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Translate to Arabic
|
They trusted Sudhir, in ways that really no academic has ever -- or really anybody, any outsider -- has ever earned the trust of these gangs, to the point where they actually opened up what was most interesting for me -- their books, the financial records they kept.
|
ููุฏ ูุซููุง ุจ"ุณูุฏูุฑ"ุ ุจุฏุฑุฌุฉ ูู
ูุณุชุทุน ุฃู ุฃูุงุฏูู
ู ู
ู ุงููุตูู ุฅูููุง. ุฃู ุฃู ุฃุญุฏ ู
ู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌุ ู
ู ุงููุตูู ููุฐู ุงูุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู
ู ุงูุซูุฉ. ูู
ุฑุญูุฉ ุฃููู
ูุชุญูุง ุฅููู ุงูุดูุก ุงูุฃูู
ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ูู ููู: ุฏูุงุชุฑ ุญุณุงุจุงุชูู
ุ ุญูุซ ูุณุฌู ุจูุง ุฌู
ูุน ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ุงูู
ุงููุฉ. ูุฌุนูููุง ู
ุชูุงูุฑุฉ ููุง.
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Translate to Arabic
|
They made them available to us, and we not only could study them, but we could ask them questions about what was in them.
|
ูููุณ ูุฏุฑุงุณุชูุง ููุทุ ุจู ููุณุฃู ุนู ุงูุชูุงุตูู ุฃูุถุงู. ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุงุถุทุฑุฑุช ุฃู ุฃูุฌุฒ ูุถูู ุงูููุช.
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Translate to Arabic
|
So if I have to kind of summarize very quickly in the short time I have what the bottom line of what I take away from the gang is, it's that, if I had to draw a parallel between the gang and any other organization, it would be that the gang is just like McDonald's, in a lot of different respects -- the restaurant McDonald's.
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ุฃู ุขุชู ููู
ุนููู
ุฉ ุงูุฃูู
ุงูุชู ุงุณุชูุฏุชูุง ู
ู ุงูุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ูููุ ุฅุฐุง ุงุถุทุฑุฑุช ุฃู ุงุฑุณู
ุฎุทูุท ู
ูุงุฒูุฉ ูุฃู ู
ูุดุฃุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ูุงุชุถุญ ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ูุงูุช ุฃุดุจู ุจู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ. ู
ู ุฃูุฌู ูุซูุฑุฉ ุจุงูู
ุทุนู
ู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ. ุฃูู ุชุดุงุจูุ ููู ุงูุฃูุซุฑ ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ููุงูุชู
ุงู
ุ ููู ุงูู
ูุงู ุงูุฃูุถู ููุจุฏุก ุจุงูุชุดุจููุ ููู ุงูุชูุณูู
.
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Translate to Arabic
|
is in the way it's organized, the hierarchy of the gang, So here's what the org chart of the gang looks like.
|
ุงูุชุณูุณู ุงููุฑู
ูุ ุงูุดูู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู ููุชูุณูู
. ููุฐุง ุงูุชุณูุณู ุงููุฑู
ู ููุนุตุงุจุฉ.
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Translate to Arabic
|
I don't know if you know much about org charts, but if you were to assign a stripped-down and simplified McDonald's org chart, this is exactly what it would look like.
|
ูุง ุฃุฏุฑู ุฅู ููุชู
ุชุนุฑููู ุนู ุงูุชุณูุณูุงุช ุงููุฑู
ูุฉ ุงูุดูุก ุงููุซูุฑุ ูุนูุฏู
ุง ูุฃุฎุฐ ุดูู ุจุณูุท ููุชุณูุณู ุงููุฑู
ู ูู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒุ ูุฅูู ุณูุดุจู ูุฐุง.
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Translate to Arabic
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It's amazing, but the top level of the gang, they actually call themselves the "Board of Directors."
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ููู ุดูุก ุนุฌูุจุ ูุฃุนูู ู
ุณุชูู ููุนุตุงุจุฉุ ูุงููุง ุจุงููุนู ูุณู
ููู "ู
ุฌูุณ ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ."
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Translate to Arabic
|
And Sudhir says it's not like these guys had a very sophisticated view of what happened in American corporate life, but they had seen movies like "Wall Street," and they had learned a little bit about what it was like to be in the real world.
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ููุฏ ูุงู "ุณูุฏูุฑ" ุฃููู
ูู
ูููููุง ุนูู ุงุทูุงุนุ ุจู
ุง ูุงู ูุญุฏุซ ูู ุงูุดุฑูุงุช ุงูุฃู
ุฑูููุฉ ุงูุญููููุฉ. ูููููู
ุดุงูุฏูุง ุฃููุงู
ู
ุซู "ูุงู ุณุชุฑูุช"ุ ูุชุนูู
ูุง ุงููููู ู
ู ุงูุนุงูู
ุงูุญูููู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู.
