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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA
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Мурашник
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Мурашник (іноді мурашинник) — гніздо мурашок, що споруджується з різноманітного матеріалу в землі, між камінням, у трухлявій деревині, іноді у вигляді надземного конуса.
Мурашники можуть бути розміщені в ґрунті, трухлявій деревині (у пнях і стовбурах, Camponotus), з рослинного матеріалу (із хвої, гілочок), живих листків (наприклад, мурашки-ткачі роду Oecophylla). Мурашки-ткачі роду Oecophylla (наприклад, Oecophylla smaragdina) зшивають листя для свого гнізда за допомогою липких ниток, що виділяють їхні личинки. Мурашник у ґрунті має підземну частину з ходами і камерами, які йдуть в землю на глибину до 4 метрів; надземна частина зазвичай конусоподібної форми, споруджується з гілочок, хвої та листя. Увечері для збереження тепла, виходи проходів мурашки закривають. Розмір мурашника у різних видів суттєво варіює — сім'ї деяких мурашок (Leptothorax, Temnothorax) можуть поміститись у жолуді або пустому горіхові, у лісових мурашок роду Formica лише надземний конус мурашника може досягати двох метрів. У великих мурашниках рудих лісових мурашок (Formica rufa) та американських мурашок-листорізів роду Atta можуть мешкати до п'яти мільйонів комах. Термін існування мурашника може бути від декількох років до століть.
У деяких мурашок колонії розміщуються в декількох побудованих гніздах. Одна з найбільших суперколоній мурашок відома в прибережній частині округу Ісікарі на острові Хоккайдо, Японія. Ця колонія нараховує приблизно 306 мільйонів мурашок та один мільйон маток, які живуть у 45 000 гніздах на площі 2,7 км2. У 2000 р. була знайдена ще більша за розміром суперколонія мурашок Linepithema humile на узбережжі Південної Європи. Вона розташована у вузькій смузі прибережних ділянок Іспанії, Франції та Італії.
Будова Мурашнику
Внутрішні камери можна розділити на наступні категорії:
« Солярій » – невелика камера під самим куполом мурашника, комахи гріються в ній в теплу пору року; « Зимувальна камера » – розташовується нижче рівня грунту, в ній мурахи переживають холоди, занурившись в анабіоз;
«Царська камера» або « кімната королеви » – тут знаходиться матка, що займається відкладанням яєць;
«Хлібна комора» або « зерносховище » – призначений для зберігання насіння трав і дерев;
«Дитячий сад» або « ясла » – камери, в яких дозрівають яйця і з’являються на світ личинки мурах;
«М’ясна комора» або « холодильник » – в них зберігаються трупи комах, черв’яків і гусениць.
«Корівник» – де мурахи містять і вирощують попелиць.
« Кладовище » – це місце, де знаходяться відходи і померлі особи. Воно значно віддалене від мурашника, так як мурахи розуміють, що трупи і відходи – це джерело хвороб і зарази;
Примітки
Посилання
Див. також
Термітник
Галерея
Житло тварин
Мірмекологія
Екологія комах
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1349384
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BA%20%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F%20%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83
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Пік Століття Пласту
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Пік Століття Пласту
«Пік Століття Пласту» — пік висотою 485 метрів над рівнем моря на західному березі Землі Ґрехама в Антарктиді. Пік названо 5 лютого 2012 року — в день, коли його було вперше підкорено.
Назва
Свою назву пік отримав на честь столітнього ювілею, котрий у 2012 році святкує українська скаутська організація «Пласт».
Розташування
Пік розташований на відрогах мису Туксен неподалік гори Демарія на західному березі Землі Ґрехама в материковій частині Антарктиди. Пік «100-ліття Пласту» знаходиться неподалік інших об'єктів, пов'язаних з Україною — антарктичної станції Академік Вернадський та півострова Київ.
Підкорення
Підкорення піку було здійснено 5 лютого 2012 року шістьма науковцями. У складі експедиції було троє науковців-сезонників, що працюють лише влітку — Ігор Дикий, Дмитро Шмирьов, Карел Янко (біолог з Чехії), та троє зимівників — Артем Недогібченко, Денис Пишняк та Юрій Отруба. Експедиція організована Національним антарктичним науковим центром.
Джерела
Пластовий портал — В Антарктиді з'явився пік «100-ліття Пласту»
100 кроків — історичний пластовий блог — Пік «100-ліття Пласту»: антарктичний першопрохід
День — В Антарктиді з'явився пік «100-ліття Пласту»
Примітки
Скаутинг
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340620
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didcot
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Didcot
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Didcot is a railway town and civil parish in South Oxfordshire, England, located south of Oxford, east of Wantage and north west of Reading. Historically part of Berkshire, the town is noted for its railway heritage, Didcot station opening as a junction station on the Great Western Main Line in 1844. Today the town is known for the railway museum and power stations, and is the gateway town to the Science Vale: three large science and technology centres in the surrounding villages of Milton (Milton Park), Culham (Culham Science Centre) and Harwell (Harwell Science and Innovation Campus which includes the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory).
History
Ancient and Medieval eras
The area around present-day Didcot has been inhabited for at least 9,000 years. A large archaeological dig between 2010 and 2013 produced finds from the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Iron Age and Bronze Age. In the Roman era the inhabitants of the area tried to drain the marshland by digging ditches through what is now the Ladygrove area north of the town near Long Wittenham, evidence of which was found during surveying in 1994. A hoard of 126 gold Roman coins dating from about 160 was found just outside the village in 1995 by an enthusiast with a metal detector. It is now displayed at the Ashmolean Museum on loan from the British Museum.
The Domesday Book of 1086 does not record Didcot. In 13th-century records the toponym appears as Dudecota, Dudecote, Doudecote, Dudcote or Dudecothe. Some of these spellings continued into later centuries, and were joined by Dodecote from the 14th century onward, Dudcott from the 16th century onward and Didcott from the 17th century onward. It is derived from Old English, meaning the house or shelter of Dudda's people. The name is believed to be derived from that of Dida, a 7th-century Mercian sub-king who ruled the area around Oxford and was the father of Saint Frithuswith or Frideswide, now the patron saint of both Oxford and Oxford University.
Didcot was then a rural Berkshire village, and it remained so for centuries, only occasionally appearing in records. If Didcot existed at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, it will have been much smaller than several surrounding villages, including Harwell and Long Wittenham, that modern Didcot now dwarfs. The nearest settlement recorded in the Domesday Book was Wibalditone, with 21 inhabitants and a church, whose name possibly survives in Willington's Farm on the edge of Didcot's present-day Ladygrove Estate. The oldest parts of the Church of England parish church of All Saints go back to the 12th century. They include the walls of the nave and east wall of the chancel, which were built about 1160. The church is a Grade II* listed building.
Early modern era and the coming of the railways
Parts of the original village survive in the Lydalls Road area around All Saints' church. In the 16th-century Didcot was a small village of landowners, tenants and tradespeople with a population of about 120. The oldest surviving house in Didcot is White Cottage, a 16th-century timber-framed building in Manor Road that has a wood shingle roof. It is a Grade II listed building. At that time the village centre consisted of a group of cottages and surrounding farms around Manor, Foxhall and Lydalls Roads. Those still surviving include The Nook, Thorney Down Cottage and Manor Cottage, which were all built in the early to mid-17th century. Didcot village was on the route between London and Wantage (now Wantage Road), which in 1752 was made a toll road. Didcot had three toll gates that collected revenue for the turnpike trust until 1879, when the trust was dissolved due to the growing use of the railway.
Great Western Railway
The Great Western Railway, engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, reached Didcot in 1839. In 1844 the Brunel-designed Didcot station was opened. The original station burnt down in the late 19th century. Although longer, a cheaper-to-build line to Bristol would have been through Abingdon farther north but the landowner, the first Lord Wantage, is reputed to have prevented that alignment. The railway and its junction to assisted the growth of Didcot. The station's name helped to standardise the spelling "Didcot".
Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway
Didcot's junction of the routes to London, Bristol, Oxford and to Southampton via the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway (DN&S) made the town militarily important, especially during the First World War campaign on the Western Front and the Second World War preparations for D-Day. The DN&S line has since closed, and the large Army and Royal Air Force ordnance depots have disappeared beneath the power station and Milton Park Business Park; however the 11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC is still based at the Vauxhall Barracks in the town.
Remains of the DN&S railway survive in the eastern part of town. This line, designed to provide a direct link to the south coast from the Midlands and the North avoiding the indirect and congested route via Reading and Basingstoke, was built in 1879–82 after previous proposals had failed. It was designed as a main line and was engineered by John Fowler and built by contractors TH Falkiner and Sir Thomas Tancred, who together also constructed the Forth Railway Bridge. It was a very costly line to build due to the heavy engineering challenges of crossing the Berkshire and Hampshire Downs with a 1 in 106 gradient to allow for higher mainline speeds, and this initial cost and the initially lower than expected traffic volumes caused the company financial problems. It never independently reached Southampton, but instead joined the main London and South Western Railway line at Shawford, south of Winchester.
In the Second World War there was so much military traffic to the port of Southampton that the line was upgraded. The northern section between Didcot and Newbury was made double track. It was closed for 5 months in 1942–43 for this to be done. Several of the bridges in the area of Didcot and the Hagbournes were also strengthened and rebuilt. Although passenger trains between Didcot and were withdrawn in 1962, the line continued to be used by freight trains for a further four years, and there was regular oil traffic to the north from the refinery at Fawley near Southampton. But in 1966 this traffic was also withdrawn, and then the line was dismantled. The last passenger train was a re-routed Pines Express in May 1964, diverted due to a derailment at . A section of the abandoned embankment towards Upton, now designated as a Sustrans route, has views across the town and countryside.
21st century
As at 2011, Didcot had a population of more than 26,000, and by 2021, the population had grown to more than 31,000. The new town centre, the Orchard Centre, was opened in August 2005. As part of the Science Vale Enterprise Zone, Didcot is surrounded by one of the largest scientific clusters in the United Kingdom. There are a number of major science and technology campuses nearby, including the Culham Science Centre, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, and Milton Park. The Diamond Light Source synchrotron, based at the Harwell Campus, is the largest UK-funded scientific facility to be built for more than 30 years.
Didcot has been designated as one of the three major growth areas in Oxfordshire; the Ladygrove development, to the north and east of the railway line on the former marshland, is set to double the number of homes in the town since construction began in the late 1980s. Originally, the Ladygrove development was planned to be complete by 2001, but the plans for the final section to the east of Abingdon Road were only announced in 2006. Before the Ladygrove development was completed, a prolonged and contentious planning enquiry decided that a 3,300-home development would be built to the west of the town, partly overlapping the boundary with the Vale of White Horse. This is now known as Great Western Park.
In 2008 a new £8 million arts and entertainment centre, Cornerstone, was opened in the Orchard Centre. It has exhibition and studio spaces, a café and a 236-seat auditorium. Designed by Ellis William Architects, the centre is clad with silvered aluminium panels and has a window wall, used to connect the building with passing shoppers. The United Kingdom government named Didcot a garden town in 2015, the first existing town to gain this status, providing funding to support sustainable and environmentally friendly town development over the coming 15 years. In 2017, researchers named Didcot as the most "normal" town in England.
Railways
Didcot Railway Centre
Formed by the Great Western Society in 1967 to house its collection of Great Western Railway locomotives and rolling stock, housed in Didcot's 1932-built Great Western engine shed. The Railway Centre is often used as period film set and has featured in works including Anna Karenina, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows and The Elephant Man. The centre is north of Didcot Parkway railway station, and is accessed from the station via the pedestrian subway.
Didcot Parkway station
The station was originally called Didcot but then renamed in 1985 by British Rail; the site of the old GWR provender stores, which had been demolished in 1976 (the provender pond was kept to maintain the water table) was made into a large car park to attract passengers from the surrounding area. An improvement programme for the forecourt of the station began in September 2012. This was viewed as being the first phase of better connecting the station to Didcot town centre.
Economy
Power stations
Didcot A Power Station (between Didcot and Sutton Courtenay) which was commissioned in 1968, ceased generating electricity for the National Grid in March 2013. Country Life magazine once voted the power station the third worst eyesore in Britain. The power station cooling towers were visible from up to away because of their location, but were designed with visual impact in mind (six towers in two separated groups apart rather than a monolithic 3×2 block), much in the style of what is sometimes called Didcot's 'sister' station – Fiddlers Ferry Power Station – at Widnes, Cheshire, constructed slightly earlier. The power station had also proved a popular man-made object for local photographers.
In October 2010, Didcot Sewage Works became the first in the UK to produce biomethane gas supplied to the National Grid, for use in up to 200 homes in Oxfordshire. On Sunday 27 July 2014 three of the six cooling towers were demolished in the early hours of the morning, using of explosives. The demolition was streamed live by webcam. On Tuesday 23 February 2016, part of the boiler house building at the power station collapsed; one person was declared dead, five injured and three missing. All were believed to have been preparing the site for demolition. On Sunday 17 July 2016, what remained of the structure was demolished in a controlled explosion. The bodies of the three missing men were still in the remains at that time. A spokesman said that because of the instability of the structure, it had not been possible to recover the three bodies. For safety reasons, robots were used to place the explosive charges, and the site was demolished just after 6am. On Sunday 18 August 2019, the remaining three cooling towers were demolished at 7am.
Motor Racing
Didcot has a strong connection with Motorsports and most notably the Williams Grand Prix Engineering team as Frank Williams founded the team there in a former carpet warehouse on Station Road in 1977. After establishing themselves in Formula One, the factory, now including a small 'Williams Museum', moved within Didcot to a new factory adjacent to the Didcot A Power Station site on Basil Hill Road. They stayed there until 1995 when they finally outgrew the site, moving to the former Jansen Pharmaceutical site in nearby Grove where they are still based today. After Williams Grand Prix Engineering's departure, the site was used for the design and production of the BMW V12 LM and BMW V12 LMR sports prototype racing cars, a joint collaboration between Williams and BMW which would go on to win the 1999 24 Hours of Le Mans. During the 1990s Williams also ran their joint British Touring Car Championship effort with Renault; Williams Touring Car Engineering from a warehouse on Churchward on the Southmead Industrial Estate in Didcot. In 2012 a road through the new Great Western Park development in Didcot was named Sir Frank Williams Avenue in honour of Williams' contribution to the town.
In the late 1960s and 1970s, Rich's Sidings in Didcot was home to Maxperenco, a racing car manufacturer run by Andrew Duncan who produced both Single-Seater Formula cars and GT Sports cars.
During the 1980s and 1990s the Southmead Industrial Estate in Didcot was also home to Nissan Motorsports' Europe headquarters where they raced Nissan Primera touring cars in the British Touring Car Championship.
More recently, Didcot is home to the headquarters of GT Racing Team RJN Motorsports and a Pirelli distribution and logistics centre which provides tyres for Formula One Grand Prix motor racing events across Europe. Didcot's link to the automotive industry continued in 2015 when the head offices of the Bloodhound SSC Land Speed Record attempt team were moved to the new University Technical College (UTC) Oxfordshire site on the boundary between Didcot and Harwell. In 2019 the team relocated to Berkeley Green Technical College in Gloucestershire.
Agriculture
Didcot is surrounded by farmland which has historically grown traditional British crops such as wheat and barley, sheep farming is also common in the area. The area is also noted for farmers growing opium poppies for legal production of morphine and heroin to meet National Health Service demand. The poppies produced are sold to Macfarlan Smith, a major pharmaceutical company, who hold a licence from the United Kingdom's Home Office.
Printing
From 2007 until 2017, the Daily Mail & General Trust had a printing plant in Didcot.
Military
The British Army's Vauxhall Barracks is on the edge of town. The regimental headquarters of 11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC is based in the town.
Governance
There are three tiers of local government covering Didcot, at parish (town), district and county level: Didcot Town Council, South Oxfordshire District Council and Oxfordshire County Council. The town council has its offices at the Civic Hall on Britwell Road.
The town council comprises 21 councillors representing the five wards in the town:
All Saints – 5 members
Ladygrove – 6 members
Milbrook – 1 member
Northbourne and Orchard – 4 members
Park – 5 members
Meetings of the town council are chaired by the mayor. Mayors are elected by the councillors for a one-year term; the mayor has been Councillor Andrew Jones (All Saints ward).
Didcot is also the largest town in the parliamentary constituency of Wantage, which has been represented since 2019 at Westminster by David Johnston, Conservative.
Administrative history
Didcot was an ancient parish in Berkshire. When elected parish and district councils were created in 1894, Didcot was given a parish council and included in the Wallingford Rural District. The rural district council moved its offices from Wallingford to Didcot in the 1950s. Wallingford Rural District was abolished in 1974 and the area was transferred to Oxfordshire and the new district of South Oxfordshire, becoming the largest town in the new district. After 1974 parish councils were allowed to declare their parishes to be towns and take the style town council, as Didcot has done. The Civic Hall was built for the town council in 1979 and also serves as a venue for public events.
Health
The district in England with the highest healthy life expectancy, according to an Office for National Statistics (ONS) study, is the 1990s-built Ladygrove Estate in Didcot. While the average UK healthy lifespan was thought to be 68.8 for women and 67 for men in 2001, people in Ladygrove district of Didcot could expect 86 healthy years. It is believed Ladygrove may have benefited from the local recreation grounds and sports centre.
Education
Didcot is served by seven primary schools: All Saints' C of E, Aureus, Ladygrove Park, Manor, Northbourne C of E, Stephen Freeman and Willowcroft. Along with these seven schools based in Didcot, a further six local village schools form the Didcot Primary Partnership: Blewbury Endowed C of E, Cholsey, Hagbourne, Harwell Community, Long Wittenham C of E and South Moreton County. Didcot Primary Academy, opened in 2016 in the Great Western Park area, falls under Harwell Parish.
Two of Didcot's state secondary schools; St Birinus School and Didcot Girls' School are single-sex schools that join at sixth form to host Didcot Sixth Form. There are two other secondary schools in Didcot which have opened alongside the construction of the Great Western Park estate; UTC Oxfordshire (ages 14–19), in 2015, and Aureus School (ages 11–16), in 2017.
Arts and culture
Arts centre
Cornerstone, a 278-seater multi-purpose arts centre, was opened on 29 August 2008.
Choir
Didcot Choral Society, founded in 1958, performs three concerts a year in various venues around the town as well as an annual tour (Paris in 2008, Belgium in 2009).
Symphony orchestra
Didcot Concert Orchestra, founded in 2017, performs concerts every February, May and October at Cornerstone arts centre in Didcot.
Film and TV
In November 2018, Rebellion Developments began setting up a new studio on the edge of Didcot, valued at $100 million, using the existing former Daily Mail printing works on Milton Road. The studio is planned to be used for film and TV series based on 2000 AD comic series characters, including Judge Dredd: Mega City One.
Local media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from the Oxford TV transmitter.
Didcot’s local radio stations are BBC Radio Oxford on 95.2 FM, Heart South on 102.6 FM and Jack FM on 106.4 FM.
Local newspapers are the Didcot Herald and Oxfordshire Guardian.
Sport and leisure
Leisure centres
Didcot has three main leisure centres:
Didcot Leisure Centre
Didcot Wave Leisure Centre (pool)
Willowbrook Leisure Centre
Parks, gardens and open spaces
Didcot Town Council maintains the following:
Edmonds Park
Loyd Recreation Park
Smallbone Recreation Park
Garden of Remembrance
Marsh Recreation Ground
Great Western Drive Park
Ladygrove Park and Lakes
Ladygrove woods
Ladygrove Skate Park
Mendip Heights Play Area
The Diamond Jubilee Garden
Broadway Gardens
Stubbings Land
Millennium wood at the Hagbourne Triangle
Cemetery, Kynaston Road
Didcot also has a nature reserve, Mowbray Fields, where wildlife including common spotted orchid and Southern Marsh Orchid occur.
Sport clubs
Cricket
Didcot Cricket Club's current home ground is at Boundary Park in Great Western Park.
Cycling
Didcot Phoenix cycle club was founded in 1973 and is represented by over 70 members who participate in a range of cycling activities including touring, time trials, road racing, Audax, cyclocross and off-road events.
The OVO Energy Women's Tour, a road cycling event, passed through Didcot on 12 June 2019. The race was halted for around 30 minutes on the Broadway because of a crash that caused the withdrawal of race leader Marianne Vos.
Karate
The Didcot Karate School teaches traditional Goju-ryu karate for adults and children at the Fleet Meadow Community Hall. The club has been long established in the town and has been listed by the town council as a key local activity.
Korfball
Didcot Dragons Korfball club was founded in 2003. The club has two teams in the Oxfordshire leagues. They train in Willowbrook Leisure Centre in the winter and Boundary Park in the summer.
Football
Didcot Town Football Club's home ground is the Loop Meadow Stadium on the Ladygrove Estate, having moved from their previous pitch off Station Road in 1999 to make way for the new Orchard Centre development. Founded in 1907, the club currently play in the 8th tier of the English Football League system.
Most notable achievements include winning the FA Vase in 2005 and reaching The FA Cup 1st Round in 2015.
Running
Didcot has its own chapter of the Hash House Harriers. The club started in 1986 (the first run was on 8 April of that year).
Didcot Runners is an AAA affiliated running club founded in 2003 that meets every Tuesday & Thursday for group runs and fitness sessions. Its members participate in running races across the country.
Table tennis
The Didcot & District Table Tennis Association (DDTTA) was established in 1949 to promote the playing of table tennis in the Didcot area. It organises an annual league competition containing affiliated teams from towns and villages across south Oxfordshire.
Notable people
Didcot was the birthplace of William Bradbery, the first person to cultivate watercress commercially in the early 19th century.
Didcot is the birthplace of former Reading and Oxford United manager Maurice Evans and one of Reading's most-capped football players Jerry Williams.
Didcot-born rower Ken Lester competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics at the age of 13 in the coxed pairs (as the cox), he remains Britain's youngest ever male Olympian.
Figurative artist Rodney Gladwell was born in the town in 1928.
Air Commodore Russell La Forte was born in Didcot in 1960 and was commander of British armed forces in the South Atlantic Islands between 2013 and 2015. He was a member of the Didcot Air Training Corps (Air Cadets) as a child.
Matt Richardson, a comedian and television presenter known for hosting The Xtra Factor, grew up in Didcot.
Ed Vaizey has been Lord Vaizey of Didcot since entering the House of Lords in September 2020. From 2005 to 2019, Ed Vaizey was MP for Wantage (which includes Didcot in the constituency).
In popular culture
Didcot's synonymous connection with railways was noted in Douglas Adams and John Lloyd's humorous book the Meaning of Liff, published in 1983. The book, a "dictionary of things that there aren't any words for yet", referred to "a Didcot" as "The small, oddly shaped bit of card which a ticket inspector cuts out of a ticket with his clipper for no apparent reason". Didcot is referred to in Ricky Gervais' comedy feature film David Brent: Life on the Road: the song "Lady Gypsy" on the film's soundtrack tells of a romantic meeting "by the lakeside, just south of Didcot". An electricity pylon on farmland alongside Abingdon Road (opposite Tamar Way) on the eastern edge of Didcot featured on the cover of US rock band Black Swan Lane's album Under My Fallen Sky, released in November 2017.
In March 2018, anonymous artist Athirty4 added a series of fictional fantasy names to a number of road signs in Didcot. The names included: Narnia, Neverland, Emerald City, Middle Earth, and Gotham City. Oxfordshire County Council thought the signs were an act of vandalism; however, members of the general public felt that the signs brought a lot of positive attention to the town.
Nearby places
References
Bibliography
External links
Didcot Twinning Association
Didcot.com community website
Didcot Today – local community website
Future Didcot
360° Panorama of Church interiors
Civil parishes in Oxfordshire
Railway towns in England
Towns in Oxfordshire
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%20%D2%90%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4
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Андре Ґард
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Андре Ґард — французький ядерний фізик, який у 1990 році намагався власними силами захопити острів Сарк на каналі Ла-Манш із самозарядною зброєю.
У ніч, коли він прибув на острів, Ґард установив декілька знаків, що сповіщали про його намір захопити острів зранку. Наступного дня констебль добровільної поліції заарештував Ґарда коли він міняв магазин свого пістолета.
Примітки
Сарк
Французькі фізики
Повстанці
Персоналії за алфавітом
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2974518
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%20%28%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%29
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Канбар-Махале (Талеш)
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Канбар-Махале (Талеш)
Канбар-Махале — село в Ірані, у дегестані Сахелі-є-Джукандан, у Центральному бахші, шагрестані Талеш остану Ґілян. За даними перепису 2006 року, його населення становило 867 осіб, що проживали у складі 196 сімей.
Клімат
Середня річна температура становить 13,97 °C, середня максимальна – 26,91 °C, а середня мінімальна – -0,62 °C. Середня річна кількість опадів – 787 мм.
Примітки
Населені пункти шагрестану Талеш
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25820856
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun%20Francis
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Shaun Francis
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Shaun Francis (born 2 October 1986) is a Jamaican footballer who last played for Louisville City FC in the USL Championship.
Early life
Personal
Francis was born in Mandeville, Jamaica to Joy and Carlton Francis. He attended Glenmuir High School where he played soccer. While at Glenmuir he was an All-Island, Ben Francis Cup, and Dá Costa Cup Champion, as well as a member of an All-Conference Team.
College and Youth
Francis played three years of college soccer at Lindsey Wilson College between 2007 and 2009 entering as a Sophomore. As a Sophomore he appeared in 21 matches and scored his first collegiate goal on 29 October against Campbellsville University. His only goal of the season. As a Junior he appeared in 18 matches and scored three goals. Prior to his Senior season Francis was named a team captain and appeared in 22 matches once again scoring three goals. Lindsey Wilson and Francis went on to win the 2009 NAIA Men's Soccer Championship with Francis being named to the All-Mid South first team.
During his college years Francis also played with both the Indiana Invaders and the Thunder Bay Chill in the USL Premier Development League. In 2008 he made two appearances with the Indiana Invaders going goalless. In 2009 he made twelve appearances with the Thunder Bay Chill while scoring three goals as Thunder Bay finished second in the Heartland division.
Club career
Columbus Crew
2010 season
Needing a left footed defender the Columbus Crew selected Francis in the fourth round (63rd overall) of the 2010 MLS SuperDraft. Trading Stefani Miglioranzi to the LA Galaxy to acquire the pick used to select him. He was signed by the Crew in March to fill one of the club's four developmental roster spots, but slowed by an ankle injury would not make his professional debut until 7 July in a U.S. Open Cup match against Charleston. He would make his MLS league debut ten days later against New York Red Bulls on 17 July and went on to appear in 12 of Columbus' 30 matches as Columbus finished second in the Eastern Conference. He also appeared in both of Columbus' MLS Cup matches and three of four U.S. Open Cup. Including the Open Cup Final against Seattle. A match Columbus lost 2–1. Francis also made his debut in International Club competition when he appeared in all six of Columbus' matches in the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League Group Stage. He would go goalless across all competitions.
2011 season
Francis remained with Columbus for the 2011 season and made his season debut on 4 June against the New York Red Bulls. He went on to appear in 6 of Columbus' league matches but did not appear in any other competition.
2012 season
Francis began the 2012 season with Columbus and made his season debut on 10 March against Colorado. He would appear in ten of Columbus' league matches as well as one match in the U.S. Open Cup before being waived in June 2017 due to roster constraints. He would not sign with another team in 2012.
Charlotte Eagles
Francis signed with USL Pro side Charlotte Eagles on 27 March for the 2013 season. He made his USL Pro debut on 13 April against Antigua and scored his first professional goal on 5 May against Richmond. He appeared in twelve of Charlotte's first fifteen matches scoring three goals with two assists as well as appearing in one U.S. Open Cup match.
Chicago Fire
On 10 July Francis signed with the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer for the remainder of the 2013 season. He would make only appearance with Chicago's first team; a 1–3 defeat against Vancouver.
San Jose Earthquakes
2014 season
At the conclusion of 2013, Chicago declined its contract option on Francis and he entered the 2013 MLS Re-Entry Draft. Francis was selected in stage two of the draft by San Jose Earthquakes and he signed with the club in January. He would make his San Jose debut in the season opener against Real Salt Lake and appeared in 20 of San Jose's 34 league matches as San Jose finished last in the Western Conference. He appeared in the CONCACAF Champions League for the first time since 2010 when he appeared in the second leg against Deportivo Toluca F.C. in the championship stage. A match that San Jose would lose on penalties. He also appeared in both of San Jose's U.S. Open Cup matches and went goalless across all competitions.
2015 season
Francis remained with San Jose for the 2015 season and made his season debut on 7 March in the season opener against FC Dallas. He appeared in 23 of San Jose's 34 league matches without scoring a goal as San Jose finished seventh in the Western Conference; missing the MLS Cup playoffs. Francis also appeared in both of San Jose's U.S. Open Cup matches. Although he didn't score in regulation time during either of the U.S. Open Cup he did convert the final shot of the Penalty shoot-out against Sacramento Republic FC of the USL.
2016 season
Francis remained with San Jose for the 2016 season and made his season debut on 6 March in the season opener against Colorado. He appeared in 18 of San Jose's 34 league matches without scoring a goal as San Jose finished ninth in the Western Conference; missing the MLS Cup playoffs.
2017 season
Francis began the 2017 season with San Jose, made his season debut on 4 March in the season opener against Montreal, and appeared in San Jose's first eight games. On 13 July while with the Jamaica national team he was traded to the Montreal Impact for general allocation money.
Montreal Impact
On 13 July, Francis was traded to the Montreal Impact of MLS where he finished the remainder of the 2017 season. He made his Montreal debut on 5 August against Orlando and appeared in six of Montreal's last fourteen league matches without scoring.
Louisville City
The Impact opted not to re-sign Francis following the 2017 season and on 9 March he signed with USL side Louisville City FC. He made his Louisville debut on 17 March against Nashville and appeared in 17 of Louisville's 34 league matches. He also made his first appearance in the U.S. Open Cup since 2015 when he came on as a substitute against both Nashville and the Chicago Fire. Helping Louisville reach the quarter finals of the U.S. Open Cup for the first in its history. Although he did not make an appearance in the USL Cup playoffs he was named to the match squad for all four of Louisville's matches as Francis and Louisville won the USL Cup Final.
International
Francis earned his first cap for Jamaica national team squad during a friendly game against Trinidad & Tobago on 10 October 2010. Francis scored his first senior national team goal in a 2–0 victory over Guadeloupe in the 2010 Caribbean Championship on 29 November 2010.
International goals
Scores and results list Jamaica's goal tally first.
Honours
Club
Columbus Crew SC
Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Runners-up (1): 2010
Louisville City FC
USL Cup (1): 2018
International
Jamaica
Caribbean Cup: 2010
CONCACAF Gold Cup Runner-up: 2017
References
External links
Lindsey Wilson bio
1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mandeville, Jamaica
Men's association football defenders
Jamaican men's footballers
Jamaican expatriate men's footballers
Jamaica men's international footballers
Indiana Invaders players
Thunder Bay Chill players
Columbus Crew players
Charlotte Eagles players
Chicago Fire FC players
San Jose Earthquakes players
CF Montréal players
Louisville City FC players
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
USL League Two players
Major League Soccer players
USL Championship players
Columbus Crew draft picks
Lindsey Wilson Blue Raiders men's soccer players
Sporting Central Academy F.C. players
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
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19915374
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stary%20Dzierzk%C3%B3wek
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Stary Dzierzkówek
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Stary Dzierzkówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skaryszew, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Skaryszew, south-east of Radom, and south of Warsaw.
References
Villages in Radom County
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2889724
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%20%28%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%29
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Вількув (Сілезьке воєводство)
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Вількув (Сілезьке воєводство)
Вількув — село в Польщі, у гміні Іжондзе Заверцянського повіту Сілезького воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Ченстоховського воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Заверцянського повіту
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832694
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C%20%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%20%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E
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Дванадцять маршрутів Київщиною
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Дванадцять маршрутів Київщиною — путівник Київщиною Романа Маленкова та Олега Години, який вийшов 2008 року у видавництві «Грані-Т» (м. Київ) в серії «Путівники». Містить велику кількість карт, схем, фотографій та фактологічного матеріалу.
Додатковий тираж путівника було видано 2010 року.
Анотація
Часто ми не помічаємо того, що поряд, шукаємо красу, а вона виявляється зовсім поруч. Цей путівник є свідченням того, що навіть близькі і відомі міста можуть приховувати незвичайні архітектурні та історичні пам'ятки.
Думка про те, що кількість пам'яток на Київщині мізерна — хибна. Автори путівника навели безліч тому прикладів. Вдало складені маршрути допоможуть швидко відшукувати історичні та архітектурні цікавинки, а також збагатити уявлення про регіони, міста, містечка, селища і села відомої та невідомої Київщини.
Загальна характеристика
Путівник містить 12 маршhутів, які охоплюють: Лівобережжя («До пам'яток Переяслава», «Край козацьких церков», «Березань, Яготин та інші»), території навколо Києва (Південний та Північний маршрут), центральну Київщину («До шедеврів дерев'яного зодчества українського бароко та неоґотики», «Фастівщиною»), західне («Відома та невідома Біла Церква», «У басейні Роставиці», «Край церков і водяних млинів») та центральне («Дух старої провінції», «Богуславщина») Надросся.
Путівник зорієнтований на мандрівників і читачів, які цікавляться історією та архітектурною спадщиною Київщини.
Бібліографічний запис
Дванадцять маршрутів Київщиною: путівник / авт. тексту і фото Р. Маленков, О. Година. — К. : Грані-Т, 2008. — 104 c. — ISBN 978-966-465-136-0.
Дванадцять маршрутів Київщиною: путівник / Маленков Р., Година О.; авт. фотогр.: Роман Маленков, Олег Година. — К.: Грані-Т, 2010. — 104 с. — 4000 (2-й запуск 3001-4000) прим. — ISBN 978-966-465-305-0 (Серія Путівники). — ISBN 978-966-465-136-0.
Посилання
Книга на сайті видавництва
Україна інкогніта
Українські путівники
@
Архітектура Київської області
Книги видавництва «Грані-Т»
Книги 2008
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7825232
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwadorf
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Schwadorf
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Schwadorf is an Austrian market town in the Bruck an der Leitha district. It lies on the banks of the River Fischa, fifteen miles (25 km) southeast of Vienna.
Geography
The town is located in a seismic area above a fault line. The "Schwadorf Dome" has been subject to minor earthquakes on occasion, the last one of significance occurring on 8 October 1927.
Population
Sport
The town's football team, SK Schwadorf, was formed on 31 May 1936 (as ASK Schwadorf). They hosted English giants Arsenal in a friendly in July 2006.
Recent times
The town's former district Wien-Umgebung was dissolved at the end of 2016.
Notable people
Eduard Ritter von Josch (b. Schwadorf 1799), botanist, president of the regional court in Laibach.
References
Cities and towns in Bruck an der Leitha District
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%D0%A0.%20%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD
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Стівен Р. Макквін
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Стівен Р. Макквін (13 липня 1988, Лос-Анджелес) — американський актор, найбільш відомий за Кайла Гантера в серіалі «Кохання вдівця» і ролі Джеремі Ґілберта з телесеріалу «Щоденники вампіра».
Життєпис
Стівен є внуком уславленого актора Стіва Макквіна, сином Чада Макквіна й пасинком кколишнього канадського хокеїста Люка Робітайла. Стівен має рідних брата й сестру з боку батька — Чейса й Медісон Макквін, а також брата з боку матері — Джесаре Робітайл (Jessarae Robitaille) .
Мати Стівена не хотіла, щоби він став актором, але коли йому виповнилось 16 років, він вирішив піти на курси акторської майстерності. 2005 року він дістав епізодичну роль у телесеріалі «Межа», а потім зіграв у серіалі «Кохання вдівця». 2007 року, знявшись у короткометражному кіно «Club Soda», здобув нагороду на кінофестивалі в Беверлі-Гіллз у номінації «Найкращий актор».
Стівен має два татуювання: у вигляді птаха й бабки з ініціалами матері.
Особисте життя
Протягом тривалого часу зустрічався зі своєю партнеркою за знімальним майданчиком серіалу «Щоденники вампіра» — Кендіс Акколою, що виконує роль Керолайн Форбс. Але в листопаді 2011 року зіркова пара розлучилась. Зустрічається з Челси Кэйн що відома за серіалом «Jonas», де грає Стеллу. Але пара розлучилась. Зустрічається з Гіларі Гарлей.
Фільмографія
Посилання
Steven R. Mcqueen online
Примітки
Телеактори США
Шотландці США
Уродженці Лос-Анджелеса
Чоловіки-актори із Каліфорнії
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8555710
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolith%20of%20Death%20Tour%20%2796%E2%80%93%2797
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Monolith of Death Tour '96–'97
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Monolith of Death Tour '96–'97 is the first video album by American death metal band Cannibal Corpse. It was originally released in 1997 on VHS, but was re-released five years later on DVD in 2002. It features footage from various concerts during the Monolith of Death Tour.
Track listing
Perverse Suffering
Monolith
Pulverized
Fucked With a Knife
Bloodlands
Gutted
A Skull Full of Maggots
Mummified In Barbed Wire
Orgasm Through Torture
Devoured by Vermin
Stripped, Raped and Strangled
Hammer Smashed Face
Special features
Bonus interview footage
Discography
Photo gallery
Uncensored video for "Devoured by Vermin"
References
Cannibal Corpse video albums
1997 video albums
1997 live albums
Live video albums
Metal Blade Records live albums
Metal Blade Records video albums
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3506111
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%20%28%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96%29
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Спартак (Чернівці)
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Спартак (Чернівці) — радянський футбольний клуб із Чернівців. Заснований в 1940 році. Разом з чернівецьким «Динамо» вважається одним з перших професійних клубів (командою майстрів) міста Чернівці з приходом радянської влади.
Історія
Футбольна команда брала участь в різних змаганнях ще в 1940-х роках. Останній раз згадується в 1960 році, коли грала перехідні матчі з чернівецьким «Авангардом» за право виступати в класі «Б».
Досягнення
Чемпіонат Чернівецької області
Переможець (2): 1941, 1946
Статистика виступів
Чемпіонат
СРСР:
1946 — 4 місце у Групі III «зона УРСР (Захід)» (8 команд).
УРСР:
1947 — 4 місце у 5 зоні КФК (4 команди).
1949 — 10 місце у 10 зоні КФК (10 команд).
Кубок
УРСР:
— 1/16 фіналу.
— 1/16 фіналу.
1960 (аматори) — 1/32 фіналу.
Відомі футболісти
Микола Гаврилюк
Посилання
Клуб в базі footballfacts
Статистика на klisfo.info
Клуб в базі footbook
Футбольні клуби Чернівців
Футбольні клуби, засновані 1940
Футбольні клуби СРСР
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%20%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9
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Удавчик конічний
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Удавчик конічний (Eryx conicus) — неотруйна змія з роду Удавчик родини Удавові. Має 2 підвиди. Інша назва «шорсткохвостий удавчик».
Опис
Загальна довжина коливається від 50 см до 1 м. Голова сплощена, вкрита дрібною лускою. Очі маленькі. Шийне перехоплення практично не виражено. Тулуб масивний, вальковатий, хвіст короткий, тупо обрубаний на кінці. Забарвлення помаранчеве або темно-жовте. На спині є 2 рядки симетрично розташованих темно—коричневих плям, які зливаються та утворюють зигзагоподібний малюнок. З боків — плями того ж кольору дрібніші. Черево світле.
