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดูŠุกุŒ ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุญูŠุซ ุชู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุจุงู„ุถุจุทุŒ ุจูŠู† ุชุนุฑูŠูู‡ุง ูƒูƒู„ู…ุฉุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุจูŠู† ู…ุง ุชุตูู‡ุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ุงู„ูู„ูƒูŠุฉ.
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And we could go on and on with this.
ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุฑุงุช ุนุฏุฉ.
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Actually, if you stare at this for a while, and you just build random trajectories, you will see that it actually feels a bit like doing poetry.
ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุฅุฐุง ู‚ู…ุชู… ุจุงู„ุชู…ุนู† ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ูˆุฌูŠุฒุฉุŒ ูˆู‚ู…ุชู… ุจุจู†ุงุก ู…ุณุงุฑุงุช ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ุณุชุดุนุฑูˆู† ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ ู†ุธู… ู„ู„ุดุนุฑ.
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And this is because, in a way, walking in this space is like walking in the mind.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุณูŠุฑุŒ ูˆุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุงุŒ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุถุงุก ู‡ูˆ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุณูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„.
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And the last thing is that this algorithm also identifies what are our intuitions, of which words should lead in the neighborhood of introspection.
ูˆุขุฎุฑ ุดูŠุก ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุฉ ุชุญุฏุฏ ุฃูŠุถุง ุญุฏุณู†ุงุŒ ุนู† ู‡ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุฌุจ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุชุงุจุน ู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„.
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So for instance, words such as "self," "guilt," "reason," "emotion," are very close to "introspection," but other words, such as "red," "football," "candle," "banana," are just very far away.
ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ู…ุซู„ "ุงู„ุฐุงุช"ุŒ "ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ุจุงู„ุฐู†ุจ" "ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚"ุŒ "ุงู„ู…ุดุงุนุฑุŒ" ู‡ูŠ ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† "ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠุŒ" ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ู…ุซู„ "ุฃุญู…ุฑ"ุŒ "ูƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…" "ุดู…ุนุฉ"ุŒ "ุงู„ู…ูˆุฒุŒ" ู‡ูŠ ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
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And so once we've built the space, the question of the history of introspection, or of the history of any concept which before could seem abstract and somehow vague, becomes concrete -- becomes amenable to quantitative science.
ูˆุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู‚ูŠุงู…ู†ุง ุจุจู†ุงุก ูุถุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุชุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจุฃูŠ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุฏุช ู…ุฌุฑุฏุฉ ูˆุบุงู…ุถุฉ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุงุŒ ุชุตุจุญ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ-- ูˆุชุตุจุญ ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ.
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All that we have to do is take the books, we digitize them, and we take this stream of words as a trajectory and project them into the space, and then we ask whether this trajectory spends significant time circling closely to the concept of introspection.
ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ูƒุชุจุŒ ูˆุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ุง ู„ูƒุชุจ ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู†ุฃุฎุฐ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชูŠุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ู…ุณุงุฑ ูˆู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุณู‚ุงุทู‡ ุฏุงุฎู„ ูุถุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุชุŒ ุซู… ู†ุณุฃู„ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ู‚ุถู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฑ ูˆู‚ุชุง ุทูˆูŠู„ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุงู† ูˆุจุดูƒู„ ูˆุซูŠู‚ ุญูˆู„ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ.
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And with this, we could analyze the history of introspection in the ancient Greek tradition, for which we have the best available written record.
ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุชูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃูุถู„ ุงู„ุณุฌู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูƒุชูˆุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ุนู†ู‡.
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So what we did is we took all the books -- we just ordered them by time -- for each book we take the words and we project them to the space, and then we ask for each word how close it is to introspection, and we just average that.
ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูุนู„ู†ุงู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ-- ูˆู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชุฑุชูŠุจู‡ุง ุญุณุจ ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†ูŠ-- ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูƒู„ ูƒุชุงุจ ูˆู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุณู‚ุงุทู‡ู… ุฏุงุฎู„ ูุถุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุชุŒ ุซู… ู†ุณุฃู„ ุนู† ู…ุฏู‰ ู‚ุฑุจ ูƒู„ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู…ู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠุŒ ูˆู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท.
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And then we ask whether, as time goes on and on, these books get closer, and closer and closer to the concept of introspection.
ุซู… ู†ุณุฃู„ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุน ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ุชู‚ูˆู… ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุจุงู„ุงู‚ุชุฑุงุจ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ.
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And this is exactly what happens in the ancient Greek tradition.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ.
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So you can see that for the oldest books in the Homeric tradition, there is a small increase with books getting closer to introspection.
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฃู† ููŠ ุฃู‚ุฏู… ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฅุบุฑูŠู‚ูŠ ู‡ูˆู…ูŠุฑูˆุณุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุชู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ.
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But about four centuries before Christ, this starts ramping up very rapidly to an almost five-fold increase of books getting closer, and closer and closer to the concept of introspection.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‚ุจู„ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู‚ุฑูˆู† ู…ู† ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุญุŒ ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุชุฒุงูŠุฏ ูˆุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃุถุนุงู ููŠ ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุชู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ.
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And one of the nice things about this is that now we can ask whether this is also true in a different, independent tradition.
ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุฃู† ู†ุณุฃู„ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุฃูŠุถุง ููŠ ุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ุฉ.
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So we just ran this same analysis on the Judeo-Christian tradition, and we got virtually the same pattern.
ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ู†ูุณู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุญูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ู…ุท ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง.
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Again, you see a small increase for the oldest books in the Old Testament, and then it increases much more rapidly in the new books of the New Testament.
ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุชุฑู‰ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุทููŠูุฉ ู„ุฃู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู‡ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุŒ ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุฒูŠุฏ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.
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And then we get the peak of introspection in "The Confessions of Saint Augustine," about four centuries after Christ.
ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐุฑูˆุฉ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ููŠ "ุงุนุชุฑุงูุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠุณ ุฃูˆุบุณุทูŠู†ุŒ" ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู‚ุฑูˆู† ุจุนุฏ ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุญ.
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And this was very important, because Saint Augustine had been recognized by scholars, philologists, historians, as one of the founders of introspection.
ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู‡ู…ุง ุฌุฏุงุŒ ู„ุฃู† "ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠุณ ุฃูˆุบุณุทูŠู†" ุชู… ุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุจู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุกุŒ ุงู„ู„ุบูˆูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุคุฑุฎูŠู†ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุนุชุจุงุฑู‡ ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุคุณุณูŠ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ.
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Actually, some believe him to be the father of modern psychology.
ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุฃู† "ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠุณ ุฃูˆุบุณุทูŠู†" ู‡ูˆ ู…ู†ุดุฃ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ.
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So our algorithm, which has the virtue of being quantitative, of being objective, and of course of being extremely fast -- it just runs in a fraction of a second -- can capture some of the most important conclusions of this long tradition of investigation.
ูุฅู† ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุชู†ุงุŒ ูˆุงุณุชู†ุงุฏุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ูƒู…ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุน ู…ู† ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹-- ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุชู…ุงู… ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญูˆุณุจุฉ ุจุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ-- ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชู„ุชู‚ุท ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู… ุงุณุชู†ุชุงุฌุงุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุนุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚.