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Translate to Arabic
They trusted Sudhir, in ways that really no academic has ever -- or really anybody, any outsider -- has ever earned the trust of these gangs, to the point where they actually opened up what was most interesting for me -- their books, the financial records they kept.
ูู‚ุฏ ูˆุซู‚ูˆุง ุจ"ุณูˆุฏูŠุฑ"ุŒ ุจุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู„ู… ูŠุณุชุทุน ุฃูŠ ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง. ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ุฃุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซู‚ุฉ. ู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูุชุญูˆุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฃู‡ู… ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ ูˆู‡ูˆ: ุฏูุงุชุฑ ุญุณุงุจุงุชู‡ู…ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุณุฌู„ ุจู‡ุง ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ. ูˆุฌุนู„ูˆู‡ุง ู…ุชูˆุงูุฑุฉ ู„ู†ุง.
Translate to Arabic
They made them available to us, and we not only could study them, but we could ask them questions about what was in them.
ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏุฑุงุณุชู‡ุง ูู‚ุทุŒ ุจู„ ู„ู†ุณุฃู„ ุนู† ุงู„ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹. ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงุถุทุฑุฑุช ุฃู† ุฃูˆุฌุฒ ู„ุถูŠู‚ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
Translate to Arabic
So if I have to kind of summarize very quickly in the short time I have what the bottom line of what I take away from the gang is, it's that, if I had to draw a parallel between the gang and any other organization, it would be that the gang is just like McDonald's, in a lot of different respects -- the restaurant McDonald's.
ุฃู† ุขุชูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุณุชูุฏุชู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุงุถุทุฑุฑุช ุฃู† ุงุฑุณู… ุฎุทูˆุท ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠุฉ ู„ุฃูŠ ู…ู†ุดุฃุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ุงุชุถุญ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃุดุจู‡ ุจู…ูƒุฏูˆู†ู„ุฏุฒ. ู…ู† ุฃูˆุฌู‡ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุทุนู… ู…ูƒุฏูˆู†ู„ุฏุฒ. ุฃูˆู„ ุชุดุงุจู‡ุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃูุถู„ ู„ู„ุจุฏุก ุจุงู„ุชุดุจูŠู‡ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชู‚ุณูŠู….
Translate to Arabic
is in the way it's organized, the hierarchy of the gang, So here's what the org chart of the gang looks like.
ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูŠุŒ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ ู„ู„ุชู‚ุณูŠู…. ูู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูŠ ู„ู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ.
Translate to Arabic
I don't know if you know much about org charts, but if you were to assign a stripped-down and simplified McDonald's org chart, this is exactly what it would look like.
ู„ุง ุฃุฏุฑูŠ ุฅู† ูƒู†ุชู… ุชุนุฑููˆู† ุนู† ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ ูุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ุดูƒู„ ุจุณูŠุท ู„ู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูŠ ู„ู…ูƒุฏูˆู†ู„ุฏุฒุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ุณูŠุดุจู‡ ู‡ุฐุง.
Translate to Arabic
It's amazing, but the top level of the gang, they actually call themselves the "Board of Directors."
ูˆู‡ูˆ ุดูŠุก ุนุฌูŠุจุŒ ูˆุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู„ู„ุนุตุงุจุฉุŒ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ูŠุณู…ูˆู†ู‡ "ู…ุฌู„ุณ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ."
Translate to Arabic
And Sudhir says it's not like these guys had a very sophisticated view of what happened in American corporate life, but they had seen movies like "Wall Street," and they had learned a little bit about what it was like to be in the real world.
ูˆู‚ุฏ ู‚ุงู„ "ุณูˆุฏูŠุฑ" ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงุทู„ุงุนุŒ ุจู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ. ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุดุงู‡ุฏูˆุง ุฃูู„ุงู… ู…ุซู„ "ูˆุงู„ ุณุชุฑูŠุช"ุŒ ูุชุนู„ู…ูˆุง ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ.