Спосіб життя
Полюбляє сухі степи, напівпустелі, кам'янисті передгір'я. Веде виключно наземний спосіб життя. Ховається під камінням та у норах гризунів. Активний уночі. Харчується дрібними ссавцями, хробаками.
Це яйце живородна змія. Самиця народжує до 10 дитинчат.
Розповсюдження
Мешкає у Пакистані, Індії, Непалі та о. Шрі-Ланка.
Підвиди
Eryx conicus conicus
Eryx conicus brevis
Джерела
Jones, C. 2004. Sandboas. Reptilia 9 (3): 20-30
Словник-довідник із зоології. — К., 2002.
Bhardwaj, D. 2007. Rough-scaled sand Boa (Eryx conicus) predation on a Bengal Monitor (Varanus bengalensis). Biawak 1 (1): 34
Тварини, описані 1801
Удавові
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29
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Чемпіон (значення)
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Чемпіон (значення)
Чемпіон (з ) — переможець будь-якого змагання, зазвичай спортивного.
Зокрема:
Олімпійський чемпіон — переможець змагань на Олімпійських іграх
Чемпіон WWE та Чемпіон світу у важкій вазі (WWE) — титули переможця світових змагань з реслінгу
Чемпіон Сполучених Штатів WWE — титул переможця змагань з реслінгу в США
Кіно
Існує декілька фільмів з такою назвою.
Чемпіон (фільм, 1915) — короткометражна німа стрічка Чарлі Чапліна 1915 року.
Чемпіон (фільм, 1931) — спортивна драма США 1931 року.
Чемпіон (фільм, 1979) — художній фільм режисера Франко Дзеффіреллі 1979 року.
Чемпіон (фільм, 1994) — трилер США 1994 року.
Чемпіон (фільм, 2010) — фльм США 2010 року.
Топоніми
Чемпіон — місто, штат Нью-Йорк
Чемпіон — переписна місцевість, штат Небраска
Інше
Використовується також як назва різних об'єктів:
Чемпіон (нафтогазоконденсатне родовище) — родовище нафти й газу в Брунеї, на шельфі Південнокитайського моря.
Чемпіон (сорт яблук) — гібридний сорт яблук.
Див. також
Чемпіон Джек Дюпрі — американський блюзовий піаніст та співак.
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1569165
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F
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Деназалізація
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Деназалізація (від ) — втрата носових голосних ѧ та ѫ (інакше — втрата носової артикуляції голосних).
Деназалізація носових голосних відбулася в усіх слов'янських мовах, крім польської і кашубської. Зміна звукосполучень *om, *on, *um, *un, *em, *en, *im, *in у кінці складу на носові голосні та подальша їхня деназалізація зумовили появу цілого ряду звукових чергувань, відомих сучасній українській мові: [а]–[н]–[ин]: почати–почну–почин; [а]–[м]–[им]: жати–жму–пожимати; [у]–[м]–[им]: дути–дму-надиматися. Звуки [а], [у], які чергуються з [ę], [ǫ], історично розвинулися з носових звуків, що позначалися літерами ѧ, ѫ, виникли з дифтонгічних сполучень, які закривали склад. Пізніше дифтонгічні звукосполучення монофтонгізувалося.
Приклади
→
→
Див. також
Назалізація
Носові голосні в праслов'янській мові
Юси
Посилання
Історія української мови. Фонетика
Мовознавство
Фонетика
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3388992
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massospora%20cicadina
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Massospora cicadina
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Massospora cicadina — вид зигомікотових грибів родини Entomophthoraceae.
Біологія
Вид є паразитом періодичних цикад. Спори гриба можуть лежати у стані спокою в ґрунті до 17 років, що збігається з 17-річним життевим циклом деяких видів цикад. Цикади інфікуються спорами, коли їхні німфи виповзають на поверхню землі. Грибок розвиваєтьс на череві комахи-господаря. Під час спаровування комахи передають інфекцію іншим комахам. Розвиток інфекції веде до загибелі господаря. Грибок виробляє спори, що осідають на ґрунті і цикл починається наново.
Посилання
A specialized fungal parasite (Massospora cicadina) hijacks the sexual signals of periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada)
Infectivity of resting spores of Massospora cicadina (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), an entomopathogenic fungus of periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) (Homoptera: Cicadidae)
The Ecology, Behavior and Evolution of Periodical Cicadas
Periodical Cicadas
Flying Salt Shakers of Death , an article about Massospora species on the Cornell Mushroom Blog.
Зигомікотові
Гриби, описані 1878
Ентомопатогенні гриби
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865106
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C
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Блервіль
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Блервіль - муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Лотарингія, департамент Вогези
Блервіль - муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні О-де-Франс, департамент Па-де-Кале
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211289
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde%20Park%2C%20London
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Hyde Park, London
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Hyde Park, London
Hyde Park is a , historic Grade I-listed urban park in Westminster, Greater London. A Royal Park, it is the largest of the parks and green spaces that form a chain from Kensington Palace through Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park, via Hyde Park Corner and Green Park, past Buckingham Palace to St James's Park. Hyde Park is divided by the Serpentine and the Long Water lakes.
The park was established by Henry VIII in 1536 when he took the land from Westminster Abbey and used it as a hunting ground. It opened to the public in 1637 and quickly became popular, particularly for May Day parades. Major improvements occurred in the early 18th century under the direction of Queen Caroline. The park also became a place for duels during this time, often involving members of the nobility. In the 19th century, The Great Exhibition of 1851 was held in the park, for which The Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton, was erected.
Free speech and demonstrations have been a key feature of Hyde Park since the 19th century. Speakers' Corner has been established as a point of free speech and debate since 1872, while the Chartists, the Reform League, the suffragettes, and the Stop the War Coalition have all held protests there. In the late 20th century, the park was known for holding large-scale free rock music concerts, featuring groups such as Pink Floyd, The Rolling Stones and Queen. Major events in the park have continued into the 21st century, such as Live 8 in 2005, and the annual Hyde Park Winter Wonderland from 2007.
Geography
Hyde Park is a Royal Park in central London, bounded on the north by Bayswater Road, to the east by Park Lane, and to the south by Knightsbridge. Further north is Paddington, further east is Mayfair and further south is Belgravia. To the southeast, outside the park, is Hyde Park Corner, beyond which is Green Park, St. James's Park and Buckingham Palace Gardens. The park has been Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens since 1987.
To the west, Hyde Park merges with Kensington Gardens. The dividing line runs approximately between Alexandra Gate to Victoria Gate via West Carriage Drive and the Serpentine Bridge. The Serpentine is to the south of the park area. Kensington Gardens has been separate from Hyde Park since 1728, when Queen Caroline divided them. Hyde Park covers , and Kensington Gardens covers , giving a total area of . During daylight, the two parks merge seamlessly into each other, but Kensington Gardens closes at dusk, and Hyde Park remains open throughout the year from 5 a.m. until midnight.
History
Early history
The park's name comes from the Manor of Hyde, which was the northeast sub-division of the manor of Eia (the other two sub-divisions were Ebury and Neyte) and appears as such in the Domesday Book. The name is believed to be of Saxon origin, and means a unit of land, the hide, that was appropriate for the support of a single family and dependents. Through the Middle Ages, it was property of Westminster Abbey, and the woods in the manor were used both for firewood and shelter for game.
16th–17th centuries
Hyde Park was created for hunting by Henry Vlll in 1536 after he acquired the manor of Hyde from the Abbey. It was enclosed as a deer park and remained a private hunting ground until James I permitted limited access to gentlefolk, appointing a ranger to take charge. In October 1619, keepers directed by Sir Thomas Watson ambushed deer poachers with hail shot, and the poachers killed a keeper.
Charles I created the Ring (north of the present Serpentine boathouses), and in 1637 he opened the park to the general public. It quickly became a popular gathering place, particularly for May Day celebrations. At the start of the English Civil War in 1642, a series of fortifications were built along the east side of the park, including forts at what is now Marble Arch, Mount Street and Hyde Park Corner. The latter included a strongpoint where visitors to London could be checked and vetted.
In 1652, during the Interregnum, Parliament ordered the then park to be sold for "ready money". It realised £17,000 with an additional £765 6s 2d for the resident deer. Following the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, Charles II resumed ownership of Hyde Park and enclosed it with a brick wall. He restocked deer in what is now Buck Hill in Kensington Gardens. The May Day parade continued to be a popular event; Samuel Pepys took part in the park's celebrations in 1663 while attempting to gain the King's favour.
During the Great Plague of London in 1665, Hyde Park was used as a military camp.
18th century
In 1689, William III moved his residence to Kensington Palace on the far side of Hyde Park and had a drive laid out across its southern edge which was known as the King's Private Road. The drive is still in existence as a wide straight gravelled carriage track leading west from Hyde Park Corner across the southern boundary of Hyde Park towards Kensington Palace and now known as Rotten Row, possibly a corruption of rotteran (to muster), Ratten Row (roundabout way), Route du roi, or rotten (the soft material with which the road is covered). It is believed to be the first road in London to be lit at night, which was done to deter highwaymen. In 1749, Horace Walpole was robbed while travelling through the park from Holland House. The row was used by the wealthy for riding in the early 19th century.
Hyde Park was a popular duelling spot during the 18th century, with 172 taking place, causing 63 deaths. The Hamilton–Mohun Duel took place there in 1712, when Charles Mohun, 4th Baron Mohun, fought James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton. Baron Mohun was killed instantly, and the Duke died shortly afterwards. John Wilkes fought Samuel Martin in 1772, the year in which Richard Brinsley Sheridan duelled with Captain Thomas Mathews over the latter's libellous comments about Sheridan's fiancée, Elizabeth Ann Linley. Edward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow, fought Andrew Stuart in a Hyde Park duel in 1770. Military executions were common in Hyde Park at this time; John Rocque's Map of London, 1746, marks a point inside the park, close to the Tyburn gallows, as "where soldiers are shot."
The first coherent landscaping in Hyde Park began in 1726. It was undertaken by Charles Bridgeman for King George I; after the king's death in 1727, it continued with approval of his daughter-in-law, Queen Caroline. Work was supervised by Charles Withers, the Surveyor-General of Woods and Forests, and divided Hyde Park, creating Kensington Gardens. The Serpentine was formed by damming the River Westbourne, which runs through the park from Kilburn towards the Thames. It is divided from the Long Water by a bridge designed by George Rennie in 1826.
The work was completed in 1733. The 2nd Viscount Weymouth was made Ranger of Hyde Park in 1739 and shortly after began digging the Serpentine lakes at Longleat. A powder magazine was built north of the Serpentine in 1805.
19th–21st centuries
Hyde Park hosted a Great Fair in the summer of 1814 to celebrate the Allied sovereigns' visit to England, and exhibited various stalls and shows. The Battle of Trafalgar was re-enacted on the Serpentine, with a band playing the National Anthem while the French fleet sank into the lake. The coronation of King George IV in 1821 was celebrated with a fair in the park, including an air balloon and firework displays.
One of the most important events to take place in Hyde Park was the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Crystal Palace was constructed on the south side of the park. The public did not want the building to remain after the closure of the exhibition, and its architect, Joseph Paxton, raised funds and purchased it. He had it moved to Sydenham Hill in South London. Another significant event was the first Victoria Cross investiture, on 26 June 1857, when 62 men were decorated by Queen Victoria in the presence of Prince Albert and other members of the Royal Family, including their future son-in-law Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia.
The Hyde Park Lido sits on the south bank of the Serpentine. It opened in 1930 to provide improved support for bathing and sunbathing in the park, which had been requested by the naturist group, the Sunlight League. The Lido and accompanying Pavilion was designed by the Commissioner of Works, George Lansbury, and was half funded by a £5,000 (now equivalent to £) donation from Major Colin Cooper (1892–1938). It still sees regular use in the summer.
Hyde Park has been a major venue for several Royal jubilees and celebrations. For the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887, a party was organised on 22 June where around 26,000 school children were given a free meal as a gift. The Queen and the Prince of Wales made an unexpected appearance at the event. Victoria remained fond of Hyde Park in the final years of her life and often drove there twice a day.
As part of the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II in 1977, a Jubilee Exhibition was set up in Hyde Park, with the Queen and Prince Philip visiting on 30 June. In 2012, a major festival took place in the park as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations. On 6 February, the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, fired a 41-gun Royal Salute at Hyde Park Corner.
On 20 July 1982, a Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb killed four soldiers and seven horses. A memorial was constructed to the left of the Albert Gate to commemorate the soldiers and horses killed in the blast.
Since 2007, Hyde Park has played host to the annual Winter Wonderland event, which features numerous Christmas-themed markets, along with various rides and attractions, alongside bars and restaurants. It has become one of the largest Christmas events in Europe, having attracted over 14 million visitors as of 2016, and has expanded to include the largest ice rink in London, live entertainment and circuses.
On 18 September 2010, Hyde Park was the setting for a prayer vigil with Pope Benedict XVI as part of his visit to the United Kingdom, attended by around 80,000 people. A large crowd assembled along the Mall to see the Pope arrive for his address. An attempt to assassinate the Pope had been foiled after five people dressed as street cleaners were spotted within a mile of Hyde Park, and arrested along with a sixth suspect. They were later released without charge as police said they posed no credible threat.
Grand Entrance
During the late 18th century, plans were made to replace the old toll gate at Hyde Park Corner with a grander entrance, following the gentrification of the area surrounding it. The first design was put forward by Robert Adam in 1778 as a grand archway, followed by John Soane's 1796 proposal to build a new palace adjacent to the corner in Green Park.
Following the construction of Buckingham Palace, the improvement plans were revisited. The grand entrance to the park at Hyde Park Corner was designed by Decimus Burton, and was constructed in the 1820s. Burton laid out the paths and driveways and designed a series of lodges, the Screen/Gate at Hyde Park Corner (also known as the Grand Entrance or the Apsley Gate) in 1825 and the Wellington Arch, which opened in 1828. The Screen and the Arch originally formed a single composition, designed to provide a monumental transition between Hyde Park and Green Park, although the arch was moved in 1883. It originally had a statue of the Duke of Wellington on top; it was moved to Aldershot in 1883 when the arch was re-sited.
An early description reports:
"It consists of a screen of handsome fluted Ionic columns, with three carriage entrance archways, two-foot entrances, a lodge, etc. The extent of the whole frontage is about . The central entrance has a bold projection: the entablature is supported by four columns; and the volutes of the capitals of the outside column on each side of the gateway are formed in an angular direction, so as to exhibit two complete faces to view. The two side gateways, in their elevations, present two insulated Ionic columns, flanked by antae. All these entrances are finished by a blocking, the sides of the central one being decorated with a beautiful frieze, representing a naval and military triumphal procession. This frieze was designed by Mr. Henning, junior, the son of Mr. Henning who was well known for his models of the Elgin Marbles. The gates were manufactured by Messrs. Bramah. They are of iron, bronzed, and fixed or hung to the piers by rings of gun-metal. The design consists of a beautiful arrangement of the Greek honeysuckle ornament; the parts being well defined, and the raffles of the leaves brought out in a most extraordinary manner."
The Wellington Arch was extensively restored by English Heritage between 1999 and 2001. It is now open to the public, who can see a view of the parks from its platforms above the porticoes.
Features
Popular areas within Hyde Park include Speakers' Corner (located in the northeast corner near Marble Arch), close to the former site of the Tyburn gallows, and Rotten Row, which is the northern boundary of the site of the Crystal Palace.
Botany
Flowers were first planted in Hyde Park in 1860 by William Andrews Nesfield. The next year, the Italian Water Garden was constructed at Victoria Gate, including fountains and a summer house. Queen Anne's Alcove was designed by Sir Christopher Wren and was moved to the park from its original location in Kensington Gardens.
During the late 20th century, over 9,000 elm trees in Hyde Park were killed by Dutch elm disease. This included many trees along the great avenues planted by Queen Caroline, which were ultimately replaced by limes and maples. The park now holds of greenhouses which hold the bedding plants for the Royal Parks. A scheme is available to adopt trees in the park, which helps fund their upkeep and maintenance. A botanical curiosity is the weeping beech, which is known as "the upside-down tree". A rose garden, designed by Colvin & Moggridge Landscape Architects, was added in 1994.
Monuments
There are a number of assorted statues and memorials around Hyde Park. The Cavalry Memorial was built in 1924 at Stanhope Gate. It moved to the Serpentine Road when Park Lane was widened to traffic in 1961. South of the Serpentine is the Diana, Princess of Wales memorial, an oval stone ring fountain opened on 6 July 2004. To the east of the Serpentine, just beyond the dam, is Britain's Holocaust Memorial. The 7 July Memorial in the park commemorates the victims of 7 July 2005 London bombings.
The Standing Stone is a monolith at the centre of the Dell, in the east of Hyde Park. Made of Cornish stone, it was originally part of a drinking fountain, though an urban legend was established, claiming it was brought from Stonehenge by Charles I.
An assortment of unusual sculptures are scattered around the park, including: Still Water, a massive horse head lapping up water; Jelly Baby Family, a family of giant Jelly Babies standing on top of a large black cube; and Vroom Vroom, which resembles a giant human hand pushing a toy car along the ground. The sculptor Jacob Epstein constructed several works in Hyde Park. His memorial to the author William Henry Hudson, featuring his character Rima caused public outrage when it was unveiled in 1925.
There has been a fountain at Grosvenor Gate since 1863, designed by Alexander Munro. There is another fountain opposite Mount Street on the park's eastern edge.
A pet cemetery was established at the north edge of Hyde Park in the late 19th century. The last burial took place in 1976.
Police station
Currently, the Metropolitan Police Service is responsible for policing the park and are based inside what is colloquially known as 'the Old Police House', which is situated within the park. The building was designed by John Dixon Butler, who was the forces's surveyor between 1895 and 1920. For the police, he completed around 200 buildings, including the Former New Scotland Yard, Norman Shaw South Building (assisting Richard Norman Shaw); the adjoining Canon Row Police Station; Bow Road Police Station, Tower Hamlets; Tower Bridge Magistrates Court and adjoining Police Station; and 19–21 Great Marlborough Street, Westminster (court and police station). The architectural historian describes the building as being like, from a distance, "a medium-sized country house of Charles II’s time." Hyde Park was policed by the Metropolitan Police from 1867 until 1993, when policing of the park was handed over to the Royal Parks Constabulary. In 2004 this changed back to the Metropolitan Police, following a review of the Royal Parks Constabulary by Anthony Speed.
Debates
Hyde Park's Speakers' Corner has acquired an international reputation for demonstrations and other protests due to its tolerance of free speech. In 1855, a protest at the park was organised to demonstrate against Robert Grosvenor's attempt to ban Sunday trading, including a restriction on pub opening times. Karl Marx observed approximately 200,000 protesters attended the demonstration, which involved jeering and taunting at upper-class horse carriages. A further protest occurred a week later, but this time the police attacked the crowd.
In 1867 the policing of the park was entrusted to the Metropolitan Police, the only royal park so managed, due to the potential for trouble at Speakers' Corner. A Metropolitan Police station ('AH') is situated in the middle of the park. Covering Hyde Park and sixteen other royal parks (mostly in London), the 1872 Parks Regulation Act formalised the position of "park keeper" and also provided that "Every police constable belonging to the police force of the district in which any park, garden, or possession to which this Act applies is situate shall have the powers, privileges, and immunities of a park-keeper within such park, garden, or possession."
Speakers' Corner became increasingly popular in the late 19th century. Visitors brought along placards, stepladders and soap boxes in order to stand out from others, while heckling of speakers was popular. The rise of the Internet, particularly blogs, has diminished the importance of Speakers' Corner as a political platform, and it is increasingly seen as simply a tourist attraction.
As well as Speakers' Corner, several important mass demonstrations have occurred in Hyde Park. On 26 July 1886, the Reform League staged a march from their headquarters towards the park, campaigning for increased suffrage and representation. Though the police had closed the park, the crowd managed to break down the perimeter railings and get inside, leading to the event being dubbed "The Hyde Park Railings Affair". After the protests turned violent, three squadrons of Horse Guards and numerous Foot Guards were sent out from Marble Arch to combat the situation. On 21 June 1908, as part of "Women's Sunday", a reported 750,000 people marched from the Embankment to Hyde Park protesting for votes for women. The first protest against the planned 2003 invasion of Iraq took place in Hyde Park on 28 September 2002, with 150,000–350,000 in attendance. A further series of demonstrations happened around the world, culminating in the 15 February 2003 anti-war protests, part of a global demonstration against the Iraq War. Over a million protesters are reported to have attended the Hyde Park event alone.
Concerts
The bandstand in Hyde Park was built in Kensington Gardens in 1869 and moved to its present location in 1886. It became a popular place for concerts in the 1890s, featuring up to three every week. Military and brass bands continued to play there into the 20th century.
The music management company Blackhill Enterprises held the first rock concert in Hyde Park on 29 June 1968, attended by 15,000 people. On the bill were Pink Floyd, Roy Harper and Jethro Tull, while John Peel later said it was "the nicest concert I’ve ever been to". Subsequently, Hyde Park has featured some of the most significant concerts in rock. The supergroup Blind Faith (featuring Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood) played their debut gig in Hyde Park on 7 June 1969. The Rolling Stones headlined a concert (later released as The Stones in the Park) on 5 July that year, two days after the death of founding member Brian Jones, and is now remembered as one of the most famous gigs of the 1960s. Pink Floyd returned to Hyde Park on 18 July 1970, playing new material from Atom Heart Mother. All of the early gigs from 1968 to 1971 were free events, contrasting sharply with the later commercial endeavours.
Queen played a free concert organised by Richard Branson in the park on 18 September 1976, partway through recording the album A Day at the Races. The band drew an audience of 150,000 – 200,000, which remains the largest crowd for a Hyde Park concert. The group were not allowed to play an encore, and police threatened to arrest frontman Freddie Mercury if he attempted to do so.
The British Live 8 concert took place in Hyde Park on 2 July 2005, as a concert organised by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise awareness of increased debts and poverty in the third world. Acts included U2, Coldplay, Elton John, R.E.M., Madonna, The Who, and Paul McCartney, and the most anticipated set was the reformation of the classic 1970s line-up of Pink Floyd (including David Gilmour and Roger Waters) for the first time since 1981. The gig was the Floyd's final live performance.
Acts from each of the four nations in the UK played a gig in the park as part of the opening ceremony for the 2012 Summer Olympics. The headliners were Duran Duran, representing England, alongside the Stereophonics for Wales, Paolo Nutini for Scotland, and Snow Patrol for Northern Ireland. Since 2011, Radio 2 Live in Hyde Park has taken place each September. The British Summer Time series of concerts have taken place every summer in Hyde Park since 2013, and have included performances by Black Sabbath, Neil Young, Celine Dion and Bon Jovi.
Local residents have become critical of Hyde Park as a concert venue, due to the sound levels, and have campaigned for a maximum sound level of 73 decibels. In July 2012, Bruce Springsteen and Paul McCartney found their microphones switched off after Springsteen had played a three-hour set during the Park's Hard Rock Calling festival, and overshot the 10:30 pm curfew time.
Sports
Hyde Park contains several sporting facilities, including several football pitches and a Tennis centre. There are numerous cycle paths, and horse riding is popular.
In 1998 British artist Marion Coutts recreated Hyde Park, along with Battersea and Regent's Park, as a set of asymmetrical ping-pong tables for her interactive installation Fresh Air.
For the 2012 Summer Olympics, the park hosted the triathlon, which brothers Alistair Brownlee and Jonathan Brownlee took the Gold and Bronze medals for Team GB, and the 10 km open water swimming events. The park has also hosted the ITU World Triathlon Grand Final.
Transport
There are five London Underground stations located on or near the edges of Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens (which is contiguous with Hyde Park). In clockwise order starting from the south-east, they are:
Hyde Park Corner (Piccadilly line)
Knightsbridge (Piccadilly line)
Queensway (Central line)
Lancaster Gate (Central line)
Marble Arch (Central line)
Bayswater tube station, on the Circle and District lines, is also close to Queensway station and the north-west corner of the park. High Street Kensington tube station, on the Circle and District is very close to Kensington Palace located on the Southwest corner of Kensington Gardens. Paddington station, served by Bakerloo, Circle and District, and Hammersmith & City lines, is close to Lancaster Gate station and a short walk away from Hyde Park.
Several main roads run around the perimeter of Hyde Park. Park Lane is part of the London Inner Ring Road and the London Congestion Charge zone boundary. Transport within the park for people lacking mobility and disabled visitors is provided free of charge by Liberty Drives, located at Triangle Carpark.
Cycle Superhighway 3 (CS3) begins at Lancaster Gate, on the northern perimeter of Hyde Park. It is one of several TfL-coordinated cycle routes to cross the Park. CS3 also crosses Hyde Park Corner on its route towards Westminster and the City of London. The route opened in September 2018 and is signposted and cyclists are segregated from other road traffic on wide cycle tracks.
See also
Hyde Park, Boston
Hyde Park, Chicago
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Map showing Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens
Venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics
Urban public parks
Olympic swimming venues
Olympic triathlon venues
Parks and open spaces in the City of Westminster
Royal Parks of London
Great Exhibition
World's fair sites in England
Decimus Burton buildings
Grade I listed parks and gardens in London
Urban public parks in the United Kingdom
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14036453
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auderville
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Auderville
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Auderville is a former commune on the north coast of the Manche department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune La Hague.
History
On 22 February 1941, an RAF reconnaissance Spitfire aircraft from RAF Benson in south Oxfordshire with Flying Officer William Kenneth Manifould (28 June 1918 - 10 April 1941) of No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit RAF spotted the Freya radar nearby.
Geography
The commune contains four villages, Goury, Laye, La Valette and La Roche, as well as a lighthouse. It is separated from Alderney by the Raz Blanchard, and has a small and not easily accessible port at Goury.
Cadomian granit crop out in Auderville.
Population
Heraldry
See also
Communes of the Manche department
References
Former communes of Manche
History of telecommunications in France
History of telecommunications in Germany
Populated coastal places in France
Port cities and towns on the French Atlantic coast
Telecommunications in World War II
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40686725
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20Bolund
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Per Bolund
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Per Bolund (born 3 July 1971) is a Swedish politician for the Green Party. He served as Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden (in a strictly ceremonial role) and as Minister for the Environment from February to November 2021, and has been co-spokesperson of the Green Party from May 2019 until his resignation in November 2023.
He previously served as Minister for Financial Markets from October 2014 to February 2021 and as Minister for Housing from January 2019 to February 2021. He was shortly acting Minister for Housing and Urban Development from April to May 2016.
Bolund was elected to the Riksdag in 2006. As Minister for the Environment he made a pledge to double Sweden's climate finance. As leader of the Green Party his withdrawal of support helped bring down the government of Magdalena Andersson in November 2021 because the planned tax cut on petrol in her first budget would lead to higher emissions.
Before politics he trained as a biologist, and his parents are the Aarhus University geneticist Professor Lars Bolund and medical Professor Christina Bolund. In his personal time he is a fan of baseball and football, and follows the Stockholm club AIK Fotboll.
References
External links
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Members of the Riksdag from the Green Party
1971 births
Living people
Swedish Ministers for Housing
Swedish biologists
Members of the Riksdag 2022–2026
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%20%28%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%29
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Люцьонжа (Західнопоморське воєводство)
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Люцьонжа (Західнопоморське воєводство)
Люцьонжа — село в Польщі, у гміні Плоти Ґрифицького повіту Західнопоморського воєводства.
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Щецинського воєводства.
Примітки
Села Ґрифицького повіту
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194278
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic%20stenosis
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Aortic stenosis
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Aortic stenosis (AS or AoS) is the narrowing of the exit of the left ventricle of the heart (where the aorta begins), such that problems result. It may occur at the aortic valve as well as above and below this level. It typically gets worse over time. Symptoms often come on gradually with a decreased ability to exercise often occurring first. If heart failure, loss of consciousness, or heart related chest pain occur due to AS the outcomes are worse. Loss of consciousness typically occurs with standing or exercising. Signs of heart failure include shortness of breath especially when lying down, at night, or with exercise, and swelling of the legs. Thickening of the valve without causing obstruction is known as aortic sclerosis.
Causes include being born with a bicuspid aortic valve, and rheumatic fever; a normal valve may also harden over the decades due to calcification. A bicuspid aortic valve affects about one to two percent of the population. As of 2014 rheumatic heart disease mostly occurs in the developing world. Risk factors are similar to those of coronary artery disease and include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and being male. The aortic valve usually has three leaflets and is located between the left ventricle of the heart, and the aorta. AS typically results in a heart murmur. Its severity can be divided into mild, moderate, severe, and very severe, distinguishable by ultrasound scan of the heart.
Aortic stenosis is typically followed using repeated ultrasound scans. Once it has become severe, treatment primarily involves valve replacement surgery, with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) being an option in some who are at high risk from surgery. Valves may either be mechanical or bioprosthetic, with each having risks and benefits. Another less invasive procedure, balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV), may result in benefit, but for only a few months. Complications such as heart failure may be treated in the same way as in those with mild to moderate AS. In those with severe disease a number of medications should be avoided, including ACE inhibitors, nitroglycerin, and some beta blockers. Nitroprusside or phenylephrine may be used in those with decompensated heart failure depending on the blood pressure.
Aortic stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in the developed world. It affects about 2% of people who are over 65 years of age. Estimated rates were not known in most of the developing world as of 2014. In those who have symptoms, without repair the chance of death at five years is about 50% and at 10 years is about 90%. Aortic stenosis was first described by French physician Lazare Rivière in 1663.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms related to aortic stenosis depend on the degree of stenosis. Most people with mild to moderate aortic stenosis do not have symptoms. Symptoms usually present in individuals with severe aortic stenosis, though they may also occur in those with mild to moderate aortic stenosis. The three main symptoms of aortic stenosis are loss of consciousness, anginal chest pain and shortness of breath with activity or other symptoms of heart failure such as shortness of breath while lying flat, episodes of shortness of breath at night, or swollen legs and feet. It may also be accompanied by the characteristic "Dresden china" appearance of pallor with a light flush.
Angina
Angina in setting of heart failure also increases the risk of death. In people with angina, the 5-year mortality rate is 50% if the aortic valve is not replaced.
Angina in the setting of AS occurs due to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) that is caused by the constant production of increased pressure required to overcome the pressure gradient caused by the AS. While the muscular layer of the left ventricle thickens, the arteries that supply the muscle do not get significantly longer or bigger, so the muscle may not receive enough blood supply to meet its oxygen requirement. This ischemia may first be evident during exercise when the heart muscle requires increased blood supply to compensate for the increased workload. The individual may complain of anginal chest pain with exertion. Exercise stress testing with or without imaging is strictly contraindicated in symptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis. Exercise stress test is now recommended by current guidelines in asymptomatic patients and may provide incremental prognostic value.
Eventually, however, the heart muscle will require more blood supply at rest than can be supplied by the coronary artery branches. At this point there may be signs of ventricular strain pattern (ST segment depression and T wave inversion) on the EKG, suggesting subendocardial ischemia. The subendocardium is the region that is most susceptible to ischemia because it is the most distant from the epicardial coronary arteries.
Syncope
Syncope (fainting spells) from aortic valve stenosis is usually exertional. In the setting of heart failure it increases the risk of death. In people with syncope, the three-year mortality rate is 50% if the aortic valve is not replaced.
It is unclear why aortic stenosis causes syncope. One theory is that severe AS produces a nearly fixed cardiac output. When a person with aortic stenosis exercises, their peripheral vascular resistance will decrease as the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles dilate to allow the muscles to receive more blood to allow them to do more work. This decrease in peripheral vascular resistance is normally compensated for by an increase in the cardiac output. Since people with severe AS cannot increase their cardiac output, the blood pressure falls and the person will faint due to decreased blood perfusion to the brain.
A second theory is that during exercise the high pressures generated in the hypertrophied left ventricle cause a vasodepressor response, which causes a secondary peripheral vasodilation that, in turn, causes decreased blood flow to the brain resulting in loss of consciousness. Indeed, in aortic stenosis, because of the fixed obstruction to blood flow out from the heart, it may be impossible for the heart to increase its output to offset peripheral vasodilation.
A third mechanism may sometimes be operative. Due to the hypertrophy of the left ventricle in aortic stenosis, including the consequent inability of the coronary arteries to adequately supply blood to the myocardium (see "Angina" below), abnormal heart rhythms may develop. These can lead to syncope.
Finally, in calcific aortic stenosis at least, the calcification in and around the aortic valve can progress and extend to involve the electrical conduction system of the heart. If that occurs, the result may be heart block, a potentially lethal condition of which syncope may be a symptom.
Congestive heart failure
Congestive heart failure (CHF) carries a grave prognosis in people with AS. People with CHF attributable to AS have a 2-year mortality rate of 50% if the aortic valve is not replaced. CHF in the setting of AS is due to a combination of left ventricular hypertrophy with fibrosis, systolic dysfunction (a decrease in the ejection fraction) and diastolic dysfunction (elevated filling pressure of the LV).
Associated symptoms
In Heyde's syndrome, aortic stenosis is associated with gastrointestinal bleeding due to angiodysplasia of the colon. Recent research has shown that the stenosis causes a form of von Willebrand disease by breaking down its associated coagulation factor (factor VIII-associated antigen, also called von Willebrand factor), due to increased turbulence around the stenotic valve.
Complications
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the American Heart Association changed its recommendations regarding antibiotic prophylaxis for endocarditis. Specifically, as of 2007 it is recommended that such prophylaxis should be limited only to those with prosthetic heart valves, those with previous episode(s) of endocarditis, and those with certain types of congenital heart disease.
Since the stenosed aortic valve may limit the heart's output, people with aortic stenosis are at risk of syncope and dangerously low blood pressure should they use any of a number of medications for cardiovascular diseases that often coexist with aortic stenosis. Examples include nitroglycerin, nitrates, ACE inhibitors, terazosin (Hytrin), and hydralazine. Note that all of these substances lead to peripheral vasodilation. Under normal circumstances, in the absence of aortic stenosis, the heart is able to increase its output and thereby offset the effect of the dilated blood vessels. In some cases of aortic stenosis, however, due to the obstruction of blood flow out of the heart caused by the stenosed aortic valve, cardiac output cannot be increased. Low blood pressure or syncope may ensue.
Causes
Aortic stenosis is most commonly caused by age-related progressive calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) (>50% of cases), with a mean age of 65 to 70 years. CAVD is the build-up of calcium on the cusps of the valve, and this calcification causes hardening and stenosis of the valve. Another major cause of aortic stenosis is the calcification of a congenital bicuspid aortic valve or, more rarely, a congenital unicuspid aortic valve. Those with unicuspid aortic valves typically need intervention when very young, often as a newborn. While those with congenital bicuspid aortic valve make up 30-40% of those presenting during adulthood and typically presenting earlier (ages 40+ to 50+) than those with tricuspid aortic valves (65+).
Acute rheumatic fever post-inflammatory is the cause of less than 10% of cases. Rare causes of aortic stenosis include Fabry disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, Paget disease, high blood uric acid levels, and infection.
Pathophysiology
The human aortic valve normally consists of three cusps or leaflets and has an opening of 3.0-4.0 square centimeters. When the left ventricle contracts, it forces blood through the valve into the aorta and subsequently to the rest of the body. When the left ventricle expands again, the aortic valve closes and prevents the blood in the aorta from flowing backward (regurgitation) into the left ventricle. In aortic stenosis, the opening of the aortic valve becomes narrowed or constricted (stenotic) (e.g., due to calcification). Degenerative (the most common variety), and bicuspid aortic stenosis both begin with damage to endothelial cells from increased mechanical stress. Inflammation is thought to be involved in the earlier stages of the pathogenesis of AS and its associated risk factors are known to promote the deposition of LDL cholesterol and lipoprotein(a), a highly damaging substance, into the aortic valve, causing significant damage and stenosis over time. Infiltration of inflammatory cells (macrophages, T lymphocytes), followed by the release of inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1-beta and transforming growth factor beta-1 occurs.
Subsequently, fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblast-like cells, which results in abnormal bone matrix deposition leading to progressive valvular calcification and stenosis.
As a consequence of this stenosis, the left ventricle must generate a higher pressure with each contraction to effectively move blood forward into the aorta. Initially, the LV generates this increased pressure by thickening its muscular walls (myocardial hypertrophy). The type of hypertrophy most commonly seen in AS is known as concentric hypertrophy, in which the walls of the LV are (approximately) equally thickened.
In the later stages, the left ventricle dilates, the wall thins, and the systolic function deteriorates (resulting in impaired ability to pump blood forward). Morris and Innasimuthu et al. showed that different coronary anatomy is associated with different valve diseases. Research was in progress in 2010 to see if different coronary anatomy might lead to turbulent flow at the level of valves leading to inflammation and degeneration.
Diagnosis
Palpation
Aortic stenosis is most often diagnosed when it is asymptomatic and can sometimes be detected during routine examination of the heart and circulatory system. Good evidence exists to demonstrate that certain characteristics of the peripheral pulse can rule in the diagnosis. In particular, there may be a slow and/or sustained upstroke of the arterial pulse, and the pulse may be of low volume. This is sometimes referred to as pulsus parvus et tardus. There may also be a noticeable delay between the first heart sound (on auscultation) and the corresponding pulse in the carotid artery ('apical-carotid delay'). In a similar manner, there may be a delay between the appearance of each pulse in the brachial artery (in the arm) and the radial artery (in the wrist).
Auscultation
The first heart sound may be followed by a sharp ejection sound ("ejection click") best heard at the lower left sternal border and the apex, and, thus, appear to be "split". The ejection sound, caused by the impact of left ventricular outflow against the partially fused aortic valve leaflets, is more commonly associated with a mobile bicuspid aortic valve than an immobile calcified aortic valve. The intensity of this sound does not vary with respiration, which helps distinguish it from the ejection click produced by a stenotic pulmonary valve, which will diminish slightly in intensity during inspiration.
An easily heard systolic, crescendo-decrescendo (i.e., 'ejection') murmur is heard loudest at the upper right sternal border, at the 2nd right intercostal space, and radiates to the carotid arteries bilaterally. The murmur increases with squatting and decreases with standing and isometric muscular contraction such as the Valsalva maneuver, which helps distinguish it from hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). The murmur is louder during expiration but is also easily heard during inspiration. The more severe the degree of the stenosis, the later the peak occurs in the crescendo-decrescendo of the murmur.
The second heart sound (A2) tends to become decreased and softer as the aortic stenosis becomes more severe. This is a result of the increasing calcification of the valve preventing it from "snapping" shut and producing a sharp, loud sound. Due to increases in left ventricular pressure from the stenotic aortic valve, over time the ventricle may hypertrophy, resulting in diastolic dysfunction. As a result, there may be a fourth heart sound due to the stiff ventricle. With continued increases in ventricular pressure, dilatation of the ventricle will occur, and a third heart sound may be manifest.
Finally, aortic stenosis often co-exists with some degree of aortic insufficiency (aortic regurgitation). Hence, the physical exam in aortic stenosis may also reveal signs of the latter, for example, an early diastolic decrescendo murmur. Indeed, when both valve abnormalities are present, the expected findings of either may be modified or may not even be present. Rather, new signs that reflect the presence of simultaneous aortic stenosis and insufficiency, e.g., pulsus bisferiens, emerge.
According to a meta-analysis, the most useful findings for ruling in aortic stenosis in the clinical setting were slow rate of rise of the carotid pulse (positive likelihood ratio ranged 2.8–130 across studies), mid to late peak intensity of the murmur (positive likelihood ratio, 8.0–101), and decreased intensity of the second heart sound (positive likelihood ratio, 3.1–50).
