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3095158	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%20%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%20%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Налбандян Мікаел Лазарович	Налбандян Мікаел Лазарович Мікаел Лазаревич Налбандян — вірменський письменник, поет, літературознавець, критик, публіцист, філософ, революційний демократ. Біографія Налбандян народився в Новому Нахічевані (на сьогодні мікрорайон міста Ростов-на-Дону) в родині ремісника. Багато займався самоосвітою, він хотів стати священником, але незабаром залишив цю ідею і поступив у , де вивчав медицину (1854-1858). Пізніше разом зі Степаном Назаряном заснував впливовий журнал «Північне сяйво» («Հիւսիսափայլ», Hiusisap'ayl). В роки першої революційної ситуації в Росії (1859-1861), Налбандян був одним з перших вірменських письменників, які стояли на позиціях революційної демократії і сприйняли ідейну пропаганду журналів «Дзвін» і «Сучасник». Він об'їздив всю Європу: побував у Варшаві, Берліні, Парижі, Лондоні і Константинополі, також відвідав Індію. У Константинополі Налбандян створив на базі вірменського журналу «Мегу» («Бджола») таємне революційне товариство під назвою «Партія молоді». У Лондоні він знайомиться з Герценом, Огарьовим, Бакуніним, та іншими російськими емігрантами, бере участь в обговоренні програми майбутньої російської революційної організації «Земля і Воля». У Памфлеті «Два рядки» (1861) він визначив своє політичне кредо — присвятити життя справі народного визволення. У своїй головній праці «Землеробство як вірний шлях» (1862) він піддав нищівній критиці реформу 1861 року з позицій народницького соціалізму. Він вважав селянську революцію єдино правильним рішенням проблем пореформеної Росії. Після повернення в Росію царський уряд заарештував Налбандяна у липні 1862 року. Він був поміщений в Олексіївський равелін Петропавлівської фортеці. Налбандяна звинуватили в антиурядовій пропаганді і поширенні забороненої літератури і в 1865 році заслали в Камишин в Саратовській губернії. Через рік він помер у в'язниці від туберкульозу. В Росії було заборонено зберігати зображення Налбандяна. Однак його портрети, як і поема «Свобода», розповсюджувалися нелегально. Ідейна спадщина Лейтмотив літературної спадщини Налбандяна — оновлення, свобода. Його творчість перебувала під впливом сучасної йому європейської культури. Налбандян публікував роботи з філософії, економіки, лінгвістики, педагогіки. Він сповідував ідеї матеріалізму Людвіга Фейєрбаха і Миколи Чернишевського, невпинно займався пропагандою досягнень природничих наук. Творчість Налбандяна є важливим етапом в історії вірменської громадської думки. Що стосується революційної діяльності, він намагався об'єднати зусилля демократичних сил Вірменії з російським визвольним рухом. Налбандян, крім усього іншого, основоположник критичного реалізму у вірменській літературі. У «Путівнику по сучасній вірменській літературі» професор вірменської мови та літератури Геворг Барадаркян пише: «Налбандян — чесний публіцист, чий живий і сміливий стиль, а часом — навіть грубий і зарозумілий, був незмінно іронічним. І як письменник, і як журналіст Налбандян завжди виступав захисником ідеалів свободи і рівності, безстрашним борцем з деспотизмом, імперіалізмом і рабством; у розумінні людського життя він стояв на позиціях суворого матеріалізму; невтомний пропагандист досягнень науки, він вважав сільське господарство найважливішим джерелом досягнення незалежності й добробуту...». Його поема «Пісня італійської дівчини» принесла Налбандяну посмертну славу. Згідно з Бардаркяном, ця поема — з деякими змінами — стала гімном сучасної вірменської держави. Налбандян боровся за введення нової вірменської літературної мови (ашхарабар) замість давньовірменської (грабар), за що зазнав нападок з боку клерикалів і реакціонерів. Похований Налбандян у монастирі Сурб Хач (Святого хреста) в Новому Нахічевані. Пам'ять був встановлений в Єревані в 1965 році (скульптор і архітектор ). Ім'я Налбандяна з 1921 року носить Єревана. Ім'я Налбандяна носить вулиця в Пролетарському районі (колишній Нахічевань-на-Дону) міста Ростова-на-Дону, де йому встановлена інформаційна табличка. Ім'я носив . У 2005 році було випущено поштову марку Вірменії, присвячену Налбандяну. В кінематографі Твори Налбандян М. Л. Избранные философские и общественно-политические произведения. — М., 1954. Література Хачатурян А. Б. М. Л. Налбандян. — М.: Мысль, 1983.- 144 с. Карэн А. Симонян. Микаэл Налбандян. — М., 1984. Гаспарян Н. М. К философским взглядам М. Налбандяна // Научные труды Ереванского государственного университета. — 1959. — № 62. Карапетян А. Критика М. Налбандяном гегелевской философии // Советская литература. — 1956. — № 9. Саркисян Х. Микаел Налбандян — критик некоторых реакционных сторон гегелевской философии // Известия АН Арм. ССР. Общественные науки. — 1949. — № 9. Примітки Посилання «Вогонь, мерехтливий в ночі» фільм Мікаел Налбандян на сайті "Поезія Московського Університету від Ломоносова і до ... " Біографія в Енциклопедії фонду «Хайазг» Мікаел Лазарович Налбандян. Афоризми. Поховані в Ростові-на-Дону Померли в ув'язненні Революціонери Російської імперії Вірменські письменники Персоналії за алфавітом Померли 1866 Померли 12 квітня Народились 1829 Народились 14 листопада Ростовські вірмени Вірменські поети