Translate to Arabic
Now, below that board of directors, you've got essentially what are regional VPs -- people who control, say, the South Side of Chicago, or the West Side of Chicago.
ูุชุญุช ู…ุฌู„ุณ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉุŒ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ูˆู†ู‡ ู†ูˆุงุจ ุฑุฆุณุงุก ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ุŒ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุชุญูƒู…ูˆู†ุŒ ุจู…ุซู„ุงู‹ุŒ ุฌู†ูˆุจ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุดูŠูƒุงุบูˆ, ุฃูˆ ุบุฑุจ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ.
Translate to Arabic
Sudhir got to know very well the guy who had the unfortunate assignment of trying to take the Iowa franchise, which, it turned out, for this black gang, was not one of the more brilliant financial endeavors they undertook.
ูˆ"ุณูˆุฏูŠุฑ" ุงุญุชุธู‰ ุจุดุฑู ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณูƒูŠู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุฒู… ุจุงุณุชู„ุงู… ุฑุฆุงุณุฉ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ "ุขูŠูˆุง". ู…ู…ุง ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ ุณูˆุฏุงุกุŒ ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ู† ุฃูุถู„ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุชุฎุฐูˆู‡ุง.
Translate to Arabic
But the thing that really makes the gang seem like McDonald's is its franchisees.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุดูŠุก ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ ุฃุดุจู‡ ุจู…ูƒุฏูˆู†ุงู„ุฏุฒ ู‡ูˆ ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ูˆูƒุงู„ุงุช.
Translate to Arabic
The guys who are running the local gangs -- the four-square-block by four-square-block areas -- they're just like the guys, in some sense, who are running the McDonald's.
ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฏูŠุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุน ู…ุฑุจุนุงุช ุจุฃุฑุจุน ู…ุฑุจุนุงุช. ูู‡ู… ูŠุดุจู‡ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฏูŠุฑูˆู† ูุฑูˆุน ู…ูƒุฏูˆู†ู„ุฏุฒ.
Translate to Arabic
They are the entrepreneurs.
ู‡ู… ุฑูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุน.
Translate to Arabic
They get the exclusive property rights to control the drug-selling.
ู‡ู… ุฃุตุญุงุจ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุญุตุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุจูŠุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุฏุฑุงุช.
Translate to Arabic
They get the name of the gang behind them, for merchandising and marketing.
ูŠุฃุฎุฐูˆู† ุงุณู… ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉุŒ ู„ู„ุชุฌุงุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุณูˆูŠู‚.
Translate to Arabic
And they're the ones who basically make the profit or lose a profit, depending on how good they are at running the business.
ูˆู‡ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฌู†ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุฃูˆ ูŠุฎุณุฑูˆู†ู‡. ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏุงู‹ ู„ุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุฅุฏุงุฑุชู‡ู… ู„ู„ูุฑุน.
Translate to Arabic
Now, the group I really want you to think about, though, are the ones at the bottom -- the foot soldiers.
ูุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„ุŒ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุฏ.
Translate to Arabic
These are the teenagers, typically, who'd be standing out on the street corner, selling the drugs.
ู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุฑุงู‡ู‚ูŠู† ุนุงุฏุฉู‹ุŒ ูŠู‚ููˆู† ููŠ ุชู‚ุงุทุนุงุช ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฑุนุŒ ูŠุจูŠุนูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุฏุฑุงุช.
Translate to Arabic
Extremely dangerous work.
ุนู…ู„ ุฎุทูŠุฑ ู„ุฃุจุนุฏ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ.
Translate to Arabic
And important to note is that almost all of the weight, all of the people in this organization are at the bottom -- just like McDonald's.
ูˆุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู…ู„ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„. ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ูƒู…ูƒุฏูˆู†ู„ุฏุฒ.
Translate to Arabic
So in some sense, the foot soldiers are a lot like the people who are taking your order at McDonald's, and it's not just by chance that they're like them.
ูุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุฏ ู‡ู… ูƒุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฃุฎุฐูˆู† ุงู„ุทู„ุจุงุช ููŠ ู…ูƒุฏูˆู†ู„ุฏุฒ. ูˆู‡ู… ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ูู‚ุท ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู„ุถุฑุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„.
Translate to Arabic
In fact, in these neighborhoods, they'd be the same people.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ูุนู„ุงู‹ุŒ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุนุงุฏุฉู‹ ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต.
Translate to Arabic
So the same kids who are working in the gang were actually, at the very same time, typically working part-time at a place like McDonald's.
ูู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดุจุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ุนู…ู„ ุฌุฒุฆูŠ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ูƒู…ูƒุฏูˆู†ู„ุฏุฒ.
Translate to Arabic
Which already foreshadows the main result that I've talked about, about what a crappy job it was, being in the gang.
ูู‡ุฐุง ูŠุบุทูŠ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ู‡ุงุŒ ุนู† ูƒูŠู ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุงุช ุนู…ู„ ุณูŠุก.
Translate to Arabic
Because obviously, if being in the gang were such a wonderful, lucrative job, why in the world would these guys moonlight at McDonald's?
ู„ุฃู† ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุงุช ุนู…ู„ ู…ุบุฑูŠ ู…ุงุฏูŠุงู‹ุŒ ูู„ู… ุชุดุงู‡ุฏ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ููŠ ู…ูƒุฏูˆู†ู„ุฏุฒุŸ
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So what do the wages look like? You might be surprised.
ูู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฑูˆุงุชุจู‡ู…ุŸ ุณูˆู ุชุชุนุฌุจูˆู†.
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But based on being able to talk to them and to see their records, this is what it looks like in terms of the wages.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑุŒ ุงู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุฏุซ ู…ุนู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ
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The hourly wage the foot soldiers were earning was $3.50 an hour.
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฑูˆุงุชุจู‡ู….
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It was below the minimum wage. And this is well-documented.
ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู„ ู„ู„ุณุงุนุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูฃ.ูฅ ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุงุนุฉ.
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It's easy to see by the patterns of consumption they have.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุฃุฏู†ู‰ ู„ู„ุฏุฎู„. ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุซู‚ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ. ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ู†ู…ุท ุงู„ุงุณุชู‡ู„ุงูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู….
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It really is not fiction -- it's fact.
ูู‡ูŠ ู„ูŠุณุช ุฎูŠุงู„ ูู‡ูŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน.
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There was very little money in the gang, especially at the bottom.
ูู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู…ุงู„ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ููŠ ุฃุณูู„ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ.
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the guy who's the equivalent of the McDonald's franchisee, you'd be making 100,000 dollars a year.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุชุฑู‚ู‰ ูˆุชุตุจุญ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฒุน ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุตุงุญุจ ูุฑุน ู…ูƒุฏูˆู†ู„ุฏุฒุŒ
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if you were growing up in one of these neighborhoods as a young black male.
ูุณูˆู ุชุฌู†ูŠ ูกู ู ูซู ู ู  ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ.
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If you managed to rise to the very top, 200,000 or 400,000 dollars a year is what you'd hope to make.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ู‡ูˆ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู†ุตุจ ูŠุทู…ุญ ููŠู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก ูƒุดุงุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฏ.
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Truly, you would be a great success story.
ุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชุทุนุช ุฃู† ุชุนู„ูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุตุจุŒ
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And one of the sad parts of this is that, indeed, among the many other ramifications of crack cocaine is that the most talented individuals in these communities -- this is what they were striving for.