Other peripheral signs include:
sustained, heaving apex beat, which is not displaced unless systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle has developed
A precordial thrill
narrowed pulse pressure
Blood tests
For asymptomatic severe aortic valve stenosis, the European guidelines recommend B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurements to aid risk stratification and optimize the timing of aortic valve replacement surgery. In patients with non-severe asymptomatic aortic valve stenosis, increased age- and sex adjusted N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels alone and combined with a 50% or greater increase from baseline had been found associated with increased event rates of aortic valve stenosis related events (cardiovascular death, hospitalization with heart failure due to progression of aortic valve stenosis, or aortic valve replacement surgery). In patients with non-severe asymptomatic aortic valve stenosis and no overt coronary artery disease, the increased troponin T (above 14 pg/mL) was found associated with an increased 5-year event rate of ischemic cardiac events (myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass surgery).
Electrocardiogram
Although aortic stenosis does not lead to any specific findings on the electrocardiogram (ECG), it still often leads to a number of electrocardiographic abnormalities. ECG manifestations of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) are common in aortic stenosis and arise as a result of the stenosis having placed a chronically high-pressure load on the left ventricle (with LVH being the expected response to chronic pressure loads on the left ventricle no matter what the cause).
As noted above, the calcification process that occurs in aortic stenosis can progress to extend beyond the aortic valve and into the electrical conduction system of the heart. Evidence of this phenomenon may rarely include ECG patterns characteristic of certain types of heart block such as Left bundle branch block.
Heart catheterization
Cardiac chamber catheterization provides a definitive diagnosis, indicating severe stenosis in valve area of <1.0 cm2 (normally about 3 cm2). It can directly measure the pressure on both sides of the aortic valve. The pressure gradient may be used as a decision point for treatment. It is useful in symptomatic people before surgery. The standard for diagnosis of aortic stenosis is non-invasive testing with echocardiography. Cardiac catheterization is reserved for cases in which there is a discrepancy between the clinical picture and non-invasive testing, due to risks inherent to crossing the aortic valve, such as stroke.
Echocardiogram
Echocardiogram (heart ultrasound) is the best non-invasive way to evaluate the aortic valve anatomy and function.
The aortic valve area can be calculated non-invasively using echocardiographic flow velocities. Using the velocity of the blood through the valve, the pressure gradient across the valve can be calculated by the continuity equation or using the modified Bernoulli's equation: A normal aortic valve has a gradient of only a few mmHg. A decreased valvular area causes increased pressure gradient, and these parameters are used to classify and grade the aortic stenosis as mild, moderate or severe. The pressure gradient can be abnormally low in the presence of mitral stenosis, heart failure, co-existent aortic regurgitation and also ischaemic heart disease (disease related to the decreased blood supply and oxygen causing ischemia).
Echocardiogram may also show left ventricular hypertrophy, thickened and immobile aortic valve, and dilated aortic root. However, it may appear deceptively normal in acute cases.
Chest X-ray
A chest X-ray can also assist in the diagnosis and provide clues as to the severity of the disease, showing the degree of calcification of the valve, and in a chronic condition, an enlarged left ventricle and atrium.
Computer tomography
The use of CT calcium scoring is gaining spread as a diagnostic tool to complement echo in the assessment of patients with aortic stenosis. Aortic valve calcium scoring by multidetector computed tomography (CT-AVC) is used to quantify the degree of calcification of the aortic valve. According to the 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease the recommended thresholds indicating severe aortic stenosis are > 1200 AU in women and > 2000 AU in men.
Management
Treatment is generally not necessary in people without symptoms. In moderate cases echocardiography is performed every 1–2 years to monitor the progression, possibly complemented with a cardiac stress test. In severe cases, echocardiography is performed every 3–6 months. In both moderate and mild cases, the person should immediately make a revisit or be admitted for inpatient care if any new related symptoms appear. There are no therapeutic options currently available to treat people with aortic valve stenosis; however, studies in 2014 indicated that the disease occurs as a result of active cellular processes, suggesting that targeting these processes may lead to viable therapeutic approaches.
Medication
Observational studies demonstrated an association between lowered cholesterol with statins and decreased progression, but a randomized clinical trial published in 2005 failed to find any effect on calcific aortic stenosis. The effect of statins on the progression of AS is unclear. A 2007 study found a slowing of aortic stenosis with rosuvastatin. In 2013 it was reported that trials did not show any benefit in slowing AS progression, but did demonstrate a decrease in ischemic cardiovascular events.
In general, medical therapy has relatively poor efficacy in treating aortic stenosis. However, it may be useful to manage commonly coexisting conditions that correlate with aortic stenosis:
Any angina is generally treated with beta-blockers and/or calcium blockers. Nitrates are contraindicated due to their potential to cause profound hypotension in aortic stenosis.
Any hypertension is treated aggressively, but caution must be taken in administering beta-blockers. The optimal blood pressure in patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis and no manifest atherosclerotic disease or diabetes mellitus was found to be a systolic blood pressure of 130-139 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of 70-90 mmHg.
Any heart failure is generally treated with digoxin and diuretics, and, if not contraindicated, cautious administration of ACE inhibitors.
Aortic valve repair
Aortic valve repair or aortic valve reconstruction describes the reconstruction of both form and function of the native and dysfunctioning aortic valve. Most frequently it is applied for the treatment of aortic regurgitation. It can also become necessary for the treatment of an aortic aneurysm, less frequently for congenital aortic stenosis.
Aortic valve replacement
In adults, symptomatic severe aortic stenosis usually requires aortic valve replacement (AVR). While Surgical AVR has remained the most effective treatment for this disease process and is currently recommended for patients after the onset of symptoms, aortic valve replacement approaches included open-heart surgery, minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS), and minimally invasive catheter-based (percutaneous) aortic valve replacement. However, surgical aortic valve replacement is well-studied, and generally has a good and well-established longer-term prognosis.
A diseased aortic valve is most commonly replaced using a surgical procedure with either a mechanical or a tissue valve. The procedure is done either in an open-heart surgical procedure or, in a smaller but growing number of cases, a minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) procedure. Minimally invasive approach via right minithoracotomy is most beneficial in the high risk patient such as the elderly, the obese, those with chronic obstructive pulmonary, chronic kidney disease and those requiring re-operative surgery.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Globally more than 250,000 people have received transcatheter aortic valve intervention (TAVI). For people who are not candidates for surgical valve replacement and most patients who are older than 75, TAVI may be a suitable alternative. Conduction abnormalities requiring permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation remain a common finding after TAVI due to the close proximity of the atrioventricular conduction system to the aortic root.
Balloon valvuloplasty
For infants and children, balloon valvuloplasty, where a balloon is inflated to stretch the valve and allow greater flow, may also be effective. In adults, however, it is generally ineffective, as the valve tends to return to a stenosed state. The surgeon will make a small incision at the top of the person's leg and proceed to insert the balloon into the artery. The balloon is then advanced up to the valve and is inflated to stretch the valve open.
Heart failure
Acute decompensated heart failure due to AS may be temporarily managed by an intra-aortic balloon pump while pending surgery. In those with high blood pressure nitroprusside may be carefully used. Phenylephrine may be used in those with very low blood pressure.
Prognosis
If untreated, severe symptomatic aortic stenosis carries a poor prognosis, with a 2-year mortality rate of 50-60% and a 3-year survival rate of less than 30%. Prognosis after aortic valve replacement for people younger than 65 is about five years less than that of the general population; for people older than 65 it is about the same.
Epidemiology
Approximately 2% of people over the age of 65, 3% of people over age 75, and 4% percent of people over age 85 have aortic valve stenosis. The prevalence is increasing with the aging population in North America and Europe.
Risk factors known to influence disease progression of AS include factors similar to those of coronary artery disease such as hypertension, advanced age, being male, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, metabolic syndrome, and end-stage kidney disease.
History
Aortic stenosis was first described by French physician Lazare Rivière in 1663.
Research
People on bisphosphonates were found in a 2010 study to have less progression of aortic stenosis, and some regressed. This finding led to multiple trials, ongoing . Subsequent research failed to confirm the initial positive result.
References
External links
Valvular heart disease
Diseases of the aorta
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%20%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%88
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Улдіс Берзіньш
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Улдіс Берзіньш (17 травня 1944, Рига, Райхскомісаріат Остланд, Третій Рейх — 24 березня 2021) — латвійський поет і перекладач.
Біографія
Вивчав латиську філологію в Латвійському університеті і опублікував свою першу збірку поезії в 1980. У 1968-1971 вивчав турецьку мову на Кафедрі сходознавства Ленінградського університету, також навчався на відділенні сходознавства і африканістики МДУ (перську та турецьку), в Ташкентському державному університеті (узбецька), а також в Чехословаччині, Швеції та інших країнах.
Перекладає з польської, російської, давньоісландської, турецької, азербайджанської, туркменської, перської, староєврейської, арабської мов, також знає іврит, татарську, чуваську мови.
Берзіньш брав участь в міжнародному семінарі з перекладу Біблії в Амстердамському відкритому університеті та в форумі з питань перекладів Корану Лундського університету. З 2002 викладає турецьку мову на Факультеті сучасних мов Лундського університету; громадянин Швеції.
Берзіньш переклав на латиську мову біблійні книги Йова, Псалтир, приказок Соломонових, Екклезіястова і Йони. У березні 2009 закінчив п'ятнадцятирічний переклад Корану на латиську мову.
Поезія Берзіньш перекладена на німецьку, шведську, естонську, литовську, чеську, англійську, ісландську, болгарську, білоруську і українську мови.
Вибрані твори
Поезія
Piemineklis kazai. — Rīga: Liesma, 1980.
Poētisms baltkrievs. — Rīga: Liesma, 1984.
Nenotikušie atentāti. — Rīga: Liesma, 1990.
Parasts akmens. — 1992.
Kukaiņu soļi. Raiņa un Aspazijas fonds. — 1994.
Laiks — Rīga: Zinātne, 1994.
Daugavmala. — Rīga: Nordik, 1999.
Nozagtie velosipēdi. — Rīga: Minerva, 1999.
Maijs debešos. — Rīga: Preses nams, 2002.
Synpunkt pa evigheten. — 2004.
Збірники
Dzeja. — Rīga: Artava, 1995.
Dzeja. — Rīga: Atēna, 2004.
Переклади
Šimborska V. Apsveiksim skudras. — Rīga, 1979.
Saadi. Rožu dārzs. — Rīga: Liesma, 1983.
Hļebņikovs V. Putnu karapulki / в соавт. с Марисом Чаклайсом. — 1985.
Baložu pilni pagalmi / турецкая поэзия, в соавт. с П. Бруверсом. — Rīga: Liesma, 1988.
Mana vectēva Korkuda grāmata. — Rīga: Liesma, 1993.
Ījabs. — Rīga: Zinātne, 1997.
Snorre Sturlas dēls. Gilves acumalds. — Rīga: Nordik, 1997.
Šimborska V. Dzeja. — Rīga: Jumava, 1998.
Milošs Č. Sagūstītais prāts. — Rīga: Zvaigzne ABC, 1998.
Pulcētājs. — Rīga: Zinātne, 2000.
Slavinājumi. — 2005.
Dāglardža F.H.
R. Rza. Krāsas.
E. Eilisli. Cilvēki un koki.
Mahtimguli. Cik dziļas dzīles pasaulei.
Нагороди
премія Зінаїди Лазди (1994)
орден Трьох зірок (1995)
премія Балтійської асамблеї (1995)
премія Спідолу (2000)
Почесний академік Латвійської АН
Примітки
Посилання
Уродженці Риги
Поети
Латвійські поети
Поети XX століття
Латвійські перекладачі
Перекладачі XX століття
Перекладачі Біблії
Перекладачі Корану
Перекладачі з польської
Перекладачі з російської
Письменники за алфавітом
Перекладачі з азербайджанської
Перекладачі з арабської
Випускники Латвійського університету
Поліглоти
Перекладачі XXI століття
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20in%20Harry%20Potter
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Magic in Harry Potter
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Magic in Harry Potter
In J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, magic is depicted as a supernatural force that can be used to override the usual laws of nature. Many fictional magical creatures exist in the series, while ordinary creatures sometimes exhibit magical properties. Magical objects are also described. Witches and wizards refer to the rest of the population, who are generally unaware of magic, as "Muggles" in the United Kingdom and "No-Maj" in the United States.
In humans, magic or the lack thereof is an inborn attribute. It is usually inherited and carries "dominant resilient genes". Magic is the norm for the children of magical couples and less common in those of Muggles. Exceptions exist: those unable to do magic who are born to magical parents are known as Squibs, whereas a witch or wizard born to Muggle parents is known as a Muggle-born, or by the derogatory term "Mudblood". While Muggle-borns are quite common, Squibs are extremely rare.
Rowling based many magical elements of the Harry Potter universe on real-world mythology and magic. She has described this as "a way of giving texture to the world". The books present the idea that the Muggle interpretation of these stories is a distorted version of what goes on in the wizarding world.
The magic of Harry Potter became the subject of a 2017 British Library exhibition and accompanying documentary. The exhibition, entitled Harry Potter: A History of Magic, is the first at the British Library to be inspired by a single series by a living author.
Using magic
Witches and wizards train to learn how to control their magic. With young and untrained children, magic will manifest itself subconsciously in moments of strong emotion: apprehension, fear, anger and sadness. For example, Harry Potter once made his hair grow back after a bad haircut, set a boa constrictor on his cousin Dudley at the London Zoo, and made Aunt Marge inflate to an enormous size. While this reaction is usually uncontrollable, as an untrained child, Tom Marvolo Riddle was able to make things move without touching them, make animals do what he wanted without training them, make "bad things happen" to people who annoyed him, or make them hurt if he wanted to. In addition, Lily Evans could guide and control a flower's blooming simply by wanting it to happen.
Almost all magic is done with the use of a wand. On the subject of wandless magic, Rowling says:
A wizard or witch is only at their best when using their own wand. When using another's wand, one's spells are not as strong as they normally would be.
Within the books, technical details of magic are obscure. Of Harry's lessons, only those involving magical beasts, magical creatures, potions or divination are given in any detail.
Severus Snape once told Harry Potter that "Time and space matter in magic" during Harry's first Occlumency lesson in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, and Albus Dumbledore told Harry after finding the magically concealed boat to reach the locket Horcrux that "Magic always leaves traces, sometimes very distinctive traces."
Spellcasting
Spells are the every-purpose tools of a wizard or witch; short bursts of magic used to accomplish single specialised tasks such as opening locks or creating fire. Typically casting requires an incantation, most often in a modified form of Latin (see dog Latin), and gesturing with a wand. However, Rowling has revealed that particularly talented wizards can cast spells without the aid of wand, although magic produced with one is generally more precise and powerful. Spells can also be cast non-verbally, but with a magical wand. This special technique is taught in the sixth year of study at Hogwarts and requires the caster to concentrate on the chant. Some spells (e.g., levicorpus) are apparently designed to be used non-verbally. While most magic shown in the books requires the caster to use their voice, some do not (and this may depend on the witch or wizard). Dumbledore has been known to do impressive feats of magic without speaking, such as conjuring enough squashy purple sleeping bags to accommodate the entire student population or during his duel with Voldemort near the end of Order of the Phoenix.
It is possible to use a wand without holding it. In Order of the Phoenix, Harry performs lumos to light his wand when it is lying on the ground somewhere near him. Additionally, animagi and metamorphmagi do not need wands to undergo their transformations.
Spells are divided into rough categories, such as "charms", "curses", "hexes", or "jinxes". Although offensive and potentially dangerous curses exist in number, three are considered usable only for great evil, which earns them the special classification of "Unforgivable curses".
The limits of magic
Before publishing the first Harry Potter novel, Rowling spent five years establishing the limitations of magic – determining what it could and could not do. "The most important thing to decide when you're creating a fantasy world," she said in 2000, "is what the characters can't do." For instance, while it is possible to conjure things out of thin air, it is far trickier to create something that fits an exact specification rather than a general one; moreover, any objects so conjured tend not to last.
Death
Rowling has described death as the most important theme in the books. Consequently, as Dumbledore states in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, there is no spell that can truly and permanently bring the dead back to life. While corpses can be transformed into obedient inferi on a living wizard's command, they are little more than zombies, with no soul or will of their own. However, there are some methods of communicating with the dead, though with limited results. For example, all Hogwarts headmasters appear in a portrait when they die, allowing consultation by future generations, however the portrayal is an reflection of the who the wizard was, not a link to the actual current state of the deceased. It is also possible through a rare priori incantatem side-effect to converse with ghost-like "shadows" of people magically killed with that wand. The Resurrection Stone also allows one to talk to the dead, but those brought back by the stone are not corporeal, nor do they wish to be disturbed from their peaceful rest. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Tom Riddle’s diary was able to bring his memory back, but once the diary was destroyed, the memory was also. Throughout the series, this limit is continually mentioned, and wizards who try to surpass it most often create magical disasters instead.
Likewise, it is not possible to make oneself immortal unless one makes use of an object of great power to sustain life, such as the Philosopher's Stone or Horcruxes. If one were to possess the three Deathly Hallows, it is fabled that they would possess the tools to become the "master of death". However, it is hinted that to be a true "master of death" is to be willing to accept that death is inevitable. Other methods of extending life include drinking unicorn blood, which will keep a person alive even if death is imminent, but at the terrible price of being cursed forever. Being magical can contribute to one's longevity, as there are several characters in the series who are unusually long-lived (such as Griselda Marchbanks, who was an invigilator during Albus Dumbledore's O.W.L examinations). It is revealed by Nearly Headless Nick in the fifth book that all witches and wizards have the choice of becoming ghosts upon dying; however, it is described as "a pale imitation of life". Snape states that a ghost is merely "the imprint of a departed soul left upon the earth".
Death is studied at the Department of Mysteries in a chamber containing an enigmatic veil, which Rowling has described as "the divide between life and death". With regard to what is on the other side, she elaborated: "Do I believe you go on? Yes, I do believe you go on. I do believe in an afterlife, although I'm absolutely doubt-ridden and always have been but there you are." Sirius falls through this veil in Order of the Phoenix after he is hit with a curse from Bellatrix.
Principal exceptions to Gamp's Law of Elemental Transfiguration
The principal exceptions to Gamp's Law of Elemental Transfiguration is a precept of magical theory mentioned by Hermione and later repeated by Ron in the final book. She explains that nutritious food is one of these: Witches or wizards can cook and prepare food using magic, and even multiply it, but not create it out of nothing.
There are numerous examples in the series of food seeming to have been conjured from nothing, such as when ingredients suddenly materialize in pots in Molly Weasley's kitchen, and when Professor McGonagall creates a self-refilling plate of sandwiches for Harry and Ron in Chamber of Secrets. In all cases, these events can be reasonably explained as food either being multiplied, or being transported from elsewhere. An example of the latter is the explanation given for banqueting at Hogwarts: The food is prepared by house elves in the kitchens below and then laid out on four replica tables, directly below the actual house tables in the Great Hall. The elves then magically transport the food from the replica tables up to the house tables at once (serving all the students simultaneously rather than requiring some to wait while others already have their meals).
The dining hall is the only apparent exception to Gamp's law explicitly mentioned in the series, but explained as magical transportation, not creation ex nihilo.
However, Rowling herself has stated once in an interview that (genuine) money is something wizards cannot simply materialize out of thin air, or the economic system of the wizarding world would then be gravely flawed and disrupted (the fake "leprechaun gold" conjured up in the Goblet of Fire vanishes within a day or two). While the Philosopher's Stone does permit alchemical creation of gold, but this is portrayed as an extremely rare, even unique object; in the book, its owner Nicolas Flamel refrains from exploiting all its powers.
Emotion
As explained earlier, young untrained wizards can trigger uncontrolled magic when they are in the state of intense emotion. But emotions also affect trained witches and wizards and their magical abilities. For instance, in Half-Blood Prince, a heartbroken Nymphadora Tonks temporarily loses her power as a Metamorphmagus when Remus Lupin starts distancing himself from her; the form of her Patronus changes to reflect her depression. Another example is Merope Gaunt, who only demonstrated any magical ability when removed from her father's oppression, but then lost it again when her husband abandoned her.
Several magical spells require the use of certain emotions when casting them. The Patronus charm, for example, requires the caster to concentrate on a happy memory.
Another example is the Cruciatus Curse, which causes immense pain; as Harry discovers during a duel with Bellatrix Lestrange, effective use of this forbidden dark magic requires sadistic desires.
Love (in its broadest meaning) is depicted as a particularly powerful form of magic. According to Dumbledore, love is a "force that is at once more wonderful and more terrible than death, than human intelligence, than forces of nature". Lily's voluntary sacrifice on Harry's behalf saves him from Voldemort as a baby, and Harry makes a similar sacrifice to save his friends at the end of Deathly Hallows. A certain key prophecy in the series describes Harry as having "power the Dark Lord knows not", referencing his capacity for love.
True love is impossible to create magically; Amortentia, a love potion, can only create a powerful sense of infatuation and obsession.
Magical abilities
The following is a list of special abilities that a wizard or witch in the Harry Potter universe may have.
Animagi
An animagus (portmanteau of animal and magus) is a witch or wizard who can turn into a particular animal or magical creature at will. This ability is not innate: It must be acquired by magical means. All British animagi must, by law, register at the Ministry of Magic, though a number of characters are revealed over the course of the series to have illegally remained unregistered: James Potter, Sirius Black, Peter Pettigrew, and Rita Skeeter. Minerva McGonagall was a Ministry-registered animagus taking the form of a tabby cat.
Each animagus has a specific animal form, and cannot transform into any other animal. The animal cannot be chosen: It is uniquely determined by that individual's personality; in most cases the animagus will change into the same animal used in the animagus' patronus charm.
Animagi transformation can be performed wandlessly. Sirius and Peter are left wandless for over 10 years, but both retain the ability with no apparent difficulties. When animagi transform they take on the appearance, not necessarily all traits, of a normal animal. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, it is noted that Ron's pet rat Scabbers (later revealed as Peter Pettigrew's animagus form) has lived over twelve years, when a genuine rat would only live about three. Also, an animagus in animal form retains the ability to think like a human, which is the principal difference between being an animagus and being transfigured into an animal. Otherwise, they would forget that they were a wizard and presumably be trapped in this form without knowing their own self, unless transformed back by another wizard. Characteristics of an animagus' human form often manifest themselves in the animal transformation; animal-form McGonagall and Rita Skeeter both show markings around their eyes that resemble their glasses, while Pettigrew has a missing toe on one of his front paws, mirroring his human-form's amputated finger. When an animagus registers, they must record all the defining physical traits of their animal form, so that the Ministry can identify them.
Explicit emphasis is placed in the books on the differences between animagi and werewolves. Animagi have full control over their transformations and retain their minds, whereas werewolves' transformations are involuntary and include severe changes in personality. After the person has transformed into a werewolf "... he no longer remembers who he is. He'd kill his best friend. The werewolf only responds to the call of his own kind." The only way that a werewolf can retain his sanity, intelligence, and memory while transformed is using the (recently developed) Wolfsbane potion.
Metamorphmagi
A metamorphmagus (a portmanteau of metamorph and magus) is a witch or wizard born with the innate ability to change some or all of their appearance at will. In the books, the talent is never described as having been learnt; the witch and wizard so depicted were both born with it.
Nymphadora Tonks and her son, Teddy Lupin are the only living metamorphmagi documented in the series; it is a very rare ability, possibly only hereditary. Tonks is known to change her hair colour and style according to her mood. She even appears as an old woman on occasion. She can also change her nose appearance, as she does when eating with the Weasley family to entertain Ginny and Hermione. Her son, Teddy Lupin, also inherited this trait, as his hair is mentioned to be repeatedly changing colour.
The extent of these appearance-altering abilities and the limits thereof are not entirely clear. According to Rowling, a metamorphmagus can alter his or her appearance completely, for instance, from black to white, young to old, handsome to plain, and so on. In one example, Tonks changes her face by reshaping her nose into "a beaklike protuberance like Snape's", to "something resembling a button mushroom", and "one like a pig snout" which reminded Harry of his cousin Dudley. The emotional state of a metamorphmagus can affect their abilities.
Parseltongue
Parseltongue is the language of snakes. It is often associated with Dark Magic, although Dumbledore stated that it is not necessarily an evil quality. Those possessing the ability to speak it (parselmouths) occur very rarely. People apparently acquire the skill either through learning or via a method of xenoglossia, such as through genetic inheritance, or by use of dark or dangerous magic. Harry was a parselmouth until age 17. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets explains that happened by accident, because of Voldemort's endowing some of his abilities to Harry, as a consequence of the magical backlash of his spell on the night he tried to kill Harry. Deathly Hallows reveals that a part of Voldemort's soul embedded within Harry grants him the ability; when that soul fragment is later destroyed it leaves Harry stripped of the ability.
Harry temporarily regains the ability in The Cursed Child, along with a pain in the scar.
Other known parselmouths include Salazar Slytherin and his descendants, including the Gaunts and Voldemort. Dumbledore could also understand parseltongue, although he learned it and did not naturally possess the ability. In Half-Blood Prince, he repeats Morfin Gaunt's words "the big house over the way", which were spoken in parseltongue.
Ron uses parseltongue in the final book to reopen the Chamber of Secrets, but he is only imitating the sound Harry used earlier in the book to open Slytherin's locket.
Rowling borrowed the term from "an old word for someone who has a problem with the mouth, like a hare lip".
Seers
A seer is a witch or wizard with the clairvoyant ability to foresee future events. The predictions given through this ability can sometimes be self-fulfilling prophecies, and Dumbledore states in Order of the Phoenix that not all of them come true, depending on the choices made by those involved. This would seem to indicate that a seer predicts possible or likely events, at least in some cases.
In the Hall of Prophecy at the Department of Mysteries, thousands upon thousands of glass spheres are imbued with records of prophecies made by seers. Only a person mentioned in a prophecy can safely retrieve it; anyone else who tries to do so will be driven insane.
According to McGonagall, true seers are extremely rare. Sybill Trelawney is the only seer portrayed in the books, and is considered an "old fraud" by her students – although it is mentioned that Sybill's great-great-grandmother, Cassandra Trelawney, was a renowned Seer in her day. Trelawney is ultimately sacked by Dolores Umbridge in the fifth book for her lack of ability. She has twice made true prophecies – both significant to Harry Potter – but had no recollection of either prediction afterward.
Legilimency and occlumency
Legilimency is the magical skill of extracting feelings and memories from another person's mind – a form of magical "telepathy" (although Snape, an able practitioner of the art, dismisses the colloquial term "mind-reading" as a drastic oversimplification). It also allows one to convey visions or memories to another person, whether real or imaginary. A witch or wizard possessing this skill is called a legilimens, and can, for example, detect lies and deceit in another person, witness memories in another person's past, or "plant" false visions in another's mind.
The counter-skill to legilimency is occlumency (and its user, known as an occlumens), by which one can compartmentalize one's emotions, or prevent a legilimens from discovering thoughts or memories which contradict one's spoken words or actions. An advanced form of occlumency is planting false temporary memories inside an occlumens' own head while blocking all contradictory true memories, so if a legilimens, even a highly skilled one, were to attempt to read the occlumens' mind, the legilimens would only find the corroborating false memories and believe everything was right.
The skills are first mentioned in Order of the Phoenix. Legilimency and occlumency are not part of the ordinary curriculum at Hogwarts, and most students would graduate without learning them.
Voldemort, Snape, and Dumbledore are all skilled in legilimency and occlumency, albeit with the use of their wands. Voldemort is said to be the master of legilimency by Snape, as he, in almost all cases, immediately knows if someone lied to him. In addition, in Deathly Hallows, Voldemort repeatedly uses legilimency to interrogate his victims. Voldemort practices occlumency throughout the period of Half-Blood Prince to deny Harry access to his thoughts and emotions. However, in Deathly Hallows, Voldemort repeatedly loses grip, resulting in occasional but very powerful burst of thoughts, visions, and emotions to be sent to Harry.
Throughout the books, Snape is repeatedly said to be highly skilled in occlumency, explaining how he was able to deceive Voldemort for years. Even before Order of the Phoenix, Harry has the impression that Snape can read minds.
During the Order of the Phoenix Snape is directed by Dumbledore to give Harry lessons in occlumency. Due to the antagonism between the two, and Harry's secret desire to know Voldemort's thoughts, he makes poor progress, and only once manages to overcome Snape and enter his mind. In Deathly Hallows, Harry finally masters occlumency – shutting his mind to Voldemort – when Dobby dies. He realises that his grief – or as Dumbledore calls it, love – can block out the Dark Lord.
Queenie Goldstein, in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, is revealed to be a proficient legilimens, born with the ability; she is able to read the minds of Jacob Kowalski and others in the film, as well as sense and hear them from afar through their thoughts and emotions. Unlike Snape, Voldemort, and Dumbledore she does not require a wand for legilimency: The ability to read minds comes for her naturally.
Apparition and disapparition
Apparition is a magical form of teleportation, through which a witch or wizard can disappear ("disapparate") from one location and reappear ("apparate") in another. It is usually accompanied by a cracking or popping sound, though the more skilled wizards such as Dumbledore can apparate "so suddenly and silently" that they seem to have "popped out of the ground". According to Harry, apparition is also accompanied by a very unpleasant squeezing sensation, as though being sent through a tight rubber tube.
The Ministry of Magic licenses apparition. A witch or wizard must be 17 years old, or older, and have a license to apparate as a means of transportation in much the same way real-world governments require individuals to have a license to drive a motor vehicle. Students at Hogwarts may attend Ministry-administered apparition lessons during their sixth year, and take their examination once they turn seventeen. The books depict apparition as possible, although illegal, without a license, but it is usually not done (except by special permission during lessons). Harry illegally apparates without a license in Deathly Hallows but, since his magical trace was at that point lifted, the Ministry is likely unaware that he does it.
Learning to apparate is difficult, and students run the risk of splinching – being physically split between the origin and destination – which requires the assistance of the Ministry's Accidental Magic Reversal Squad to properly undo although essence of dittany can also mend certain wounds. Splinching is quite common during lessons, and can be uncomfortable (and at times rather gruesome) depending on the body parts splinched, but is ultimately harmless if promptly and properly reversed. Although Ron can apparate, he isn't terribly skilled at it, and splinches himself at least three times (once losing half an eyebrow, two fingernails, and part of his arm). Harry and Hermione both pick up the skill quickly in comparison. As explained in the Half-Blood Prince, there is no word spell to apparate or disapparate, but the caster has to concentrate on the location on which he has to apparate, needs to be fully focused on the spell, and also has to "feel" it through the whole body.
Writing in the books indicates that the characters consider it uncouth to apparate directly into a private area, such as a home. Dumbledore states in Half-Blood Prince that it would be "quite as rude as kicking down the front door". For this reason, and for reasons of security, many homes have anti-apparition spells protecting them from uninvited intrusions. The accepted way to travel to a home is to apparate to a nearby location, and continue to the final destination on foot. Apparition is considered unreliable over long distances, and even experienced users of the technique sometimes prefer other means of transport, such as broomsticks. Rowling has stated that apparating over long distances depends on the skill of the wizard, and "Cross-continental apparition would almost certainly result in severe injury or death." Indeed, even the prodigiously skilled Lord Voldemort elects to fly back to England after visiting the far distant Nurmengard.
For reasons of security, the grounds and buildings of Hogwarts are protected by ancient anti-apparition and anti-disapparition spells, which prevent humans from apparating on the school grounds. There is also a spell that prevents individuals from disapparating, which Dumbledore places on the Death Eaters captured at the Ministry of magic in Order of the Phoenix; a sister spell, which allows one to apparate into a location but prevents them from disapparating out of it, is cast by the Death Eaters in Hogsmeade in combination with the caterwauling charm. Dumbledore is the only person who can both apparate and disapparate from the school grounds, since he is the headmaster, and then only from certain locations, such as the top of the astronomy tower, which presumably protrudes above the domain of the anti-apparation charm.
A witch or wizard can use side-along apparition to take others with them during apparition. Dumbledore successfully transports Harry this way several times in Half-Blood Prince, and Harry's first non-lesson attempt at the skill is the side-along apparition with the weakened Dumbledore when they return from the seaside cave.
In the film version of Order of the Phoenix, Death Eaters and Order members apparate and disapparate in clouds of black and white smoke respectively. In the film, Death Eaters also appear to be able to "half-apparate" in which their bodies were made out of smoke, giving them the recently improvised ability to fly. Both times Fred and George apparated and disapparated, they did it with a pop as in the books.
In the books, the words "apparate" and "disapparate", like many other neologisms used by Rowling, are capitalised, whereas established English words such as "jinx" and "hex" are not. The words themselves are most likely derived from the French apparaître and disparaître, meaning 'to appear' and 'to disappear'. Another possible derivation is from the English word "apparition", meaning "a supernatural appearance of a person or thing; anything that appears, especially something remarkable or startling; an act of appearing", which comes from the Latin "apparitio", meaning attendance. "Disapparate" probably comes from the same word but with the prefix "dis-" expressing negation or reversal.
Other teleportation
Some magical creatures have their own forms of instantaneous travel, such as a house elf's ability to teleport or a phoenix's ability to appear and disappear in a burst of flame. Unlike wizards, elves are not restricted by anti-apparition magic. Dobby, Kreacher, and the rest of the house-elf population can apparate within the Hogwarts grounds, as they demonstrate on multiple occasions, most notably when Dobby visits Harry in the hospital wing, and when Harry summons Dobby and Kreacher and assigns them to tail Draco Malfoy. Fawkes disapparates from the headmaster's office at Hogwarts along with Dumbledore when the latter evades arrest at the hands of Ministry officials in Order of the Phoenix.
Some magical devices like the Floo Network, Portkeys and Vanishing Cabinets also provide forms of magical teleportation.
Veela charm
An ability attributed to veela and those of veela heritage, such as Fleur Delacour, veela charm is used to charm males, much as the sirens do in The Odyssey. Men who are exposed to it over time become more resistant to it, although the veela charm takes full effect if the veela surprises the man, as noted by Ron in Half-Blood Prince.
As shown in Goblet of Fire, one can use veela hair as cores in magical wands. According to famed wandmaker Mr. Ollivander, these wands are "a little temperamental".
Magical resistance
Powerful creatures such as trolls, dragons, and giants may exhibit magical resistance – a certain degree of immunity against hexes and spells. Hagrid is resistant to certain spells (like the Stunning spell) due to being half giant. This type of resistance is not insurmountable; if enough Stunning spells, for example, are fired simultaneously at a creature with magical resistance, the creature may still be rendered unconscious. Also, wizards and witches can resist certain spells with the power of their own magic-enhanced will, as Harry does in Goblet of Fire, when Barty Crouch Jr. (disguised as Alastor Moody) tries to control Harry with the Imperius Curse and Harry resists. The same book shows Barty Crouch Sr. throwing off the Imperius Curse after spending several months under it.
Subjects at Hogwarts
At Hogwarts, students must study a core group of subjects for the first two years, after which they must choose between several electives in addition to the core subjects. During their final two years, students are permitted to take more specialized subjects such as Alchemy.
Transfiguration, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Charms, Potions, Astronomy, History of Magic, and Herbology are compulsory subjects for the first five years, as well as flying lessons for the first year, which becomes optional for the remaining six years. At the end of their second year, students are required to add at least two optional subjects to their syllabus for the start of the third year. The five choices are Arithmancy, Muggle Studies, Divination, Study of Ancient Runes, and Care of Magical Creatures. Very specialised subjects such as Alchemy are sometimes offered in the final two years, if there is sufficient demand. There is a total of twelve named Professors at Hogwarts, each specializing in one of these subjects.
Transfiguration
Transfiguration is essentially the art of changing the properties of an object. Transfiguration is a theory-based subject, including topics such as "Switching spells" (altering only a part of some object, such as when Hagrid gave Dudley a pig tail); Vanishing spells (causing an object to completely disappear); and Conjuring spells (creating objects out of thin air). It is possible to change inanimate objects into animate ones and vice versa – Minerva McGonagall, the class's teacher, transfigures her desk into a pig and back in Philosopher's Stone.
Defence Against the Dark Arts
Defence Against the Dark Arts, commonly shortened to D.A.D.A., is the class that teaches students defensive techniques to defend against the Dark Arts, such as dueling, combat, protection and informed of how deal with Dark Magical Creatures. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, with Death Eaters in charge of the school, the subject is renamed the Dark Arts, and involves pupils practicing the Cruciatus Curse on those who have earned detentions. The subject has an extraordinarily high turnover of staff members—throughout the series no Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher has retained the post for more than one school year. Dumbledore also once stated that this post is jinxed. Harry is exceptionally skilled in this subject. During the period the story takes place, the class is taught by Quirinus Quirrell (book one), Gilderoy Lockhart (book two), Remus Lupin (book three), Bartemius Crouch Junior impersonating Alastor "Mad-eye" Moody (book four), Dolores Umbridge (book five), Severus Snape (book six), and Amycus Carrow (book seven). Hagrid suggests in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets that "They're startin' ter think the job's jinxed. No one's lasted long for a while now." as each D.A.D.A. teacher has only taught for one year. In Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore suggests that Voldemort cursed the position because his application for it was rejected. The existence of the jinx was eventually confirmed by Rowling. The position had also been coveted by Snape, but he was denied the position as well. Snape was finally appointed D.A.D.A. professor in Half-Blood Prince. Rowling announced in an interview that once Voldemort had died, the jinx he placed on the office was lifted and a permanent professor had been teaching the subject between the end of Deathly Hallows and the epilogue, set nineteen years afterwards. Furthermore, she imagines that Harry Potter occasionally comes to the class to give lectures on the subject.
Charms
Charms is the class that teaches how to develop incantations for the uses of bewitchment. Rowling has described charms as a type of magic spell concerned with giving an object new and unexpected properties. Charms classes are described as notoriously noisy and chaotic, as the lessons are largely practical. Many of the exposition sequences in the books are set in charms classes, which are on the second floor of Hogwarts. The class is taught by Filius Flitwick.
Potions
Potions is described as the art of creating mixtures with magical effects. It requires the correct mixing and stirring of ingredients at the right times and temperatures. As to the question of whether a Muggle could brew a potion, given the correct magical ingredients, Rowling said on Pottermore that "There is always some element of wandwork necessary to make a potion." Severus Snape's lessons are depicted as unhappy, oppressing times set in a gloomy dungeon in the basement of the castle, whilst Horace Slughorn's, who replaces Snape as Potions Master, are shown as more cheerful and even fun at times. J.K. Rowling explains that she wrote Snape, Harry's arch enemy on Hogwarts faculty, because she herself hated chemistry class, and this was the Hogwarts equivalent.
Notable potions featured in the series include the love potion Amortentia, Confusing Concoction, Draught of Living Death, Draught of Peace, the luck potion Felix Felicis, Pepperup Potion, Polyjuice Potion, Skele-Gro Sleekeazy's Hair Potion, and the truth serum Veritaserum.
Astronomy
Astronomy classes take place in the Astronomy tower, the tallest tower in Hogwarts, and are taught by Professor Aurora Sinistra. Lessons involve observations of the night skies with telescopes. No astronomy lessons are depicted in the books, but they are frequently mentioned. Rowling describes one of Harry's Astronomy exams in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Also, bits of the Astronomy tower are seen throughout the film series, such as Chamber of Secrets and Prisoner of Azkaban, featured in Half-Blood Prince, as the place where Dumbledore died, and seen in Deathly Hallows. Known student homework activities include learning the names of stars, constellations, and planets, and their location, movements, and environments. The Astronomy tower is also one of the three tallest towers in the Hogwarts grounds, as mentioned in The Deathly Hallows.