621711	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%28%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%29	Мутон (Шаранта)	Мутон (Шаранта) Мутон — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Нова Аквітанія, департамент Шаранта. Населення — . Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 370 км на південний захід від Парижа, 80 км на південь від Пуатьє, 28 км на північ від Ангулема. Демографія Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006): Економіка У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 105 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 235,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача Сусідні муніципалітети Посилання Мутон на сайті французького Національного інституту географії Див. також Список муніципалітетів департаменту Шаранта Примітки Муніципалітети департаменту Шаранта
6715141	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camisano%2C%20Lombardy	Camisano, Lombardy	Camisano, Lombardy Camisano (Cremasco: ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about east of Milan and about northwest of Cremona. Camisano borders the following municipalities: Barbata, Casale Cremasco-Vidolasco, Casaletto di Sopra, Castel Gabbiano, Isso, Ricengo. References Cities and towns in Lombardy
353512	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29	Тронка (значення)	Тронка (значення) Тронка — діалектна назва пастушого дзвіночка, який вішають на шию тваринам, щоб їх легше було розшукувати в темряві, в лісі. Тронка — ударний музичний інструмент. «Тронка» — художній фільм 1971 р. за мотивами роману О. Гончара, к/ст ім. О. Довженка, реж. Артур Войтецький. «Тронка» — роман Олеся Гончара. Топонім Тронка — селище в Миколаївському районі Миколаївської області.
27876486	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311%20FA%20Cup	2010–11 FA Cup	2010–11 FA Cup The 2010–11 FA Cup (known as The FA Cup sponsored by E.ON for sponsorship reasons) was the 130th season of the world's oldest football knockout competition; the FA Cup. A total of 806 clubs applied to enter of which 759 were accepted, a slight drop compared to the 762 clubs accepted into the 2009–10 competition. The competition commenced on 14 August 2010 with the Extra preliminary round and concluded on 14 May 2011 with the Final, held at Wembley Stadium. Unusually, this was not the last game of the English domestic season nor the only game played on that day. Wembley Stadium was also hosting the 2011 Champions League Final on 28 May, forcing the FA Cup Final to be played at least two weeks earlier. This meant the Final was played on the penultimate weekend of the Premier League season and, apart from the finalists who were scheduled to play a league match against each other, a full programme of matches was played. The defending champions were Chelsea, who retained their title in the 2010 final against Portsmouth, but they lost to Everton in the fourth round. The tournament winners were Manchester City, who defeated Stoke City in the final with Yaya Touré scoring the only goal of the match in the 74th minute. The FA Cup winners are normally entitled to a place in the next season's UEFA Europa League unless they have already qualified for that tournament or for the UEFA Champions League; because Manchester City qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League via their top-four finish in the 2010–11 Premier League, Stoke qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League as runners-up. Teams Calendar The calendar for the 2010–11 FA Cup, as announced by The Football Association: Qualifying rounds All of the teams that entered the competition, but were not members of the Premier League or The Football League, had to compete in the qualifying rounds. First Round Proper Teams from Leagues One and Two entered at this stage, along with the winners from the Fourth round qualifying. The draw was held on 24 October 2010 with ties played on the weekend of 6–7 November 2010 apart from Rochdale vs FC United of Manchester which was the only match played on 5 November 2010. It was broadcast on ESPN kicking off its FA Cup campaign with the Northern Premier League club shocking their League One counterparts 3–2. ESPN's next match was on 6 November 2010, where Cambridge United and Huddersfield Town played out a scoreless draw. ITV1's first coverage was Southport vs Sheffield Wednesday on 7 November 2010 with the League One side trouncing their Conference