ูุนู„ุงู‹ุŒ ุณุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุตุฉ ู†ุฌุงุญ. ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญุฒู†ุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุน ุนูˆุงู‚ุจ "ุงู„ูƒุฑุงูƒ ูƒูˆูƒุงูŠูŠู†" ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุดุจุงู† ุงู„ุฃุจุฑุน ุฐูˆูŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‡ุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุชู„ูƒ ูŠุทู…ุญูˆู† ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ู„ู‡ุฐุง.
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They weren't trying to make it in legitimate ways, because there were no legitimate channels out.
ู„ู… ูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆุง ุงู„ู†ุฌุงุญ ุจุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุนุฉุŒ ู„ุฃู† ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุทุฑู‚ ู…ุดุฑูˆุนุฉ.
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This was the best way out.
ูู‡ุฐุง ุฃูุถู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚.
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And it actually was the right choice, probably, to try to make it out this way.
ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ู„ู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ู…ู† ุฐุงูƒ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚.
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You look at this, the relationship to McDonald's breaks down here.
ุชุดุงู‡ุฏูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง. ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ูˆุจูŠู† ู…ูƒุฏูˆู†ู„ุฏุฒ.
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The money looks about the same.
ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ ู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณู‡ุง.
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Why is it such a bad job?
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ู„ ุณูŠุกุŸ
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Well, the reason it's such a bad job is that there's somebody shooting at you a lot of the time.
ุงู„ุณุจุจ ู„ูƒูˆู†ู‡ ุนู…ู„ ุณูŠุก ู‡ูˆ ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุดุฎุต ูŠุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู†ุงุฑ ุทูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
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So, with shooting at you, what are the death rates?
ูู…ุน ุทู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ุงุฑุŒ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ูˆููŠุงุชุŸ
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We found, in our gang -- and admittedly, this was not really a standard situation; this was a time of intense violence, of a lot of gang wars, as this gang actually became quite successful. But there were costs.
ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุนุตุงุจุชู†ุงุŒ ูˆู†ุนุชุฑู ู‡ูŠ ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ. ููƒุงู† ูˆู‚ุช ู…ู„ูŠุก ุจุงู„ุนู†ูุŒ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุญุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุงุชุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุฌุนู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ ู†ุงุฌุญุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุซู…ู†.
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And so the death rate -- not to mention the rate of being arrested, sent to prison, being wounded -- the death rate in our sample was seven percent per person per year.
ูู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ูˆููŠุงุชุŒ ุจุฏูˆู† ุฐูƒุฑ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุงุนุชู‚ุงู„ุงุชุŒ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุฌู†ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุฌุฑูˆุญุŒ ูู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ูˆูุงุฉ ููŠ ุนูŠู†ุชู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ูง ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ุณู†ุฉ.
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You're in the gang for four years, you expect to die with about a 25 percent likelihood.
ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ูค ุณู†ูˆุงุช ูู…ุนุฏู„ ูˆูุงุชูƒ ู‡ูˆ ูขูฅ ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ.
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That is about as high as you can get.
ูู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนุฏู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡.
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So for comparison's purposes, let's think about some other walk of life you may expect might be extremely risky.
ููŠ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ูู„ู†ุฃุฎุฐู‡ุง ู…ู† ู…ู†ุทู„ู‚ ุขุฎุฑ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ.
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Let's say that you were a murderer and you were convicted of murder, and you're sent to death row.
ูู„ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ูƒ ู‚ุงุชู„ ูˆุญูƒู… ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุจุงู„ุฅุนุฏุงู… ูˆุฃุฑุณู„ุช ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุญูƒูˆู…ูŠู†.
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It turns out, the death rates on death row from all causes, including execution: two percent a year.
ูู„ุงุญุธู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ูˆูุงุฉ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู…ุญูƒูˆู… ุจุงู„ุฅุนุฏุงู… ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุนูˆุงู…ู„ุŒ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฅุนุฏุงู… ู†ูุณู‡ุŒ ู‡ูˆ ูข ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ.
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So it's a lot safer being on death row than it is selling drugs out on the street.