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Translate to Arabic
|
Now, below that board of directors, you've got essentially what are regional VPs -- people who control, say, the South Side of Chicago, or the West Side of Chicago.
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ูุชุญุช ู
ุฌูุณ ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑุฉุ ููุฌุฏ ู
ุง ูุณู
ููู ููุงุจ ุฑุฆุณุงุก ุงูู
ูุงุทูุ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุชุญูู
ููุ ุจู
ุซูุงูุ ุฌููุจ ู
ุฏููุฉ ุดููุงุบู, ุฃู ุบุฑุจ ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ.
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Translate to Arabic
|
Sudhir got to know very well the guy who had the unfortunate assignment of trying to take the Iowa franchise, which, it turned out, for this black gang, was not one of the more brilliant financial endeavors they undertook.
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ู"ุณูุฏูุฑ" ุงุญุชุธู ุจุดุฑู ุงูุชุนุฑู ุนูู ุงูู
ุณููู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุจุงุณุชูุงู
ุฑุฆุงุณุฉ ููุงูุฉ "ุขููุง". ู
ู
ุง ูุฌุฏูุง ุฃููุง ูุนุตุงุจุฉ ุณูุฏุงุกุ ููุณุช ู
ู ุฃูุถู ุงูุทุฑู ู
ู ุงููุงุญูุฉ ุงูู
ุงููุฉ ุงูุชู ู
ู ุงูู
ู
ูู ุฃู ูุชุฎุฐููุง.
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Translate to Arabic
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But the thing that really makes the gang seem like McDonald's is its franchisees.
|
ูููู ุฃูุซุฑ ุดูุก ูุฌุนู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ุฃุดุจู ุจู
ูุฏููุงูุฏุฒ ูู ูุธุงู
ุงูููุงูุงุช.
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Translate to Arabic
|
The guys who are running the local gangs -- the four-square-block by four-square-block areas -- they're just like the guys, in some sense, who are running the McDonald's.
|
ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุฏูุฑูู ุงูุนู
ููุงุช ุงูููู
ูุฉุ ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุช ุงูู
ุญููุฉุ ุงูู
ุณุงุญุฉ ุงูู
ูููุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฃุฑุจุน ู
ุฑุจุนุงุช ุจุฃุฑุจุน ู
ุฑุจุนุงุช. ููู
ูุดุจููู ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุฏูุฑูู ูุฑูุน ู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ.
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Translate to Arabic
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They are the entrepreneurs.
|
ูู
ุฑูุงุฏ ุงูู
ุดุงุฑูุน.
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Translate to Arabic
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They get the exclusive property rights to control the drug-selling.
|
ูู
ุฃุตุญุงุจ ุงูุญููู ุงูุญุตุฑูุฉ ูู ู
ุจูุนุงุช ุงูู
ุฎุฏุฑุงุช.
|
Translate to Arabic
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They get the name of the gang behind them, for merchandising and marketing.
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ูุฃุฎุฐูู ุงุณู
ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉุ ููุชุฌุงุฑุฉ ูุงูุชุณููู.
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Translate to Arabic
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And they're the ones who basically make the profit or lose a profit, depending on how good they are at running the business.
|
ููู
ุงูุฐูู ูุฌููู ุงูู
ุงู ุฃู ูุฎุณุฑููู. ุงุนุชู
ุงุฏุงู ูุฌูุฏุฉ ุฅุฏุงุฑุชูู
ูููุฑุน.
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Translate to Arabic
|
Now, the group I really want you to think about, though, are the ones at the bottom -- the foot soldiers.
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ูุงูู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุงูุชู ุฃุฑูุฏ ุฃุฑูุฒ ุนูููุง ูู
ุงูุฐูู ูู ุงูุฃุณููุ ุงูุฌููุฏ.
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Translate to Arabic
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These are the teenagers, typically, who'd be standing out on the street corner, selling the drugs.
|
ูู
ุงูู
ุฑุงูููู ุนุงุฏุฉูุ ููููู ูู ุชูุงุทุนุงุช ุงูุดูุงุฑุนุ ูุจูุนูู ุงูู
ุฎุฏุฑุงุช.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Extremely dangerous work.
|
ุนู
ู ุฎุทูุฑ ูุฃุจุนุฏ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
And important to note is that almost all of the weight, all of the people in this organization are at the bottom -- just like McDonald's.
|
ูุชูุฑูุจุงู ุฃูุจุฑ ุนุฏุฏ ู
ู ุงูุนุงู
ููู ูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ูู
ุงูุฐูู ูู ุงูุฃุณูู. ุชู
ุงู
ุงู ูู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
So in some sense, the foot soldiers are a lot like the people who are taking your order at McDonald's, and it's not just by chance that they're like them.
|
ูุงูุฌููุฏ ูู
ูุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุฃุฎุฐูู ุงูุทูุจุงุช ูู ู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ. ููู
ููุณูุง ููุท ููุณ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ูุถุฑุจ ูุฐุง ุงูู
ุซุงู.