National opponents 5–2. Tipton Town of the Midland Football Alliance and Hythe Town of the Kent League, both from the ninth tier, were the lowest-ranked teams left in the competition at this stage. Both suffered heavy defeats by league opposition. Second Round Proper The matches were played on 26, 27 and 29 November 2010 with replays scheduled for 7, 8 and 9 December. Hartlepool United v Yeovil Town and Notts County v AFC Bournemouth were both postponed on their original date, 27 November, and again on 7 December. They were finally played on 14 December. FC United of Manchester of the Northern Premier League Premier Division and Swindon Supermarine of the Southern League Premier Division, both from the seventh tier, were the lowest-ranked teams left in the competition at this stage. Swindon Supermarine were narrowly defeated 1–0 by Colchester United, but FC United of Manchester managed to force a replay after a 1–1 draw with Brighton & Hove Albion. The draw for the second round was notable for the potential meeting of AFC Wimbledon and MK Dons. This would have been the first time the two clubs had met however MK Dons were beaten by Stevenage in their first-round replay. Third Round Proper The draw was held on 28 November 2010 at Wembley Stadium and made by Noel Gallagher of Oasis and Sergio Pizzorno of Kasabian. who bizarrely picked out the balls of the respective clubs that they support (Pizzorno - Leicester City and Gallagher - Manchester City). Premier League and Football League Championship teams also entered at this stage, joining the winners from the second round and completing the entrants. The lowest ranked team in this round was Dover Athletic of the Conference South, the sixth tier of English football. The tie between Wycombe Wanderers and Hereford United was played later than usual due to the fact that the second round replay between Lincoln City and Hereford was delayed. Arsenal narrowly avoided an upset by scoring a stoppage time penalty in their 1–1 draw with Championship side Leeds United. The highly anticipated match in the third round between Manchester United and Liverpool saw United beat Liverpool 1–0 with a Ryan Giggs second-minute penalty. Championship side Leeds United failed to maintain their good showing against Arsenal by losing 3–1. Also Newcastle suffered a massive upset, losing 3–1 to League Two Stevenage. Fourth Round Proper The draw was held on Sunday 9 January 2011. The lowest ranked team left in the competition was Crawley Town of the Conference National, the fifth tier of English football. Of the other 31 teams, 15 were from the Premier League, 6 were from The Championship, 6 were from League One, and 4 were from League Two. Three matches went to a replay, Everton v Chelsea, Bolton Wanderers v Wigan Athletic and Manchester City v Notts County. Fifth Round Proper The draw was held on Sunday 30 January 2011. For the second consecutive round, the lowest ranked team left in the competition was Crawley Town of the Conference National, the fifth tier of English football. They were the first non-League side to make the fifth round since 1994. Of the other 15 teams, 10 were from the Premier League, two from the Championship and three from League One. One match went to a replay, Leyton Orient v Arsenal. Sixth Round Proper The draw was held on Sunday 20 February 2011. Reading of The Championship defeated Everton in the fifth round, and are the last non-Premier League team remaining in the competition, for the second year running. All seven other teams are from the Premier League. Semi-finals The draw was conducted by Hope Powell and Fabio Capello at Wembley Stadium on Sunday, 13 March 2011, after the result of the Stoke game, but before the end of the Manchester City game. Ties were played on 16/17 April at Wembley. With Manchester City's victory over Reading, it meant that the Semi-finals of the Cup would be an all-Premier League affair, and in addition, Wembley Stadium would host its first ever Manchester derby game. Final Top scorer Media coverage In the United Kingdom, ITV were the free to air broadcasters for the third consecutive season while ESPN took over the subscription broadcaster package Setanta Sports held, while S4C broadcast it in Wales. The matches shown live on ITV were: • Southport 2-5 Sheffield Wednesday (R1) • AFC Wimbledon 0-2 Stevenage (R2) • Arsenal 1-1 Leeds United (R3) • Manchester United 1-0 Liverpool (R3) • Leeds United 1-3 Arsenal (R3 Replay) • Southampton 1-2 Manchester United (R4) • Notts County 1-1 Manchester City (R4) • Manchester City 5-0 Notts County (R4 Replay) • Manchester United 1-0 Crawley Town (R5) • Manchester City 3-0 Aston Villa (R5) • Manchester United 2-0 Arsenal (QF) • Stoke City 2-1 West Ham United (QF) • Manchester City 1-0 Manchester United (SF) • Manchester City 1-0 Stoke City (Final) The matches shown live on ESPN were: • Rochdale 2-3 FC United of