History of magic
History of magic is the study of magical history. Cuthbert Binns' lessons are depicted as some of the most boring at Hogwarts. They are only lectures, given without pause, about significant events in wizarding history. Topics have included goblin rebellions, giant wars, and the origins of wizarding secrecy. This is the only class at Hogwarts that is taught by a ghost, as the professor never having noticed that he died, simply continued teaching as if nothing had changed.
Herbology
Herbology is the study of magical plants and how to take care of, utilise, and combat them. There are at least three greenhouses described in the books, holding a variety of magical plants. Herbology is also the only subject Neville Longbottom excels in. He later on becomes a professor in the same subject: the epilogue to Deathly Hallows explains that he replaces Professor Pomona Sprout as the Herbology teacher at Hogwarts.
Arithmancy
Arithmancy is a branch of magic concerned with the magical properties of numbers. As Harry Potter does not take this subject, the class is never described in the books. It is, however, a favourite subject of Hermione. Arithmancy is reportedly difficult, as it requires memorising or working with many charts. In Order of the Phoenix, it is mentioned that the study of Arithmancy is required to become a Curse-Breaker for Gringotts. The subject is taught by Professor Septima Vector.
Study of ancient runes
Study of ancient runes, more commonly known as ancient runes, is a generally theoretical subject that studies the ancient runic scripts. Because Hermione is the only known student of the class in the books, little else is known about this subject, taught by Professor Bathsheda Babbling. In Deathly Hallows Dumbledore bequeaths his copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard, which is written in ancient runes, to Hermione.
Divination
Divination is the art of predicting the future. Various methods are described, including tea leaves, fire omens, crystal balls, palmistry, cartomancy (including the reading of conventional playing cards and the tarot), astrology, and dream interpretations. Divination is described by Professor McGonagall as "one of the most imprecise branches of magic". Supporters of the subject claim that it is an inexact science that requires innate gifts such as the "Inner Eye". Those opposed claim that the subject is irrelevant and fraudulent. Harry is first taught Divination by Professor Trelawney, and then later by Firenze after Trelawney is sacked by Dolores Umbridge in Harry's fifth year. In the sixth (and presumably seventh) year, Firenze and Professor Trelawney share Divination classes, divided by year.
Care of magical creatures
Care of magical creatures is the class which instructs students on how to care for magical beasts. Classes are held outside the castle. In Harry's first two years, the class is taught by Professor Silvanus Kettleburn who then retires "in order to enjoy more time with his remaining limbs". Dumbledore then recruits the gamekeeper Rubeus Hagrid to accept a teaching position along with his gamekeeping duties. Although Hagrid is clearly experienced and knowledgeable, he doesn't "have a normal person's view of what's dangerous", an example being that the care of magical creatures students were required to get a literally ferocious textbook titled the Monster Book of Monsters; he consistently misjudges the risk that the animals he uses in his lessons pose to his students, which sometimes results in chaos. When Hagrid is absent, his lessons are taken over by Wilhelmina Grubbly-Plank, a witch acquaintance of Dumbledore's.
Muggle studies
Muggle studies is a class that involves the study of the muggle (non-magical) culture "from a wizarding point of view". The only need for witches and wizards to learn about muggle ways and means is to ensure they can blend in with muggles while needing to do so (for example, at the 1994 Quidditch World Cup). As the class is only mentioned as being taken by Hermione, and for just one year, little is known about its curriculum or whether it is well attended by children of wizarding-only families.
In the opening chapter of the final book, Voldemort murders Professor Charity Burbage because she portrays muggles in a positive light and is opposed to limiting wizardry to only people of pure-blood origins. For the rest of the academic year covered by Deathly Hallows, the Death Eater Alecto Carrow teaches Muggle Studies. However, her lessons (which are made compulsory) mainly describe muggles and muggle-borns as subhuman and worthy of persecution.
Alchemy
Alchemy classes are not mentioned in the Harry Potter series; however, Rowling has used alchemy as an example of a 'specialized' subject offered when there is sufficient demand, presumably then taught by Dumbledore, the only known alchemist at the school. Historical alchemical practice was a pre-scientific tradition leading into chemistry, which in particular involved seeking to manufacture the transformational philosopher's stone. The stone was expected to facilitate the transformation of base metals into gold, and the production of the elixir of life, which makes the drinker immortal (although in the film Magical Beasts II, its agéd drinker is shown to be worn and frail). As mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Nicholas Flamel succeeded in creating a philosopher's stone, but it was destroyed at the end of Harry's first year.
Flying
Flying is the class that teaches the use of broomsticks made for the use of flying and is taught only to Hogwarts first years by Rolanda Hooch. The subject is the only one that requires physicality. The only flying lesson depicted in the Harry Potter series is in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone; the class is never mentioned in following installments; and is not a part of the O.W.L. exams during Harry's fifth year.
Apparition
Apparition is an optional class for those in the sixth and seventh years at Hogwarts in preparation for obtaining their license to apparate, or disappear and reappear instantly in another location. In Harry's sixth year, Wilkie Twycross, a Ministry of Magic apparition instructor, teaches the lessons. Magical enchantments on Hogwarts castle and grounds prevent apparition and disapparition inside the castle; however Half-Blood Prince explains that these protections are temporarily relaxed within the Great Hall for short periods to permit students to practice. Students are warned, though, that they will not be able to apparate outside of the Great Hall and that it would be unwise to try. Splinching is a common mistake in apparition which causes body parts to split. It is impossible to track anyone by apparition unless the person grabs the apparator's clothing or body.
Spell-like effects
Unbreakable vow
The unbreakable vow is a voluntary agreement made between two witches or wizards. It must be performed with a witness ("bonder") on hand, holding their wand on the agreeing persons' linked hands to bind them with magic as a tongue of flame. The vow is not literally "unbreakable" as the person taking it is still able to go back on his or her word, but doing so will cause death. The Unbreakable Vow was first introduced in Half-Blood Prince, in which Snape made a promise to Narcissa Malfoy to protect Draco, with Bellatrix as the "bonder", as her son attempted to fulfil a task set by the Dark Lord, and for Snape to fulfil the task if Draco fails. Another example in Half-Blood Prince occurs when Ron tells Harry how Fred and George tried to make him undertake an unbreakable vow when he was too young to know what it meant, but because of their father's indignant intervention, they did not complete it.
Priori incantatem
Priori incantatem (from Latin: priorem incantatum – "previous incantation"), or the reverse spell effect, is used to display the spells cast by a wand. The spells cast by the wand will emerge in smoky or ghost-like replicas in reverse order, with the latest spell emerging first. It is first encountered in Goblet of Fire when Barty Crouch Sr.'s house elf Winky is caught holding Harry's wand. This spell is used to reveal that it was indeed Harry's wand (that was used by Crouch's son) that cast the Death Eaters' dark mark. In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, it is revealed that the teenage Voldemort murdered his father and grandparents using his uncle Morfin's wand, knowing that, when examined, the wand would incriminate Morfin as the murderer. In Deathly Hallows, Harry fears that a priori incantatem spell will be used on Hermione's wand after the Death Eaters get hold of it. This would reveal that she had accidentally broken his holly-and-phoenix-feather wand when a curse misfired when they both narrowly escaped Voldemort earlier. As a result, the protection of the shared cores was lost and, worse still, this would now become known by Voldemort. During the final duel between Harry and Voldemort, the latter mentions that he knows that the holly and phoenix wand is destroyed, implying that the priori incantatem has indeed been performed on Hermione's wand, as they had feared.
Forcing two wands that share the source of their cores to battle can unintentionally cause a potent form of priori incantatem. The tips of the two wands will connect, forming a thick golden "thread" of energy, and the two wands' masters fight a battle of wills. The loser's wand will regurgitate shadows of spells that it has cast, in time reverse order. This side-effect occurs during the duel between Harry and Voldemort at the end of Goblet of Fire. Their simultaneous, contrary spells (Harry casts expelliarmus and Voldemort casts avada kedavra) trigger the threads, and as Voldemort loses the battle of wills, his wand regurgitates, in reverse order, echoes of the people his wand had most recently murdered: Cedric Diggory, Frank Bryce, Bertha Jorkins, and later Harry's parents.
Dark Arts
The Dark Arts are magical spells and practices that are usually used for malicious purposes. Practitioners of Dark Arts are referred to as Dark Wizards and Dark Witches. The most prominent of these is Voldemort, known to them as the Dark Lord. His followers, known as Death Eaters, practice the Dark Arts while doing his bidding.
The type of spells characteristic of Dark Arts are known as curses, which usually cause harm to the target. All, to a certain degree, are in some circumstances justifiable. The motivation of the caster affects a curse's result. This is most clearly outlined for the Cruciatus curse: When cast by Harry, angered by the death of his godfather at Bellatrix's hands and desiring to punish her, it causes a short moment of pain. As Bellatrix herself comments, righteous anger does not allow the spell to work for long. When cast by figures such as Voldemort, who desire to inflict pain for its own sake, it causes intense agony that can last as long as the Dark witch or wizard persists.
Use of Dark Magic can corrupt the soul and body; Voldemort has used such magic in his quest to prolong his life and obtain great power. The Dark Arts also cause Voldemort to look deformed and inhuman, a side effect of splitting his soul into Horcruxes.
According to Snape, the Dark Arts "are many, varied, ever-changing and eternal ... unfixed, mutating, indestructible". In magical dueling, there are any number of spells that may be used to attack, immobilise, or disarm an opponent without causing pain or lasting harm; however, spells such as the Cruciatus Curse wound or seriously distress a victim in some way. Dark spells can be classified into three groups: Jinxes, hexes, and curses.
In the wizarding world, use of the Dark Arts is strongly stigmatised and extreme forms are illegal; however, these spells are prevalent enough that even before the rise of Voldemort, many schools (including Hogwarts) taught Defence Against the Dark Arts as a standard subject. Techniques include anti-curses and simple spells to disable or disarm attackers, or fight off certain creatures. Some schools, such as Durmstrang, teach Dark Magic. A Dark Arts class is also taught at Hogwarts while it is under Death Eater control.
Unforgivable curses
The Unforgivable Curses is a wizarding law category for the three worst known spells of the Dark Arts. They were first so-classified in 1771. These curses are used by the books' villains, such as Voldemort and the Death Eaters, and in some cases the Ministry of Magic; their use inspires horror and fear among other magical persons. They are so-named because their use is legally forbidden and unpardonable in wizarding law, and is punishable by a life sentence in Azkaban. The only exception is if a person is proven to have done them under the influence of mind control. These curses are thus normally used secretly.
The killing curse (incantation: avada kedavra) manifests as a jet of green light that causes immediate death. The killing curse has no cure, and cannot be blocked by most magical means. However, it can be blocked by love (e.g. Lily Potter giving up her life for her son created a reflex charm that defeated it, but since she died, how she did it is not known); further, the green energy bolt is shown as being dodged, blocked by solid objects, and deflected with a few other powerful and fast spells, in particular stunning spells.
The cruciatus curse (incantation: crucio, Latin for "I torture") causes the victim intense pain and is used for torture, but does not physically harm them. The strength of the curse is determined by the person who cast it. It was used regularly by the Death Eaters. The curse can torture a person to the point that they are exhausted to death, or in a more sadistic case, it causes permanent amnesia and insanity. Effective casting requires the caster to have sadistic desires. It is shown as a bright-faded blue light (though it is usually invisible or even a red bolt of light in the films).
The imperius curse (incantation: imperio, Latin for "I command") is used for mind control or hypnosis, and can force the victim to do things they would normally be unwilling or unable to. The strength and duration of the curse depends on the caster, as well as the level of resistance by the victim. The curse is shown as a bright haze. (It was depicted as either invisible, or a green, mist-like haze in the films.)
The use of the unforgivable curses was authorised against Voldemort and his followers by Bartemius Crouch Sr., during the First Wizarding War. (Shortly after his reincorporation, Voldemort names two Death Eaters "killed by aurors".) In addition, in Deathly Hallows, the unforgivable curses are used liberally by protagonists, ranging from Professor McGonagall with the imperius curse, to Harry effectively using both the imperius and cruciatus curses. He uses the imperius curse on a goblin and a suspicious Death Eater during a disguised attack on Gringotts Bank, and Dolores Umbridge during an incursion into Ministry of Magic, while it was under control of the Death Eaters.
Dark Mark
The Dark Mark is the symbol of Voldemort and the Death Eaters and takes the form of a skull with a snake coming out of the mouth in place of a tongue. The mark is cast into the sky by Death Eaters whenever they have murdered someone. Morsmordre is the spell to conjure the Mark. It first appears in Goblet of Fire and is described as a "colossal skull, composed of what looked like emerald stars, with a serpent protruding from its mouth like a tongue". Once in the sky it was "blazing in a haze of greenish smoke". Dark Marks are also branded on the left forearm of the closest followers of Voldemort. The mark serves as a connection between Voldemort and each who bears it; he can summon them by touching his mark, causing it and those of his followers to burn and change colour. Death Eaters can summon Voldemort in the same fashion. Following Voldemort's ultimate defeat, the Dark Marks on his Death Eaters fade into a scar "similar" to Harry's. In the books, the Dark Mark is described as green; however, in the films, it was only green at the Quidditch World Cup. In all other film appearances it has been grey.
Inferius
An inferius (plural: inferi)
is a corpse controlled by a dark wizard's spells. An inferius is not alive, but a dead body that has been bewitched into being a puppet for the witch or wizard; this is depicted in the films as a white mist in the controlled corpse's eyes. The inferi do not think for themselves: They are created to perform a specific duty assigned by the dark wizard who commands them, and as seen in the inferi guarding Voldemort's horcrux in a seaside cave, remain idle until their task to be performed is triggered. The task is then thoughtlessly carried out per the prior direction, whether or not it will produce any result. Inferi are difficult to harm by magic; however, they can be repelled by fire or any other forms of heat or light, as the inferi in Voldemort's cave are. When defeated but not destroyed, they return to their idle state.
Inferi are considered dangerous and frightening enough by the magical world that impersonating an inferius (as Mundungus Fletcher is reported to have done in Half-Blood Prince) is an offense worthy of imprisonment in Azkaban.
The Ministry of Magic fears that Voldemort is killing enough people to make an army of inferi: As they are dead, they are very difficult to stop. When Voldemort was hiding one of his horcruxes in the past, he filled a lake in a cave with many inferi, which were to attack and drown anyone but Voldemort who came into the cavern and took the locket. When Harry and Dumbledore took the locket, the inferi attacked Harry; Dumbledore repelled them with a rope of magical fire. It is also revealed that the inferi almost killed Kreacher after he drank from the basin to help Voldemort hide his horcruxes, but having been ordered to return to his master after his task with Voldemort was complete, he managed to apparate out of the cave. These inferi later killed Regulus Black when he stole the horcrux and ordered Kreacher to destroy it.
Horcrux
A horcrux is an object created using dark magic to attain effective immortality. The concept is first introduced in the sixth novel, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, although horcruxes are present in earlier novels without being explained or identified as such.
To create a horcrux, a witch or wizard must first prepare the chosen object in a ritual which Rowling described only as "too horrible to go into detail about". Following the preparation of the object, the witch or wizard must then take a life, an act which splits the soul. Following that, further dark rituals are required in order to remove the soul shard from the maker and place it into the prepared object. Once this is done, the horcrux becomes magically protected from almost all forms of destruction, requiring extremely powerful magic or especially destructive substances to do so.
Ordinarily, when one's body is killed, the soul departs for the next world. If, however, the body of a horcrux maker is killed, that portion of his soul which was still in his body will not pass on to the next world, but will rather exist in a non-corporeal form capable of being resurrected by another wizard. If all of someone's horcruxes are destroyed, then his soul's only anchor in the material world would be his body, the destruction of which would then cause his final death. To destroy the horcrux, the destroyer must destroy it in such a way that it is put beyond magical repair. In the second book, Tom Riddle's diary (later found to be a horcrux) is destroyed by Harry with a basilisk's venomous fang. In the seventh book, Gryffindor's sword, which is impregnated with basilisk venom, an old basilisk fang, and fiendfyre are the substances used to destroy them.
Portraits
In the Harry Potter series the subjects of magical portraits (even those of characters that are dead) can move, interact with living observers, speak and demonstrate apparent emotion and personality. Some can even move to other portraits to visit each other, or relay messages, or (if more than one painting of the subject exists) move between separate locations by way of their portraits. An example of this is Phineas Nigellus Black (Sirius Black's great-great-grandfather), who has a painting in the Headmaster's office to offer advice to the current headmaster and another one at 12 Grimmauld Place. Many such portraits are found on the walls of Hogwarts.
Some portraits are used to conceal the entrance of a room or passageway. For example, the Fat Lady's portrait covers the entrance to the Gryffindor common room, and she can swing the portrait open when given the correct password or close to prevent entry. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, there is a portrait of Ariana Dumbledore in the Room of Requirement that conceals a secret passageway to the Hog's Head Inn. Also, a painting of a large fruit bowl disguises the entrance to the Hogwarts kitchen and house elves' quarters, which will swing open to reveal a hidden door if the pear is tickled.
Portraits are enchanted to move by the artist, but the degree to which they can interact with others depends on the power of the subject. Rowling has commented that a portrait is merely a faint imprint of the deceased subject, imitating their basic personality and thought patterns. They are therefore "not as fully realised as ghosts". In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child the portrait of Albus Dumbledore describes himself as only "paint and memory" and Professor McGonagall (his successor as headteacher of Hogwarts) comments that, although she speaks to Dumbledore to help her in making decisions, "portraits don't represent even half of their subjects".
Portraits in the Headmaster's office
The portraits in the Headmaster's office depict all the former Heads of Hogwarts, with the exception of Dolores Umbridge. They advise the Headmaster and are "honour-bound to give service to the present headmaster" (according to Armando Dippet). Rowling has explained that portraits of past headteachers tend to be more realistic than most, as the subject in question usually imparts knowledge and teaches them how to behave before their death. The portrait of Snape was installed in the Headmaster's Office at Harry's request.
The Fat Lady
The portrait of the Fat Lady covers the door to Gryffindor Tower.
She will open it (sometimes grudgingly) when the correct password is uttered. She is often upset after being awoken, and is sometimes seen drunk with her best friend, Violet. The Fat Lady has no other known name – even the unfailingly polite Albus Dumbledore refers to her only as "the Fat Lady" – and it may be that she does not represent a real person but is instead an invention of her portrait's artist. In Philosopher's Stone, she leaves her portrait in the middle of the night, locking Harry, Ron, Hermione, and Neville out of Gryffindor Tower, forcing them to run across the school. Luckily for them, when they return, she has returned to her portrait, allowing them to escape into Gryffindor Tower.
In Prisoner of Azkaban, Sirius Black slashes the Fat Lady's portrait when she won't let him in without a password and it is some time before she dares to guard Gryffindor Tower again. After her portrait is restored, she requests protection in case someone tries to attack her portrait again. Thus, two security trolls are hired. In Half-Blood Prince, she gets so annoyed with Harry's late return that she pretends the password has changed and tries to call him back when he heads off to talk to Dumbledore. When Harry later confirms Dumbledore's death, she lets out a sob and, for the only time in the series, she opens without the password for Harry in her grief.
Photographs
Wizarding photographs of people have similar properties to magical painted portraits: The figures within move about or even sometimes leave the frame. They appear in wizard newspapers and other print media, as well as on Chocolate Frog cards. Colin Creevey mentions in Chamber of Secrets that a boy in his dormitory said that if he develops the film from his Muggle camera "in the right potion", the pictures will move. However, unlike portraits, figures in wizarding pictures cannot speak and display little sentience. It appears that they do have some knowledge of current events, as in Order of the Phoenix, the family photograph on Arthur's desk shows everyone except Percy "who appeared to have walked out of it".
Footnotes
References
Further reading
External links
Fictional elements introduced in 1997
Fictional universe of Harry Potter
Harry Potter
fr:Univers de Harry Potter#Magie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK2AP1
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CDK2AP1
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CDK2AP1
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK2AP1 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a specific CDK2-associated protein, which is thought to negatively regulate CDK2 activity by sequestering monomeric CDK2, and targeting CDK2 for proteolysis. This protein was found to also interact with DNA polymerase alpha/primase and mediate the phosphorylation of the large p180 subunit, which suggested the regulatory role in DNA replication during S phase of the cell cycle. A similar gene in hamster was isolated from, and functions as a growth suppressor of normal keratinocytes.
Interactions
CDK2AP1 has been shown to interact with Cyclin-dependent kinase 2.
It interacts with unnamed protein product (BC006130) which may mediate inhibitory effect of CDK2AP1 on cell proliferation.
References
External links
Further reading
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%94%D0%B2%20%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Голубєв Павло Васильович
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Голубєв Павло Васильович
Павло Васильович Голубєв (Бахмут — , Харків) — український співак (баритон), педагог. Заслужений діяч мистецтв УРСР (1953).
Біографічні дані
1906 року закінчив Харківське музичне училище Російського музичного товариства по класу Ф.Бугамеллі. У 1908—1926 роках викладав у цьому училищі.
Від 1926 року викладач, від 1939 року професор Харківського музично-драматичного інституту (від 1924 року — консерваторія).
Один із теоретиків співацького мистецтва. Серед учнів — народні артисти СРСР Борис Гмиря, Микола Манойло, Нонна Суржина.
Праці
«Поради молодим педагогам-вокалістам» (1956, 1963).
«Нотатки педагога. Борис Романович Гмиря» (1959).
Література
Історія вокального мистецтва / О. Д. Шуляр: [монографія]: Ч.ІІ. — Івано-Франківськ, «Плай» 2012. — С.209-212
— С. 484.
— С. 93.
— С. 425.
Голубєв Павло Васильович //
Голубєв Павло Васильович //
Посилання
Українські співаки
Українські музичні педагоги
Баритони
Поховані на харківському міському кладовищі № 2
Педагоги Харкова
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28129842
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ljataguse
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Väljataguse
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Väljataguse may refer to several places in Estonia:
Väljataguse, Järva County, a village in Türi Parish, Järva County
Väljataguse, Jõgeva County, a village in Põltsamaa Parish, Jõgeva County
Väljataguse, Rapla County, a village in Rapla Parish, Rapla County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musab%20Kheder
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Musab Kheder
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Musab Kheder (born 26 September 1993) is a Qatari professional footballer who plays for Al-Sadd. Born in Sudan, he plays for the Qatar national team.
Club career
Born in Sudan, Kheder began his professional career with Al Sadd SC in 2012. In January 2017 he was loaned to Al-Rayyan SC and from 2018 to 2020 to Al-Arabi SC.
Honours
Club
Al-Sadd
Qatar Stars League: 2012-13, 2020-21, 2021-22
Emir of Qatar Cup: 2014, 2015, 2020, 2021
Qatar Cup: 2021
Sheikh Jassim Cup: 2014, 2017
Qatari Stars Cup: 2019-20
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
Qatari men's footballers
Al Sadd SC players
Al-Rayyan SC players
Al-Arabi SC (Qatar) players
Qatari people of Sudanese descent
Sudanese emigrants to Qatar
Naturalised citizens of Qatar
Qatar Stars League players
Men's association football fullbacks
2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2022 FIFA World Cup players
2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Footballers from Khartoum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Brown%20%28admiral%29
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William Brown (admiral)
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William Brown (admiral)
William Brown (also known in Spanish as Guillermo Brown or Almirante Brown) (22 June 1777 – 3 March 1857) was an Irish sailor, merchant, and naval commander who served in the Argentine Navy during the wars of the early 19th century. Brown's successes in the Argentine War of Independence, the Cisplatine War and the Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata earned the respect and appreciation of the Argentine people, and he is regarded as one of Argentina's national heroes. Creator and first admiral of the country's maritime forces, he is commonly known as the "father of the Argentine Navy".
Early life
Brown was born in Foxford, County Mayo, Ireland, on 22 June 1777. He emigrated with his father to Baltimore, Maryland in 1793. Probably, they went to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A short time after their arrival, the friend who had invited them and offered them food and hospitality died of yellow fever. Several days later, William's father also succumbed to the same disease.
One morning, while he was wandering along the banks of the Delaware River, he met the captain of a ship then moored in port. The captain inquired if he wanted employment and Brown agreed. The captain then and there engaged him as a cabin boy, thereby setting him on the naval promotion ladder, where he worked his way to the captaincy of a merchant vessel.
Comparatively little is known of Brown's early life, and it has been suggested that he was illegitimate and took his mother's surname and that his father's surname was actually Gannon.
Napoleonic Wars
After ten years at sea, where he developed his skills as a sailor and reached the rank of captain, he was press-ganged into a Royal Navy warship. British impressment of American sailors was one of the primary issues leading to the War of 1812.
During the Napoleonic Wars, Brown is said to have escaped the ship he was serving on, a galley, and scuttled the vessel. However, the French did not believe he had assisted them and imprisoned him in Lorient. On being transferred to Metz, he escaped, disguised in a French officer's uniform. However, he was recaptured and imprisoned in the fortress of Verdun. In 1809 Brown escaped from there in the company of a British Army officer named Clutchwell and eventually reached German territory.
Returning to England, he renounced his maritime career and on 29 July 1809, he married Elizabeth Chitty in Kent. As he was a Catholic and she a Protestant, they agreed to raise their sons as Catholics and their daughters as Protestants. Brown left the same year for the Río de la Plata on board Belmond and set himself up as a merchant in Montevideo, Uruguay.
Immigration to Argentina
Brown became part-owner of a ship called Eliza, trading between Montevideo and Buenos Aires. When Eliza met with disaster and ran aground, Brown carried his cargo inland and having disposed of it profitably, he next crossed the Andes to Chile. He had by now accumulated sufficient capital to enable him to purchase a schooner called Industria (Spanish for "Industry") with which he opened a regular sailing-packet service between Uruguay and Argentina, the first such venture in South America. Then, the Spanish colonial government stepped in, sensing a threat to its mercantile interests.
War with Spain
Spanish ships destroyed Brown's schooner and took drastic steps to nullify Argentina's attempts to defend its coasts against Spanish raiders. As a result of the incident, Argentina resolved to provide ships to protect her coasts and trade, with Brown being commissioned as a lieutenant-colonel at the service of the navy and appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Argentine fleet. That was following the challenge of Benjamin Franklin Seavers, registered as a Canadian merchant shipman, who relinquished his challenge when Brown's supposedly illegal press-ganging earlier in his career came to light, which is believed to have tipped into his favour to lead the flotilla. Seavers was American-born. However, following the Embargo Act of 1807, like most other merchant shipmen, he became Canadian to avoid the double taxation imposed on international trade.
The River Plate presented new opportunities for captains of free enterprise. It was important to keep grain lines open to the north of the continent, and the Spanish stood in the way. Seavers was Brown's second-in-command; he led the first attack on the Spanish naval force, opening the blockade and providing a path for the fleet to take to high water. Seavers was also the first casualty of the battle. The news of the death of his friend and comrade impelled Brown to launch a full attack on the Spanish as Argentine morale was low at the loss of this experienced officer so early in the engagement.
On 10 March 1814 the Hercules, joined by the Julieta, the Tortugas, the Fortunata and the felucca San Luis, faced the strong Spanish naval fleet commanded by Captain Jacinto de Romarate. The Spanish armada had six warships, brigs, gunboats and a land battery with four cannons. There was a fierce combat after which the Hercules was stranded. American-born officer Benjamin Franklin Seaver, commander of the Julieta, was killed in action. The Hercules defended herself until 12 March at 10 am. As a result of this combat Commander Elias Smith, Lieutenant Robert Stacy and forty-five sailors were killed by grapeshot. There were about fifty wounded, which imposed a heavy task for the surgeon Bernard Campbell. The flagship received no less than eighty-two cannon blows and was repaired in the war zone. Plumb plates were placed under the waterline and the hull was covered with leathers and tar. Henceforth it was nicknamed as 'the Black Frigate'. Richard Baxter, an English-born officer, was appointed as the new commander. On 17 March 1814, Brown attacked the island Martín García together with the Julieta and the Zephir. The Hercules engaged in combat with the Spanish warships Esperanza and Carmen.
A land attack was organized and at that moment William Brown ordered the fife and the drum to play "Saint Patrick's Day in the Morning", which boosted the morale of the troops.
On 20 April 1814, Montevideo was blocked by Argentine forces. There were no other major engagements until 14 May, when combat started, but the sea conditions stopped a full attack.
Brown resolved to attack the formidable Spanish squadron with his ill-equipped flotilla of seven ships. On 8 March 1814, Brown took his ships to sea and within 48 hours, he was engaged in a furious battle. Land and sea forces saw action at Martín García island, a fortified island from Buenos Aires, known as "the Gibraltar of the River Plate", which commanded the access to the rivers Paraná and Uruguay. Brown failed to win possession of the island, and his flagship, Hercules, was badly battered and ran aground. Argentine forces attacked by land and sea on 14 March and after a stiff contest, he succeeded in gaining possession of Martín García. The Spanish commander took his ships to Montevideo pursued by Brown whose naval forces were increased by the addition of three armed merchant vessels.
The Spanish blockading squadron was now blockaded itself by Brown and his fleet. Montevideo was threatened with starvation. Brown, pretending to retreat, drew the Spanish forces away on 14 May from the protection of the fort guns, and two days afterwards, an engagement took place in the course of which Brown's leg was shattered by a cannonball. Undeterred, he continued to issue orders and direct operations while lying on the deck of Hercules. In a panic, the Spanish squadron sailed for shelter to port, but three of the ships were captured. As a direct result, the Río de la Plata was freed from Spanish control and Montevideo fell to the Argentines.
The battle continued for Brown well after Argentina claimed victory. Assisted by Hippolyte de Bouchard, he chased and harassed Spanish shipping not only in Argentine waters but also on the west coast of the Americas and throughout the Pacific, much to the consternation of the Argentine investors of his ships. Stranded on an island and exhausted from fever, news arrived that he was to be court-martialed on his return to Argentina. He returned to England, where he fought a legal and political battle, which he won with the support of his allies. He returned to Argentina and had Hercules gifted to him. William Brown took up farming and enjoyed 14 years of contented and happy family life.
War with Brazil
Brown remained active. Uruguay had been a bone of contention between Spain and Portugal for three centuries and now played the same role in relations between Argentina and Brazil. On 14 December 1825, war broke out between the two nations.
The Argentine authorities had neither an experienced admiral nor a fleet, with all their energies being deployed to land campaigns along the borders. The coast seemed invisible, and Brown had long campaigned for an operational fleet but was ignored and labelled a "foreigner" by most of his opposition, which had turned from the "blue shirt" of the union to the "red shirt" of the federation. Then his chance finally came.
He was once again coaxed from his retirement by the "cap in hand" opposition to save the port of Buenos Aires. Brown accepted his commission and with a team of caulkers, he started building and equipping a fleet, as best he could.
The Brazilians initiated operations by blockading Argentina, which, under Brown's guidance, improvised a new naval squadron of which he took command. Before the battle, Brown said two of his most memorable quotes: "Comrades: confidence in victory, discipline, and three hails to the motherland!" and, a few minutes later, "Open fire, the people are watching us!" As a counter to the blockade of Argentina, he vigorously attacked the Brazilian coast, shattered Brazilian shipping and, at the hard-fought Battle of Juncal (24 February 1827), destroyed the entire opposing Brazilian squadron, with seven ships and eight 1-gun launches. He also took its commander prisoner. On 11 June 1826, the Battle of Los Pozos took place between the Argentine and Brazilian forces in view of Buenos Aires, Argentina having only eleven ships as opposed to Brazil's thirty-one warships. Later, he fought in the Battle of Monte Santiago, and peace of a sort followed, with Brown acting as Argentine commissioner when the
Treaty of Montevideo was signed on 4 October 1827.
War with Uruguay
Factional disputes within Uruguay led Argentine leader Juan Manuel de Rosas to support his friend, the deposed Uruguayan president Manuel Oribe, in the civil war between the Blancos (supporting Oribe) and the Colorados. Brown returned to active service and defeated his former officer John Coe in three engagements near Montevideo. On 15 August 1842, he fought a battle on the River Paraná, defeating a Uruguayan riverine fleet of launches commanded by the future hero of the Italian Risorgimento, Giuseppe Garibaldi. After pursuing the Uruguayan up the river, Brown forced a landing and his marines brought the Uruguayans to action.
Many men on both sides knew one another from previous engagements and a minority of Brown's men, having gained the advantage, took personal vengeance on a prisoner, emasculating him. Brown became enraged and, tolerating no cowardice among his men, severely punished them using the infamous "gauntlet" technique. The men were stripped and walked between two lines of their comrades who beat them with rods, with some killed. Brown, refusing to accept the victory because of the dishonour brought upon the battle by his men, used his influence to have Garibaldi released from prison where he was awaiting trial and certain execution. Brown used a saying on such occasions when loyalties were in question: "Even if to the devil the word is given, then it must be kept". Honour in the line of duty was important to him, and his services to his adopted country were seen in the favour of Garibaldi, who would years later name one of his grandchildren "William" after Brown. The Argentine/Blanco forces occupied most of Uruguay but could not capture Montevideo, which endured a nine-year siege beginning in February 1843. When access to Paraguay was blocked in 1845, the United Kingdom and France entered the conflict on the Colorado side.
Last years
In 1847, Admiral Brown visited his native Foxford accompanied by his daughter.
After the fall of the Rosas regime, many naval officers found themselves discharged but not the Commander of the Navy. Brown remained honoured for his long and loyal service to the nation. Retiring to his villa, Casa Amarilla at Barracas, Brown was visited by Grenfell, his opponent in the Brazilian war, who remarked how ungrateful the Republic was to its good servants; the old Admiral replied: "Mr Grenfell, it does not burden me to have been useful to the mother country of my children; I consider the honours and the wealth superfluous when six feet of earth are enough to rest so many difficulties and pains."
On 3 March 1857, he died and was buried with full military honours. The Argentine government issued a comuniqué: "With a life of permanent service to the national wars that our homeland has fought since its independence, William Brown symbolized the naval glory of the Argentine Republic". During his burial, General Bartolomé Mitre famously said: "Brown in his lifetime, standing on the quarterdeck of his ship, was worth a fleet to us". His grave is currently located in the Recoleta cemetery in Buenos Aires.
Legacy
Commemorative stamps showing him were issued in 1957 and 2003 by the Irish government, and in 1891, 1935, 1957, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 2007, 2014, by the Argentine government.
Since the mid-1980s, a replica of Brown's sword has been worn by Admirals of the Argentine Navy. One such replica is on display in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland. The original is in the National Historical Museum of Argentina.
Statues and memorials of Brown's battles are located in both Buenos Aires and Foxford, his birthplace in Ireland. A museum to his honour was opened in Foxford, located on Lower Main Street. In April–June 2006 the Irish Naval Service patrol boat travelled to Buenos Aires in the first-ever deployment of an Irish warship in the southern hemisphere, in order to participate in commemorations of the impending sesquicentenary of Brown's death, and to bring back a statue of Brown to be displayed in Dublin. During the trip, LÉ Eithne made a stop in the city of Mar del Plata, where they visited Plazoleta Almirante Brown (Admiral Brown's Square) and pay tribute to the Irish naval hero along with their colleagues of the Argentine Navy.
Bertie Ahern, the Irish Taoiseach, said on 27 September 2006 on the occasion of unveiling the new statue of Brown on Admiral Brown Way, Sir John Rogerson's Quay, Dublin: "Back in 2001, it was my honour to lay a wreath at the Admiral Brown monument in Buenos Aires and to unveil a plaque commemorating my visit there. I brought away with me a clear sense of just what a significant figure William Brown is in Argentine history as well as a real idea of just how strong the links are, past and present, between our two countries."
Located in Casa Amarilla, a replica of Brown's house in La Boca neighbourhood, the Brownian National Institute (Instituto Nacional Browniano) was created in 1948 for "research and study the nation's maritime history and naval interests, and cooperate with both the Argentine and Irish governments in the investigation of William Brown's life and military achievements". The centre is based in Buenos Aires, with branches throughout the country.
Also, a substantial number of Argentine warships and political entities have been named after him. Examples include:
The of destroyers, a group of four German-designed military ships commissioned between 1983 and 1984 for the Argentine navy.
, an Italian-built cruiser in service during World War II, whose design was similar to those of the .
, a currently active destroyer.
The Almirante Brown Antarctic Base, an Antarctic base located in Paradise Bay.
In 1982 the Wolfe Tones composed and performed a tribute song titled "Admiral William Brown".
The Almirante Brown department in Chaco Province, in the country's northern region.
The Almirante Brown Partido in Buenos Aires Province, located at the south of the Gran Buenos Aires urban area.
The Admiral William Brown National College, a high school located in Adrogué, Buenos Aires Province. .
Four different football clubs: Club Atlético Almirante Brown located in the town of Arrecifes, Club Almirante Brown located in Isidro Casanova, Brown Athletic Club from Adrogué, and Puerto Madryn-based Guillermo Brown.
Since 25 November 2012, the winner of the rugby international between Argentina and Ireland has been awarded The Admiral Brown Cup (La Copa Almirante Brown). Ireland became the first team to win this after defeating Argentina 46 points to 24 points.
See also
Irish military diaspora
List of people on stamps of Ireland
References
Further reading
Aguinis, Marcos, El combate perpetuo. Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana, 1971.
Brown, Guillermo, Memorias del Almirante Brown. Buenos Aires, Academia Nacional de Historia, 1957.
Hudson, Thomas, Admiral William Brown: the Master of the River Plate. Buenos Aires, 2004.
Téllez Alarcia, Diego, Una estatua para el "Tritón del Plata". El mito browniano y la construcción de la identidad nacional argentina. Cádiz, 2010.
Vallerino, Leonardo, Cómo conquistamos el Río de la plata, Buenos Aires, Editorial Turmalina, 2018.
External links
Admiral Brown Society
Frases célebres del Almirante Guillermo Brown Quotations of Admiral William Brown (in Spanish)
Quotations of Admiral William Brown (Google translation of above to English)
, The Wolfe Tones
Murray, Edmundo "William Brown (1777–1857): A Bibliography", Society for Irish Latin American Studies.
1777 births
1857 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Argentine Navy admirals
Argentine people of Irish descent
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
Escapees from French detention
Irish escapees
Irish emigrants to Argentina
Irish emigrants to the United States
Irish people imprisoned abroad
Maritime history of Argentina
Military personnel from County Mayo
People of the Argentine War of Independence
People of the Cisplatine War
Irish sailors in the Royal Navy
People from Foxford
19th-century Irish military personnel
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BC%20%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80
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Карім Джамар
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Карім Джамар (11 жовтня 1992, Лос-Анджелес) — американський баскетболіст. Комбогард «Харківських Соколів».
Клубна кар'єра
27 вересня 2019 року підписав контракт баскетбольним клубом «Харківські Соколи.
Примітки
Посилання
Афроамериканські баскетболісти
Комбогарди
Баскетболісти «Колоссоса»
Баскетболісти «Омонії»
Баскетболісти «Харківських Соколів»
Спортсмени Лос-Анджелеса
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592888
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%97
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Луверньї
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Луверньї — колишній муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Гранд-Ест, департамент Арденни. Населення — осіб (2011).
Муніципалітет був розташований на відстані близько 190 км на північний схід від Парижа, 75 км на північ від Шалон-ан-Шампань, 25 км на південь від Шарлевіль-Мезьєра.
Історія
До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Шампань-Арденни. Від 1 січня 2016 року належав до нового об'єднаного регіону Гранд-Ест.