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Translate to Arabic
|
In fact, in these neighborhoods, they'd be the same people.
|
ูููู ูุนูุงูุ ูู ูุฐู ุงูุฃุญูุงุก ุนุงุฏุฉู ู
ุง ูููููุง ููุณ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต.
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Translate to Arabic
|
So the same kids who are working in the gang were actually, at the very same time, typically working part-time at a place like McDonald's.
|
ูููุณ ุงูุดุจุงู ุงูุฐูู ูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ูุฏ ูุนู
ููู ุนู
ู ุฌุฒุฆู ูู ู
ูุงู ูู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Which already foreshadows the main result that I've talked about, about what a crappy job it was, being in the gang.
|
ููุฐุง ูุบุทู ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุฃุณุงุณูุฉ ุงูุชู ูุชููู
ุนููุงุ ุนู ููู ุงูุนู
ู ูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุช ุนู
ู ุณูุก.
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Translate to Arabic
|
Because obviously, if being in the gang were such a wonderful, lucrative job, why in the world would these guys moonlight at McDonald's?
|
ูุฃู ูู ูุงู ุงูุนู
ู ูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุช ุนู
ู ู
ุบุฑู ู
ุงุฏูุงูุ ููู
ุชุดุงูุฏ ููุณ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ูุนู
ููู ูู ู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒุ
|
Translate to Arabic
|
So what do the wages look like? You might be surprised.
|
ูู
ุง ูู ุฑูุงุชุจูู
ุ ุณูู ุชุชุนุฌุจูู.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
But based on being able to talk to them and to see their records, this is what it looks like in terms of the wages.
|
ูููู ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑุ ุงู
ูุงููุฉ ุงูุชุญุฏุซ ู
ุนูู
ุ ูู
ุดุงูุฏุฉ ุงูุฃูุฑุงู ุงูู
ุงููุฉุ
|
Translate to Arabic
|
The hourly wage the foot soldiers were earning was $3.50 an hour.
|
ูุฐู ูู ุฑูุงุชุจูู
.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
It was below the minimum wage. And this is well-documented.
|
ุงูู
ุนุฏู ููุณุงุนุฉ ููุฌูุฏู ูู ูฃ.ูฅ ุฏููุงุฑ ูู ุงูุณุงุนุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
It's easy to see by the patterns of consumption they have.
|
ููุฐุง ุฃูู ู
ู ู
ุนุฏู ุงูุฃุฏูู ููุฏุฎู. ููู ู
ูุซู ุจุดูู ุฌูุฏ. ู
ู ุงูุณูู ู
ุดุงูุฏุฉ ูู
ุท ุงูุงุณุชููุงู ุงูุฐู ูุฏููู
.
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Translate to Arabic
|
It really is not fiction -- it's fact.
|
ููู ููุณุช ุฎูุงู ููู ูุงูุน.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
There was very little money in the gang, especially at the bottom.
|
ูููุงูู ู
ุงู ูููู ูู ุฃุณูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
the guy who's the equivalent of the McDonald's franchisee, you'd be making 100,000 dollars a year.
|
ูููู ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชุชุฑูู ูุชุตุจุญ ุงูู
ูุฒุน ุงูู
ุญููุ ููู ูุณุงูู ุตุงุญุจ ูุฑุน ู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒุ
|
Translate to Arabic
|
if you were growing up in one of these neighborhoods as a young black male.
|
ูุณูู ุชุฌูู ูกู ู ูซู ู ู ุฏููุงุฑ ูู ุงูุณูุฉ.
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Translate to Arabic
|
If you managed to rise to the very top, 200,000 or 400,000 dollars a year is what you'd hope to make.
|
ููุฐุง ุชูุฑูุจุงู ูู ุฃูุถู ู
ูุตุจ ูุทู
ุญ ููู ุฅุฐุง ููุช ุชุนูุด ูู ูุฐู ุงูุฃุญูุงุก ูุดุงุจ ู
ู ุงูุนุฑู ุงูุฃุณูุฏ.
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Translate to Arabic
|
Truly, you would be a great success story.
|
ุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชุทุนุช ุฃู ุชุนููุง ุฅูู ุฃุนูู ู
ูุตุจุ
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Translate to Arabic
|
And one of the sad parts of this is that, indeed, among the many other ramifications of crack cocaine is that the most talented individuals in these communities -- this is what they were striving for.
|
ูุนูุงูุ ุณุชููู ูุตุฉ ูุฌุงุญ. ูู
ู ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ุงูู
ุญุฒูุฉุ ูู
ุน ุนูุงูุจ "ุงููุฑุงู ูููุงููู" ูู ุฃู ุงูุดุจุงู ุงูุฃุจุฑุน ุฐูู ุงูู
ูุงูุจ ูู ุงูู
ูุงุทู ุชูู ูุทู
ุญูู ูููุตูู ููุฐุง.