Manchester (R1) • Cambridge United 0-0 Huddersfield Town (R1) • Woking 2-2 Brighton & Hove Albion (R1 Replay) • Ebbsfleet United 2-3 AFC Wimbledon (R1 Replay) • Crawley Town 1-1 Swindon Town (R2) • Droylsden 1-1 Leyton Orient (R2) • FC United of Manchester 0-4 Brighton & Hove Albion (R2 Replay) • Luton Town 1-3 Charlton Athletic (R2 Replay) • Stevenage 3-1 Newcastle United (R3) • Leicester City 2-2 Manchester City (R3) • Crawley Town 2-1 Derby County (R3) • Manchester City 4-2 Leicester City (R3 Replay) • Everton 1-1 Chelsea (R4) • Arsenal 2-1 Huddersfield Town (R4) • Fulham 4-0 Tottenham Hotspur (R4) • Chelsea 1-1 Everton (R4 Replay) • Leyton Orient 1-1 Arsenal (R5) • West Ham United 5-1 Burnley (R5) • Everton 0-1 Reading (R5) • Arsenal 5-0 Leyton Orient (R5 Replay) • Birmingham City 2-3 Bolton Wanderers (QF) • Manchester City 1-0 Reading (QF) • Bolton Wanderers 0-5 Stoke City (SF) • Manchester City 1-0 Stoke City (Final) The only match shown live on S4C was: • Cardiff City 0-2 Stoke City (R3 Replay) • International broadcasters References External links The FA Cup at thefa.com FA Cup seasons Fa Cup Fa Cup
13523302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenity%20%28band%29	Serenity (band)	Serenity (band) Serenity is an Austrian symphonic power metal band, originally formed back in 2001. They became a more stable group with a consistent line-up in 2004, when it also began using more progressive and power influences than earlier. They have defined their genre with more melodic and symphonic metal elements. Most of their music focuses on important historical figures and events, including Sir Francis Drake, Marco Polo, Galileo, Beethoven and Napoleon. They currently have produced eight studio albums and two demos. The members of Serenity have taken their talents outside of their music and have shared their interests and devotions with others. Vocalist Georg Neuhauser is a M.Sc. Dr. of historical science. He is currently working at the university of Innsbruck. Drummer Andreas Schipflinger is a research and development technician in the construction of cochlea implant system hearing aids. Bassist Fabio D'Amore is a sound engineer, studio manager, as well as a teacher for both the bass and music theory. He also fronts the metal band Mirrormaze and has performed on tours with Xandria. Former members Mario Hirzinger and Simon Holzknecht work as a nurse in a kidney dialysis center and a research and development technician in the optical and crystal manufacturing industry respectively. Thomas Buchberger, former lead guitarist, is an engineer of IT, marketing and PR and does web layout and design. He hopes to somehow continue collaborating in minor aspects with future Serenity albums. Biography Beginnings (2001–2005) Serenity began in 2001 with Matthias Anker (rhythm guitarist & lead vocals), Stefan Schipflinger (lead guitarist), Stefan Wanker (bass guitarist), and current drummer Andreas Schipflinger, and until 2012, keyboardist Mario Hirzinger. The first gigs the band had were quite successful and the next step was recording a demo EP and trying to get signed to a record label. In late summer, 2001, they entered the BHS Studios in Breitenbach and recorded their first demo CD Starseed V.R.. It was released on February 9, 2002 and well received by both the fans and the press. The album was written by the members of Serenity with the layout and artwork done by planet-bluescreen.com. The album featured Katharina Neuschmid, Jürgen Huter and Martin Anker as guest musicians. The band sent out numerous copies of Starseed V.R. to various record labels, but without any success. New gigs followed in 2002 and 2003, which established them as one of the leading metal bands of the region. Unfortunately, rhythm guitarist and lead vocalist Matthias Anker decided to leave the band for personal reasons at the end of 2003. In February 2004, the members of Serenity got in touch with Thomas Buchberger, Georg Neuhauser, and Simon Holzknecht. Thomas and Georg has previously recorded their own demo in 2003 and were in the process of finding other musicians to join their metal project. After listening to their demo, it was bass player Stefan Wanker who recommended integrating them into Serenity, but he realized that he had to leave the band, which he offered to do. Guitarist Stefan Schipflinger, who didn't agree with this decision, also left the band. The new line up decided to keep the name of Serenity and is considered to be founded in 2004, in Tyrol, Austria, consisting of new members Georg Neuhauser (lead vocals), Thomas Buchberger (lead & rhythm guitars), Simon Holzknecht (bass guitarist). In an interview with Valkyrian Music, bassist Fabio D'Amore, who would join the band in 2010, talks about the band name Serenity, saying, "Serenity is a sci-fi movie, based on the fanta-western TV series called "Firefly". It's an awesome movie, and the also