1 січня 2016 року Луверньї, Лез-Алле i Ле-Шен було об'єднано в новий муніципалітет Берон-е-сес-анвірон.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
Галерея зображень
Посилання
Луверньї на сайті французького Національного інституту статистики й економічних досліджень
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Арденни
Примітки
Колишні муніципалітети департаменту Арденни
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Christmas
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Arthur Christmas
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Arthur Christmas is a 2011 animated Christmas comedy film produced by Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation in association with Aardman Animations, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film is Aardman's second mostly computer-animated feature film after 2006's Flushed Away. It was directed by Sarah Smith (in her feature directorial debut), co-directed by Barry Cook, and written by Smith and Peter Baynham. Featuring the voices of James McAvoy, Hugh Laurie, Bill Nighy, Jim Broadbent, Imelda Staunton, and Ashley Jensen, the film centres on Arthur Claus, the clumsy but well-meaning son of Santa Claus, who discovers that his father's high-tech ship has failed to deliver one girl's present. Accompanied only by his free-spirited and reckless grandfather, an enthusiastic Christmas elf obsessed with wrapping gifts, and a team of reindeer, he embarks on a mission to deliver the girl's present personally in the early morning hours of Christmas Day before sunrise.
Following the underperformance of Flushed Away, DreamWorks Animation did not renew its partnership with Aardman. In April 2007, Aardman signed a three-year deal with Sony. Originally titled Operation Rudolph, the project was first announced in 2007. Aardman spent 18 months on pre-production on the story and design in the UK before relocating to Sony's animation studio in Culver City, California, for another 18 months of production. On 27 April 2009, it was reported that production had begun with Aardman and Sony Pictures Imageworks working together on animation.
Arthur Christmas was released on 11 November 2011 in the United Kingdom, and on 23 November in the United States, by Sony Pictures Releasing through its Columbia Pictures label. The film received positive reviews from critics, and earned $147 million at the box office.
Plot
Instead of a single individual, Santa Claus is a hereditary title belonging to gift-givers that has been carried on for generations. The current Santa, Malcolm Claus, is heading his seventieth mission, but his role has largely been reduced to that of a figurehead. The traditional sleigh and reindeer have been replaced by the S-1, a high-tech vessel operated by hundreds of elves that use advanced equipment and military precision to deliver presents. The complex Christmas operations are micromanaged from a North Pole-based Mission Control by Malcolm's eldest son, Steve, who expects to inherit the role of Santa following his father's retirement. Malcolm's son in his early-20’s, Arthur, answers letters sent from children to Santa.
One Christmas Eve, during the delivery operation in Poland, a toy is accidentally activated, waking a child and nearly revealing Santa. An escape operation ensues, during which an elf aboard the S-1 leans on a button, causing a present to fall from the supply line and go unnoticed. Another elf, Bryony Shelfley, finds the present—a wrapped bicycle for a girl, Gwen Hines, from Trelew, Cornwall, whose letter Arthur had personally responded to. Arthur is upset that a child's been missed and urges his father and brother to use the S-1 and deliver the present but Steve, frustrated that Malcolm has chosen to stay as Santa longer, argues that one missed present out of billions is an acceptable error, citing this year's Christmas as the most successful in history. Malcolm's elderly father and predecessor, Grandsanta, whisks Arthur away to deliver it in EVE, the original wooden sleigh that is pulled by the descendants of the original eight flying reindeer. Bryony, who actually stowed away, joins the pair, but they get lost on different continents, lose many reindeer and encounter obstacles, ultimately being mistaken for aliens and causing an international military incident. Arthur is hurt to learn that Grandsanta only agreed to go on the trip to boost his own ego, Malcolm is indifferent to the missing present, and Steve refuses to help them because he believes Arthur's efforts could undermine his attempts to become the next Santa.
Eventually stranded on an island in Cuba, Arthur is disillusioned with his family but ultimately realizes that so long as the gift is delivered, the "Santa" Arthur and Gwen look up to exists in the hearts of children. Reinvigorated, Arthur tries to get the trio to England and manages to get the sleigh back. Meanwhile, the elves grow alarmed at rumors of the neglected delivery and the Clauses' indifference, sending them into a panic. In response, Malcolm tricks his wife Margaret into believing Steve gave them permission to use the S-1 to deliver Gwen's gift, only for a furious Steve to confront his father onboard and a dejected Malcolm recognises his inability to properly lead. Steve drives the S-1 and delivers a superior present, only to realise that Malcolm had accidentally set the address to the wrong child, revealing Steve's inability to connect with children.
Arthur's group reach England but lose the remaining reindeer. A Predator drone scrambled by Chief De Silva of UNFITA intercepts and opens fire on the sleigh, believing it to be an alien spacecraft. Grandsanta sacrifices EVE, while Arthur and Bryony parachute to the ground. All paths descend on Gwen's house before she awakens, only to have everyone but Arthur quarrel about who gets to place the gift. Noticing that Arthur was the only one who genuinely cared about Gwen's happiness, the elder Clauses realize that he is the sole worthy successor. Steve recognises his own shortcomings, forfeits his birthright and acknowledges his brother's worthiness to take up the mantle, with Malcolm admitting he is proud of his sons. Gwen glimpses a snow-bearded Arthur in a wind-buffeted sweater before he vanishes up into the S-1, ultimately thinking she imagined "Santa".
Malcolm goes into a happy retirement with Margaret, becomes Grandsanta's much-desired new companion and plays Arthur's board game with him for hours. Steve finds true contentment as the chief operating officer of the North Pole. Bryony is promoted to Vice-President of Wrapping, Pacific Division. The S-1 is rechristened EVIE in honor of Grandsanta's old sleigh and refitted to be pulled by five thousand reindeer led by the original eight, all of whom have returned home safely. At the helm, Arthur guides the enterprise as Santa Claus XXI.
Voice cast
James McAvoy as Arthur Claus, the clumsy and eccentric but good-natured younger son of Malcolm and Margaret who works in the mail room.
Hugh Laurie as Steven Claus, Malcolm and Margaret's elder son and Arthur's incredibly capable, business oriented, but cynical and joyless older brother who expects to be his father's successor.
Bill Nighy as Grandsanta, the 136-year-old free-spirited and reckless grandfather of Steve and Arthur, a staunchly traditional former Santa who dislikes the modern world. He was Malcolm's predecessor and the 19th Santa, serving from 1902 to 1941. A post-retirement joyriding incident during the Cuban Missile Crisis caused the Claus family to ban him from flying. He comes out of retirement to help Arthur, though his unfamiliarity with the modern world leads them into trouble.
Jim Broadbent as Malcolm Claus, the affable but ineffective man in charge at the North Pole. He is Grandsanta's son, Margaret's husband, and Steve's and Arthur's father. He has held the title of Santa since 1941 and is the 20th to serve in that role.
Imelda Staunton as Margaret Claus, Malcolm's dedicated and talented wife, and mother of Steve and Arthur.
Ashley Jensen as Bryony Shelfley, Wrapping Division Grade 3, the Scottish-accented enthusiastic Christmas Elf from the Giftwrap Battalion who ends up tagging along with Arthur and Grandsanta.
Marc Wootton as Peter, Steve's obsequious assistant Christmas Elf.
Laura Linney as North Pole Computer
Eva Longoria as Chief De Silva, the head of UNFITA (United Northern Federal International Treaty Alliance).
Ramona Marquez as Gwen Hines, the girl who lives in a Cornish village of Trelew whose present Arthur must deliver.
Michael Palin as Ernie Clicker, the elderly elf and former head of Polar communications for 46 missions during Grand-Santa's time as Santa Claus. He is brought out of retirement to help Steven track Grandsanta's old-fashioned sleigh.
Jerry Lambert as N.O.R.A.D.
Ryan Patrick Donahoe as Pedro
Lead elves are voiced by Sanjeev Bhaskar, Robbie Coltrane, Joan Cusack, Rhys Darby, Jane Horrocks, Iain McKee, Andy Serkis, and Dominic West.
Elves are voiced by Pete Jack, Sarah Smith, Rich Fulcher, Kris Pearn, Kevin Cecil, Stewart Lee, Peter Baynham, Danny John-Jules, Adam Tandy, Bronagh Gallagher, Alan Short, Kevin Eldon, Seamus Malone, Cody Cameron and Emma Kennedy.
Production
Arthur Christmas was first announced in 2007, under the name Operation Rudolph. It was the first film made by Aardman in partnership with Sony Pictures Entertainment and its subsidiaries (mainly Sony Pictures Animation), after they parted ways with DreamWorks Animation.
Aardman spent 18 months on pre-production on the story and design in the UK before relocating to Sony's Culver City, US, for another 18 months of production. On 27 April 2009, it was reported that production had begun with Aardman and Sony Pictures Imageworks working together on animation.
Music
The film was originally set to be scored by Michael Giacchino and Adam Cohen. But, both were replaced by Harry Gregson-Williams at the last minute, having a short span to score the film. The music was distinguished into two approaches on how the Santa Claus family sees Christmas, especially through details that determine the two distinctive characters. Gregson-Williams described the score is devoid of electronics and led by tunes, melody and themes. He used an ensemble orchestra containing 80 players, to provide a colorful orchestration. The album was released on 14 November 2011 by Sony Classical.
Release
The film was released on 11 November 2011 in the United Kingdom and on 23 November 2011 in the United States. The music video for Justin Bieber's song "Santa Claus is Coming to Town", which plays over the end credits, was exclusively shown in theatres before the film.
Home media
Arthur Christmas was released on DVD, Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on 6 November 2012, in the US, and 19 November 2012 in the UK.
Reception
Critical response
Arthur Christmas holds an approval rating of on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews, with an average score of . The consensus reads, "Aardman Animations broadens their humor a bit for Arthur Christmas, a clever and earnest holiday film with surprising emotional strength." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 32 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.
John Anderson of Newsday praised the film as "not only funny and fresh, but . . . a new way of tackling the whole yuletide paradigm: Santa as a high-tech hereditary monarchy." Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post described it as "unexpectedly fresh, despite the familiar-sounding premise". Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times wrote that "the plot may be a little too cluttered for the toddler crowd to follow, but the next age group up should be amused, and the script by Peter Baynham and Sarah Smith has plenty of sly jokes for grown-ups." Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald stated that "the movie fails utterly at coming up with a story that merits all the eye candy." Empire film critic Olly Richards gave the film four out of five stars, feeling that the "UFO plotline that doesn’t really hold together and, like Santa, the film’s a little flabby around the middle, where it briefly quite literally starts going round in circles and loses a bit of the fun. But it finds an ending that stuffs in all the Christmas jollity and huggy business that is absolutely core to a Christmas movie but without the overdone syrupy nonsense that makes you want to go to the nearest shopping centre and kick over a nativity scene." He concluded that the film "could very well come to be regarded as a Christmas classic". Independent Critic called Arthur Christmas, "a good-hearted, silly and sweet film that it feels like the closest thing we've had in a few years to a minor Christmas classic. The film's mid-section flags a bit as Smith and co-writer Baynham can't quite seem to figure out how to completely flesh it out, but they recover nicely and serve up the holiday season's first salvo of cinematic delight", and praised the voice cast, though felt that Bieber's song was "a disappointingly commercial twist on an otherwise tender-hearted and infectious Christmas film for the entire family." One reviewer, while light in criticism of the animation, called Justin Bieber’s rendition of "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" "blatant" and "inexcusable".
Box office
Arthur Christmas earned $46,462,469 in North America, $33,334,089 in the UK, and $67,622,914 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $147,419,472.
In the United Kingdom the film opened in second place with a £2.5 million weekend gross, behind Immortals. It topped the box office in its fourth week, by which time the cumulative gross was £11.5 million. The film returned to the top of the box office on week seven, during Christmas week, grossing £2.05 million and a total of £19.7 million.
In the United States and Canada the film earned $2.4 million on its opening day and $1.8 million on Thanksgiving Day. It would go on to gross $12.1 million over the three-day weekend and $16.3 million over the five-day period. This was on par with studio expectations. The film went on to gross nearly $50 million domestically against a $100 million budget.
Accolades
Video game
An iOS video game titled Arthur Christmas: Elf Run was released in the United Kingdom on 9 November 2011, on iTunes App Store. On 18 November 2011, the game was released worldwide on the iOS and Android platform. Released as a free and a premium version, the game allows players to play as delivery elves, who must quickly and quietly deliver gifts to children. Another iOS app based on the film is Arthur Christmas Movie Storybook, which was released on 30 November 2011.
See also
List of Christmas films
Santa Claus in film
References
External links
2011 films
2011 3D films
2011 animated films
2011 computer-animated films
2010s American animated films
2010s Christmas films
2010s Christmas comedy-drama films
2010s fantasy comedy-drama films
Aardman Animations feature films
American children's animated comedy films
American children's animated fantasy films
American Christmas comedy-drama films
American computer-animated films
American fantasy comedy-drama films
Animated Christmas films
British children's animated films
British children's comedy films
British children's fantasy films
British Christmas comedy-drama films
British computer-animated films
2010s children's fantasy films
Christmas adventure films
Columbia Pictures animated films
Columbia Pictures films
Films about security and surveillance
Films about technology
Films directed by Barry Cook
Films produced by Peter Lord
Films scored by Harry Gregson-Williams
Animated films set in Africa
Animated films set in the Arctic
Films set in the Atlantic Ocean
Films set in Brussels
Films set in Cuba
Films set in Cornwall
Animated films set in Denmark
Animated films set in France
Animated films set in Germany
Films set in Idaho
Animated films set in Mexico
Animated films set in Spain
Films set in Toronto
Animated films set in Washington, D.C.
Films set in the White House
Santa Claus in film
Films with screenplays by Peter Baynham
Sony Pictures Animation films
3D animated films
Annie Award-winning films
2010s English-language films
2010s British films
Animated films about brothers
Animated films about father–son relationships
British animated comedy films
Animated films set in Canada
Animated films set in the United Kingdom
Animated films set in the Caribbean
Animated films set in Belgium
Animated films set in the Western United States
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Kasaan, Alaska
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Kasaan, Alaska
Kasaan is a city in the Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. The population was 49 at the 2010 census, up from 39 in 2000. The name "Kasaan" comes from Tlingit , meaning "pretty town".
History
Kasaan is one of the main historical communities of the Kaigani Haida. It is the most northernly Haida settlement. It was established by the Haida in protohistoric times or earlier, as part of a migration across the Dixon Entrance, from Dadens and other villages of Langara Island, Haida Gwaii, to Dall Island and Prince of Wales Island.
Beginning in the late 1700s, European and American ships began regularly visiting and trading with Kasaan and the rest of the Haida. Most early visiting ships were part of the maritime fur trade. The nearby trading site, "Kaigani", was one of the most popular on the Pacific Northwest coast. This trade brought wealth, but also disease; the first smallpox epidemic hit Kasaan in 1794. A rough census was taken of Kasaan between 1836 and 1841 by John Work of the Hudson's Bay Company. He reported 249 people living in the village. The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic killed over 70% of all Haida people. The first official census was taken in 1880, and lists only 173 at Kasaan. In the 1880s and 1890s, Alaska Steamship Company boats regularly visited a nearby fish saltery and packing business, and sometimes Kasaan. Tourists visiting Kasaan helped spark trade in Haida artifacts and new artwork.
Residents moved from their former village on Skowl Arm (now called Old Kasaan), starting in 1893, and mostly in the period 1902–1904. In 1901, the leaders of Kasaan were persuaded by the Kasaan Bay Mining Company to relocate the entire village to a new site closer to the copper mine. This migration was prompted by the promise of jobs and a school occasioned by development of copper mining and a cannery near the present location. Kasaan was established as a city in 1976.
Old Kasaan was completely abandoned by 1904, and the remains were partly destroyed by fire in 1915. The site was declared a national monument in 1916, though Old Kasaan National Monument was largely neglected and a planned restoration was not done. In 1938 five historic and three replica totem poles were moved to New Kasaan. In 1955, the site was removed from the National Park System. It became Forest Service jurisdiction, which established a 38-acre Old Kasaan Village Historical Area in 1957. The relocated totem poles and a relocated house in New Kasaan were designated the Chief Son-I-Hat's Whale House and Totems Historic District in 2002.
Geography
Kasaan is located at (55.541748, -132.401821).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (14.58%) is water.
Kasaan means "pretty town" in the Tlingit language.
Demographics
Kasaan first appeared on the 1910 U.S. Census as an unincorporated native village. It formally incorporated in 1976.
As of the 2000 census, there were 39 people, 17 households, and 12 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 39 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup was 20 White residents, 15 Native American, and 4 from two or more races; 1 resident was Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 17 households, out of which 3 had children under the age of 18 living with them, 11 were married couples living together, 1 had a female householder with no husband present, and 5 were non-families. 4 households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.75.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 8 residents under the age of 18, 3 from 18 to 24, 9 from 25 to 44, 15 from 45 to 64, and 4 who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. There were 22 male residents and 17 female, with 18 and 13 over the age of 18, giving a ratio of 129.4 males per 100 females and 138.5 males per 100 females age 18 and over.
The median income for a household was $43,500, and the median income for a family was $42,500. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $0 for females. The per capita income was $19,743. No residents were living below the poverty line.
Government
A second-class city, Kasaan is administered by a mayor and city council, of which the mayor is a member. City elections are conducted on the first Tuesday of October, and city council meetings are held on the third Tuesday of each month.
Education
The area is served by the Barry Craig Stewart Kasaan School, which is part of the Southeast Island School District.
See also
List of Haida villages
References
External links
Kasaan Haida Heritage Foundation Historical collections Memories of Kasaan (oral history collected ca 1971)
Ketchikan City Museum - Haida
Frank Norris. A Victim of Nature and Bureaucracy: The Short, Sad History of Old Kasaan National Monument NPS, 2000
Company store and other buildings, Kasaan, ca 1912
Canadian Museum of Civilization
Blackman, Margaret B. (1990) Haida, Traditional Cultures. Handbook of North American Indians. Smithsonian Institution Government Printing Office, Washington pp240–260
Cities in Alaska
Cities in Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area, Alaska
Haida villages
Populated coastal places in Alaska on the Pacific Ocean
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21730996
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlechy%2C%20Braniewo%20County
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Podlechy, Braniewo County
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Podlechy, Braniewo County
Podlechy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płoskinia, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.
It lies approximately south-east of Płoskinia, south-east of Braniewo, and north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.
References
Podlechy
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1214035
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD26906
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HD26906
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HD26906 є хімічно пекулярною зорею спектрального класу A2 й має видиму зоряну величину в смузі V приблизно 8,2.
Пекулярний хімічний вміст
Див. також
Перелік HgMn-зір
Ртутно-манганова зоря
Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір (4h-6h)
Хімічно пекулярна зоря
Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір з пониженим вмістом гелію
Хімічно пекулярна зоря з пониженим вмістом гелію
Перелік Am-зір
Am-зоря
Джерела
Хімічно пекулярні зорі
Зорі головної послідовності спектрального класу A2
9
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230722
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%20%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%20%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97
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Система футбольних ліг Італії
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Система футбольних ліг Італії є ланцюгом взаємопоєднаних клубних турнірів з футболу в Італії. Система являє собою ієрархію ліг, пов'язаних між собою правилами вибуття та підвищення в класі.
Структура
На вершині піраміди знаходиться Національна Професіональна Ліга (також відома як ), яка складається з двох дивізіонів (Серія A і Серія B).
Під нею розташована Професіональна Ліга Серії C (також відома як ), яка складається з трьох дивізіонів (Дивізіон A, B і C). Серія C є останнім професіональним дивізіоном Італії.
Далі йде Серія D, яка складається з дев'яти паралельних обласних дивізіонів; нею керує Міжобласний комітет Національної Аматорської Ліги. Під нею розташовано ще п'ять щаблів піраміди: Еччеленца, Промоціоне, Прима Категорія і Секонда Категорія знаходяться під управлінням обласних комітетів Національної Аматорської Ліги, а Терца Категорія — під управлінням провінційних комітетів.
Система
Історія
Перші італійські футбольні ліги було започатковано англійськими емігрантами у 1890-х роках. Першим клубом був Дженоа Крикет енд Атлетік Клаб (тепер Дженоа Крикет енд Футбол Клаб). Спочатку існували окремі ліги для італійців і іноземців, але вони злилися у 1897-му році. У березні 1898 року в Турині було створено Італійську Федерацію Футболу (або FIGC). Спочатку до неї приєдналися лише чотири клуби — Дженоа, ФК Торінезе, Інтернаціонале ді Торіно і Сочьєта Джиннастіка ді Торіно. Перший чемпіонат було розіграно у Турині протягом одного дня, 8 травня 1898 року. Чемпіоном стала Дженоа.
Дженоа була на той час потужним клубом в італійському футболі, вигравши чемпіонат у 1899, 1900, 1902, 1903 і 1904 роках. В результаті розколу Сочьєта Джиннастіка ді Торіно було утворено два нових клуби — Мілан ФБК і ФБЦ Ювентус, які приєдналися до ліги у 1900 році.
Італійська ліга приєдналася до ФІФА у 1905 році і того ж року прийняла обласну лігову структуру.
Після перерви внаслідок Першої світової війни популярність футболу значно зросла, і до ліги приєдналася велика кількість малих клубів. Влітку 1921 року було тимчасово створено ще одну федерацію (або CCI), в результаті чого у 1922 році в Італії було два чемпіони — Про Верчеллі і Новезе. Врешті-решт дві асоціації злилися наприкінці сезону.
Перехід до загальнонаціональної ліги відбувся у 1929 році. Протягом першого сезону у вищому дивізіоні було вісімнадцять команд. Першим чемпіоном став Інтернаціонале у 1930 році. Тоді ж Італія здобула великі перемоги на міжнародній арені, вигравши Кубок світу у 1934 і 1938 роках.
Після Другої світової війни протягом одного сезону існували окремі регіональні ліги (північна і південна), з матчем плей-оф з метою визначення чемпіона. Після цього ліга знову повернулася до загальнонаціональної структури.
Торіно стало першим повоєнним чемпіоном, вигравши лігу чотири рази поспіль. Але врешті-решт домінуючими клубами стали Ювентус, Мілан і Інтернаціонале, які сукупно ставали чемпіонами 54 рази.
Див. також
Серія A (Італія)
Кубок Італії з футболу
Суперкубок Італії з футболу
Міланське дербі
Посилання
Карта футбольних стадіонів Італії на сайті footiemap.com
Soccerway.com Результати італійських футбольних ліг на сайті soccerway.com
Італія
Футбольні ліги Італії
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1006643
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%20%28%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%2C%20%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%29
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Рузвельт (округ, Монтана)
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Рузвельт (округ, Монтана)
Округ Рузвельт — округ (графство) у штаті Монтана, США. Ідентифікатор округу 30085.
Історія
Округ утворений 1919 року.
Демографія
За даними перепису
2000 року
загальне населення округу становило 10620 осіб, зокрема міського населення було 6255, а сільського — 4365.
Серед мешканців округу чоловіків було 5264, а жінок — 5356. В окрузі було 3581 домогосподарство, 2615 родин, які мешкали в 4044 будинках.
Середній розмір родини становив 3,4.
Віковий розподіл населення поданий у таблиці:
Суміжні округи
Шерідан — північний схід
Вільямс, Північна Дакота — схід
Маккензі, Північна Дакота — південний схід
Ричленд — південь
Маккоун — південний захід
Веллі — захід
Деніелс — північний захід
Див. також
Список округів штату Монтана
Виноски
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69420999
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamster%20%26%20Gretel
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Hamster & Gretel
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Hamster & Gretel is an American animated superhero comedy television series created by Phineas and Ferb co-creator Dan Povenmire that premiered on Disney Channel on August 12, 2022. In January 2023, the series was renewed for a second season.
Plot
A 16-year-old boy named Kevin must work with his sister Gretel when she and her pet hamster are given superpowers by aliens and become a superhero duo dedicated to protecting their city.
Characters
Main
Gretel Grant-Gomez (voiced by Meli Povenmire) – Kevin's excitable younger sister who gains superpowers and becomes a superheroine. While she means well, Gretel has a tendency to make problems worse by using brute force.
Kevin Grant-Gomez (voiced by Michael Cimino) – A 16-year-old boy and Gretel's older brother who tries to support Hamster and Gretel in being superheroes. Despite lacking superpowers of his own, he is the brains of the group due to his quick-thinking skills and ability to solve problems in dire moments.
Hamster (voiced by Beck Bennett) – Kevin and Gretel's stoic pet hamster who gets superpowers along with Gretel. He also gets the ability to speak, but generally only does so in moments of comic relief.
Winifred "Fred" Grant (voiced by Joey King) – Kevin and Gretel's deadpan, sarcastic, cynical, and tech-savvy cousin, who acts as the team's tech support. She also has gymnastic abilities, which were first shown in "Cheer Cheer Bang Bang".
Dave Grant (voiced by Matt Jones) – Kevin and Gretel's father who works as a building manager at an apartment complex. He is physically modeled after series creator Dan Povenmire.
Carolina Grant-Gomez (voiced by Carolina Ravassa) – Kevin and Gretel's eccentric yet wise Venezuelan mother who works as a nurse.
Recurring
Churro (vocal effects by Dee Bradley Baker) – The Grant-Gomez family's dimwitted pet dog, whose mischief sometimes gets in the way of his owners.
Abuelita Gomez (voiced by Jenny Lorenzo) – Carolina's strict mother and the maternal grandmother of Kevin and Gretel. She usually forces the kids to focus on chores whenever she babysits them and is one of the few family members to know Gretel's secret.
Bailey Carter (voiced by Priah Ferguson) – Gretel's best friend who is also a major fan of the superhero Gretel. She was initially unaware that they were one and the same until "My Invisible Friend".
Roman Carter (voiced by Michael-Leon Wooley) – Bailey's father who works as a video game producer.
Nordle Ampersand (voiced by Pamela Adlon) – A nerdy and wealthy boy in Gretel's class who is the son of Professor Exclamation, but has no interest in villainy. He is friends with Gretel and Bailey but is unaware of the former's superhero identity.
Tobor (voiced by Alex Estrada) – Nordle's semi-competent robotic companion who waits on his hand and foot, but secretly wishes to earn his respect. His name is an anagram of 'robot'.
Veronica Hill (voiced by Liza Koshy) – A blunt, snarky news reporter who often weaves her personal issues into the current stories.
Anthony (voiced by Akintoye) – Kevin's confident buddy.
Hiromi Tanaka (voiced by Hiromi Dames) – A girl who works at a comic book store and is also Kevin's crush.
Naya (voiced by Abby Espiritu) – The head cheerleader at Kevin and Fred's high school. A running gag involves her commenting on other characters' cartoonish disguises.
Clyde and Andrew (voiced by Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh) – A pair of elderly men who are always playing chess throughout the city. They often witness the collateral damage from Hamster and Gretel's heroics, automatically assuming that they were staged as a distraction to sway the game.
Unseen aliens (voiced by Dan Povenmire and Joanna Hausmann) – The unseen entities that ride in a UFO and give superpowers to random strangers and items such as Hamster and Gretel, FistPuncher and The Destructress, La Cebolla, Itsy Bitsy, a bouncy castle, a leftover sloppy joe, and a scone.
Villains
Jack Ampersand/Professor Exclamation (voiced by Phil LaMarr) – A punctuation-themed supervillain who has short arms due to losing his elbows in a freak accident, and now wants to make the world bend to him.
Lauren/The Destructress and Lyle/FistPuncher (voiced by Alyson Stoner and Brock Powell respectively) – Fraternal twins who had an encounter with the same aliens as Hamster and Gretel, granting them similar powers. Unlike the latter, they were told to use their powers for evil, becoming supervillains as a result. Starting with "The Bitter Sitter", Lauren has a second job as a babysitter in order to have a non-evil hustle.
El Luchador (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) – A wrestler-themed supervillain who loves ropa vieja.
Rodney Thunderpants (voiced by James Adomian) – A cowboy who has electrokinesis and a deep hatred of cellphones.
Van Dyke (voiced by Casey Hamilton) – A sentient Van Dyke beard who can possess people by attaching himself to their faces. After getting shredded by a lawnmower, he later puts himself back together as a moustache.
Coach Haggerty (voiced by Betsy Sodaro) – A cheerleading coach that hypnotizes people to commit crimes for her using her whistle.
La Cebolla (voiced by Karina La Voz) – A former telenovela star-turned-villainess who encountered the unseen aliens, granting her the ability to communicate with onions and onion-related plants.
CopyCat (voiced by Eric Bauza) – A comic book geek with a huge trust fund and a degree in engineering who invents a super suit based on the comic book character "Man Cat."
Neighslayer (voiced by Thomas Sanders) – A former track star who was mutated into a half-horse half-man mutant after an experiment gone awry. This left him with horse hooves in place of his human arms and legs.
Dr. Eelgood (voiced by Keith Ferguson) – A mad scientist who has sworn revenge on the local aquarium and has genetically engineered a nearly indestructible eel. He was one of Dave's tenants, although he was evicted when his experiments were exposed.
The X-terminator (voiced by John DiMaggio) – A supervillain who has a vendetta against rodents of all kinds after his human body was accidentally merged with his rat-catching device.
The Amplifier (voiced by Khary Payton) – A supervillain with a ray gun that can dramatically increase the size of whatever it shoots.
The Nightmarionette (voiced by Michael-Leon Wooley) – A villain who can create life-like projections of people's greatest fears.
Bob Infantiburg/Big Baby (voiced by Brock Powell) – A former mayoral candidate and Veronica Hill's ex-boyfriend who accidentally turned himself into a kaiju-sized baby.
Tina (voiced by Camryn Grimes) – A new student in Gretel and Bailey's class who turns out to be a spy from the country of Bolgylvania.
The Earworm (voiced by Adam Rose) – A songwriting supervillain whose evil jingle hypnotizes Hamster and Gretel.
Christine DuPoulet/The East Side Bantam (voiced by Cree Summer) – The former chicken-like school mascot that tries to sabotage every school play after being replaced by the East Side Plumber mascot. She was said to have disappeared during the stage production of The Vikings of Venzance, but in reality she fled due to severe stage fright and hid under the stage while dressed as the East Side Bantam. After being thwarted by Gretel, who also suffered from stage fright, Christine became the new mascot of "Frank's Discounted Discount Costumes".
Record Scratch (voiced By Camryn Grimes) – A villain who can take over the world with her DJ skills.
The Imposter (voiced by Diedrich Bader) – A villain who wears multiple disguises.
Ernie (voiced by Brock Powell) – A baker villain that attacks people with his "divorce cakes" after people refused to buy them.
Belle (voiced by Karalynn Dunton) – A social media influencer who starts a smear campaign against Hamster and Gretel to increase her number of followers.
Arthouse (voiced by Diedrich Bader) – A disgruntled film artist who produces mundane short films.
Tchotchke Jones (voiced by Richard Kind) – A tchotchke shop owner, who shrinks historical landmarks and puts them in bottles.
Micromanager (voiced by John Hodgman) – The owner of Small Burger and a former employee of Tall Burger who got fired after he accidentally shrunk himself with a device meant to shrink onions and now wants to literally destroy his competition.
Charlie/Father Goose (voiced by Isaac Robinson-Smith) – A man with goose wings on his rear end who wants to bring about the next step of human evolution by turning the populace into geese.
Helen/Rat Burglar (voiced by Rachel Dratch) – A villain dressed as a rat, who uses "Invisible Ink" on herself to secretly help her son, Xavier, cheat in contests without getting caught.
Crimson Haste (voiced by Sarah Sherman) – A villainess with supersonic speed, who runs a rapid local delivery service by stealing the goods unnoticed.
Bob Stanley Cashwell / Unknownzy (voiced by Isaac Robinson-Smith) – A masked villain who invested in, and later vandalized, Hiromi's mural.
Stan / Pendulum Pete (voiced by Diedrich Bader) – A villain with grandfather clock pendulums for arms, who has a deep loathing for digital clocks.
Inga the Ice Queen (voiced by Danielle Threet) – A Swiss cryokinetic villainess who owns an ice cream parlor and traps cool people in ice to force them to be her friends.
La Sombrerona (voiced by Joanna Hausmann) – A villainess who wears five hats as a tribute to her five dead husbands, and now strives to strip everyone of their happiness.
Simon (voiced by Brock Powell) – A talking nanobot, who has the ability to control people and transform them into cyborgs.
Julie Jennings / Dr. MedusaSaurus (voiced by Lexie Shoaibi) – A paleontologist who was trapped in a tar pit for 30 years and was reawakened thanks to the aliens. Not credited for the fossils she found; she goes to war with the owners of the natural history museum.
Itsy Bitsy (voiced by Tessa Skara) – A villainess who was fused with a spider on her shoulder during an encounter with the aliens, gaining the ability to shoot spider-webs from her underarms.
Bayou Barb (voiced by Jane Lynch) – A former diner employee who was fused to waffle irons and a toxic waste-infused tree, turning into a misunderstood monster and a local bayou legend.
Librarian (voiced by Cree Summer) – The local librarian who wishes to make the city as quiet as her workplace by stealing the populace's voices.
Mary Mitosis (voiced by Debra Wilson) – A villainess with the ability to duplicate herself.
The Flake (voiced by Kyle Mooney) – A villain who gained the ability to turn into flakes after being fused with a croissant.
Episodes
Shorts
Theme Song Takeover
As part of a promotional campaign, Disney Channel began airing the Disney Theme Song Takeover wherein supporting characters from different shows performed the theme song to the series they were in.
Chibi Tiny Tales
Chibi Tiny Tales is a series of shorts that depict characters from various Disney Channel properties in chibi-style animation. In September 2022, the series began releasing shorts based around Hamster & Gretel.
Production
Development
In October 2020, it was reported that Phineas and Ferb and Milo Murphy's Law co-creator Dan Povenmire was developing a new animated series with a 20-episode order for Disney Channel, titled Hamster & Gretel, with Disney Television Animation producing. Povenmire first pitched the show as an animatic in 2019, with him providing all the voices. The character of Hamster originated from a drawing he did on his sketchboard during development on the Disney+ film Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Candace Against the Universe (2020). It was later refined whilst Povenmire was on a vacation with his family in Aruba. The series marks Povenmire's first project as showrunner without Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, due to the latter developing projects of his own after creating his own studio. However, Marsh still has a recurring voice role as various characters on the series.
In September 2021, Joanna Hausmann joined the series as its head writer, co-producer, and story editor. Povenmire approached her after listening to Hausman talking about her experiences as a Venezuelan, as he felt she could bring authenticity to the series' Venezuelan representation. Povenmire has also stated that the show boasts ADHD representation, through Gretel.
In June 2022, it was announced that ten additional episodes had been ordered, bringing the total episode number to 30. On January 13, 2023, it was announced that the series was renewed for a second season, as part of an overall deal between Povenmire and Disney Branded Television.
Writing
Writing for Hamster & Gretel began by October 2020. It was done remotely due to Disney TVA's closure during the COVID-19 pandemic. The series was based on Povenmire's dynamic with his much younger sister, which he felt had never been portrayed on TV before; director Amber T. Hollinger described the relationship between Kevin and Gretel as the series' main focus, with Kevin's arc centering on his role as an older brother after Gretel receives her powers. Povenmire also drew inspiration from his family for the characters Kevin and Gretel. The series features Venezuelan lead characters; this was inspired by both Hausmann and Povenmire's wife being Venezuelan. The series also incorporated several Venezuelan easter eggs.
The series is set in the same universe as Phineas and Ferb and Milo Murphy's Law, with characters from both shows making cameos throughout Hamster and Gretel. However, Povenmire noted there were no plans for a formal crossover in the series, unlike Milo Murphy's Law.
Animation
Snipple Animation and Synergy Animation both provide animation services for the series; work on the first episodes finished by May 2022. Episodes are produced simultaneously at different stages, with some in pre-production and others in post-production. The series will feature action sequences that have more cinematic quality than Phineas and Ferb and Milo Murphy's Law.
Music
Similar to his previous work, Povenmire wrote songs for the series. The soundtrack was released the day of the series' premiere.
Release
Hamster & Gretel premiered on Disney Channel on August 12, 2022. The first five episodes of the series were added to Disney+ on August 17, resulting in episodes 3–5 being released prior to their televised premieres. Similarly, episodes 11–15 were added to Disney+ on February 8, 2023, resulting in episode 15 being released prior to its televised premiere later that week.
Reception
Critical response
Brandon Zachary of Comic Book Resources stated, "Hamster & Gretel delivers a new take on a lot of well-worn genres from Disney Animation. It's quietly a solid parody of superhero narratives, with one of the minds behind Phineas and Ferb helping usher in a new generation of bizarre heroes and villains. It's a down-to-earth cartoon sitcom focusing on a multicultural family dealing with some absurd situations. It's also a show where a hamster sometimes punches adults into submission – a very silly direction that was very much by design." Tony Betti of LaughingPlace.com gave Hamster & Gretel a grade of 4 out of 5 stars, saying, "At only a few episodes in so far, the show has already started building a universe that is sure to become lush and full of details and recurring characters that we will likely see throughout. While the show already has a built-in villain-of-the-week premise, the setup has also been built to include overarching enemies and even non-threatening characters that we'll see again and again. Namely cousin Fred, and Kevin's crush. We also see hints at how expansive Kevin and Gretel's family is, all of which will likely come into play in the weeks and months ahead, giving fans a world in which they can immerse themselves into when viewing and will likely keep them coming back for more. However, they need to figure out the target audience where those fans will come from first. Once they do, (and they still have time) it will be solid programming."
Diondra Brown of Common Sense Media gave the series a grade of 3 out of 5 stars and praised the depiction of positive messages and role models, stating the characters promote self authenticity, friendship, and helpfulness, while noting the diverse representations across the racial and religious backgrounds of different characters. Neville Naidoo of MovieWeb ranked Hamster & Gretel 2nd in their "Best Joey King TV Series" list, called it a "hit Disney show" and "delightful," while praising the performance of Joey King across the television series.
Accolades
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! scope="row" rowspan="2"| 2023
| rowspan="2"|Children's and Family Emmy Awards
| Younger Performance in a Preschool, Children's or Young Teen Program
| Meli Povenmire as Gretel Grant-Gomez
|
|
|-
| Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation
| Kyle Menke
|
|
|}
Notes
References
External links
2020s American animated comedy television series
2020s American animated television series
2022 American television series debuts
2022 animated television series debuts
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated comedy television series
American children's animated musical television series
American children's animated superhero television series
American flash animated television series
Disney Channel original programming
American English-language television shows
Animated television series about children
Animated television series about families
Animated television series about mammals
Animated superheroine television shows
Hispanic and Latino American television
Teen animated television series
Television series by Disney Television Animation
Venezuela in fiction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Miller%20Band
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Steve Miller Band
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Steve Miller Band
The Steve Miller Band is an American rock band formed in 1966 in San Francisco, California. The band is led by Steve Miller on guitar and lead vocals. The group had a string of mid- to late-1970s hit singles that are staples of classic rock, as well as several earlier psychedelic rock albums. Miller left his first band to move to San Francisco and form the Steve Miller Blues Band. Shortly after Harvey Kornspan negotiated the band's contract with Capitol Records in 1967, the band shortened its name to the Steve Miller Band. In February 1968, the band recorded its debut album, Children of the Future. It went on to produce the albums Sailor, Brave New World, Your Saving Grace, Number 5, The Joker, Fly Like an Eagle, Book of Dreams, among others. The band's Greatest Hits 1974–78, released in 1978, sold over 13 million copies. In 2016, Steve Miller was inducted as a solo artist in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
History
In 1965, after moving to Chicago to play the blues, Steve Miller and keyboardist Barry Goldberg founded the Goldberg-Miller Blues Band along with bassist Roy Ruby, rhythm guitarist Craymore Stevens, and drummer Maurice McKinley. The band contracted to Epic Records and recorded a single, "The Mother Song", which they performed on Hullabaloo, before Miller left the group and moved to San Francisco.