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Translate to Arabic
|
They weren't trying to make it in legitimate ways, because there were no legitimate channels out.
|
ูู
ูุญุงูููุง ุงููุฌุงุญ ุจุงูุทุฑู ุงูู
ุดุฑูุนุฉุ ูุฃู ูุง ููุฌุฏ ูุฏููู
ุทุฑู ู
ุดุฑูุนุฉ.
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Translate to Arabic
|
This was the best way out.
|
ููุฐุง ุฃูุถู ุทุฑูู.
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Translate to Arabic
|
And it actually was the right choice, probably, to try to make it out this way.
|
ูุฑุจู
ุง ูููู ูู ุงููุฑุงุฑ ุงูุตุญูุญ ููุฐูุงุจ ู
ู ุฐุงู ุงูุทุฑูู.
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Translate to Arabic
|
You look at this, the relationship to McDonald's breaks down here.
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ุชุดุงูุฏูู ูุฐุง. ุงูุนูุงูุฉ ุจูููู
ูุจูู ู
ูุฏูููุฏุฒ.
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Translate to Arabic
|
The money looks about the same.
|
ุงูุฃู
ูุงู ูู ููุณูุง.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Why is it such a bad job?
|
ูููู ูู
ุงุฐุง ูู ุนู
ู ุณูุกุ
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Well, the reason it's such a bad job is that there's somebody shooting at you a lot of the time.
|
ุงูุณุจุจ ููููู ุนู
ู ุณูุก ูู ููุฌูุฏ ุดุฎุต ูุทูู ุนููู ุงููุงุฑ ุทููุฉ ุงูููุช.
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Translate to Arabic
|
So, with shooting at you, what are the death rates?
|
ูู
ุน ุทูู ุงููุงุฑุ ู
ุง ูู ูุณุจุฉ ุงููููุงุชุ
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Translate to Arabic
|
We found, in our gang -- and admittedly, this was not really a standard situation; this was a time of intense violence, of a lot of gang wars, as this gang actually became quite successful. But there were costs.
|
ูุฌุฏูุง ูู ุนุตุงุจุชูุงุ ููุนุชุฑู ูู ููุณุช ู
ููุงุณ. ููุงู ููุช ู
ููุก ุจุงูุนููุ ูุซูุฑ ู
ู ุญุฑูุจ ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุชุ ููุฐุง ู
ุง ุฌุนู ูุฐู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ูุงุฌุญุฉุ ูููู ูุซู
ู.
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Translate to Arabic
|
And so the death rate -- not to mention the rate of being arrested, sent to prison, being wounded -- the death rate in our sample was seven percent per person per year.
|
ูู
ุนุฏู ุงููููุงุชุ ุจุฏูู ุฐูุฑ ู
ุนุฏู ุงูุงุนุชูุงูุงุชุ ุงูุฐูุงุจ ุฅูู ุงูุณุฌูุ ุฃู ู
ุนุฏู ุงูุฌุฑูุญุ ูู
ุนุฏู ุงูููุงุฉ ูู ุนููุชูุง ูู ูง ุจุงูู
ุฆุฉ ููู ุณูุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
You're in the gang for four years, you expect to die with about a 25 percent likelihood.
|
ุฅุฐุง ููุช ูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ูู
ุฏุฉ ูค ุณููุงุช ูู
ุนุฏู ููุงุชู ูู ูขูฅ ุจุงูู
ุฆุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
That is about as high as you can get.
|
ููุฐุง ูู ุฃุนูู ู
ุนุฏู ู
ู
ูู ุงููุตูู ุฅููู.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
So for comparison's purposes, let's think about some other walk of life you may expect might be extremely risky.
|
ูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ูุงุฑูุฉ ูููุฃุฎุฐูุง ู
ู ู
ูุทูู ุขุฎุฑ ูููู ููู ุงููุณุจุฉ ุนุงููุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Let's say that you were a murderer and you were convicted of murder, and you're sent to death row.
|
ูููููู ุฃูู ูุงุชู ูุญูู
ุนููู ุจุงูุฅุนุฏุงู
ูุฃุฑุณูุช ู
ุน ุงูู
ุญููู
ูู.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
It turns out, the death rates on death row from all causes, including execution: two percent a year.
|
ููุงุญุธูุง ุฃู ูุณุจุฉ ุงูููุงุฉ ุฅุฐุง ููุช ู
ุญููู
ุจุงูุฅุนุฏุงู
ู
ู ุฌู
ูุน ุงูุนูุงู
ูุ ู
ุน ุงูุฅุนุฏุงู
ููุณูุ ูู ูข ุจุงูู
ุฆุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
So it's a lot safer being on death row than it is selling drugs out on the street.
|
ููู ุฃุฃู
ู ูู ุฃู ุชููู ู
ุญููู
ุงู ุนููู ุจุงูุฅุนุฏุงู
ู
ู ุฃู ุชููู ูู ุนุตุงุจุฉ ูุจูุน ุงูู
ุฎุฏุฑุงุช.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
That gives you some pause, for those of you who believe that a death penalty's going to have an enormous deterrent effect on crime.
|
ููุฐุง ูุฌุนูู ุชููุฑ ู
ู ุฃู ุงูุฅุนุฏุงู
ูุฏูู ุฑุงุฏุน ููู ููุฌุฑูู
ุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
To give you a sense of just how bad the inner city was during crack -- and I'm not really focusing on the negatives, but really, there's another story to tell you there -- if you look at the death rates just of random, young black males growing up in the inner city in the United States, the death rates during crack were about one percent.