ูู‡ูˆ ุฃุฃู…ู† ู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุญูƒูˆู…ุงู‹ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุจุงู„ุฅุนุฏุงู… ู…ู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุนุตุงุจุฉ ู„ุจูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุฎุฏุฑุงุช.
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That gives you some pause, for those of you who believe that a death penalty's going to have an enormous deterrent effect on crime.
ูู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฌุนู„ูƒ ุชููƒุฑ ู…ู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุฅุนุฏุงู… ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุฑุงุฏุน ู‚ูˆูŠ ู„ู„ุฌุฑูŠู…ุฉ.
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To give you a sense of just how bad the inner city was during crack -- and I'm not really focusing on the negatives, but really, there's another story to tell you there -- if you look at the death rates just of random, young black males growing up in the inner city in the United States, the death rates during crack were about one percent.
ู„ุฃุนุทูŠูƒู… ู†ุธุฑุฉ ู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ูˆุจุงุก "ุงู„ูƒุฑุงูƒ" ูˆู„ุณุช ุฃุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูˆุฆุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉู‹ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุตุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุฑูƒุฒุชู… ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนุฏู„ุงุช ุงู„ูˆููŠุงุช ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุงู‹ ู„ู„ุดุจุงู† ุงู„ุณูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุนุฑุนูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ูˆููŠุงุช ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ูˆุจุงุก ูƒุงู† ูก ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ.
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That's extremely high.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฑุชูุน ุฌุฏุงู‹.
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And this is violent death -- it's unbelievable, in some sense.
ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุชุฉู‹ ุดู†ูŠุนุฉุŒ ูู‡ูˆ ุดูŠุก ู…ุฎูŠู.
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To put it into perspective: if you compare this to the soldiers in Iraq, for instance, right now fighting the war: 0.5 percent.
ู„ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง ู…ู† ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุขุฎุฑุŒ ู„ูˆ ู‚ุงุฑู†ุงู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฑุงู‚ุŒ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ุญุฑุจ: ู .ูฅ ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ.
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the young black men who were growing up in this country were living in a war zone, very much in the sense that the soldiers over in Iraq are fighting in a war.
ู„ูˆ ู†ู†ุธุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ูุงู„ุดุจุงู† ุงู„ุณูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ููŠ ุญุฑุจ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุฑุจูˆู†.
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So why in the world, you might ask, would anybody be willing to stand out on a street corner selling drugs for $3.50 an hour, with a 25 percent chance of dying over the next four years?
ููŠุฌุนู„ูƒ ุชุชุณุงุกู„ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃูŠ ุฃุญุฏ ูŠุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆู ููŠ ุงู„ุชู‚ุงุทุนุงุช ูŠุจูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุฎุฏุฑุงุช ุจ ูฃ.ูฅ ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุณุงุนุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุน ู…ุนุฏู„ ูˆูุงุฉ ูขูฅ ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ููŠ ูค ุณู†ูˆุงุชุŸ
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Why would they do that? And I think there are a couple answers.
ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูุนู„ูˆู†ู‡ุงุŸ ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุฑุฌุญ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฌูˆุงุจ.
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I think the first one is that they got fooled by history.
ุฃูˆู„ุงู‹ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุฎุฏุนู‡ู… ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ.
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It used to be the gang was a rite of passage; that the young people controlled the gang; that as you got older, you dropped out of the gang.
ูƒุงู† ุญู‚ ู…ู† ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุงุช. ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุตุบุงุฑ ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุชุญูƒู…ูˆู† ุจุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉุŒ ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒุจุฑุŒ ุชุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ.
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So what happened was, the people who happened to be in the right place at the right time -- the people who happened to be leading the gang in the mid-to-late-'80s -- became very, very wealthy.
ู…ุง ุญุตู„ ู‡ูˆุŒ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฏูŠุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ูˆู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠู†ูŠุงุช ุฃุตุจุญูˆุง ุฃุซุฑูŠุงุกุŒ ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุฑุงุก.