the TV series is incredible. When the band was put together, the influence of "Firefly" on our artistic work was huge, so the logical result was taking the name of the spacecraft as the band's name." This line up brought some subtle musical changes, including introducing a new lead voice, basing the songs on a more 'metal' riffing with a high demand on melodies and orchestral parts. With this line up, Serenity's first crucial test took place on August 2, 2004, when they successfully supported Ronnie James Dio. Soon after, the band started recording a demo album, Engraved Within, on their own. The album was mixed by Jan Vacik at Dreamscape Studios in Munich, Germany and was released on April 17, 2005. Engraved Within received outstanding reviews all over Europe, among them 'Demo of the Month' in German Rock Hard and Metal Hammer magazines. One review of the album, from Rock Report, states, "this 7-track demo clearly shows what great potential this band has. This material is so strong that it can only be a matter of time before this guys get signed." A website, selaludiam.com, stated "Serenity is a highly gifted band from Austria and they deliver us a killer demo, which blew me totally away." Words Untold & Dreams Unlived (2005–2007) Although some labels were interested to work with the band, they decided to produce a self-financed full-length album which would increase the chances for a more valuable deal including touring activities. Words Untold & Dreams Unlived was a project that took place throughout Europe. The album was recorded at Dreamscape Studios in Munich as well as at home in Austria, mixed and mastered at Finnvox Studios in Helsinki, Finland, orchestral parts were produced by Hans Valter in Czech Republic and the whole artwork was done by Seth-Design in Athens, Greece. After fruitful negotiations with Napalm Records of Austria, a deal was signed on December 1, 2006. Lead vocalist Georg Neuhauser stated, "We decided to sign with Napalm Record because, first of all, they are a very good label, have good distributors, and they are from Austria so it’s easier to work with them. You know, when I have a problem or a question, I just call them, and you will always reach someone in the company, so it’s quite easy to handle." Words Untold & Dreams Unlived was finally released on April 27, 2007, in Europe and on May 8 in North America, followed by releases in Russia, Japan and south-eastern Asia. In 2007, Serenity had begun touring, first with Morgana Lefay in Sweden, Threshold in Great Britain, and then a "hero" for the band, Kamelot. Later on, they toured with bands such as Adagio and Sacred Steel. The band said that the tour of ten European countries brought about new friends and admirers and raised expectations for their future album. Fallen Sanctuary (2007–2010) At last, time had come to write a new album. Music styles would grow, mature, and progress on the new work. During an interview with Thomas Buchberger, he stated, "The songs on Words Untold & Dreams Unlived were the first songs the band wrote together. And some songs were already one to two years old when the band was formed, written by Georg and me or by Mario. The newer songs sounded different from that due to the fact that everything was polished and written together. Now with Fallen Sanctuary the music style changed a little bit more into melodic metal, but still has everything that stands for Serenity: choirs, orchestra, heavy riffing; more of everything than on our debut. The songs are tighter and more catchy than ever before." Once again, the band constructed a strong team around them, including Oliver Philipps (orchestral production), Lanvall (vocal recordings), Jacob Hansen (mix and mastering), Gustavo Sazes (artwork) and Jan Vacik (drum & bass recordings, arranging and editing), to start their second album. Guitars, keys & some backing vocals were recorded by Thomas & Mario in their home studios. The production of the new album began in December 2007 at Dreamscape Studios and was finished in April 2008. Fallen Sanctuary hit stores on the August 29, 2008, in Europe and on September 9, 2008, in the US and Canada. It also received a release in Japan by Soundholic records. Serenity used this opportunity to showcase their talents and perform at an album release party in Wörgl. The album's only single is "Velatum." A video for "Velatum" was also done by the band, which was shot by director Robert Geir and "Wildruf" camera crew from July 2 to 5, 2008. The video for "Velatum" was released online on July 17. Fallen Sanctuary was met with strong reviews instantly in the metal and symphonic metal world. A review from Sea of Tranquility states "Serenity is one of the best bands to arrive on the metal scene in quite some time. This album is a thing of beauty. The orchestral arrangements and huge choirs really add that progressive element to the music that