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ูุฃุนุทููู
ูุธุฑุฉ ูู
ุง ูุงูุช ุนููู ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ ูู ููุช ูุจุงุก "ุงููุฑุงู" ููุณุช ุฃุฑูุฒ ุนูู ุงูู
ุณุงูุฆุ ูููู ุญูููุฉูุ ููุงู ูุตุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ููุงุ ุฅุฐุง ุฑูุฒุชู
ุนูู ู
ุนุฏูุงุช ุงููููุงุช ุนุดูุงุฆูุงู ููุดุจุงู ุงูุณูุฏ ุงูู
ุชุฑุนุฑุนูู ูู ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ ู
ุนุฏู ุงููููุงุช ูู ููุช ุงููุจุงุก ูุงู ูก ุจุงูู
ุฆุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
That's extremely high.
|
ููุฐุง ู
ุฑุชูุน ุฌุฏุงู.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
And this is violent death -- it's unbelievable, in some sense.
|
ูุชููู ู
ูุชุฉู ุดููุนุฉุ ููู ุดูุก ู
ุฎูู.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
To put it into perspective: if you compare this to the soldiers in Iraq, for instance, right now fighting the war: 0.5 percent.
|
ููุฑุงูุง ู
ู ู
ูุธูุฑ ุขุฎุฑุ ูู ูุงุฑูุงูุง ุจุงูุฌููุฏ ูู ุงูุนุฑุงูุ ู
ุซูุงู ุงูุขูุ ุฃุซูุงุก ุงูุญุฑุจ: ู .ูฅ ุจุงูู
ุฆุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
the young black men who were growing up in this country were living in a war zone, very much in the sense that the soldiers over in Iraq are fighting in a war.
|
ูู ููุธุฑ ููุง ูุงูุดุจุงู ุงูุณูุฏ ุงูุฐูู ุฏุงุฎู ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ ูู ูุฐู ุงูุฏููุฉ ูุนูุดูู ูู ุญุฑุจ ุจููุณ ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุฌููุฏ ุงูู
ุญุงุฑุจูู.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
So why in the world, you might ask, would anybody be willing to stand out on a street corner selling drugs for $3.50 an hour, with a 25 percent chance of dying over the next four years?
|
ููุฌุนูู ุชุชุณุงุกู ูู
ุงุฐุง ุฃู ุฃุญุฏ ูุฑุบุจ ูู ุงููููู ูู ุงูุชูุงุทุนุงุช ูุจูุน ุงูู
ุฎุฏุฑุงุช ุจ ูฃ.ูฅ ุฏููุงุฑุงุช ูู ุงูุณุงุนุฉุ ูู
ุน ู
ุนุฏู ููุงุฉ ูขูฅ ุจุงูู
ุฆุฉ ูู ูค ุณููุงุชุ
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Why would they do that? And I think there are a couple answers.
|
ูู
ุงุฐุง ููุนููููุงุ ูุฃูุง ุฃุฑุฌุญ ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู ุฌูุงุจ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
I think the first one is that they got fooled by history.
|
ุฃููุงู ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุฃููู
ุฎุฏุนูู
ุงูุชุงุฑูุฎ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
It used to be the gang was a rite of passage; that the young people controlled the gang; that as you got older, you dropped out of the gang.
|
ูุงู ุญู ู
ู ุญููู ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุช. ูู ุฃู ุงูุตุบุงุฑ ูู
ุงูุฐูู ูุชุญูู
ูู ุจุงูุนุตุงุจุฉุ ูุนูุฏู
ุง ุชูุจุฑุ ุชุชุฑู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
So what happened was, the people who happened to be in the right place at the right time -- the people who happened to be leading the gang in the mid-to-late-'80s -- became very, very wealthy.
|
ู
ุง ุญุตู ููุ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุงููุง ูู ุงูู
ูุงู ุงูู
ูุงุณุจ ูู ุงูููุช ุงูู
ูุงุณุจ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุฏูุฑูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ูู ู
ูุชุตู ูููุงูุฉ ุงูุซู
ุงููููุงุช ุฃุตุจุญูุง ุฃุซุฑูุงุกุ ูู ุบุงูุฉ ุงูุซุฑุงุก.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
was that they are going to age out of the gang like everybody else has, and the next generation is going to take over and get the wealth.