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was that they are going to age out of the gang like everybody else has, and the next generation is going to take over and get the wealth.
ูุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠ ู‡ูˆ: "ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู… ุณูŠุชู‚ุฏู…ูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ุฑุŒ ูƒุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุตุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู… ุณูŠุฃุฎุฐ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุจู…ุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงู„."
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There are striking similarities, I think, to the Internet boom.
ูู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุดุงุจู‡ุŒ ู„ุงู†ู‡ูŠุงุฑ ูู‚ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุชุŒ ุตุญูŠุญุŸ
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The first set of people in Silicon Valley got very, very rich.
ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ููŠ "ุงู„ุณูŠู„ูŠูƒูˆู† ูุงู„ูŠ" ุฃุตุจุญูˆุง ุฃุซุฑูŠุงุก ุฌุฏุงู‹.
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And then all of my friends said, "Maybe I should go do that, too."
ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ูƒู„ ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุฆูŠ ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง: "ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ู‡ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹."
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And they were willing to work very cheap for stock options that never came.
ูˆูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู…ุณุชุนุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง ุจุฑูˆุงุชุจ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉุŒ ู„ุฃุณู‡ู… ู„ู… ุชุฃุชูŠ ุจุนุฏ.
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In some sense, that's what happened, exactly, to the set of people we were looking at.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹. ู…ุง ุดุงู‡ุฏู†ุง ู‡ูˆุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู…ุณุชุนุฏูˆู† ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„.
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They were willing to start at the bottom, just like, say, a first-year lawyer at a law firm work 80-hour weeks for not that much money, because they think they're going to make partner.
ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ูƒุงู„ู…ุญุงู…ูŠ ููŠ ู…ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู…ุญุงู…ุงุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุงู…ูŠ ููŠ ุณู†ุชู‡ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชุนุฏ ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„ุŒ ู„ุฅู…ุถุงุก ูจู  ุณุงุนุฉ ุฃุณุจูˆุนูŠุงู‹ ู„ุฃุฌุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุณูŠุตู„ูˆู† ู„ู…ุฑุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุดุฑุงูƒุฉ.
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But the rules changed, and they never got to make partner.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุญุตู„ ู‡ูˆุŒ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงุฎุชู„ูุชุŒ ูˆู„ู… ูŠุตู„ูˆุง ู„ู„ุดุฑุงูƒุฉ.
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Indeed, the same people who were running all of the major gangs in the late 1980s are still running the major gangs in Chicago today.
ูุนู„ุงู‹ุŒ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุฏูŠุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠู†ูŠุงุช ู‡ู… ู†ูุณู‡ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฏูŠุฑูˆู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุขู†.
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They never passed on any of the wealth, So everybody got stuck at that $3.50-an-hour job, and it turned out to be a disaster.
ู„ู… ูŠู†ู‚ู„ูˆุง ุงู„ุซุฑุงุก ู„ุฃุญุฏ. ูุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฌู„ุณูˆุง ููŠ ูˆุธุงุฆูู‡ู… ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูŠุชู‚ุงุถูˆู† ูฃ.ูฅ ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุงุนุฉุŒ ูˆุฃุตุจุญุช ูƒุงุฑุซุฉ. ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุฌูŠุฏูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุชุณูˆูŠู‚ ูˆุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงู„.
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The other thing the gang was very good at was marketing and trickery.
ูƒู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠูุนู„ูˆู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุงุช
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And so for instance, one thing the gang would do is -- the gang leaders would have big entourages, and they'd drive fancy cars and have fancy jewelry.