Miller then formed The Steve Miller Blues Band. Harvey Kornspan, managing partner, wrote and negotiated the band's contract ($860,000 over five years as well as $25,000 of promotion money that was to be spent at the band's discretion) with Capitol/EMI Records then-president Alan Livingston in 1967. Shortly after, the band's name was shortened to The Steve Miller Band at the recommendation of George Martin in order to broaden its appeal. The band, consisting of Miller, guitarist James Cooke, bassist Lonnie Turner, drummer Tim Davis (who replaced the departing Lance Haas) and Jim Peterman on Hammond B3 organ, backed Chuck Berry at a gig at the Fillmore Auditorium that was released as the live album, Live at Fillmore Auditorium. Guitarist Boz Scaggs joined the band soon after and the group performed at the Magic Mountain Festival (festival was held June 10/11, 1967) and the following week at the Monterey Pop Festival (festival was held June 16/17/18, 1967).
In March 1968, while in England, the band recorded their debut album, Children of the Future, at Olympic studios with Glyn Johns as engineer/producer. The album did not score among the Top 100 album chart. The visit itself got off to a poor start also as the group and their entourage were arrested for 'importing drugs and possession of a dangerous firearm'. Kornspan's wife had called Johns asking if he would appear as a character witness in the magistrate's court the day after the arrest and, hopefully, stand bail for them. Johns agreed and the group was released on condition that Johns would 'stand surety for their good behavior' for the rest of their time in England. Both accusations were dropped. The 'dangerous firearm' turned out to be a non-working flare gun that was being used as a wall decoration in the house where the group was staying. The 'imported drugs' happened to be some hash that was buried in the middle of a large fruitcake that had been sent to the group by a stateside friend, unbeknownst to anyone in the group.
The second album Sailor appeared in October 1968 and climbed the Billboard chart to . Successes included the single "Living in the USA". Brave New World (1969) featured the songs "Space Cowboy" and "My Dark Hour". Paul McCartney, credited as "Paul Ramon", played drums, bass and sang backing vocals on "My Dark Hour". This was followed by Your Saving Grace (1969) and Number 5 (1970). In 1971, Miller broke his neck in a car accident. Capitol Records released the album Rock Love, featuring unreleased live performances and studio material. This is one of two Steve Miller Band albums not to be reissued on CD until 2022, the other being Recall the Beginning...A Journey from Eden. In 1972, the double album compilation Anthology was released, containing 16 songs from five of the band's first seven albums.
The style and personnel of the band changed radically with The Joker (1973), concentrating on straightforward rock and leaving the psychedelic blues side of the band behind. The title track, "The Joker", became a single and was certified platinum, reaching over one million sales. It was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA on January 11, 1974.
Three years later, the band returned with the album Fly Like an Eagle, which charted at . Three singles were released from the album: "Take the Money and Run", "Fly Like an Eagle" and their second success, "Rock'n Me". Miller credits the guitar introduction to "Rock'n Me" as a tribute to the Free song, "All Right Now".
Book of Dreams (1977) also included three successes: "Jet Airliner", "Jungle Love" (later becoming the song played over the opening credits of the 8th season of the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond), and "Swingtown". 1982's Abracadabra album gave Steve Miller his third success with the title track. Miller's hit pushed Chicago's "Hard to Say I'm Sorry" out of the spot, just as his "Rock'n Me" had knocked Chicago's "If You Leave Me Now" out of the spot in 1976.
Released in 1978, The Steve Miller Band's Greatest Hits 1974–78 has sold over 13 million copies.
Bingo!, an album of blues and R&B covers, was released on June 15, 2010. Let Your Hair Down, a companion release to Bingo!, was released 10 months later, on April 18, 2011.
Founding member Tim Davis died from complications due to diabetes on September 20, 1988, at the age of 44. Long-time band member Norton Buffalo died from lung cancer on October 30, 2009. John King (drummer during "The Joker" era) died after a short bout with kidney cancer on October 26, 2010. James Cooke died from cancer on 16 May 2011. Original bassist Lonnie Turner died from lung cancer on April 28, 2013. His time with the band led to songs such as Jet Airliner, Swingtown, Take the Money And Run, Jungle Love and many more. Blues guitarist Jacob Petersen officially joined the band before the Spring 2011 tour. Following Petersen joining the band, longtime guitarist Kenny Lee Lewis switched instruments to become the band's full-time bassist. In 2014, Steve Miller Band toured with fellow San Francisco rock band Journey.
When it was announced that Steve Miller would be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist without his band, Miller told Rolling Stone, "It wasn't my decision, and I didn't have any input into any of it. If they had asked me what do, I think I would have said, 'Here's a list of everyone that was ever in my band. They all ought to be here.'"
Members
Current members
Steve Miller – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica, keyboards (1966–present)
Kenny Lee Lewis – bass (1983–1987, 2011–present), guitar (1982–1983, 1987–1988, 1994–2011), backing vocals (1982–1988, 1994–present)
Joseph Wooten – keyboards, backing vocals (1993–present)
Jacob Petersen – guitar, backing vocals (2011–present)
Ron Wikso – drums (2021–present)
Former members
Lonnie Turner – bass, guitar, backing vocals (1966–1970, 1975–1978, died 2013)
Boz Scaggs – guitar, lead and backing vocals (1967–1968)
Jim Peterman – keyboards, backing vocals (1966–1968)
Tim Davis – drums, backing vocals (1966–1970, died 1988)
James "Curley" Cooke – guitar (1967, died 2011)
Ben Sidran – keyboards (1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1987–1991)
Nicky Hopkins – keyboards (1969, 1970, died 1994)
Bobby Winkelman – bass, guitar, backing vocals (1969–1970)
Ross Valory – bass, backing vocals (1970–1971)
Jack King – drums (1970–1972)
Gary Mallaber – drums, keyboards, backing vocals (1972, 1975–1987)
Roger Allen Clark – drums (1972, died 2018)
Dick Thompson – keyboards (1972–1974)
Gerald Johnson – bass, backing vocals (1972–1974, 1981–1983)
John King – drums (1972–1974, died 2010)
Les Dudek – guitar (1975)
Doug Clifford – drums (1975)
David Denny – guitar, backing vocals (1975–1978)
Norton Buffalo – harmonica, guitar, backing vocals (1975–1978, 1982–1987, 1989–2009, died 2009)
Greg Douglass – slide guitar, backing vocals (1976–1978)
Byron Allred – keyboards (1976–1987, 1990, died 2021)
John Massaro – guitar, backing vocals (1982–1983)
Billy Peterson – bass, backing vocals (1987–2011)
Bob Mallach – saxophone (1987–1996)
Paul Peterson – guitar (1988, 1991–1992)
Ricky Peterson – keyboards (1988, 1991)
Keith Allen – guitar, backing vocals (1989–1990)
Sonny Charles – backing vocals (2008–2011)
Gordy Knudtson – drums (1987–2021)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
The group has been releasing albums and singles since 1968 and currently has released 18 studio albums, six live albums, seven (official) compilation albums, and at least 29 singles.
Children of the Future (1968)
Sailor (1968)
Brave New World (1969)
Your Saving Grace (1969)
Number 5 (1970)
Rock Love (1971)
Recall the Beginning...A Journey from Eden (1972)
The Joker (1973)
Fly Like an Eagle (1976)
Book of Dreams (1977)
Circle of Love (1981)
Abracadabra (1982)
Italian X Rays (1984)
Living in the 20th Century (1986)
Born 2 B Blue (1988)
Wide River (1993)
Bingo! (2010)
Let Your Hair Down (2011)
Awards
ASCAP Golden Note Award, 2008.
Star for "Recording" on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 1750 Vine Street.
Steve Miller inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall Of Fame in 2016
See also
List of bands from the San Francisco Bay Area
References
External links
American blues rock musical groups
American pop rock music groups
American musical trios
Capitol Records artists
Mercury Records artists
Polydor Records artists
Roadrunner Records artists
Musical groups established in 1966
Musical groups from San Francisco
Psychedelic rock music groups from California
1966 establishments in California
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%20%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80
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Світовий атлас мовних структур
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Світовий атлас мовних структур (WALS) — спільний проєкт Інституту еволюційної антропології (Лейпциг) та Цифрової бібліотеки Товариства імені Макса Планка, одна із найбільших баз
даних з лінгвістичної типології з відкритим доступом. WALS включає інформацію про широку низку структурних (фонологічних, граматичних, лексичних) особливостей понад 2650 мов світу.
Історія видання
Вперше WALS було опубліковано у 2005 році видавництвом Oxford University Press, у вигляді книги із додатком CD-ROM. Перша онлайн-версія (англомовна) постала у квітні 2008 року, зараз вона доступна за адресою https://web.archive.org/web/20130422165059/http://2008.wals.info/. Вдосконалена існуюча версія інтернет-бази WALS була випущена у світ у квітні 2011. Головними редакторами її стали вчені-лінгвісти Метью Драйер та Мартін Хаспельмат, а головним програмістом - Роберт Форкель. Загалом над виданням працювало 55 науковців з усього світу.
Структура
Атлас містить 160 карт з інформацією про географічний розподіл найважливіших структурних мовних ознак. Більшість карт презентує 200 і більше мов; середній показник становить 400. Загалом у WALS розглянуто 2676 мов, що становить дещо менше, ніж половину усіх мов світу.
Для кожної мови та для кожної структурної ознаки існує сторінка бази даних з інформацією, а також наведені численні приклади, взяті з різних мов.
Користувач має можливість комбінувати декілька мовних явищ на одній карті, а також індивідуально регулювати формат її відображення, експортувати дані у різних форматах та залишати на сайті власні коментарі.
Крім того, до бази WALS входять 144 теоретичні розділи із відомостями про кожну з розглянутих мовних ознак та базовою для тої чи іншої ознаки картою. Розділи атласу згруповані тематично, зокрема, за наступними категоріями:
Граматика
фонологія
морфологія
іменні категорії
іменний синтаксис
вербальні категорії
порядок слів
просте речення
складне речення
Лексика
Мови жестів
Інші
паралінгвістика
системи письма
Особливий розділ WALS присвячено також генеалогії мов світу.
Окремі розділи атласу створювалися не повним складом авторського колективу видання, а окремими вченими-експертами у тій чи іншій галузі. Джерелом інформації для наповнення WALS стали численні граматики та словники, лінгвістичні монографії, дисертації, статті, анкети, консультації спеціалістів. Загалом для створення атласу автори використали понад 6700 наукових праць. Повний бібліографічний список та список авторів з інформацією про їхній особистий внесок до проєкту є доступним на сайті, як і розділ новин проєкту.
Карти поширення мовних явищ були створені на базі Google Maps. Всю інформацію на сайті опубліковано під ліцензією Creative Commons.
Програма WALS
Додатком ще до першого, паперового видання атласу був CD-ROM із програмою "Interactive Reference Tool (WALS program)", що становить автономне програмне забезпечення для Mac OS X, Mac OS 9.2 та Windows 2000, Windows XP, створену Хансом-Йорґом Бібіко. Зараз програма доступна в мережі для безкоштовного завантаження.
Див. також
Атлас української мови
Прамова
Примітки
Джерела
Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). 2011. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library. Режим доступу: http://wals.info/
Посилання
WALS онлайн
Програма WALS (Interactive Reference Tool)
Інститут еволюційної антропології Товариства імені Макса Планка, відділ лінгвістики
Цифрова бібліотека Товариства імені Макса Планка
Мовознавство
Мови
Типологічна класифікація мов
Інтернет
Онлайн бази даних
Карти
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44779492
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleh%20Shamshur
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Oleh Shamshur
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Oleh Shamshur (birth: July 6, 1956) is a Ukrainian diplomat. Ambassador of Ukraine to the United States (2005-2010). Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to France (2014-2020). Permanent Representative of Ukraine to UNESCO (2014-2020).
Education
Oleh Shamshur graduated from Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv in 1978 specializing in international relations. He received his Ph.D. in History from Kyiv University (1982). Speaks fluently English and French.
Career
Oleh Shamshur in 1978 started his professional career at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine where he worked at the Institutes of Social and Economic Problems of Foreign Countries and World Economy and International Relations. In 1984-1989 as Director of Programs of ISCPFC. In 1992, he was a researcher at University College London.
Prior to his appointment as Ukraine's Ambassador to France Oleh Shamshur was serving as a Senior Advisor to PBN Hill and Knowlton Strategies, as a non-resident fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States and as a Senior Advisor to the U.S.-Ukraine Business Council.
Author publications
Oleh Shamshur is the author of over 80 publications on ethnic relations, international migration and foreign policy.
References
External links
Oleh SHAMSHUR: “Statements made by Biden in Kyiv are important, but the time of warnings and deadlines is over”
DR. OLEG SHAMSHUR
On the move: Oleh Shamshur, PBN Company
Amb Oleh Shamshur and Amb Lee Feinstein on Ukraine
Ukraine's Amb. Shamshur: Risk Remains for Turmoil, Violence
Oleg Shamshur: West can use three measures against Russia
TRIBUTES TO UKRAINIAN FEDERATION OF AMERICA AND AMBASSADOR OLEH SHAMSHUR
Living people
1956 births
Diplomats from Kyiv
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Institute of International Relations alumni
Ambassadors of Ukraine to the United States
Ambassadors of Ukraine to France
Permanent Delegates of Ukraine to UNESCO
Ambassadors of Ukraine to Antigua and Barbuda
Ukrainian politicians
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59511302
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%20717
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NGC 717
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NGC 717 is a lenticular galaxy located 210 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Bindon Blood Stoney on October 28, 1850 and is a member of Abell 262.
See also
List of NGC objects (1–1000)
NGC 714
References
External links
717
7033
Andromeda (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 1850
Lenticular galaxies
Abell 262
1363
Discoveries by Bindon Blood Stoney
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50058036
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-ringed%20basin
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Multi-ringed basin
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Multi-ringed basin
A multi-ringed basin (also a multi-ring impact basin) is not a simple bowl-shaped crater, or a peak ring crater, but one containing multiple concentric topographic rings; a multi-ringed basin could be described as a massive impact crater, surrounded by circular chains of mountains resembling rings on a bull's-eye. A multi-ringed basin may have an area of many thousands of square kilometres.
An impact crater of diameter bigger than about is referred to as a basin.
Structure
In adjacent rings, the ratio of the diameters approximates :1 ≈ 1.41 to 1.
Formation
To start, a peak ring crater has
one peak-ring, i.e., a crater rim, which is generally circular, and
a mountainous region which surrounds the basin center.
A multi-ringed basin has an important difference, which is multiple peak-rings.
In extremely large collisions, following the impact the rebound of the surface can obliterate any trace of the initial impact point. Usually, a peak ring crater has a high structure with a terrace and has slump structures inside of it. In 2016, research brought forward new theories about the formation of the lunar mare called Mare Orientale on Earth's Moon.
Multi-ring basins are some of the largest, oldest, rarest and least understood of impact craters. There are various theories to explain the formation of multi-ringed basins, however there is currently no consensus.
Examples
Mare Orientale on Earth's Moon is a multi-ringed basin created by an impactor perhaps in diameter traveling at , or about
Anubis on Ganymede, the largest moon of Jupiter
Valhalla on Callisto, a moon of Jupiter
Evander on Dione, a moon of Saturn
Caloris Basin, surrounded by Caloris Montes, on Mercury
Burney on Pluto, a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt
Chicxulub crater in Mexico has a sufficient area to have been a multi-ringed basin,
See also
book from Lunar and Planetary Institute - comprehensive reference on impact crater science
References
Impact craters
Impact geology
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Хижняк Антон Федорович
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Хижняк Антон Федорович
Антон Федорович Хижняк (Зачепилівка — , Київ) — український письменник, журналіст та редактор.
Життєпис
Народився 8 грудня 1907 року в селі Зачепилівка, Костянтиноградського повіту (тепер Зачепилівський район Харківської області). Закінчив Харківський педагогічний інститут; працював журналістом.
Перший його твір вийшов друком 1927 року. На початку 1930-х років працює редактором газети Красноградськоï МТС. 1941 року закінчив Харківський педагогічний інститут.
У березні 1944—1950 роках був відповідальним редактором Львівської обласної газети «Вільна Україна». У 1950—1961 роках був головним редактором «Літературної газети».
Помер восени 1993 року.
Творчість
Автор збірок оповідань «Львівські оповідання» (1948), «Килимок» (1961), «Краса життя» (1962); п'єси «На Велику землю» (1949); повістей «Тамара» (1959), «Невгамовна» (1961), «Онуки спитають» (1963), «Нільська легенда» (1965), «Київська прелюдія» (1977); роману «Данило Галицький» (1951). Крім того, нариси, публіцистика тощо.
Родина
Син — Хижняк Ігор Антонович — доктор історичних наук, доктор політичних наук, професор, академік Української академії політичних наук.
Донька — Вікторія (1929 р. н.) — етнограф, співробітниця Музею етнографії та художнього промислу та Інституту мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології імені М. Т. Рильського, дружина відомого компартійного борця з «українським буржуазним націоналізмом» Валентина Маланчука. Онуки письменника виїхали до Москви у 2000-х роках.
Визнання
За повість «Нільська легенда» одержав міжнародну премію ім. Гамаля Абделя Насера. Нагороджений орденами Трудового Червоного Прапора, «Знак Пошани», медалями.
Зачепилівський колгосп установив премію імені комбрига Якова Захаровича Покуса. Перша премія була вручена Антону Федоровичу Хижняку, а він передав її у фонд Миру.
Примітки
Література
Антон Хижняк
Посилання
Українські письменники
Уродженці Зачепилівки
Уродженці Костянтиноградського повіту
Українські журналісти
Померли в Києві
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9518249
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica%20%28disambiguation%29
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Silica (disambiguation)
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Silica (disambiguation)
Silica or silicon dioxide is a chemical compound.
Silica may also refer to:
Silica gel, a desiccant
Silica, Rožňava District, Slovakia
Silica, Kansas, United States
Silica, Minnesota, United States
Silica, West Virginia
Silica, Wisconsin, United States
USS Silica (IX-151), a boat
Silica, a character from the light novel and anime series Sword Art Online
See also
Siliqua (disambiguation)
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BB-%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%20%28%D0%92%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%29
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Літтл-Вулф (Вісконсин)
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Літтл-Вулф (Вісконсин)
Літтл-Вулф — місто в США, в окрузі Вопака штату Вісконсин. Населення — 1400 осіб (2020).
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкали особи в 557 домогосподарствах у складі 435 родин. Було 614 помешкання
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 0,4 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 2,3 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 21,8 % — особи молодші 18 років, 64,2 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 14,0 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 43,7 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 109,1 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 112,4 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 8,1 % осіб, у тому числі 19,9 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 4,1 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 745 осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: виробництво — 37,4 %, освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 19,5 %, сільське господарство, лісництво, риболовля — 10,2 %, транспорт — 5,5 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Містечка Вісконсину
Населені пункти округу Вопака (Вісконсин)
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246016
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4
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Арабський валютний фонд
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Арабський валютний фонд (Ṣundūq an-naqd al-ʿarabī, , AMF) — резервний фонд, створений 27 квітня 1976 року (Рабат, Марокко) двадцятьма арабськими країнами, як механізм досягнення стабільності в курсах валют і в цілях координації економічної і валютної політики арабських країн. Регулювання стосується в основному нафтодоларів в межах арабської співдружності, сприяючи зменшенню залежності країн-членів фонду від Заходу з питань використання надлишкової маси коштів.
Члени фонду
Примітки
Міжнародні фінансові організації
Арабська ліга
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0
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Широка Долина
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Широка Долина
Села:
Широка Долина — Дніпропетровська область, Широківський район
Широка Долина — Полтавська область, Миргородський район
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7026389
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1203%20Nanna
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1203 Nanna
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1203 Nanna (provisional designation ) is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 October 1931, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and named after Anna Risi, a model and mistress of painter Anselm Feuerbach.
Orbit
Nanna is a dark C-type asteroid. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.2–3.6 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,797 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. In 1926, it was first identified as , extending the body's observation arc by 5 years prior to its official discovery observation.
Rotation period
In September 2009, two rotational lightcurves of Nanna were obtained by American astronomer Brian Warner from photometric observations at his Palmer Divided Observatory in Colorado. The first lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 18.54 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude, while the second lightcurve was ambiguous giving a period of 25.80 and 12.90 hours, respectively, and an amplitude of 0.15. These results supersede a fragmentary lightcurve taken by French amateur astronomers Federico Manzini, Laurent Bernasconi and René Roy from August 2004, which gave a period of 15.6 hours.
Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Nanna measures between 31.80 and 37.91 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.028 and 0.056. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.03 and a diameter of 35.06 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.7.
Naming
This minor planet was named after Anna Risi, a model in several paintings by German classicist painter Anselm Feuerbach. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955.
References
External links
Lightcurve plot of 1203 Nanna, Palmer Divide Observatory, B. D. Warner (2009)
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
001203
Discoveries by Max Wolf
Named minor planets
19311005
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4638573
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%20%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96
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Зеда Месхеті
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Зеда Месхеті — село в Грузії.
За даними перепису населення 2014 року в селі проживає 1043 особи.
Примітки
Села Грузії
Населені пункти Імеретії
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297729
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Григорівка (Пологівський район)
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Григорівка (Пологівський район)
Григорівка — село в Україні, у Пологівському районі Запорізької області.
Населення становить 1210 осіб. До 2020 орган місцевого самоврядування — Григорівська сільська рада.
Географія
Село Григорівка знаходиться біля витоків річки Мала Токмачка, нижче за течією примикає село Семенівка. Поруч проходить залізниця, станція Кирилівка за 2 км.
Історія
1789 (за іншими даними в 1820 році) — дата заснування як село Новогригорівка.
До революції входило в Катеринославську губернію поряд з кількома іншими селами з тією ж назвою.
В 1965 році перейменоване в село Григорівка.
12 червня 2020 року, відповідно до розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України № 713-р «Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Запорізької області», увійшло до складу Пологівської міської громади.
19 липня 2020 року, в результаті адміністративно-територіальної реформи та ліквідації Пологівського(1923-2020) району увійшло до складу новоутвореного Пологівського району.
Економіка
«Григорівська», агрофірма, ПП.
Об'єкти соціальної сфери
Школа.
Дитячий садочок.
Клуб.
Фельдшерсько-акушерський пункт.
Герб Григорівської сільської ради
Срібний пояс повторює за обрисами силует Сивої могили, Синьої гори. Над горою — силует крилатого золотого коня, який торкається копитом лука з націленою вгору стрілою. Під горою — старовинний плуг з чорною смужкою ріллі.
Золотий кінь — символ степу, вітру, сонця. Золотий плуг — символ плідної праці на землі. Стріла -відгомін козацьких часів, а ще — рух угору, вдосконалення, злет духовності, таланту.
Синя гора — то вершина, символ досконалості. Герб теж увінчаний короною з п'яти колосків. Дубове листя, що оповило його — то сила, мужність. У гербі Григорівки присутні найблагородніші кольори: червоний, синій, золотий та срібний.
Пам'ятки
За 2 км на схід від села розташований ландшафтний заказник місцевого значення «Верхів'я річки Малої Токмачки».
Відомі люди
Зікун Валентина Григорівна — депутат Верховної Ради УРСР 11-го скликання.
Писаревська Любов Василівна — депутат Верховної Ради УРСР 9-10-го скликань.
Компанієць Лідія Олександрівна (1914—2003) — українська письменниця, поетеса, сценаристка.
Примітки
Посилання
Погода в селі Григорівка
Села Запорізької області
Населені пункти України, засновані 1789
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4578632
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%20%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96
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Андреа Бекалі
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Андреа Бекалі (24 квітня 2004) — кубинська плавчиня. Учасниця змагань на 200 метрів на спині на Чемпіонаті світу з плавання на короткій воді 2018 в Ханчжоу (Китай), де посіла 29-те місце і не потрапила до фіналу. Учасниця Чемпіонату світу з водних видів спорту 2022, де на дистанціях 100 метрів на спині посіла 32-ге місце, а на 200 метрів на спині її дискваліфіковано.
Примітки
Народились 2004
Кубинські плавчині
Плавчині кролем на спині
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2298098
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0
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Пуругупта
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Пуругупта – правитель Гуптів у північній Індії. Був сином імператора Кумарагупти I від цариці Анантадеві. Успадкував престол від свого зведеного брата Скандагупти.
Примітки
Правителі Індії
Династія Гуптів
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17185702
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichai%20Sayotha
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Pichai Sayotha
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Pichai Sayotha (born December 24, 1979) is a Thai amateur boxer best known for winning a silver medal in the lightweight category at the 2003 World Championships.
Career
Sayotha made his national debut in 2002.
In 2003 he had his biggest success at the World Championships in his home country only losing to Mario Kindelán.
In 2004 Summer Olympics he did not compete because he lost in the qualify of the national team representative to the senior boxer Somluck Kamsing in the lightweight category at The Mall Bangkhae.
He did not participate in 2005 and reached the quarterfinal in 2007 where he lost to Russian favorite Aleksei Tishchenko but qualified for Beijing (2008).
In 2005 he also competed for Thailand at the Boxing World Cup in Moscow, Russia, with one loss and one win in the preliminary round. In 2008 he beat Tishchenko at the Kings Cup. At the 2008 Summer Olympics he lost his only bout 4:10 to South Korean Baik Jong-Sub. After defeat, he retired.
References
World 2003
Kings Cup 2008
sports-reference
Living people
1979 births
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Pichai Sayotha
Boxers at the 2002 Asian Games
Boxers at the 2006 Asian Games
Pichai Sayotha
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
SEA Games medalists in boxing
Pichai Sayotha
Competitors at the 2005 SEA Games
Pichai Sayotha
Lightweight boxers
Pichai Sayotha
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600785
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan%20Murano
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Nissan Murano
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Nissan Murano — середньорозмірний Кросовер японської компанії Nissan, що виготовляється з 2002 року.
Перше покоління (2002-2008)
Спочатку Murano повинен був бути тільки для американського ринку. Дизайном автомобіля займалися в Nissan Design America в Ла Джоллі, (Сан-Дієго, Каліфорнія).
Вперше модель представлена на північноамериканському ринку в грудні 2002 року на автосалоні в Нью-Йорку. Перше покоління Murano базується на платформі Nissan FF-L, на якій також побудовано третє покоління Nissan Altima. Виробництво для Америки стартувало в середині травня 2002 року. Продажі почалися в червні 2002 року в США і в липні в Канаді. Комплектувався Murano 3,5 літровим двигуном VQ35DE потужністю 245 к.с.
Офіційні продажі європейської версії почалися в 2004 році. На європейському ринку пропонувався той-же 3,5 літровий двигун, що і на американському.
У вересні 2004 року кросовер почав поставлятися в Японію, замінивши мінівен Bassara. Там автомобіль комплектувався з 2,5 літровим двигуном QR25DE і 3,5 літровим двигуном.
У 2005 році Murano пройшов невеликий рестайлінг. Змінилися фари, GPS, невеликі зміни в екстер'єрі та комплектаціях.
До 2007 року Murano був єдиним кросовером Nissan на ринку США і Канади. У вересні 2007 року був представлений Nissan Rogue, що потіснив Murano на ринку.
Двигуни
3.5L VQ35DE V6, 245 к.с.
2.5L QR25DE I-4 (Японія)
Друге покоління (2008-2014)
У листопаді 2007 року на автосалоні в Лос-Анджелесі був представлений Nissan Murano другого покоління. Nissan назвала його Murano 2009 модельного року, тим самим пропустивши 2008 рік. Продажі нового Murano стартували на початку січня 2008 року.
Друге покоління Nissan Murano використовує платформу Nissan D на якій також побудована Nissan Teana другого покоління.
Передню частину кросовера "підігнали" під стиль Nissan Rogue, була змінена решітка радіатора, бампер і фари, також змінилися задні вікна і вся задня частина автомобіля. Повністю був змінений інтер'єр, матеріали всередині стали високо-якісними.
Гамма двигунів майже не змінилася. 3,5 літровий двигун став потужнішим, змінивши потужність з 245 до 265 кінських сил. Трансмісія залишилася CVT, був доданий і 6-ступінчастий автомат. Друге покоління Nissan Murano використовує платформу Nissan D на якій також побудований Nissan Teana другого покоління.
У вересні 2008 року Nissan Murano надійшов у продаж в Японії. Там кросовер коштував від 3,150,000 до 4,042,500 ієн, що на 300,000 ієн дорожче, ніж перше покоління. В Японії використовувалася та-ж гамма двигунів: 3,5 л і 2,5 л спеціально для японського ринку.
У 2010 році Nissan Murano пройшов рестайлінг. У змінах задня і передня частини автомобіля, нові фари і 18-дюймові диски, в інтер'єрі новий колір оббивки сидінь. Також тільки для європейського ринку було додано 2.5 л YD25DDTi дизельний двигун I4 потужністю 190 к.с. і 450 Нм.
Murano CrossCabriolet
У 2010 році на автосалоні в Лос-Анджелесі був показаний Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet. Автомобіль нічим (крім кузова) не відрізнявся від оригінального Murano, навіть двигуном. Кабріолет був доступний тільки в комплектації LE.
У квітні 2014 року Nissan оголосив припинення провадження CrossCabriolet в зв'язку з поганими продажами.
Двигуни
3.5L VQ35DE V6, 260–265 к.с.
2.5 dCi I4, 190 к.с.
2.5L QR25DE I-4 (Японія)
Третє покоління (з 2014)
14 квітня 2014 рокуна Нью-Йоркському автосалоні компанія Nissan представила третє покоління Murano (Z52), виробництво автомобіля здійснюється в Кантоні, штат Міссісіпі, в дилерські центри авто поступило в четвертому кварталі 2014 року. Автомобіль оснащений бензиновим двигуном VQ35DE 3,5-літра V6 потужністю 260 кінських сил при 325 Нм крутного моменту, що працює з автоматичною трансмісією Xtronic і системою повного приводу AWD.
Маркетингова стратегія Nissan стосовно Murano 2016 року може бути побудована навколо концепції спілкування у першокласній обстановці. На ходу Murano 2016 року рівномірний, тихий, плавний, демонструє хороші відповідні реакції та потужність у будь-якої можливій дорожній ситуації. Споживання палива неймовірно економічне, Murano із переднім та повним приводом досягає наступних відміток: 11,2 л/100 км – по місту та 8,4 л/100 км по автомагістралі. Стандартне обладнання для базової версії Murano S 2016 року включає: передову систему допомоги водієві в управлінні Advanced Drive-Assist із 7-дюймовим екраном; Bluetooth; камеру заднього огляду; смарт-ключ від Nissan; кнопку для запуску двигуна; 2-зонний автоматичний клімат-контроль; телескопічне кермо; три 12-вольтні роз’єми; сидіння, обшиті тканиною; можливість відкидання спинок задніх сидінь; центральний підлокітник у другому ряді; аудіо-систему AM/FM/CD із функціями MP3/WMZ CD та 6-ма динаміками; супутникове радіо SiriusXM; регулятор гучності, який реагує на швидкість; кнопки управління аудіо та круїз-контролем на кермі; систему курсової стійкості Vehicle Dynamic Control; протибуксувальну систему; 18-дюймові литі диски із всесезонними шинами; повний комплект засобів безпеки для пасажирів та систему Nissan Connect з мобільними додатками.
Наприкінці 2018 року була представлена модель 2019 року, в якій автомобіль отримав невеликий естетичний фейсліфтінг з новими бамперами та віконними рамами, а також новими легкосплавними дисками. Нові функції безпеки також представлені як частина пакету Nissan Safety Shield 360, який включає автоматичне гальмування у випадку перешкоди та виявлення пішоходів і велосипедистів, попередження про сліпі зони, попередження про рух позаду, розмітку смуги руху та утримання смуги руху (попередження про виїзд зі смуги руху). , асистент дальнього світла та автоматичне гальмування ззаду.
В 2021 модельному році Nissan Murano отримав оновлення системи безпеки. Відтепер всі комплектації Мурано оснащені розширеним пакетом помічників водія Safety Shield 360. В набір функций безпеки Nissan Murano 2023 входить автоматичне екстрене гальмування з виявленням пішоходів, попередження про перехресний рух ззаду та попередження про вихід зі смуги руху, автоматичне дальне світло, контроль сліпих зон.
Двигуни
2.5 L QR25DER I4 (Hybrid)
3.5 L VQ35DE V6
Продажі
Примітки
Посилання
Позашляховики
Автомобілі Nissan
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE
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Кутно
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Кутно — місто у центральній Польщі, адміністративний центр Кутнівського повіту Лодзинського воєводства.
Географія
Місто розташоване у північній частині Лодзького воєводства, за 20 км від географічного центру Польщі.
Клімат
Клімат континентальний.
Середня температура січня −3.3 °C, липня +18.4 °C. У середньому випадає 550 мм опадів на рік. Більшість опадів випадає у тепле півріччя, найменше — в зимові місяці та в березні.
Місцевості міста
Кутно не поділене на менші управлінські одиниці. Склалося так, що деякі частини міста прийнято називати «osiedle» (наприклад, Лукошин — колишнє містечко, яке зараз стало частиною Кутна). В українській мові немає відповідника цьому слову. Можна порівняти з українським фразеологізмом «іду в місто», де під «містом» мається на увазі центральний масив міста.
У реєстрі топоніміки зареєстровано такі місцевості в Кутні: Антонів, Азори, Білявки, Дибів, Костюшків, Малі Котлиська, Лукошин (старий і новий), Пусники, Скленчки, Стара Весь (Старе село), Стодулки, Валентинів, Вікторин, Жвіровня.
Стихійно від об'єктів і назв вулиці додатково утворились сучасні назви районів: Піски, Рейтана, Тарновського, Олімпійська, «Венеція», Майдани, Грюнвальд, Баторего, Ратаї (між кільцем Солідарності, Тарговицею і Будинком культури), «Белфаст» (між віадуктом і Азорами).
Історія
Кутно є дуже древнім поселенням. З великою ймовірністю воно могло існувати уже в середині дванадцятого століття.
Зберігся документ від 1161 року про податок, який накладав Ленчицька препозитура на кутнян.
У 1753 і 1774 роках у місті були нищівні пожежі.
У 1775-му Анджей Замойський продав місто ленчицькому воєводі Станіславу Гадомському.
У 1833 році розпочалися вистави в театрі.
Сучасний етап розвитку міста розпочався з відкриттям залізниці Варшава-Бидгощ у 1862-му році: місто почало розростатися.
Про заснування міста існує безліч народних переказів та легенд.
Освіта
Кутненський університет народного господарства, вулиця Лелевела, 7
«Школа тшечєго вєку» (спеціалізований університет для активних пенсіонерів)
на базі Кутненського університету діють філії Лодзького та інших університетів
музичне училище ім. Курпінського
близько десятка середніх загальоноосвітніх шкіл, а також гімназій (як номерних, так і спеціалізованих). Більшість іменні. Так, є школи імені Сенкевича, Міцкевича, Костюшки, Марії Склодовської-Курі
католицькі школи
розвинена мережа дошкільної освіти.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Транспорт
Налагоджено систему міських, приміських та дальніх перевезень.
Із Кутна можна потрапити без пересадок у такі міста як Варшава, Познань, Краків, Берлін, Ряшів, Лодзь, Бидгощ, Гдиня, Сопот, Щецин залізничним та автотранспортом.
Станція Кутно є вузловою, звідси розходяться чотири напрямки. Перший потяг було прийнято ще в середині 19-го століття.
Подорожуючим з України можуть бути цікаві прямі поїзди та автобуси до Пшемисля і Любліна, або проїзд з пересадкою (див. сайт e-podroznik.pl).
Найближчі аеропорти — Лодзь, Варшава-Модлін, Варшава-Окенче (ім. Шопена), Катовіце-Пиржовіце.
Туризм
Туристичні об'єкти і пам'ятки
Старе Місто — охоплює два ринки, сполучені між собою вулицею Королівською, котра разом з відремонтованою площею Пілсудського стала визначною пам'яткою міста, місцем, де кутняни охоче проводять свій вільний час, прогулюючись Старим містом, тут дуже легко знайти сліди середньовічного міста: стара ринкова площа (площа Свободи), костел і Здунський Ринок (вул. Здуньска і Театральна). Деякі кам'яні будинки на вул. Королівській були споруджені в вісімнадцятому столітті. Нинішній Новий ринок і вул. Королівська засновані в першій половині дев'ятнадцятого століття. Деякі будинки зберегли ліпні прикраси і оригінальні форми, створюючи рідкісний і цінний архітектурний ансамбль з періоду Королівства Польського.
Ратуша в Кутні — Сьогодні в будівлі розміщується Регіональний музей.
Музей Битви над Бзурою — В парку ім. Весни Народів знаходиться усипальна каплиця Мнєвських — колишніх власників Кутна. Вона була побудована в дев'ятнадцятому столітті. В даний час всередині діє Музей битви над Бзурою.
Поштовий палац — Палац поштовий, також званий саксонським палацом, був палацом короля Августа III по дорозі з Варшави у Дрезно. Будівля є однією з найстарших у місті, як це було встановлено ще у вісімнадцятому столітті. 11 грудня 1812, під час втечі з Росії, у палаці саксонському зупинився імператор Наполеон Бонапарт. Сьогодні палац поступово відновлюють після пожежі, яка пошкодила будівлю в січні 2003.
Кутно в культурі
Засоби масової інформації
Gazeta Lokalna Kutna i Regionu (місцева газета Кутна і регіону)
місцевий журнал КСІ
офіційний сайт міста
офіційний сайт міської управи
Згадки в мистецтві
про Кутно пише Мечислав Фіялковський в мемуарних книгах «Неймовірний світ» i «Усмішки минулих років»
Кутно є головним місцем дії у поетично-прозаїчній книзі Артура Фриза «місто на битвою. 24 муніципальних сонети»
про вокзал станції Кутно співає гурт «Польска»
пісня «O Кутно» (слова: Ярема Пшибора)
Куба Сенкевич співає про Кутно в пісні «Marymoncki dzwon»
Войцех Млинарський співає у пісні «Неділя на головному»
Анджей Росевич має в репертуарі пісню «Весільна подорож до Кутна»
гурту Піджама Порно в пісні: «Дурна 6, Мудра 11»
в пісні «Давайте пити так» гурту Play & Mix,
EBS (Есенція Багатих Слів) — співає пісню, яка називається «Кутно»
У Кутні пройшла частина фільму «Вбити священика» (режисер Агнешка Холланд)
У військовому серіалі «Ставка понад життя» в розділі 6 «Залізний хрест», Агент J-23 (Станіслав Микульський) при розмові з годинникарем, згадує ім'я генерала Вєнігера. Годинникар (у виконанні Броніслава Павлика) відповідає, що нібито генерал наказав розстріляти польських військовополонених під Кутном.
У комедійному серіалі «Зрадниці» в розділі 8 «Фартовний день»
У фільмі «Контрольовані бесіди» Ришард Оходський, якого грає Станіслав Тим, дзвонить знайомому полковнику Зигмунту Малібдену в готель в Сувалки і помилково дозвонюється в Кутно.
Примітки
Посилання
V Konferencja Badań Operacyjnych i Systemowych BOS'98, Kutno, 1998
Погода в Кутні українською мовою
Джерела
.— S. 956—963.
Кутно
Міста Лодзинського воєводства
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0
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Тагільська сільська рада
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Тагільська сільська рада — сільське поселення у складі Каргапольського району Курганської області Росії.