|
ูุงูุงุณุชูุชุงุฌ ุงูู
ูุทูู ูู: "ุงูุฌูู ุงููุงุฏู
ุณูุชูุฏู
ูู ูู ุงูุนู
ุฑุ ูุจููุฉ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุตุ ูุงูุฌูู ุงููุงุฏู
ุณูุฃุฎุฐ ูู ุดูุก ุจู
ุง ููู ุงูู
ุงู."
|
Translate to Arabic
|
There are striking similarities, I think, to the Internet boom.
|
ูููุงูู ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุชุดุงุจูุ ูุงูููุงุฑ ููุงุนุฉ ุงูุงูุชุฑูุชุ ุตุญูุญุ
|
Translate to Arabic
|
The first set of people in Silicon Valley got very, very rich.
|
ุฃูู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ูู "ุงูุณูููููู ูุงูู" ุฃุตุจุญูุง ุฃุซุฑูุงุก ุฌุฏุงู.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
And then all of my friends said, "Maybe I should go do that, too."
|
ุจุนุฏูุง ูู ุฃุตุฏูุงุฆู ูุงููุง: "ูุฌุจ ุฃู ููุนููุง ุฃูุถุงู."
|
Translate to Arabic
|
And they were willing to work very cheap for stock options that never came.
|
ููุงููุง ู
ุณุชุนุฏูู ุฃู ูุนู
ููุง ุจุฑูุงุชุจ ููููุฉุ ูุฃุณูู
ูู
ุชุฃุชู ุจุนุฏ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
In some sense, that's what happened, exactly, to the set of people we were looking at.
|
ููุฐุง ู
ุง ุญุฏุซ ุชู
ุงู
ุงู. ู
ุง ุดุงูุฏูุง ููุ ุฃููู
ู
ุณุชุนุฏูู ููุนู
ู ูู ุงูุฃุณูู.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
They were willing to start at the bottom, just like, say, a first-year lawyer at a law firm work 80-hour weeks for not that much money, because they think they're going to make partner.
|
ุชู
ุงู
ุงู ูุงูู
ุญุงู
ู ูู ู
ูุชุจ ุงูู
ุญุงู
ุงุฉ ุงูู
ุญุงู
ู ูู ุณูุชู ุงูุฃููู ู
ุณุชุนุฏ ููุนู
ู ูู ุงูุฃุณููุ ูุฅู
ุถุงุก ูจู ุณุงุนุฉ ุฃุณุจูุนูุงู ูุฃุฌุฑ ููุณ ุจุงููุซูุฑุ ูุฃููู
ูุนุชูุฏูู ุฃููู
ุณูุตููู ูู
ุฑุชุจุฉ ุงูุดุฑุงูุฉ.
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Translate to Arabic
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But the rules changed, and they never got to make partner.
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ูููู ู
ุง ุญุตู ููุ ุงูููุงููู ุงุฎุชููุชุ ููู
ูุตููุง ููุดุฑุงูุฉ.
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Translate to Arabic
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Indeed, the same people who were running all of the major gangs in the late 1980s are still running the major gangs in Chicago today.
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ูุนูุงูุ ููุณ ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ูุงููุง ูุฏูุฑูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ูู ููุงูุฉ ุงูุซู
ุงููููุงุช ูู
ููุณูู
ุงูุฐูู ูุฏูุฑูููุง ุงูุขู.
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Translate to Arabic
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They never passed on any of the wealth, So everybody got stuck at that $3.50-an-hour job, and it turned out to be a disaster.
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ูู
ูููููุง ุงูุซุฑุงุก ูุฃุญุฏ. ูุงูุฌู
ูุน ุฌูุณูุง ูู ูุธุงุฆููู
ุงูุตุบูุฑุฉ ูุชูุงุถูู ูฃ.ูฅ ุฏููุงุฑ ูู ุงูุณุงุนุฉุ ูุฃุตุจุญุช ูุงุฑุซุฉ. ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุช ุงูุฃุฎุฑู ูุงููุง ุฌูุฏูู ูู ุงูุชุณููู ูุงูุงุญุชูุงู.
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Translate to Arabic
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The other thing the gang was very good at was marketing and trickery.
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ูู
ุซุงูุ ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ุงูุชู ูุงููุง ููุนููููุง ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุช
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Translate to Arabic
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And so for instance, one thing the gang would do is -- the gang leaders would have big entourages, and they'd drive fancy cars and have fancy jewelry.
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ุฑุคุณุงุก ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุช ูุงูุช ููู
ุจุทุงูุงุช ูุจูุฑุฉุ ููุงููุง ูููุฏูู ุณูุงุฑุงุช ูุงุฎุฑุฉ ูู
ุฌููุฑุงุช ุซู
ููุฉ. ูุงุชุถุญ ู"ุณูุฏูุฑ" ู
ุน ู
ุฌุงูุณุชู ููู
ุ
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Translate to Arabic
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So what Sudhir eventually realized as he hung out with them more, is that, really, they didn't own those cars -- they just leased them, because they couldn't afford to own the fancy cars.