puts this album in the upper echelon of metal releases...." The heavy metal website Metal Crypt states, "The production is absolutely first-class, and the vocal mix puts Neuhauser front and center — the kind of recording job where you swear you can hear the guy's nose hairs — it's a demanding position for a singer, as it leaves no room for error, but he rises to the challenge with an amazing performance." Fallen Sanctuary Tour and Simon Quits In spring 2009, Serenity supported Kamelot on their "Rule The World Tour 2009". Later that same year, Serenity toured with longtime friends Edenbridge. Some weeks later, Serenity was featured as a special guest on Threshold's "Essence Of Progression" Tour. On August 25, 2010, Serenity stated via their website "In Serenity's history, this is the first truly sad message we have to publish. Simon Holzknecht - bass guitars - quits Serenity due to personal reasons." Only a short time later Serenity would welcome Fabio D'Amore (formerly of Pathosray and Fairyland, current vocalist and bassist for the band Mirrormaze) as the new man behind the bass. Lead vocalist Georg Neuhauser previously met Fabio in 2009 while doing a guest appearance for Fairyland on their album Score to a New Beginning. Death & Legacy (2010–2012) In late 2010, the band went back to the studio for the follow-up album of Fallen Sanctuary. Again, they chose Oliver Philipps to do the orchestra production, however, the album mix was done by Jan Vacik. Oliver Philipps also produced the album. The band again called on some guest musicians, including Amanda Somerville and Lanvall of Edenbridge, to help in making the album a Serenity masterpiece. Many thought the addition of a female voice was an incredible concept, including Rocktopia, which states in a review of Death & Legacy, "The decision to add some female vocals to the tracks is inspired and adds a whole new spectrum for Serenity to explore." Death & Legacy was released on February 25, 2011, through Napalm Records. The album was well received among fans and magazines. Sputnik Music rates the album 3.5 out of 5, stating "Death and Legacy is the sound of a band who know what they're doing and who do it very well." The Golden Bird rates the album an A−, stating "Overall, Death & Legacy is a fine album. It is everything that symphonic power metal represents taken to its outermost limits." A Metal Crypt review states, "The songwriting is outstanding and there are no weak tracks. The band members' individual performances are top notch and the playing is tight, without strangling the emotion of the songs. Even the subject matter, Templars, Age of Discovery explorers, kings, queens and scientists, is larger than life," and, "Any serious discussion about Symphonic Power Metal should now include Serenity. That is, if you can stop singing songs from Death & Legacy long enough to have a conversation," giving the band a 4.52 out of 5. Overall, Metal Crypt gives the album a 4.75 out 5. Metal Blog reviewed Death & Legacy and states, "Death & Legacy is highly entertaining all the way through, with its well crafted music, lyrics and all around theme to the record. There's also a lot of awesome with 16 tracks on the disc complied of quality, catchy tunes and atmospheric interludes." Music video and singles Death & Legacy spawned three singles with "The Chevalier", "Serenade of Flames", and "When Canvas Starts To Burn". A music video was shot for "The Chevalier", the album's lead single. The video was shot in Schloss Matzen castle, which is located in the west part of Austria. The video was shot during winter in the old manor, in the style and fashion of the second half of the 18th century, during the Rococo and early Romanticism periods. Neuhauser, who plays Giacomo Casanova, is seen riding on a black horse and carrying a falcon, mixed with scenes where women with masks attempt to seduce him. Ailyn, Casanova's lover, is then seen in a room with Neuhauser, both looking at the mirror. She then walks between trees and a lake in the park, and then sings alone in the manor. Clips of a horse and a falcon are also shown, along with scenes in which Neuhauser and Ailyn are sitting with other band members around a table with other band members. The video ends with all of them singing together outside, as the sun illuminates them. The song and video was dedicated to Giacomo Casanova and was released on January 24, 2011. Lead vocalist Georg Neuhauser commented on the making of the music video, saying, "It was an awesome experience for everybody! This time, we worked together with Salvatore Perrone, an Italian director. We knew what we wanted and even tho it was not easy, we all worked as a big team, and this was the surplus. It took us nearly 3 days, shooting under the snow and rigid temperatures of our land, Tyrol in Austria. We also used some animals, as horses and falcons and those elements gave