Адміністративний центр — село Тагільське.
Населення сільського поселення становить 1679 осіб (2017; 1661 у 2010, 1707 у 2002).
Склад
До складу сільського поселення входять:
Примітки
Поселення Каргапольського району
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57065347
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian%20Front%20%28RSFSR%29
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Caucasian Front (RSFSR)
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Caucasian Front (RSFSR)
The Caucasian Front was a front of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War which existed between January 16, 1920 and May 29, 1921, and was the continuation of the Southeastern Front. The Front headquarters were located in Millerovo, and then in Rostov-on-Don. Its task was completing the liquidation of the North Caucasian group of Denikin's Army and conquering the Caucasus.
Operations
The troops of the Caucasian Front conducted the Don–Manych Operation in January-February 1920. During the 2nd and 3rd stages of the North Caucasian operation it defeated the troops of Denikin and occupied the North Caucasus, seizing more than 100.000 prisoners, 330 guns and more than 500 machine guns.
In August-September 1920, the troops of the Caucasian Front defeated the White Ulagay's Landing in Kuban.
In Autumn 1920 - Spring 1921, the Caucasian Front established Soviet power in Baku, Tiflis, Kutaisi, Batumi, Erivan and the rest of Transcaucasia.
The Front was disbanded on May 29, 1921, and its troops and administration were transferred to the Separate Caucasian Army and the North Caucasian Military District.
Composition
8th Army (Jan. 16 - March 20, 1920),
9th Army (Jan. 16, 1920 - May 29, 1921),
10th Army (Jan. 16 - July 4, 1920),
10th Terek-Dagestan Army (March 7 - May 29, 1921),
11th Army (Jan. 16, 1920 - May 29, 1921),
1st Cavalry Army (January 16 - March 18, 1920),
Reserve Army (September-December 1920),
Maritime Expeditionary Division (Aug.-Sept., Nov.-Dec. 1920),
Ekaterinodar and Yeisk fortified areas,
2nd Aviation Fleet
Commanders
Commanders
Vasily Shorin (January 16 - 24, 1920)
Fedor Afanasyev acting, (January 24 - February 3, 1920)
Mikhail Tukhachevsky (February 4 - April 24, 1920)
Ivar Smilga (April 24 - May 15, 1920)
Vladimir Gittis (May 15, 1920 - May 29, 1921)
Members of the Revolutionary Military Council
Valentin Trifonov (January 16, 1920 - May 29, 1921)
Ivar Smilga (January 16 - May 21, 1920, January 26 - May 29, 1921)
Sergey Ivanovich Gusev (January 16 - August 29, 1920)
Sergo Ordzhonikidze (February 3, 1920 - May 29, 1921)
Sergei Markov (June 22, 1920 - May 29, 1921)
Arkady Rosengolts (August 23 - September 5, 1920)
Chiefs of Staff
Fedor Afanasyev (January 16 - February 23, 1920)
V. V. Lyubimov (February 23 - March 6, 1920)
Semyon Pugachov (March 7, 1920 - May 29, 1921)
Soviet units and formations of the Russian Civil War
Military units and formations established in 1920
Military units and formations disestablished in 1921
Soviet fronts
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0
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Єльча-Мала
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Єльча-Мала — село в Польщі, у гміні Міхалув Піньчовського повіту Свентокшиського воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Келецького воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура на день 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Піньчовського повіту
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2251697
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Монтлевич Віра Євгенівна
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Монтлевич Віра Євгенівна (Санкт-Петербург — , Харків) — український архітектор-містобудівник.
Біографія
Віра Монтлевич народилася в 1909 році в Санкт-Петербурзі в родині гірничого інженера. Батько разом з родиною спочатку був направлений на Донбас, а потім до Харкова, де займався науковою роботою і викладав у Харківському гірничо-індустріальному інституті.
У Харкові Віра Монтлевич закінчила художню школу та вступила на архітектурний факультет Харківського художнього інституту, що після реорганізації став Харківським інженерно-будівельним інститутом, який закінчила з червоним дипломом у 1934 році. Після того працювала архітектором в «Діпромісті», інституті «Південдіпрошахт», управлінні Південної залізниці. В евакуації під час Другої світової війни працювала у Свердловську (тепер Єкатеринбург) в управлінні міського архітектора та у Ташкенті в Середньоазіатському відділенні «Промбудпроекта». Після визволення Харкова у 1943 році, Віра Монтлевич повернулася до міста і почала викладати у Харківському інженерно-будівельному інституті та Харківському інституті інженерів комунального будівництва. У 1945 році почала працювати у Харківській філії інституту «Містобудпроект», який згодом було перетворено на «Укрмістобудпроект», де Монтлевич працювала до виходу на пенсію в 1980 році.
Була членом Спілки архітекторів України з 1935 року та секретарем правління Харківської обласної організації спілки. Віра Монтлевич була депутатом Харківської міської ради.
Вибрані проекти
Квартал робітничого поселення ХТЗ, Харків (архітектори А. Д. Маторін, В. Є. Монтлевич, 1948-1951)
Реконструкція будівлі на вул. Сумській, 100 , Харків (архітектори А. Д. Маторін, Л. О. Яновицький, В. Є. Монтлевич)
Гуртожиток заводу «Запоріжсталь», Запоріжжя (архітектори А. Д. Маторін, В. Є. Монтлевич)
Генеральний план Вільногірська
Генеральний план Кіровограда
Проект детального планування центральної частини Кіровограда
Нагороди
Віра Монтлевич була відзначена медалями «За доблесну працю» і «Ветеран праці».
Примітки
Джерела
Архитекторы Харькова (Kharkov Architects) / С. Чечельницкий. — Харьков, 2008. — ISBN 978-966-96531-4-7.
Радянські архітектори
Архітектори Харкова
Містобудівники СРСР
Українські архітекторки
Випускники Харківського національного університету будівництва й архітектури
Члени Національної спілки архітекторів України
Архітектори Запоріжжя
Архітектори Вільногірська
Архітектори Кропивницького
Депутати Харківської міської ради
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4172461
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B3
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Нижній Ристюг
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Нижній Ристюг — присілок у складі Нікольського району Вологодської області, Росія. Входить до складу Краснополянського сільського поселення.
Населення
Населення — 24 особи (2010; 25 у 2002).
Національний склад (станом на 2002 рік):
росіяни — 100 %
Джерела
Примітки
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Нікольського району (Вологодська область)
Присілки Вологодської області
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2932752
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%91%D1%96
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Первонґі
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Первонґі — село в Польщі, у гміні Єзьорани Ольштинського повіту Вармінсько-Мазурського воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Ольштинського воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Ольштинського повіту
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9793102
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa%20Romeo%20RL
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Alfa Romeo RL
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Alfa Romeo RL
The Alfa Romeo RL was produced between 1922 and 1927. It was Alfa's first sport model after World War I, designed in 1921 by Giuseppe Merosi. It had a straight-6 engine with overhead valves, and came in three different versions: Normale, Turismo and Sport. A total of 2,640 RLs were made.
Models
The RLTF (Targa Florio) was the race version of the RL. It weighed half as much as the standard production models, despite the engine having seven main bearings instead of four and double carburetors. It was used among the 1923 Alfa race team, which had drivers like Ugo Sivocci, Antonio Ascari, Giulio Masetti and Enzo Ferrari. Sivocci's car had a green cloverleaf symbol on a white background; when he won the 1923 Targa Florio, that symbol was to become the Alfa team's good luck token. Five different RLSS were entered in the first Mille Miglia in 1927, but only two completed the race.
A 1925 RLSS version with rare, original bodywork by Thornton Engineering Company in Bradford, UK, is on permanent display in the Targa Florio exhibit at the Simeone Foundation Automotive Museum in Philadelphia, PA, USA. It is one of only 9 RLSS still in existence.
Production numbers
References
Notes
Bibliography
RL
Sports cars
Cars introduced in 1922
Articles containing video clips
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1775106
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%20%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Максимчук Борис Анатолійович
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Максимчук Борис Анатолійович
Борис Анатолійович Максимчук (м. Вінниця) — український громадський діяч, юрист, психолог, педагог і спортивний тренер, доктор педагогічних наук, професор, академік, президент Академії науковців України. Засновник мережі спортивних клубів та спортивних магазинів «Максимус» у Вінниці. Заслужений тренер України, майстер спорту України, багаторазовий срібний та бронзовий призер світу з боротьби самбо та дзюдо. Меценат.
Освіта
Після закінчення 9 класів ЗОШ № 5 міста Вінниці, з 1993 року по 1997 рік навчався у Вінницькому технічному коледжі за спеціальністю «Радіоапаратобудування» та отримав кваліфікацію радіотехніка.
З 1996 по 2001 рік навчався у Вінницькому державному педагогічному університеті за спеціальністю «Фізичне виховання та методика спортивно-масової роботи». Отримав диплом спеціаліста та кваліфікацію вчителя фізичної культури, керівника спортивних секцій шкільних та позашкільних закладів. В 2002 році закінчив магістратуру ВДПУ за спеціальністю «Педагогіка і методика середньої освіти. Фізична культура» та одержав кваліфікацію магістра-дослідника фізичної культури.
З 2002 по 2003 рік навчався у Вінницькому обласному інституті післядипломної освіти педагогічних працівників, отримав кваліфікацію практичного психолога.
З 2005 по 2007 рік навчався в аспірантурі ВДПУ. З 2006 по 2008 рік навчався у Тернопільському національному економічному університеті за спеціальністю «Правознавство». З 2010 року по 2013 навчався у докторантурі ВДПУ.
Спортивна кар'єра
З 7-річного віку почав займатись спортом: чотири роки — стрибками у воду, з 11 років — боротьбою самбо та дзюдо.
У 2002 році став майстром спорту України з боротьби самбо, а у 2011 році — заслуженим тренером України. В 2013 році став бронзовим призером Чемпіонату Світу з дзюдо серед майстрів у місті Абу Дабі (ОАЕ) та бронзовим призером Чемпіонату Світу з боротьби самбо у місті Бургас (Болгарія), а в 2017 знову став бронзовим призером світу з боротьби самбо в місті Салоніки (Греція). В 2018 році здобув срібну медаль чемпіонату Світу з боротьби самбо у місті Касабланка (Марокко).
Тренує з 1998 року. У 2016 році Борис Максимчук очолював вінницьку обласну федерацію самбо і дзюдо.
Педагогічна робота
Будучи студентом, з 2000 по 2005 рік працював тренером атлетичного залу ТОВ «Добродій», м. Вінниця, з 2001 по 2008 рік за сумісництвом — викладачем у Технологічно-промисловому коледжі Вінницького державного аграрного університету. З 2003 по 2004 рік працював викладачем Вінницького національного медичного університету. З 2003 року по серпень 2019 року працював доцентом Вінницького державного педагогічного університету. З 2009 року по 2011 рік — тренер-викладач з дзюдо ДЮСШ-5 м. Вінниці, а з 2011 року по 2016 рік працював у Вінницькій обласній спортивній школі «Спартак». Тренер-викладач вищої категорії з дзюдо. З 2019 року по вересень 2020 року працював професором кафедри педагогіки й менеджменту освіти Херсонської академії неперервної освіти за сумісництвом. З вересня 2019 року по серпень 2020 працював професором кафедри соціальної роботи, соціальної педагогіки та фізичної культури Ізмаїльського державного гуманітарного університету. З вересня 2020 року по теперішній час працює професором кафедри фізичного виховання, спорту та здоров’я людини ІДГУ.
У 2021 році керував секцією боротьби Вінницького національного технічного університету.
Наукова діяльність
З 2005 по 2007 рік, навчаючись в аспірантурі ВДПУ, достроково захистив кандидатську дисертацію на тему «Підготовка майбутніх учителів початкових класів до організації спортивно-масової роботи» та отримав науковий ступінь кандидата педагогічних наук. Автор, співавтор більше 130 наукових та науково-методичних праць (більше 20 статей у журналах з індексом цитування у Скопус/ВоС), у тому числі трьох монографій та наукового посібника, рекомендованого МОН України.
З 2008 року — керівник аспірантів та здобувачів наукових ступенів (два заслужених майстри спорту, олімпійські призери та два майстра спорту України).
У березні 2012 року присвоєно вчене звання доцента (ВДПУ).
У червні 2017 року захистив докторську дисертацію на тему «Теоретичні та методичні основи формування валеологічної компетентності майбутніх учителів у процесі фізичного виховання» зі спеціальності 13.00.04 — теорія та методика професійної освіти, та отримав науковий ступінь доктора педагогічних наук.
З 2018 року академік Академії наук вищої освіти України.
У вересні 2020 року присвоєно вчене звання професора кафедри соціальної роботи, соціальної педагогіки та фізичної культури ІДГУ.
З 2021 року є засновником та президентом ГО «Академія науковців України».
Комерційна діяльність
З 2004 року зареєстрований фізичною особою-підприємцем та займається підприємницькою діяльністю. Основний вид діяльності — спортивні та юридичні послуги, а також торгівля спортивними товарами. Є засновником спортивного клубу «Максимус» та власником однойменного спортивного магазину. У 2011 році отримав звання «Молода людина року» у номінації «Молодий підприємець року».
2005 — засновник спортивного клубу «Максимус»;
2006 — засновник спортивного магазину «Максимус»;
2007 — будівництво та продаж малоповерхових котеджів;
2011 — засновник та головний редактор обласної газети «МаксимусІнфо»;
2014 — засновник сайту «Європейська правда в Україні».
Громадсько-політична діяльність
Разом з відкриттям мережі спортивних клубів та магазинів «Максимус» Борис Максимчук заснував програму «Підтримка талановитої молоді». Завдячуючи цій програмі кожного року кращі учні та студенти вінницьких навчальних закладів за участь у різних виховних, інтелектуальних та спортивних заходах отримують близько 1000 безкоштовних місячних абонементів до спортивного клубу та подарункових сертифікатів до спортивного магазину «Максимус».
У 2005 році відстоював інтереси громади з приводу забудівлі набережної зони річки Південний Буг.
У 2010 році — член громадської ради Вінницької обласної ради, відстоював інтереси громади з приводу зміни призначення спортивних комплексів та стадіонів. Того ж року заснував програму «Захист вінничан». У 2011 році заснував громадську програму «Спортивна довідка».
У 2012 році на парламентських виборах до Верховної Ради України самовисувався кандидатом у народні депутати України по одномандатному виборчому окрузі № 12. Посів 3-є місце після П. Порошенка та В. Базелюка.
2013 — липень 2015 року — голова Вінницької обласної організації Європейської партії України.
2014—2015 роки — голова Політико-консультативної ради при Вінницькій ОДА..
На позачергових парламентських виборах 2014 року самовисувався кандидатом у народні депутати України по одномандатному виборчому окрузі № 11.
Після початку російсько-української війни Б. Максимчук оголосив, що 50 % прибутку мережі «Максимус» він буде передавати на потреби українських військовослужбовців.
На місцевих виборах 2015 року висувався на посаду вінницького міського голови від Радикальної партії Олега Ляшка. Під час виборчої кампанії Максимчук зазнав нападу від «тітушок», яких він пов'язує з чинним міським головою Сергієм Моргуновим.
У 2016 році організував протест вінничан проти реформи об'єднання шкіл.
Нагороди та досягнення
Майстер спорту України з боротьби самбо (2001)
Спортивний клуб «Максимус» — номінація РІА як найкращий клуб (2010)
Молода людина року в номінації «Молодий підприємець року» (2011)
Заслужений тренер України (2011)
Бронзовий призер Чемпіонату Світу з боротьби самбо серед майстрів (Бургас, Болгарія, 2013)
Бронзовий призер Чемпіонату Світу з дзюдо серед майстрів (Абу-Дабі, ОАЕ, 2013)
Бронзовий призер Чемпіонату Світу з боротьби самбо (Салоніки, Греція, 2017)
Срібний призер Чемпіонату Світу з боротьби самбо (Касабланка, Марокко, 2018)
Золото з дзюдо та срібло з самбо на міжнародному турнірі (Берлін, Німеччина, 2019)
Дві золоті медалі на Відкритому чемпіонаті Румунії серед майстрів (Поляна-Брашов, Румунія, 2021).
Особисте життя
Одружений, виховує доньку та двох синів. Дружина — Максимчук Ірина Анатоліївна, викладач (кандидат педагогічних наук, доцент) та підприємець. Донька — Ангеліна, 2002 р.н., сини — Максим, 2005 р.н. та Макарій, 2015 р.н. Усі троє дітей народжені в домашніх умовах, за методикою . Батько сам приймав пологи.
Прихильник здорового способу життя. Харчується переважно здоровою природною їжею, з напоїв віддає перевагу трав'яним чаям та фруктовим напоям.
Примітки
Посилання
Борис Максимчук, жертвуя половину дохода от бизнеса на бойцов АТО, подрабатывает преподавателем в трех учебных заведениях // 20 хвилин Вінниця, 20 жовтня 2014
Мой спортклуб из милицейского помещения выживали все начальники УМВД, кроме Полищука. Что касается политики, то за Гройсмана винничане будут голосовать по инерции еще 10 лет // real-vin.com, 27.01.2015
#Борис Максимчук про здоровий спосіб життя на arena.vn.ua
Посилання на наукові публікації
Список наукових праць
Google Академія
Scopus
ВоС
Уродженці Вінниці
Українські самбісти
Українські тренери із дзюдо
Українські педагоги
Доктори педагогічних наук України
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62725162
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swietenia%20Puspa%20Lestari
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Swietenia Puspa Lestari
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Swietenia Puspa Lestari (born 23 December 1994) is an Indonesian underwater diver, environmental engineer and environmental activist.
Life
Lestari is a native of Pramuka Island in the Java Sea. A keen diver from childhood, she studied environmental engineering at Bandung Institute of Technology, graduating in 2017. She is executive director and co-founder of Jakarta-based Divers Clean Action (DCA) and leads a team of volunteer divers who clear rubbish, especially plastic waste from the reefs and recycle what they find. Beginning with three people in 2015, the DCA has grown to 12 team members and nearly 1,500 volunteers across Indonesia. Lestari related that diving to collect waste can be dangerous because of the high currents, but that the rapid increase in tourism since 2007 has led to far more trash being dumped into the formerly pristine seas around Indonesia's many islands.
In 2017 Lestari founded the Indonesian Youth Marine Debris Summit (IYMDS). The same year, she represented Indonesia and spoke at the 2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bonn, Germany. She also helped initiate an anti-plastic drinking straw campaign in Indonesia and convinced 700 restaurants to reduce the use of single-use straws.
In 2019, Lestari was listed among the BBC's 100 Women, a list of 100 inspiring and influential women. Later that year, she was invited to attend Barack and Michelle Obama's 'Obama Foundation Leaders Forum', which was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in December. She was subsequently included in Forbes' "30 Under 30 - Asia - Social Entrepreneurs 2020".
References
External links
21st-century Indonesian women scientists
21st-century Indonesian people
1994 births
Bandung Institute of Technology alumni
Underwater divers
Indonesian women environmentalists
Living people
Indonesian engineers
Indonesian women engineers
21st-century women engineers
Environmental engineers
20th-century Indonesian women
21st-century Indonesian engineers
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4603175
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0
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Антроп’ята
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Антроп’ята — присілок в Вохомському районі Костромської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 14 осіб. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Бельковське сільське поселення.
Історія
У 1936-1944 року населений пункт перебував у складі Вологодської області. Від 1944 належить до Костромської області.
Від 2007 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Бельковське сільське поселення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Вохомського району
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128518
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerton%2C%20North%20Dakota
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Fullerton, North Dakota
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Fullerton, North Dakota
Fullerton is a city in Dickey County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 62 at the 2020 census. The town is home to the Carroll House Hotel, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
History
The city was named after Grand Rapids, Michigan lawyer Edward Philo Fuller (1820–1866). In the 1880s, Edward Fuller was a major investor in the Dickey County land acquisitions with his daughter and son-in-law, Sofia (Fuller) Sweet (1854–1923) and her husband, Grand Rapids mayor Edwin Forrest Sweet (1847–1935). Sweet Ranch was located just to the southwest of what would later become the town of Fullerton.
In 1887, Fullerton's original town plots were surveyed and the Soo Line Railroad through the town site was completed in September 1887.
A post office was established at Fullerton in 1888, and remained in operation until 1989.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.
Climate
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 54 people in 31 households, including 14 families, in the city. The population density was . There were 39 housing units at an average density of . The racial makup of the city was 98.1% White and 1.9% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9%.
Of the 31 households 9.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.3% were married couples living together, 3.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 54.8% were non-families. 51.6% of households were one person and 16.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 1.74 and the average family size was 2.50.
The median age was 49 years. 14.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.2% were from 25 to 44; 29.7% were from 45 to 64; and 25.9% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 57.4% male and 42.6% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 85 people in 36 households, including 20 families, in the city. The population density was . There were 39 housing units at an average density of . The racial makup of the city was 95.29% White, and 4.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.35% of the population. 35.4% were of Czech, 27.7% Irish, 16.9% German and 7.7% Polish ancestry.
Of the 36 households 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.4% were non-families. 41.7% of households were one person and 27.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 3.40.
The age distribution was 35.3% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 17.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% 65 or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.7 males.
The median household income was $33,958 and the median family income was $34,583. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $15,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,222. There were 5.0% of families and 22.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 30.0% of under eighteens and 25.0% of those over 64.
Education
Ellendale School District is the local school district.
References
Cities in North Dakota
Cities in Dickey County, North Dakota
Populated places established in 1888
1888 establishments in Dakota Territory
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4446298
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedo%20Sonetti
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Nedo Sonetti
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Nedo Sonetti (born 25 February 1941) is an Italian football manager and former player, who played as a defender.
Biography
Sonetti was born in Piombino, southern Tuscany and lives now in Gorle.
Playing career
As a defender, Sonetti played in Serie B and Serie C for Spezia Calcio 1906 and Reggina.
Managing career
As a manager, Sonetti has had a long career at the helm of several Serie A and Serie B teams in the whole country. Among the several teams he led, he had his major successes with Atalanta B.C., which he led from Serie B to a ninth place in Serie A, coaching the team for four seasons.
He is often considered a "replacement" coach, as he was often appointed in his career to replace fired managers from Serie A teams fighting to avoid relegation, or Serie B teams which managed to promote.
More recently, Sonetti joined Cagliari in November 2005, replacing Davide Ballardini, becoming the fourth coach appointed by the Sardinian team in a couple of months. He succeeded in maintaining his job until the end of the tournament, and in leading the rossoblù to maintain a place in the next Serie A; he left Cagliari at the end of the season. On 14 November 2006, Sonetti was appointed to replace Attilio Tesser at the helm of then last-placed relegation-battling Serie A Ascoli. He did not manage to save his side from falling to Serie B, and ended his experience in Ascoli at the end of the season with a second-last place. In November 2007 he returned at Cagliari for his third time, as he was appointed to replace Marco Giampaolo at the helm of the Sardinians. He resigned from his post on 19 December, but was confirmed by the club the next day after Marco Giampaolo rejected to return at the helm of the club. However, Sonetti was sacked only a few days later, after a 5–1 loss to Fiorentina, leaving the team last-placed in the league table, being replaced by Davide Ballardini. From 25 September 2008, he has been called back to Brescia replacing Serse Cosmi. On 19 May 2009 he was sacked himself, following a 2–1 loss to promotion rivals Grosseto that left Brescia in fourth placed, but with only a two-point lead to 7th-placed Triestina.
On 28 March 2010, 69-year-old Sonetti returned to management, replacing Rolando Maran as head coach of Serie B relegation battlers Vicenza. His stint as Vicenza head coach, as he was sacked on 15 April after only three games in charge, ended with respectively two draws and a loss.
References
1941 births
Living people
People from Piombino
Men's association football defenders
Italian men's footballers
Spezia Calcio players
LFA Reggio Calabria players
US Salernitana 1919 players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Serie D players
Italian football managers
Cosenza Calcio managers
US Sambenedettese managers
Atalanta BC managers
Udinese Calcio managers
US Avellino 1912 managers
Ascoli Calcio 1898 FC managers
Bologna FC 1909 managers
US Lecce managers
AC Monza managers
Torino FC managers
US Cremonese managers
Brescia Calcio managers
US Salernitana 1919 managers
Cagliari Calcio managers
Palermo FC managers
US Ancona managers
Catania FC managers
LR Vicenza managers
Serie A managers
Sportspeople from the Province of Livorno
Footballers from Tuscany
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1146754
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Сидоржевський Михайло Олексійович
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Сидоржевський Михайло Олексійович
Михайло Олексійович Сидоржевський (село Старий Солотвин, Бердичівський район, Житомирської області) — український громадський діяч, публіцист, редактор, поет. Голова Національної спілки письменників. Член Проводу ОУН.
Біографія
Закінчив Житомирський автошляховий технікум (1978), Київський університет імені Т. Г. Шевченка, факультет журналістики (1980–1985).
Журналістську кар'єру розпочав у газеті «Комсомольська зірка», м. Житомир. Працював кореспондентом (серпень 1985 — вересень 1986), завідувач відділу спорту (вересень 1986 — жовтень 1987), завідувач відділу листів і соціальних проблем (жовтень 1987 — жовтень 1990).
Працював також головним редактором газет «Вільне слово», м. Житомир (жовтень 1990 — серпень 1992) та «Самостійна Україна», м. Київ (серпень 1992 — серпень 1993).
З листопада 1993 по березень 1994 — референт директора з питань преси, Житомирського домобудівного комбінату.
З березня 1994 по травень 1998 — директор ТОВ «Прес-Форум», м. Житомир. З жовтня 1994 по грудень 1996 — головний редактор газети «Прес-Форум».
З травня по жовтень 1998 — завідувач відділу підприємництва і маркетинґу фундації імені Олега Ольжича та референт ОУН з питань преси.
З жовтня 1998 працював у редакції газети «Українське слово»: заступник головного редактора (жовтень — грудень 1998), до листопада 2000 — в. о. головного редактора та головний редактор.
Працював головним редактором журналу «Книжковий огляд», газети Нація і держава, заступником головного редактора офіційної газети НСПУ «Літературної України» та її головним редактором. Звільнився з цієї посади через конфлікт з очільником НСПУ Володимиром Яворівським.
9 жовтня 2009 побачив світ перший номер нової «Української літературної газети», очолюваної Михайлом Сидоржевським.
Депутат Житомирської міської і обласної рад (1990 — 1994).
Член Національної спілки журналістів (з 1988).
Член Національної спілки письменників (з 2005).
З лютого 2012 року — секретар Національної спілки письменників України, голова Київської міської організації Національної спілки письменників України.
29 листопада 2014 обраний головою Національної спілки письменників України
Літературна діяльність
Михайло Сидоржевський автор книги поезій «Навпіл між обома світами» (2004), книг публіцистики «Здвиг» (2005), «Туга за свободою» (2007), «Пам'ять нашого роду» (2013), «Час фарисеїв і героїв» (2015), книги прози «Візерунки на пергаменті часу» (2021), книги поезії українською і в перекладі на болгарську «Запрошення до подорожі» (2021), краєзнавчого дослідження «Солотвин. З глибин минулого до наших днів» (2023), книжки публіцистики "На межі світла і пітьми" (2024).
Автор численних публікацій у різноманітних виданнях на теми культури, політики, літератури, історії.
Нагороди
Лауреат премії Союзу журналістів СРСР за цикл публікацій «Заложники Чорнобиля» (1990).
Нагороджений орденом Святого Рівноапостольного князя Володимира ІІІ ступеня (2006).
Лауреат Літературної премії імені Миколи Гоголя (2011).
Лауреат премії імені Пантелеймона Куліша (2015).
Відзнака «Симон Петлюра. Журналістика і Державність» (2021).
Лауреат Літературна премія імені Василя Симоненка (2021)
Лауреат Літературна премія імені Василя Скуратівського (2021)
Нагороджений «Медаллю Ґарета Джонса. Правда і Честь» Навчально-наукового інституту журналістики КНУ імені Тараса Шевченка (2023)
Премія Житомирської обласної спілки краєзнавців України імені Миколи Костриці (2023)
Премія імені Івана Огієнка (2024)
Почесний доктор (Doctor Honoris Causa) Українського державного університету імені М. П. Драгоманова (2024)
Історія, теософія.
Примітки
Джерела
Михайло Сидоржевський на сайті ВРУ
Михайло Сидоржевський: «Літературна попса процвітає у хворому суспільстві, де заправляють моральні банкрути і нікчеми»
Посилання
http://gurt.org.ua/blogs/35518/1800/
Розмова з Михайлом Сидоржевським, екс-редактором газети «Літературна Україна»
Михайло Сидоржевський: Літературна критика — це переважно компліментарна або графоманська «творчість»
Уродженці Старого Солотвина
Персоналії:Житомир
Українські редактори
Українські публіцисти
Діячі ОУН
Члени НСПУ
Члени НСЖУ
Лауреати літературної премії імені Миколи Гоголя
Депутати Житомирської обласної ради
Депутати міських рад України
Лауреати премії імені Пантелеймона Куліша
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2806631
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB
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Гардеол
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Гардеол, або Храм Божий — гора у Південній Азії, в гірській групі Нанда-Деві, гірського масиву , гірської системи західних Гімалаїв, висотою — 7151 м. Розташована на території національного парку Нанда-Деві, у північно-східній частині штату Уттаракханд в Індії.
Географія
Гора у гірській групі Нанда-Деві, розташована у східній частині гірському масиві Ґархвал-Гімал, в західній частині Гімалаїв, на півночі округу Пітхораґарх, що в регіоні Кумаон індійського штату Уттаракханд, за 350 км на північний-схід від індійської столиці, міста Нью-Делі, на крайній північно-східній околиці національного парку Нанда-Деві. Це найвища вершина на північній стороні кільця піків, що оточують Нанда-Деві, і лежить на північному сході цього кільця. Трохи на північ від Гардеол, за 2-2,5 км, лежить дві вершини: Тірсулі I (7074 м) та Тірсулі Західна (7035 м), а за 3 км на південь — Ріші-Пагар (6992 м). На східних схилах цих вершин починає свій «витік» і «тече» на південь, льодовик (37 км²).
Абсолютна висота вершини 7151 м над рівнем моря. Відносна висота — 1291 м. Найвище сідло вершини, по якому вимірюється її відносна висота, має висоту 5860 м. Топографічна ізоляція вершини відносно найближчої вищої гори Нанда-Деві (7816 м), становить 19,91 км.
Історія підкорення
Після розвідки у 1939 році, та декількох серйозних спроб підкорення, починаючи з 1967 року, перший успішний офіційний підйом на вершину був здійснений 31 травня 1978 року експедицією індо-тибетської прикордонної поліції під керівництвом С. П. Муласі. Підйом на пік було здійснено з хребта, що з'єднує його з горою Тірсулі.
Лише одне наступне успішне сходження, за даними бібліотеки «Альпійського клубу — Гімалайський індекс», було здійснено у 1991 році. Цей підйом 24 вересня здійснили п'ять членів великої експедиції з індійських прикордонних сили безпеки.
Найкращий маршрут для підйому на Гардеол — східна сторона, через льодовик Ікуаларі, а звідти праворуч — долиною Тірсулі до льодопаду Гардеол. Найближча дорога до Гардеолу з пункту .
Див. також
Гімалаї
Список гір за абсолютною висотою
Примітки
Посилання
Вершини Гімалаїв
Гори Індії
Семитисячники
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188523
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropsia
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Macropsia
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Macropsia is a neurological condition affecting human visual perception, in which objects within an affected section of the visual field appear larger than normal, causing the person to feel smaller than they actually are. Macropsia, along with its opposite condition, micropsia, can be categorized under dysmetropsia. Macropsia is related to other conditions dealing with visual perception, such as aniseikonia and Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS, also known as Todd's syndrome). Macropsia has a wide range of causes, from prescription and illicit drugs, to migraines and (rarely) complex partial epilepsy, and to different retinal conditions, such as epiretinal membrane. Physiologically, retinal macropsia results from the compression of cones in the eye. It is the compression of receptor distribution that results in greater stimulation and thus a larger perceived image of an object.
Signs and symptoms
The most obvious symptom of macropsia is the presence of exceptionally enlarged objects throughout the visual field. For example, a young girl might see her sister's books as the same size as her sister. Stemming from this symptom, someone with macropsia may feel undersized in relation to his or her surrounding environment. Patients with macropsia have also noted the cessation of auditory function prior to the onset of visual hallucination, indicating possible seizure either before or after the hallucination. A buzzing sound in the ears has also been reported immediately before macropsia development. Some patients claim that symptoms may be eased if an attempt is made to physically touch the object which appears enormous in size. It is important to note, however, that patients typically remain lucid and alert throughout episodes, being able to recount specific details. A person with macropsia may have no psychiatric conditions. Symptoms caused chemically by drugs such as cannabis, magic mushrooms, or cocaine tend to dissipate after the chemical compound has been excreted from the body. Those who acquire macropsia as a symptom of a virus usually experience complete recovery and restoration of normal vision.
Dysmetropsia in one eye, a case of aniseikonia, can present with symptoms such as headaches, asthenopia, reading difficulties, depth perception problems, or double vision. The visual distortion can cause uncorrelated images to stimulate corresponding retinal regions simultaneously impairing fusion of the images. Without suppression of one of the images symptoms from mild poor stereopsis, binocular diplopia and intolerable rivalry can occur.
Psychological effects
There are a broad range of psychological and emotional effects that a person with macropsia may experience. One competing theory has radically stated that macropsia may be an entirely psychological pathological phenomenon without any structural defect or definite cause. They may be in an irritable or angry state, or in contrast, a euphoric state. There is evidence that those who experience Alice in Wonderland Syndrome and associated macropsia are able to recount their experiences with thorough detail. There may be no evidence of psychiatric disturbance and, as a result, no psychiatric therapy may be required. Psychological conditions often arise from macropsia, but the general consensus is that they do not cause macropsia. Those affected may experience extreme anxiety both during and after episodes as a result of the overwhelming nature of his or her distorted visual field. Due to the fear and anxiety associated with the condition, those who have previously had an episode hesitate to recount the episode, although retain the ability to do so. Psychologically, a person with macropsia may feel separation and dissociation from the outside world and even from immediate family. This feeling of dissociation has mostly been noted in child or adolescent patients. The patient may feel that he or she must unfairly contend with hostile and aggressive forces due to the gigantic nature of the surrounding environment. The defense against said forces is usually expressed verbally. The patient may falsely present an outgoing or flamboyant persona, while remaining fearful of people internally. He or she, in an attempt to balance the size distortion, may try to make others feel small in size through insult or hostile behavior. The psychological impact of macropsia on long-time people who have had the condition since childhood may be greater and lead to severe ego-deficiencies. An alternative interpretation of the condition is that macropsia is a response to biophysiological contraction and has no psychological roots. Thus, when a patient reaches for an enlarged object, he or she is overcoming that physiological contraction. However, this theory has been under much scrutiny.
Causes
Structural defects
In cases where macropsia affects one eye resulting in differences in the way the two eyes perceive the size or shape of images, the condition is known as aniseikonia. Aniseikonia is known to be associated with certain retinal conditions. Epiretinal membrane has been found to cause metamorphopsia and aniseikonia. Vitreomacular traction caused by the excessive adhesion of vitreous fluid to the retina is related to aniseikonia due to the separation and compression of photoreceptor cells. Macular edema and surgical re-attachment for macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment can also cause an increased separation of macular photoreceptor cells resulting in dysmetropsia. Retinoschisis is another eye disease that has been shown to cause aniseikonia.
There is evidence that a lesion appearing in the posterior area of the ventral occipitotemporal visual pathway can cause macropsia. This lesion can be due to an ischemic cell death after an acute posterior cerebral infarction.
Medications
The most prevalent research on prescription drugs with side effects of macropsia deals with zolpidem and citalopram. Zolpidem is a drug prescribed for insomnia, and although it has proven beneficial effects, there have been numerous reported cases of adverse perceptual reactions. One of these cases discusses an anorexic woman's episode of macropsia, which occurred twenty minutes after taking 10 mg zolpidem. The same woman later had two more episodes of zolpidem-induced macropsia, after taking 5 mg and 2.5 mg zolpidem, respective to each episode. The intensity of the macropsia episodes decreased with the decreasing amount of zolpidem administered; it is implied in the article that the level of intensity was based on the patients accounts of her macropsia episodes, and that no external diagnosis was used. Hoyler points out notable similarities among the different reported cases of zolpidem-induced disorganization. The similarities were that all the cases were reported by women, the disorganization and agitation followed the first administration of zolpidem, and once zolpidem was discontinued, there were no lasting residual effects. It is believed that zolpidem-related macropsia is more prevalent in women because plasma zolpidem concentration is 40% higher in women, a concentration that further increases in anorexic women.
Citalopram-induced macropsia is similar to zolpidem-induced macropsia since both types have been observed in relatively few cases, and neither of the drugs' side effects can be supported by experimental evidence. Citalopram is an antidepressant that inhibits serotonin reuptake. The first case of macropsia thought to be induced by citalopram involves a woman who experienced macropsia after her first administration of 10 mg citalopram. Just as with zolpidem, after the immediate discontinuation of citalopram, there were no further episodes of macropsia.
Illicit drugs
There are suggestions that visual distortions, such as macropsia, can be associated with cocaine use. Episodes of temporary drug-induced macropsia subside as the chemicals leave the body.
Migraine
Past research has linked macropsia to migraine. One of these studies was conducted on Japanese adolescents who reported visual episodic illusions with macropsia and showed that illusions are three times more likely to occur in association with migraine. The illusions were most prevalent among girls between the ages of 16 and 18. It is unlikely that macropsia in Japanese adolescents could be due to epileptic seizure since only 0.3% of Japanese adolescents have epilepsy. No evidence of drugs was found, which eliminates the possibility of the macropsia in the adolescents being drug-induced. It is also unlikely for macropsia in adolescent children to be associated with a serious disease. It is usually the macropsia or other visual disturbance which precedes the painful migrainous headaches. The episodes of macropsia can occur as part of the aura in a migraine. These episodes are often brief, lasting only a few minutes. Adolescents who are deemed to have multiple distortions per episode, such as slow motion vision and macropsia, are even more likely to be people with migraine. The macropsia episodes associated with migraine are typically equivalent to the duration of the aura, which can range from moments to 15 minutes. Non-migrainous headaches are not known to be associated with episodic illusions. Even in the absence of a migraine, a fever or a hypnogogic state can provoke visual illusions, which one might claim to be macropsia. A person with macropsia may fail to see the connection between the migraine and the macropsia, since the conditions may not elicit symptoms at the same time. The pathophysiology of the condition is not fully understood, but the timing of some episodic occurrences with the headaches suggests that there is a connection between macropsia and the vasoconstrictive phase of a migraine. The differences in visual phenomena, such as macropsia with slow motion versus macropsia without slow motion, may result from different areas of the brain being affected by migraine.
Epilepsy
Macropsia may present itself as a symptom of both frontal lobe epilepsy and temporal lobe epilepsy, which may actually help in the diagnosis of those diseases. Children who experience nocturnal hallucinations accompanied by macropsia may seek medical care for panic attack disorders and instead are diagnosed with forms of epilepsy. Epilepsy patients may have no memory of the seizure, but can remember the hallucinations and aura which proceed the attack. Electroencephalography, or EEG imaging, can then be utilized while the patient experiences the episode. It may be subsequently concluded that the EEG is congruent with temporal or frontal lobe seizure. Anxiety and headaches accompany the episodes of visual distortion associated with epilepsy. While Valproic acid has been used to treat this type of seizure, anti-seizure medications appropriate for focal-onset seizures, like oxcarbazapine, have also been used successfully in the treatment of epilepsy-related macropsia.