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ูู ุฃููู
ูุง ูู
ูููู ุงูุณูุงุฑุงุช ูู ุงูุญูููุฉ. ูุงููุง ูุณุชุฃุฌุฑูููุงุ ูุฃููู
ูู
ูููููุง ููุฏุฑูู ุฃู ูุดุชุฑูููุง. ูุงูู
ุฌููุฑุงุช ูู
ุชูู ุฐูุจุงูุ ุจู ูุงูุช ู
ุทููู ุจุงูุฐูุจ.
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Translate to Arabic
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And they didn't really have gold jewelry, they had gold-plated jewelry.
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ููุฐุง ูุฑุฌุน ูู
ุง ูู ุญูููู ูุนูุงู ูู
ุง ูู ููุณ ุจุงูุญูููู.
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Translate to Arabic
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It goes back to, you know, the real-real versus the fake-real.
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ูุญูููุฉูุ ููุงููุง ููุนููู ูู ู
ุง ูุฎุฏุน ู
ู ูู
ุฏูููู
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Translate to Arabic
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And really, they did all sorts of things to trick the young people into thinking what a great deal the gang was going to be.
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ููุนุชูุฏูุง ุฃููู
ูุนูุงู ุฃุบููุงุกุ ูุญูุงุชูู
ู
ุชุฑูุฉ. ููู
ูุงููุง ูุนุทูู ุงูุดุงุจ ุฐู ูกูค ุณูุฉ
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Translate to Arabic
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So for instance, they would give a 14-year-old kid a whole roll of bills to hold.
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ุญุฒู
ุฉ ูููุฏ ููุญู
ููุง. ุงูุดุงุจ ุณูููู:
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Translate to Arabic
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That 14-year-old kid would say to his friends, "Hey, look at all the money I got in the gang."
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ูุฃุตุฏูุงุฆูุ "ุงูุธุฑูุง ููุฐู ุงูุฃู
ูุงู ุงูุชู ุฌู
ุนุชูุง ูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ."
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Translate to Arabic
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It wasn't his money -- until he spent it, and then he was in debt to the gang, and was sort of an indentured servant for a while.
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ูู
ุชูู ูุนูุงู ู
ุงูู ุงูุฎุงุต ุฅูู ุฃู ูุตุฑููุงุ ูุนูุฏูุง ูููู ู
ุฏููู ููุนุตุงุจุฉ ูุจุถุน ู
ู ุงูููุช. ุนูุฏู ููุท ุจุถุน ุฏูุงุฆู.
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Translate to Arabic
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So I have a couple minutes.
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ูุณุฃูุนู ุดูุก ุฃุฎูุฑ
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Translate to Arabic
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Let me do one last thing I hadn't thought I'd have time to do, which is to talk about what we learned more generally about economics, from the study of the gang.
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ูู
ุฃูู ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ูููู ุนูุฏู ุงูููุช ุงููุงููุ ููู ุฃู ุฃุชููู
ุนู ู
ุง ุนุฑููุงู ุจุดูู ุนุงู
ุนู ุงูุชุตุงุฏ ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ. ูุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏููู ูุณุชุฎุฏู
ูู ุงูุนุจุงุฑุงุช ุงูุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูู
.
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Translate to Arabic
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Often, our theories fail quite miserably when we over the data, but what's kind of interesting is that in this setting, it turned out that some of the economic theories that worked not so well in the real economy worked very well in the drug economy, in some sense, because it's unfettered capitalism.
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ูุนุงุฏุฉูุ ูุธุฑูุงุชูุง ุชูุดู ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุฃุชู ููู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุงูุชู ุชุฌู
ุน ู
ู ุงูุงุณุชุจูุงูุงุช. ููููุ ุงูุดูุก ุงูู
ุซูุฑ ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุฅุทุงุฑ ุงุชุถุญ ุฃู ุจุนุถ ุงููุธุฑูุงุช ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏูุฉ ูู
ุชูุฌุญ ูุนูุงู ูู ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏ ุงููุนููุ ูููู ูุฌุญุช ูู ุงูุชุตุงุฏ ุนุงูู
ุงูู
ุฎุฏุฑุงุช ููู ูุธุงู
ุฑุฃุณ ู
ุงูู ุบูุฑ ู
ุญูู
ุจุงููููุฏ.
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Translate to Arabic
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Here's an economic principle.
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ูุฐู ูุงููู ุงูุชุตุงุฏู.
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Translate to Arabic
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This is one of the basic ideas in labor economics, called a "compensating differential."