ุฑุคุณุงุก ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุงุช ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ู‡ู… ุจุทุงู†ุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ ูˆูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠู‚ูˆุฏูˆู† ุณูŠุงุฑุงุช ูุงุฎุฑุฉ ูˆู…ุฌูˆู‡ุฑุงุช ุซู…ูŠู†ุฉ. ูุงุชุถุญ ู„"ุณูˆุฏูŠุฑ" ู…ุน ู…ุฌุงู„ุณุชู‡ ู„ู‡ู…ุŒ
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So what Sudhir eventually realized as he hung out with them more, is that, really, they didn't own those cars -- they just leased them, because they couldn't afford to own the fancy cars.
ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ุง ูŠู…ู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ. ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุณุชุฃุฌุฑูˆู†ู‡ุงุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ูŠู‚ุฏุฑูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠุดุชุฑูˆู†ู‡ุง. ูˆุงู„ู…ุฌูˆู‡ุฑุงุช ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุฐู‡ุจุงู‹ุŒ ุจู„ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุทู„ูŠู‡ ุจุงู„ุฐู‡ุจ.
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And they didn't really have gold jewelry, they had gold-plated jewelry.
ูู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฑุฌุน ู„ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ูุนู„ุงู‹ ูˆู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ.
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It goes back to, you know, the real-real versus the fake-real.
ูˆุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉู‹ุŒ ููƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠุฎุฏุน ู…ู† ู‡ู… ุฏูˆู†ู‡ู…
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And really, they did all sorts of things to trick the young people into thinking what a great deal the gang was going to be.
ู„ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏูˆุง ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูุนู„ุงู‹ ุฃุบู†ูŠุงุกุŒ ูˆุญูŠุงุชู‡ู… ู…ุชุฑูุฉ. ูู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุนุทูˆู† ุงู„ุดุงุจ ุฐูˆ ูกูค ุณู†ุฉ
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So for instance, they would give a 14-year-old kid a whole roll of bills to hold.
ุญุฒู…ุฉ ู†ู‚ูˆุฏ ู„ูŠุญู…ู„ู‡ุง. ุงู„ุดุงุจ ุณูŠู‚ูˆู„:
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That 14-year-old kid would say to his friends, "Hey, look at all the money I got in the gang."
ู„ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุฆู‡ุŒ "ุงู†ุธุฑูˆุง ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฌู…ุนุชู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ."
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It wasn't his money -- until he spent it, and then he was in debt to the gang, and was sort of an indentured servant for a while.
ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ูุนู„ุงู‹ ู…ุงู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ูŠุตุฑูู‡ุงุŒ ูุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุฏูŠูˆู† ู„ู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ ู„ุจุถุน ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช. ุนู†ุฏูŠ ูู‚ุท ุจุถุน ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚.
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So I have a couple minutes.
ูุณุฃูุนู„ ุดูŠุก ุฃุฎูŠุฑ
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Let me do one last thing I hadn't thought I'd have time to do, which is to talk about what we learned more generally about economics, from the study of the gang.
ู„ู… ุฃูƒู† ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ูƒุงููŠุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุฃุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ู…ุง ุนุฑูู†ุงู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู… ุนู† ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ. ูุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠูˆู† ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุนุจุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจู‡ู….
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Often, our theories fail quite miserably when we over the data, but what's kind of interesting is that in this setting, it turned out that some of the economic theories that worked not so well in the real economy worked very well in the drug economy, in some sense, because it's unfettered capitalism.
ูˆุนุงุฏุฉู‹ุŒ ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุชู†ุง ุชูุดู„ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุฃุชูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌู…ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณุชุจูŠุงู†ุงุช. ูˆู„ูƒู†ุŒ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุทุงุฑ ุงุชุถุญ ุฃู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ ู„ู… ุชู†ุฌุญ ูุนู„ุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู†ุฌุญุช ููŠ ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุฎุฏุฑุงุช ูู‡ูˆ ู†ุธุงู… ุฑุฃุณ ู…ุงู„ูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุญูƒู… ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠูˆุฏ.
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Here's an economic principle.
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ.
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This is one of the basic ideas in labor economics, called a "compensating differential."
ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ููŠ ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ูˆุงู„ุนู…ุงู„ุŒ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ "ุจุงู„ุชุนูˆูŠุถ ุงู„ูุงุฑู‚"
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It's the idea that the increment to wages that a worker requires to leave him indifferent between performing two tasks, one which is more unpleasant than the other.
ู‡ูŠ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู† ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฌูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุญุชุงุฌู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุงู…ู„ ู„ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ ูŠูˆุงูู‚ ุฃู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠู† ู…ุฎุชู„ููŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฃุณูˆุฃ ู…ู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ
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Compensating differential -- it's why we think garbagemen might be paid more than people who work in parks.
ูู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ "ุจุงู„ุชุนูˆูŠุถ ุงู„ูุงุฑู‚". ูู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุงู…ุฉ ูŠุชู‚ุงุถูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุฒู‡ุงุช
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The words of one of the members of the gang, I think, make this clear.
ู…ุซู„ ู…ู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ุดุฎุต ู…ู† ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉุŒ ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ.
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So it turns out -- I'm sort of getting ahead of myself -- it turns out, in the gang, when there's a war going on, they actually pay the foot soldiers twice as much money.
ูุงุชุถุญ ุฃู† ู€ ุฃู†ุง ุงุณุชุจู‚ ู†ูุณูŠ. ูุงุชุถุญ ุฃู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุฑุจุŒ ูู‡ู… ูŠุฏูุนูˆู† ู„ู„ุฌู†ูˆุฏ ุถุนู ุฃุฌูˆุฑู‡ู….
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It's exactly this concept.
ูู‡ูˆ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู„ู‚.
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Because they're not willing to be at risk.
ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ุง ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠุฎุงุทุฑูˆู†.
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And the words of a gang member capture it quite nicely, he says: "Would you stand around here when all this shit ..." -- the shooting -- "... if all this shit's going on? No, right?
ูˆู…ู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ุฃุญุฏ ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉุŒ ุชุดุฑุญู‡ุง ุจูˆุถูˆุญ. ูู‡ูˆ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ุŒ "ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทู„ู‚ ู„ู„ู†ุงุฑ" "ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทู„ู‚ ู„ู„ู†ุงุฑ
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So if I gonna be asked to put my life on the line, then front me the cash, man."
ูˆูŠุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุฎุงุทุฑ ุจุญูŠุงุชูŠุŒ ูุณุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุงุฏูุนู„ูŠ ุฃูˆู„ุงู‹"
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I think the gang member says it much more articulately than the economist, about what's going on.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุง ุจูˆุถูˆุญ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ ู„ุดุฑุญ ุงู„ูˆุถุน.
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Here's another one.
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ.
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Economists talk about game theory, that every two-person game has a Nash equilibrium.
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชูƒู„ู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠูˆู† ุนู† ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ุนุจุฉ ููŠ ุฃูŠ ู„ุนุจุฉ ุจูŠู† ุดุฎุตูŠู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุชูˆุงุฒู† "ู†ุงุด"
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Here's the translation you get from the gang member.
ู‡ุงู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ู…ู† ูุฑุฏ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉ.
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They're talking about the decision of why they don't go shoot -- One thing that turns out to be a great business tactic in the gang: if you go and just shoot guns in the air in the other gang's territory -- people are afraid to go buy drugs there, they're going to come into your neighborhood.
ูŠุชูƒู„ู…ูˆู† ุนู† ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุทู„ู‚ูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุงุฑู€ู€ ูู‡ูŠ ุฃุตุจุญุช ุงุณุชุฑุงุชูŠุฌูŠุฉ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุฉุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุทู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุกุŒ ุฃูˆ ุนู†ุฏ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุนุตุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู„ู† ูŠุดุชุฑูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุฏุฑุงุช. ูุณูŠุฃุชูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู„ูŠุดุชุฑูˆู‡ุง.