Hypoglycaemia
Endogenous hypoglycaemia can result in number of visual disturbances and sometimes macropsia. This kind of hypoglycaemia is defined as having an abnormally low blood-sugar level due to anything other than the exogenous administration of insulin. Macropsia has been observed in experimental hypoglycaemia and in patients receiving insulin therapy.
Viruses
Patients with both Epstein-Barr virus and infectious mononucleosis have cited an increase in the sizes of perceived objects, coinciding with other symptoms of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome. Additionally, it has been observed that Epstein-Barr patients who cite hallucinations display abnormal MRI scans. The MRI may show swelling of the cerebral cortex, transient T2 prolongation, and transient lesions. Unlike in MRI's, no abnormalities have been reported in CT scans. It is thus recommended that an Epstein-Barr patient who cites visual hallucinations have an MRI scan. Macropsia may appear either before the onset, or after the resolution, of all clinical symptoms associated with the illness. The duration of the disturbances have been shown to range between two weeks and seven months. Almost all patients with macropsia due to infectious mononucleosis make full recoveries. Patients with Coxsackievirus B1 have reported numerous symptoms of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome, the most common of which being macropsia and micropsia.
Pathophysiology
Macropsia may be a result of optical magnification differences between the eyes, retinal receptor distribution, or the cortical processing of the sampled image. The current hypothesis for the occurrence of dysmetropsia is due to the stretching or compression of the retina leading to the displacement of receptors. Macropsia arises from a compressed receptor distribution leading to a larger perceived image size and conversely, micropsia results from stretching of the retina leading to a more sparse receptor distribution that gives a smaller perceived image size. In the case of macropsia, the greater density of photoreceptor cells leads to greater stimulation making the object seem larger. In some cases, the effects of macropsia have been shown to be field dependent, in that the degree of visual distortion is related to the visual field angle. Non-uniform stretching or compression of the receptor distribution could explain the field dependency of the macropsia. If the compression forces were closer to the fovea the resulting compression would cause a greater amount of macropsia at lower field angles with little effect at higher field angles where the receptor distribution is not as compressed. Alterations in receptor distribution can be the result of epiretinal membrane, neuroretina detachment and/or re-attachment, or retinoschisis. Macropsia caused by surgical re-attachment of macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is not symmetrical around the fovea, resulting in differences size changes in the horizontal and vertical meridians. Asymmetry has also been observed with retinoschisis, in which macropsia generally results in the vertical direction while micropsia presents in the horizontal direction.
Diagnosis
Macropsia is generally diagnosed once a patient complains of the characteristic symptoms, such as disproportionally large objects in their visual field. The Amsler Grid test can be used to diagnose macropsia, along with other visual maladies depending on the subjective disturbance reported by the patient after looking at the Amsler Grid. Outward bulging of the lines on an Amsler Grid is consistent with patients experiencing macropsisa. The New Aniseikonia Test (NAT) can quantify the degree of macropsia or micropsia independently in the vertical and horizontal meridians. The test consists of red and green semicircles on a black background with a white round fixation target. The size of the red semicircle is held constant while the green semicircle is varied in size in 1% increments. The patient wears a pair of red/green goggles so that one eye is tested at a time, and the patient attempts to determine when the semicircles are the same size. This is termed the reversal threshold and the size difference between the semicircles is reported as the degree of aniseikonia. A positive value indicates that the object was perceived bigger and thus corresponds to macropsia, and conversely a negative value indicates micropsia. The Aniseikonia Inspector contains an aniseikonia test based on the same principles as the NAT, but the test is run on a computer screen, it is based on a forced choice method, and it can measure the size difference as a function of the size of the objects. The functionality of being able to measure the size difference as function of the size (i.e. field dependent testing) is especially important when the macropsia (or micropsia) has a retinal origin.
Treatment
The most common way to treat forms of aniseikonia, including macropsia, is through the use of auxiliary optics to correct for the magnification properties of the eyes. This method includes changing the shape of spectacle lenses, changing the vertex distances with contact lenses, creating a weak telescope system with contact lenses and spectacles, and changing the power of one of the spectacle lenses. Computer software, such as the Aniseikonia Inspector, has been developed to determine the prescription needed to correct for a certain degree of aniseikonia. The problem with correction through optical means is that the optics do not vary with field angle and thus cannot compensate for non-uniform macropsia. Patients have reported significantly improved visual comfort associated with a correction of 5-10% of the aniseikonia.
With regard to drug-induced or virus-induced macropsia, once the underlying problem, either drug abuse or viral infection, is treated, the induced macropsia ceases.
Research
Future research may focus on ways to limit the occurrence of retinally-induced macropsia due to surgery. In terms of treatment, the most effective optical correction is still being researched with respect to visual field angles and direction to a target. The susceptibility of certain age demographics to macropsia is a subject that requires further validation. Overall, there have not been very many reports of macropsia induced by certain drugs, specifically zolpidem and citalopram. Once a larger effort is made to compile such reports, there will inevitably be more research on the subject of macropsia.
References
External links
Neurological disorders
Optical illusions
Symptoms
Visual disturbances and blindness
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1014302
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0
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Бурго-де-Осма-Сьюдад-де-Осма
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Бурго-де-Осма-Сьюдад-де-Осма — муніципалітет в Іспанії, у складі автономної спільноти Кастилія-і-Леон, у провінції Сорія. Населення — осіб (2010).
Географія
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 140 км на північ від Мадрида, 55 км на захід від Сорії.
На території муніципалітету розташовані такі населені пункти: (дані про населення за 2010 рік)
Алькубілья-дель-Маркес: 44 особи
Барсебаль: 12 осіб
Барсебалехо: 42 особи
Берсоса: 92 особи
Ель-Бурго-де-Осма: 3713 осіб
Лодарес-де-Осма: 21 особа
Ла-Ольмеда: 19 осіб
Осма: 1135 осіб
Ла-Раса: 58 осіб
Сантіусте: 13 осіб
Торральба-дель-Бурго: 17 осіб
Вальделуб'єль: 38 осіб
Вальденаррос: 17 осіб
Вільде: 65 осіб
Навапалос: 1 особа
Демографія
Релігія
Центр Осмо-Сорійської діоцезії Католицької церкви.
Галерея
Посилання
Примітки
thumb|Hospital de San Agustín.
thumb|Hospital de San Agustín.
Муніципалітети провінції Сорія
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2349460
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8E%D0%BA%20%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Сердюк Іван Сергійович
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Сердюк Іван Сергійович народився 28 грудня 1936, с. Івахни Монастирищенський район, Черкаська область-український художник, майстер різьблення по дереву, карбуванню по металу, кераміці. Відмінник народної освіти України, член Національної спілки народних майстрів України (2011).
Життєпис
У 1960 році закінчив Косівське училище прикладних мистецтв (нині — Інститут прикладних мистецтв). Одержавши диплом за спеціальністю майстра-художника з художньої обробки деревини повернувся на батьківщину, де працював 2 роки вчителем. Працюючи в школі, вступив до Уманського державного педагогічного інституту і в 1967 році одержав диплом та спеціальність учителя математики і трудового навчання загальноосвітньої школи.
Працював до 1978 року вчителем в школах м. Умані. З 1978 року по 2010 рік — старший викладач Уманського державного педагогічного інституту ім. Павла Тичини (нині університет).
З 2011 року — пенсіонер, народний майстер, творчий працівник.
Створює картини в техніці мозаїки з соломи. Його роботи експонуються в багатьох музеях міст України та зарубіжжя: Києві, Умані, Черкасах, Корсунь-Шевченківському, Луцьку, Каневі, Гнєзно (Польща). Протягом своєї трудової діяльності взяв участь більш як у 70 виставках. Найбільш активною діяльність митця стала в останнє десятиліття.
Має 50 наукових статей, 7 навчально-методичних посібників, більше 20 навчальних програм, частина з яких були включені Інститутом педагогіки до навчальних програм з трудового навчання загальноосвітніх шкіл і використовуються вчителями вже майже чверть століття.
Виставки:
29 листопада 2013 — Персональна виставка художника Івана Сердюка (виставковий зал історико-архітектурного заповідника "Стара Умань);
17 серпня 2016 — «Шануймося, українці» Черкаський художній музей;
18 січня 2017 — Ювілейна персональна виставка «Без верби і калини нема України» (виставковий зал історико-архітектурного заповідника "Стара Умань);
Примітки
Джерела
Українські художники
Персоналії:Умань
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4896874
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0
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Климушина
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Климушина — присілок в Няндомському районі Архангельської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 0 осіб. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Няндомський муніципальний округ.
Історія
До 2022 року входило до складу муніципального утворення Мошинське поселення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Няндомського району
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4092995
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%20%D0%B0%20%D0%9D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0
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Ндамбі а Нгола
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Ндамбі а Нгола
Ндамбі аНгола (*д/н — 1561) — 2-й нголо (володар) незалежної держави Ндонго в 1556—1561 роках.
Життєпис
Син Нголи Кілундже. Посів трон 1556 року. Спочатку продовжив політику, спрямовану на зміцнення відносин з Португалією та захист кордонів від королівства Конго.
1560 року прийняв посольство португальців на чолі з Паулу Діаш де Новаїшем, онуком Бартоломеу Діаша, разом з кількома єзуїтами, проте договір укладено не було. Діаш поїхав, залишивши в Ндонго єзуїтів. Невдовзі мав військовий конфлікт з португальцями, внаслідок якого загинув 1561 року. Трон спадкував його син Нгола Кілундже кваНдамбі.
Джерела
Joseph C. Miller, Kings and kinsmen: early Mbundu states in Angola, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1976, ISBN 0198227043
Graziano Saccardo, Congo e Angola con la storia dell'antica missione dei Cappuccini (3 vols, Venice, 1982–83)
«Donde Vem o Nome „Angola“? — Ilabantu». Consultado em 7 de outubro de 2019
Нголи Ндонго
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14988711
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCGR2B
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FCGR2B
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FCGR2B
Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIb (coded by FCGR2B gene) is a low affinity inhibitory receptor for the Fc region of immunoglobulin gamma (IgG). FCGR2B participates in the phagocytosis of immune complexes and in the regulation of antibody production by B lymphocytes.
Structure
There are two major forms of FCGR2B existing (FCGR2B1 and FCGR2B2) and they are created by mRNA splicing mechanism, which results in the inclusion (FCGR2B1) or exclusion (FCGR2B2) of the C1 exon sequence. The presence of the C1 exon sequence (in FCGR2B1) results in tethering to the membrane of B cells, whereas its absence (in FCGR2B2) allows fast internalization of the receptor in myeloid cells. Both forms contain the Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Inhibitory Motif (ITIM) in their cytoplasmic regions. The extracellular domains are 95% identical to the domains of FCGR2A and almost completely identical to the FCGR2C (the other members of CD32 family). It is the only inhibitory type I FcγR in humans and mice.
Expression
FCGR2B1 is highly expressed by B cells, and its mRNA has also been identified at lower levels on monocytes. FCGR2B2 is highly expressed on basophils and at low levels on monocytes. FCGR2B is co-expressed with the activating FCGRA on circulating myeloid dendritic cells in peripheral blood. Cytokine regulation of the expression is positive in the case of IL-10 and IL-6 and negative in the case of TNF-α, C5a and IFN-γ.
FCGR2B is co-expressed with the activating FCGRA on circulating myeloid dendritic cells.
Function
The receptor inhibits the functions of activating FcγRs, such as phagocytosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine release, mainly by clustering of FCGR2B with different activating FCGR receptors or with the BCR by immune complexes.
The phosphorylated ITIM of FcγRIIB recruits the inositol phosphatases SHIP1 and SHIP2, which inhibit Ras activation, downregulate MAPK activity and reduce PLCγ function and lead to decreased activation of PKC. Inhibition of the MAP kinase pathway, together with the anti-apoptotic kinase Akt can negatively affect proliferation and survival of the cells. However, FcγRIIB can restrict activation of cells bearing FcγRs by simply competing with them for engagement with immune complexes, as removal of the ITIM retains this activity.
FCGR2B regulates B cell activation by increasing the BCR activation threshold and suppressing B cell-mediated antigen presentation to T cells through the ITIM-dependent inhibitory mechanism. Ligation of FCGR2B on B cells downregulates antibody production, prevents the membrane organization of BCR and CD19 and promotes apoptosis. Co-ligation of FCGR2B on dendritic cells inhibits maturation and blocks cell activation. The negative regulatory role of the FCGRIIB molecule is not limited to BCR-induced B-cell activation, but is also functional on other B-cell activation pathways mediated by CD40 and IL-4. BCR signaling attenuates the pro-apoptotic signaling induced by aggregation of FcγRIIB through immune complexes, allowing for FcγRIIB to effectively tune the affinity threshold for antigen in immune responses and selectively promote retention and survival of high-affinity B cells.
The transmembrane region of FcγRIIB also appears to be functionally important. Multiple epidemiological studies link polymorphisms in the transmembrane domain of FcγRIIB to autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Mutagenesis studies confirm that lesioning the transmembrane region impairs the ability of FcγRIIB to attenuate B cell signaling. Multiple mechanisms are proposed to account for this, relating to the ability of FcγRIIB to co-localize with the BCR, colocalize with activating FcγRs (in non-B cells), prevent its colocalization with the activating receptor CD19.
FCGR2B expression on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) is important for capturing the antigen-containing immune complexes which are essential for the germinal centre response. It has been shown that in the absence of FcγRIIB on FDCs, the germinal centers are more diverse but populated by low affinity B cells with low levels of somatic hypermutation. The mechanisms underlying this are incompletely understood, but it is noted that the ability of FDCs to retain immune complexes in the absence of FcγRIIB is impaired and this may result in lower stringency in selection for entry into the germinal center reaction.
FCGR2B is present on non-leukocyte cells including airway smooth muscle and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, where small immune complexes are internalized inhibiting the pro-inflammatory signalling.
Autoimmunity
FCGR2B is one of the genes thought to influence susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases in humans. Its decreased function is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Goodpasture's disease, multiple sclerosis and others.
FCGR2B may be a target for monoclonal antibody therapy for autoimmune diseases as well as malignancies.
See also
CD32
References
Further reading
External links
Glycoproteins
Clusters of differentiation
Fc receptors
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Сьомий кілометр
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Сьомий кілометр
Ринок «Сьомий кілометр» (офіційна назва —ТОВ "Промтоварний ринок") — один з найбільших у Східній Європі. Розташований в Овідіопольському районі Одеської області.
Назва
Отримав свою назву на честь того, що розташований біля станції 7-й кілометр Ізмаїльського напрямку (зараз вона називається Одеса-Західна).
Заснування
Заснований як відкритий ринок у 1989 році на колишньому кукурудзяному полі. 2006 року торгова площа ринку «7-й кілометр» становила 0,69 км². Торгові точки розміщені, здебільшого, в контейнерах, що відслужили своє, зібраних в так звані «контейнерні майданчики», а також у різноманітних павільйонах, магазинах і відкритих торгових місцях. Забезпечує роботою близько 10 000 продавців, ринок відвідує до 150 000 покупців на день. Безпосередній штат підприємства — 1200 осіб (охорона, адміністрація, обслуговчий персонал). Товар походить переважно з Азії.
Приватизація
В грудні 2023 році ринок було виставлено на аукціон за зниженою ціною 104,1 млн грн. Однак покупка не відбулась. У другій половині січня 2024 року Фонд держмайна України виставив на повторний приватизаційний аукціон єдиний майновий комплекс ДП «ТВК» («7-й кілометр») під Одесою зі стартовою ціною 208,1 млн грн.
Примітки
Джерела
В статті були використані матеріали з російської Вікіпедії.
Посилання
Офіційний вебсайт ринку
Інформація про ринок
Інформація по те, у якому графіку працював до 2010 року промринок 7-ий кілометр на сайті nextonmarket.com
Комерційний сайт про послуги на 7-му кілометрі у 2011 році
Ринки Одеси
Підприємства Одеської області
Підприємства, засновані 1989
Авангард (селище)
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954933
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%87%20%28%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%94%29
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Бач (Рожає)
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Бач (Рожає)
Бач — село (поселення) в Чорногорії, підпорядковане общині Рожає. Мусульманське поселення з населенням 669 мешканців.
Населення
Динаміка чисельності населення (станом на 2003 рік):
1948 → 321
1953 → 365
1961 → 382
1971 → 439
1981 → 547
1991 → 667
2003 → 669
Національний склад села (станом на 2003 рік):
Слід відмітити, що перепис населення проводився в часи міжетнічного протистояння на Балканах й тоді частина чорногорців солідаризувалася з сербами й відносила себе до спільної з ними національної групи (найменуючи себе югославами-сербами - притримуючись течії панславізму). Тому, в запланованому переписі на 2015 рік очікується суттєва кореляція цифр національного складу (в сторону збільшення кількості чорногорців) - оскільки тепер чіткіше проходитиме розмежування, міжнаціональне, в самій Чорногорії.
Примітки
Села общини Рожає
Села Чорногорії
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4607098
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%20%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Шелково (Красносельський район)
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Шелково (Красносельський район)
Шелково — присілок в Красносельському районі Костромської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 1 особу. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Шолоховське сільське поселення.
Історія
У 1936-1944 року населений пункт перебував у складі Ярославської області. Від 1944 належить до Костромської області.
Від 2007 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Шолоховське сільське поселення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Красносельського району Костромської області
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1890515
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9
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Конисбай
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Конисбай
Конисбай — село, Зерендинський район, Акмолинська область
Конисбай — село, Казталовський район, Західноказахстанська область
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3235803
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%20%28%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96%D1%8F%29
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Макінтайр (Джорджія)
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Макінтайр (Джорджія)
Макінтайр — місто в США, в окрузі Вілкінсон штату Джорджія. Населення — 575 осіб (2020).
Географія
Макінтайр розташований за координатами (32.846862, -83.200907). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році місто мало площу 13,90 км², з яких 13,42 км² — суходіл та 0,48 км² — водойми.
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкало 650 осіб у 249 домогосподарствах у складі 184 родин. Густота населення становила 47 осіб/км². Було 290 помешкань (21/км²).
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 1,7 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 8,3 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 26,3 % — особи молодші 18 років, 59,9 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 13,8 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 35,4 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 94,6 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 88,6 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів . За межею бідності перебувало 33,1 % осіб, у тому числі 45,6 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 31,8 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 193 особи. Основні галузі зайнятості: виробництво — 32,6 %, освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 22,8 %, будівництво — 9,8 %, транспорт — 7,3 %.
Джерела
Містечка Джорджії
Населені пункти округу Вілкінсон (Джорджія)
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12469275
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-bellied%20seed%20finch
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Chestnut-bellied seed finch
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Chestnut-bellied seed finch
The chestnut-bellied seed finch (Sporophila angolensis) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae, but was until recently placed in Emberizidae.
It is found widely in shrubby and grassy areas in tropical and subtropical South America. It has been replaced west of the Andes (and in Central America) by the closely related thick-billed seed finch (S. funerea). The two have often been considered conspecific as the lesser seed-finch, using the older scientific name Oryzoborus angolensis.
Taxonomy
The chestnut-bellied seed finch was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Loxia angolensis. Linnaeus based his description on "The Black Gros-Beak" that had been described and illustrated in 1764 by the English naturalist George Edwards. Edwards's illustration was from a live bird belonging to the barrister Philip Carteret Webb. Edwards mistakenly believed that the bird had come from Angola. The chestnut-bellied seed finch does not occur there and the type locality is now designated as eastern Brazil.
The chestnut-bellied seed finch and the thick-billed seed finch were formerly considered conspecific and together had the English name "lesser seed-finch". Both species were formerly placed in the genus Oryzoborus but molecular phylogenetic studies found that Oryzoborus was embedded in Sporophila. The chestnut-bellied seed finch was therefore moved to Sporophila, a genus that had been introduced by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis in 1844.
Two subspecies are recognised:
S. a. torrida (Scopoli, 1769) – Trinidad, Tobago, east Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and north, west Amazonia
S. a. angolensis (Linnaeus, 1766) – north Bolivia to east Brazil, Paraguay and northeast Argentina
References
Further reading
chestnut-bellied seed finch
Birds of the Amazon rainforest
Birds of Colombia
Birds of Venezuela
Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
Birds of the Guiana Shield
Birds of Brazil
Birds of Paraguay
Birds of the Caribbean
chestnut-bellied seed finch
chestnut-bellied seed finch
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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7528
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%20%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Бігдаш-Бігдашев Полікарп Микитович
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Бігдаш-Бігдашев Полікарп Микитович (Бігдаш-Богдашев; , Острог — 1970, Росія) — український і російський хормейстер, педагог.
Біографія
Народився 1877 року в Острозі.
1902—1918 року жив і працював у Тамбові, де керував народними хорами.
У період 1918—1920 працював інструктором із хорової справи Культурно-просвітнього відділу Дніпросоюзу та діловодом музично-хорової секції. Він створив хори у багатьох районних Союзах Споживчих Союзів Житомирщини, Київщини та Полтавщини.
На меценатські кошти Дніпросоюзу в березні 1919 року під керівництвом Полікарпа Микитовича було створено пісенний колектив, який влітку 1920 року вже під назвою «Перша мандрівна капела Дніпросоюзу» здійснив гастрольне турне Лівобережною Україною під керівництвом досвідченого хормейстера Нестора Городовенка.
1920—1921 знову працював у Тамбові.
Бігдаш-Бігдашев зробив значний внесок у збагачення фондів Нотозбірні, займався нотовидавничою справою, зокрема, видаванням хорових партій музичних творів.
Джерела
Савченко Ірина. Українські нотні видання 1917—1923 років у фондах Національної бібліотеки України імені В. І. Вернадського — Науковий каталог: Київ, 2007.
П. М. Бігдаш-Бігдашів / Я. Юрмас // Музика масам. № 6, 1928. С. 26 elib.nplu.org
Фото Полікарпа Микитовича
Композиторы Тамбовского края
Поликарп Никитич Бигдаш-Богдашев: жизнь, творческая деятельность / В. В. Козляков, И. П. Скворцова. — Тамбов: Изд-во Тамб. гос. ун-та им. Г. Р. Державина, 2001.
Посилання
Українські педагоги
Хормейстри
Педагоги Дніпра
Педагоги XX століття
Радянські педагоги
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3751633
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Theatre%20%28Oslo%29
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National Theatre (Oslo)
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National Theatre (Oslo)
The National Theatre in Oslo is one of Norway's largest and most prominent venues for performance of dramatic arts.
History
The theatre had its first performance on 1 September 1899 but can trace its origins to Christiania Theatre, which was founded in 1829. There were three official opening performances, on subsequent days in September: first, selected pieces by Ludvig Holberg, then An Enemy of the People by Henrik Ibsen, and on the third day Sigurd Jorsalfar by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson.
National Theatre was founded as a private institution and weathered several financial crises until 1929, when the Norwegian government started providing modest support. A number of famous Norwegians have served as artistic directors for the theatre, but Vilhelm Krag who took over in 1911, is credited as having brought the theatre into its "golden age".
The theatre is often considered the home for Ibsen's plays, and most of his works have been performed here. Notable is also the children's Christmas play Journey to the Christmas Star, written by the theatre's finance director Sverre Brandt (1880–1962) and performed for the first time in 1924.
The main building is centrally located between the Royal Palace, Oslo and the Parliament of Norway. It is served by National Theatre Station and National Theatre metro stations. It was designed by architect Henrik Bull (1864–1953).
The theatre organisation manages four stages: the main stage, the amphitheatre and Painting Parlour within the main building. The fourth is the Torshov Theatre in the Torshov district of Oslo.
Directors of the Theatre
1899–1907 Bjørn Bjørnson
1908–1911 Vilhelm Krag
1911–1923 Halfdan Christensen
1923–1927 Bjørn Bjørnson
1928–1930 Einar Skavlan
1930–1933 Halfdan Christensen
1933–1934 Anton Rønneberg (acting)
1934–1935 Johe. Wiers-Jensen
1935–1941 Axel Otto Normann
1941–1945 Gustav Berg-Jæger
1945–1946 Axel Otto Normann
1946–1960 Knut Hergel
1960–1961 Carl Fredrik Engelstad
1962–1967 Erik Kristen-Johanssen
1967–1978 Arild Brinchmann
1978–1986 Toralv Maurstad
1986–1988 Kjetil Bang-Hansen
1988–1990 Ellen Horn, Ole-Jørgen Nilsen and Sverre Rødahl
1990–1992 Stein Winge
1992–2000 Ellen Horn
2000–2008 Eirik Stubø
2009–2020 Hanne Tømta
2021–present Kristian Seltun
See also
Deutsches Theater, Oslo
References
External links
1899 establishments in Norway
Oslo, National Theatre
Theatres in Oslo
Theatres completed in 1899
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1544988
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F
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Кокомпактна топологія
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Кокомпактна топологія
Нехай — евклідів простір дійсних чисел (з природною евклідовою топологією).
Визначимо нову топологію або компактна в , яка називається кокомпактною топологією на .
Властивості
сильніша за коскінченну топологію на .
є T1 , але не T2 простором. Тому не є T2½, T3, T4, T5 простором.
гіперзв'язний, зв'язний, локально зв'язний, але не ультразв'язний простір.
задовольняє першу та другу аксіоми зліченності.
компактний.
секвенціально компактний.
сепарабельний.
Література
Топології на підмножинах дійсної прямої
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19855579
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylewo%2C%20Mak%C3%B3w%20County
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Dylewo, Maków County
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Dylewo, Maków County
Dylewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sypniewo, within Maków County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
References
Villages in Maków County
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620674
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5
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Баре
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Баре — прийом гри на гітарі та деяких інших музичних інструментах, коли вказівний палець лівої руки затискає одночасно всі чи декілька струн на грифі.
Термінами гітари баре буває великим і малим. Велике баре — прийом, при якому вказівним пальцем затискаються всі або всі крім однієї струни. На нотному стані велике баре позначають горизонтальною пунктирною лінією в тактах. (Над лінією римською цифрою вказують номер ладу). Натомість мале баре виконують будь-яким пальцем, воно включає в себе половину чи меншу кількість струн.
Техніка виконання полягає у розміщенні пальця ближче до наступного ладу, а не посередині ладу, при цьому палець може робити невеликий оберт притискаючи струни боковою частиною. Для полегшення гри при постійному затисканні ладу використовують каподастр.
Примітки
Посилання
Техніка гри на гітарі
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170081
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%20%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F
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Знесірчення вугілля
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Знесірчення вугілля (рос. обессеривание угля, англ. coal desulfuration, coal desulphurization; нім. Kohleentschwefelung f) — процес або група процесів, спрямованих на зменшення вмісту сірки у вугіллі.
Ефективність З.в. визначається складом і розподілом сполук сірки. У вугіллі присутні неорганічна (в осн. дисульфіди заліза — пірит, марказит, з невеликою к-стю сульфатів), іноді елементарна сірка і органічні сполуки. Вугілля класи-фікують в залежності від вмісту загальної сірки на низькосірчисте (до 1,5 %), середньосірчисте (1,5-2,5 %), сірчисте (2,5-4 %) і високосірчисте (понад 4 %).
При вмісті сірки в межах цих груп співвідношення між неорганічною і органічною сіркою приблизно постійні для вугілля одного родовища. У малосірчистому вугіллі переважає сірка органічна. При термообробці вугілля сірка розподіляється між твердими (рідкими) і газоподібними продуктами.
При газифікації і спаленні вугілля осн. к-ть сірки переходить в газоподібні сполуки. Напівкоксування і коксування характеризуються меншим ступенем видалення сірки у вигляді газоподібних продуктів (до 35-45 % від початкової к-сті).
Для З.в. застосовують гравітаційне, магнітне, електричне збагачення та фіз.-хім. і біол. методи (флотацію, масляну аґломерацію, бактерійне вилуговування), а також поєднання цих методів. Фіз. методи забезпечують зниження вмісту сірки на 10-60 % в концентратах, переважно за рахунок видалення піритної сірки. Хім. методи, основані на дії окиснюючих і рідше відновних аґентів. Вони переводять сірку в газоподібні або розчинні у воді продукти.
Література
Смирнов В. О., Сергєєв П. В., Білецький В. С. Технологія збагачення вугілля. Навчальний посібник. — Донецьк: Східний видавничий дім, — 2011. — 476 с.
Збагачення вугілля
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1567669
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%20%28%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%29
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Дамаск (аеропорт)
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Дамаск (аеропорт)
Міжнародний аеропорт «Дамаск» (код ІАТА — DAM, код ІКАО — OSDI) — цивільний аеропорт, розташований в Дамаску, столиці Сирії. Офіційно відкритий в середині 1970-их, «Дамаск» є найзавантаженішим міжнародним аеропортом Сирії. У 2010, приблизно 5.5 мільйонів пасажирів скористалися послугами аеропорту, що більше, ніж на 50%, порівнюючи з 2004.
З початку громадянської війни у Сирії, аеропорт і дороги, що до нього ведуть з перервами закривалися, і низка міжнародних авіакомпаній припинили польоти.
Історія
Громадянська війна у Сирії
Деякі авіакомпанії, які здійснювали регулярні рейси до Дамаска, такі як Emirates та Egypt Air, скасували свої рейси до Дамаска. British Airways зупинили польоти до Дамаска у травні 2012, тоді як Royal Jordanian зупинили у червні 2012. В листопаді та грудні 2012, інтенсивні бої відбувалися навколо аеропорту, що призвело до його закриття на два дні.
Умови
Аеропорт має два д'юті-фрі. Більший з них обслуговується сирійською компанією Ramak. Термінал також має кав'ярню, кілька сувенірних лавок, три ресторани та бізнес/першого класу готель.
Авіалінії та напрямки
Пасажирські
Вантажні
Наземний транспорт
Транспорт до центрального Дамаска представлений таксі. Приватні автобусні компанії також пропонують послуги перевезення з аеропорту до центру Дамаска.
Інциденти
10 листопада 1970, літак Douglas DC-3 авіакомпанії Saudia при здійсненні польоту з Амману, Йорданія до Ер-Ріяду, Саудівська Аравія був викрадений та спрямований до аеропорту «Дамаск».
Примітки
Зовнішні посилання
Мапа з Multimap
Аеропорти Сирії
Дамаск
Архітектура Дамаска
Аеропорти, збудовані 1973
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3033361
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/740%20Cantabia
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740 Cantabia
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740 Cantabia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was discovered on 10 February 1913 at Winchester, Massachusetts by American amateur astronomer J. H. Metcalf. Cantabia is a contraction of Cantabrigia, Latin for Cambridge, named in honor of Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is orbiting at a distance of with a period of and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.11. Between 2014 and 2021, 740 Cantabia has been observed to occult three stars.
This asteroid shows an exceptionally slow rate of spin. Photometry observations from two independent teams during 2009 were combined to generate a light curve showing a rotation period of with a brightness variation of in magnitude. The spectrum is classified as type CX in the Tholen taxonomy. It spans a girth estimated at ~91 km.
See also
List of minor planets/701–800
Meanings of minor planet names: 501–1000
References
External links
Lightcurve plot of 740 Cantabia, Palmer Divide Observatory, B. D. Warner (2009)
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
Background asteroids
Cantabia
Cantabia
CX-type asteroids (Tholen)
19130210
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2542035
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZNF75D
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ZNF75D
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ZNF75D – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на довгому плечі X-хромосоми. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 510 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 59 298.
Задіяний у таких біологічних процесах, як транскрипція, регуляція транскрипції, альтернативний сплайсинг.
Білок має сайт для зв'язування з іонами металів, іоном цинку, ДНК.
Локалізований у ядрі.
Література
Примітки
Див. також
Хромосома X
Некатегоризовані білки
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426853
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%20149
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Ключ 149
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Ключ 149 (訁, в юнікоді ) — один з 20 ієрогліфів (з загальної кількості 214), що записується 7-ома рисками.
В Словнику Кансі подано 219 ієрогліфів з цим ключем.
Ієрогліфи
Посилання
Китайська каліграфія
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4076972
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96-%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%20%28%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Марі-Шолнер (Сернурський район)
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Марі-Шолнер (Сернурський район)
Марі-Шолнер — присілок у складі Сернурського району Марій Ел, Росія. Входить до складу Дубниківського сільського поселення.
Населення
Населення — 167 осіб (2010; 173 у 2002).
Національний склад (станом на 2002 рік):
марі — 96 %
Джерела
Примітки
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Сернурського району
Присілки Марій Ел
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3117648
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athelicium
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Athelicium
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Athelicium — рід грибів родини Tricholomataceae. Назва вперше опублікована 1986 року.
Класифікація
До роду Athelicium відносять 2 види:
Athelicium hallenbergii
Athelicium stridii
Примітки
Джерела
Hjortstam, K.; Larsson, K.-H. 1985. Studies in Corticiaceae (Basidiomycetes) XVI. Some new taxa from northern Europe. Windahlia. 15:49-58 - P.49
Роди грибів
Трихоломові
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115540
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton%2C%20Louisiana
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Clayton, Louisiana
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Clayton, Louisiana
Clayton is a town in northern Concordia Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 711 at the 2010 census. Cotton is a principal commodity in the area. Clayton is located on the Tensas River, important for fishing and boating, promoted through a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-maintained boat launch. The Tensas River merges with the Black River in Jonesville in Catahoula Parish.
Louisiana State Representative Andy Anders is from Clayton and Ferriday.
Among the businesses in the community are Cross Keys Bank and David's Grocery.
A major employer in the town was Clayton Gin Company which closed in the early 2000s and was mostly demolished in the early 2010s. The Clayton Gin was originally constructed in the 1940s by W. Howard Davis and his brother Doyle E. Davis. The gin operated under the name "Davis Bros. Gin Co.". The last surviving brother, Howard Davis, died in 1972 and the gin continued to operate under the management of his son-in-law Sam D. Cole until his death in 1979. The gin was sold in the early 1980s and continued operation as the "Clayton Gin Company" until the early 2000s.
Geography
Clayton is located in northern Concordia Parish at (31.718837, -91.538902), along the south bank of the Tensas River. Catahoula Parish is to the north across the river. U.S. Route 425 passes through the center of the town, leading north to Winnsboro and south to Ferriday and to Natchez, Mississippi. U.S. Route 65 has its southern terminus in Clayton; it leads north to Tallulah and to its northern terminus in Minnesota.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 3.24%, is water.
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 584 people, 189 households, and 107 families residing in the town.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 858 people, 317 households, and 220 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 361 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 31.70% White, 67.25% African American, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.47% of the population.
There were 317 households, out of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.8% were married couples living together, 31.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.3% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.24.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 33.4% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $14,100, and the median income for a family was $15,598. Males had a median income of $22,250 versus $12,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $7,955. About 38.9% of families and 45.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 59.0% of those under age 18 and 34.9% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Clayton Progress Community Progress Site for Clayton, LA
Towns in Concordia Parish, Louisiana
Towns in Louisiana
Towns in Natchez micropolitan area
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937974
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Любарський Руслан Миколайович
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Любарський Руслан Миколайович
Руслан Миколайович Любарський (*29 вересня 1973, Бар, Вінницька область) — український футболіст, півзахисник. Визнання у футбольному світі здобув, захищаючи кольори словацьких клубів. Майстер спорту України (2006).
Ігрова кар'єра
Вихованець вінницького футболу. Свою кар'єру розпочав у друголіговому «ЦСКА-2» (Київ). На одному з матчів друголівого «ЦСКА-2» (Київ) були присутні селекціонери словацького клуб «Хемлон». Після матчу вони запропонували Любарському приїхати на оглядини до Словаччини, Руслан погодився. Ніхто тоді не думав, що Руслан у Словаччині стане культовою футбольною персоною. Він виступав у різних дивізіонах Словаччини понад 10 сезонів. Завоював багато футбольних титулів, та головний його титул — це неабияка любов словацьких шанувальників футболу. За великі досягнення у словацькому футболі, він занесений до Алеї Слави футбольного клубу «Гуменне», що раніше мав назву «Хемлон». Неодноразово входив у символічні збірні Цоргонь ліги. У сезоні 1999/2000 року став одним з найкращих бомбардирів Цоргонь ліги, забивши 15 м'ячів.
Потім були сезони в Ізраїлі та рідній Україні, де він захищав кольори запорізького «Металурга». Із запоріжцями він став фіналістом Кубка України, але на погляд багатьох спеціалістів саме в Україні місцеві тренери використовували його не на тій позиції. У квітні він залишив «Металург» і повернувся до Словаччини до клубу третього дивізіону «Гуменне».
Досягнення
Чемпіон Чехії: 1996-97.
Чемпіон Словаччини: 1997-98.
Володар Кубка Словаччини: 1995-96.
Володар Суперкубка Словаччини: 1998.
Фіналіст Кубка Словаччини: 1997-98, 1999–2000.
Фіналіст Кубка України: 2005-06.
Член Клубу Олега Блохіна: 107 голів.
Примітки
Література
Довідники-календарі футбольного клубу Металург (Запоріжжя) 2006, 2007 роки.
Віктор Хохлюк. Бомбардири України. Ровеньки. 2011. С. 69. ISBN 978-966-534-344-8
Посилання
«Клуб Олега Блохіна: 101 гол Руслана Любарського»
«Ізраїльська хроніка Руслана Любарського»
Профіль футболіста на сайті Легіонер
Руслан Любарский: «Со временем „МЕТАЛЛУРГ“ еще заявит о себе»
Українські футболісти
Футболісти ЦСКА-2 (Київ)
Футболісти «Гуменне»
Футболісти «Спарти» (Прага)
Футболісти «Кошиць»
Футболісти «Маккабі» (Нетанья)
Футболісти «Металурга» (Запоріжжя)
Футболісти «Земпліна» (Михайлівці)
Футболісти «Дружтевника»
Українські футбольні легіонери
Футбольні легіонери у Словаччині
Футбольні легіонери в Чехії
Футбольні легіонери в Ізраїлі
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166398
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%20%28%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%29
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Кафедрал (гірський хребет)
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Кафедрал (гірський хребет)
Хребет Кафедрал — гірський хребет на південній межі Національного парку Йосеміті, США. Це дуже мальовничий гранітний хребет, вкритий льодовиками. Вершини піків розташовані вище рівня льодовиків, і тому майже не підвергнуті ерозії. Хребет названий на честь найвищої вершини хребту піка Кафедрал, що має форму кафедрального собору через діференціальну ерозію.
Йосеміті
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28043427
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickle%C3%A5n
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Rickleån
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Rickleån is a river in Sweden.
References
Rivers of Västerbotten County
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55289948
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng%20Yu%20%28synchronized%20swimmer%29
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Feng Yu (synchronized swimmer)
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Feng Yu (synchronized swimmer)
Feng Yu (born 30 September 1999) is a Chinese synchronised swimmer. She won a gold medal (China's first ever) and 2 silver medals at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships. She also won 4 silver medals at the 2016 Asian Swimming Championships.
References
集体自由组合高分加冕 中国花游首夺世锦赛冠军！
External links
1999 births
Living people
Synchronized swimmers from Beijing
Chinese synchronized swimmers
Artistic swimmers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic synchronized swimmers for China
Olympic silver medalists for China
Olympic medalists in synchronized swimming
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Synchronized swimmers at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships
Artistic swimmers at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships
Artistic swimmers at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships
World Aquatics Championships medalists in synchronised swimming
Artistic swimmers at the 2018 Asian Games
Artistic swimmers at the 2022 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games medalists in artistic swimming
Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games
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