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ููู ู
ู ุงูู
ุจุงุฏุฆ ูู ุงูุชุตุงุฏ ุงูุนู
ู ูุงูุนู
ุงูุ ู
ุง ูุณู
ู "ุจุงูุชุนููุถ ุงููุงุฑู"
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Translate to Arabic
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It's the idea that the increment to wages that a worker requires to leave him indifferent between performing two tasks, one which is more unpleasant than the other.
|
ูู ููุฑุฉ ุฃู ูู
ูุฉ ุงูุฒูุงุฏุฉ ูู ุงูุฃุฌูุฑ ุงูุชู ูุญุชุงุฌูุง ุงูุนุงู
ู ููุฌุนูู ููุงูู ุฃู ูุนู
ู ูู ุนู
ููู ู
ุฎุชูููู ูุงุญุฏ ุฃุณูุฃ ู
ู ุงูุขุฎุฑ
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Translate to Arabic
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Compensating differential -- it's why we think garbagemen might be paid more than people who work in parks.
|
ููุฐุง ู
ุง ูุณู
ู "ุจุงูุชุนููุถ ุงููุงุฑู". ููู ู
ุง ูุฌุนููุง ูุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ุนู
ุงู ุงููู
ุงู
ุฉ ูุชูุงุถูู ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู ุนู
ุงู ุงูู
ูุชุฒูุงุช
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Translate to Arabic
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The words of one of the members of the gang, I think, make this clear.
|
ู
ุซู ู
ูููุฉ ุดุฎุต ู
ู ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉุ ู
ุง ูุฌุนู ุงูููุฑุฉ ูุงุถุญุฉ.
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Translate to Arabic
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So it turns out -- I'm sort of getting ahead of myself -- it turns out, in the gang, when there's a war going on, they actually pay the foot soldiers twice as much money.
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ูุงุชุถุญ ุฃู ู ุฃูุง ุงุณุชุจู ููุณู. ูุงุชุถุญ ุฃู ูู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ ุนูุฏู
ุง ูููู ููุงู ุญุฑุจุ ููู
ูุฏูุนูู ููุฌููุฏ ุถุนู ุฃุฌูุฑูู
.
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Translate to Arabic
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It's exactly this concept.
|
ููู ููุณ ุงูู
ูุทูู.
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Translate to Arabic
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Because they're not willing to be at risk.
|
ูุฃููู
ูุง ูุฑูุฏูู ุฃู ูุฎุงุทุฑูู.
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Translate to Arabic
|
And the words of a gang member capture it quite nicely, he says: "Would you stand around here when all this shit ..." -- the shooting -- "... if all this shit's going on? No, right?
|
ูู
ูููุฉ ุฃุญุฏ ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉุ ุชุดุฑุญูุง ุจูุถูุญ. ููู ููููุ "ุนูุฏู
ุง ูููู ููุงู ุทูู ูููุงุฑ" "ุนูุฏู
ุง ูููู ููุงู ุทูู ูููุงุฑ
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Translate to Arabic
|
So if I gonna be asked to put my life on the line, then front me the cash, man."
|
ููุทูุจ ู
ูู ุฃู ุฃุฎุงุทุฑ ุจุญูุงุชูุ ูุณุฃููู ุงุฏูุนูู ุฃููุงู"
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Translate to Arabic
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I think the gang member says it much more articulately than the economist, about what's going on.
|
ูููู ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุฃูู ูููููุง ุจูุถูุญ ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏู ูุดุฑุญ ุงููุถุน.
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Translate to Arabic
|
Here's another one.
|
ููุงู ุดูุก ุขุฎุฑ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Economists talk about game theory, that every two-person game has a Nash equilibrium.
|
ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุชููู
ูู ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏููู ุนู ูุธุฑูุฉ ุงููุนุจุฉ ูู ุฃู ูุนุจุฉ ุจูู ุดุฎุตูู ูุฏููู
ุชูุงุฒู "ูุงุด"
|
Translate to Arabic
|
Here's the translation you get from the gang member.
|
ูุงูู ุงูุชุฑุฌู
ุฉ ู
ู ูุฑุฏ ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉ.
|
Translate to Arabic
|
They're talking about the decision of why they don't go shoot -- One thing that turns out to be a great business tactic in the gang: if you go and just shoot guns in the air in the other gang's territory -- people are afraid to go buy drugs there, they're going to come into your neighborhood.
|
ูุชููู
ูู ุนู ุนูุฏู
ุง ูุทูููู ุงููุงุฑูู ููู ุฃุตุจุญุช ุงุณุชุฑุงุชูุฌูุฉ ูููุฉ ูุฏู ุงูุนุตุงุจุฉุ ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชุทูู ุงููุงุฑ ูู ุงูููุงุกุ ุฃู ุนูุฏ ู
ูุทูุฉ ุงูุนุตุงุจุงุช ุงูุฃุฎุฑู ูุนูุฏูุง ุงููู ููุงู ูู ูุดุชุฑู ุงูู
ุฎุฏุฑุงุช. ูุณูุฃุชูู ุนูุฏูุง ููุดุชุฑููุง.
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