the storyboard a realistic flavor." The second single was "When Canvas Starts To Burn", and it also has an accompanying music video. The video was shot in a studio located in Tyrol, Austria, with band members playing and singing the song during a firestorm. It is mixed with scenes of girls playing the violin and posing on a red velvet bed. The song and video were dedicated to Albrecht Dürer, a northern renaissance painter on whom the lyrics are based. The video took one day to shoot and was released on November 14, 2011. A teaser for the single "Serenade of Flames" was also shot by the band. Death & Legacy Tour, Mario Quits After a brief stint of shows in the UK and Switzerland, and a headlining show in Germany on September 9, the Death & Legacy tour began. Serenity hit the road with Delain, Van Canto, and Xandria, then followed up with a show at the legendary Prog Power USA festival in 2012 in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The band then embarked in the "Out of the Dark Festival Tour," again with Van Canto and Xandria, Tristania, and Amberian Dawn. This helped Serenity to reach out for new fans and gain headliner status across European venues. In a review of the ProgPower Fest 2012, a fan states "With the duality of Georg & Clemi on vocals, Fabio’s energetic bass playing, Thomas’ incredible guitar playing, the symphonic epicness coming from Mario's keys, and Andi's spot on drumming, they really stole the show." In a poll of the audiences' favorite band of ProgPower USA XIII, Serenity topped the charts as the overall favorite. The band was overwhelmed by the positive responses that they received at ProgPower USA, as they received "standing ovations, neverending applause...." This helped Serenity grab headliner status across many European venues. On October 30, 2012, Serenity announced that founder Mario Hirzinger decided to leave the band due to several reasons. They state "Mario can still be seen in live situations whenever he has time and fun playing with us. Though he may never return as songwriter nor as member of organization/management." Mario can be seen on occasion as a guest musician during Serenity's live concerts. Serenity continued to tour all over Europe, gaining reputation as a power music force with in the symphonic metal genre. Again praised by fans and magazines, the band continued to attract new fans worldwide. War of Ages (2012–2014) Serenity began recording their new album in 2012, this time with a new female vocalist, Clémentine Delauney who joined the band in late 2012 after intensive touring activities with the band. Clémentine added a truly dynamic and melodic female counterpart to Georg, broadening Serenity's sound even more. Clémentine stated in an interview, "We wanted to keep the direction of having each song dealing with a famous character in history. And when Tom and Georg started to write the music, it appeared to be a bit darker than the previous record. So all in all when we had all the songs, we were like “Yeah, the general feeling is a bit more heavy and darker”. There are different influences; there's one song which is very melancholic. So we thought that maybe we should try to bring topics of darker times. So we found characters who had their own inner problems or state problems, like Napoleon with wars and we brought in Beethoven with his inside war with fighting against these diseases making him deaf, and the Bathory Countess also starting to get mad and stuff like this. We gathered a lot of different topics, and we saw that the red line was a war, whether it was an outside physical war, or it's someone fighting against himself, or inner war. So we called it like this. And it was different periods of times, so it was not representing one period especially, but several." Announcement for the official release of the album came via the band's website, stating, "While staying true to all Serenity trademarks such as symphonic orchestras, heavy rhythms, amazing melodic vocals & bombastic choirs we also brought in some new elements in form of various new sounds in the Serenity universe and a constant implementation of female vocals supporting outstanding singer Georg Neuhauser. War of Ages was released on March 22, 2013, in Europe and in April across North America and Asia, via Napalm Records. The album contains 10 songs with 2 additional songs on the Limited Edition Version. The album also continues the historical concept that its predecessor, Death & Legacy, had previously established. The album contains songs about Beethoven, Napoleon, among others. It was again mixed and mastered by Jan Vacik at Dreamsound Studios. The album came out to outstanding reviews both across Europe and North America. From Metal Underground, the review states "Many bands attempt to play symphonic metal, but Austria’s Serenity has mastered the art to such a degree that the mere mention of a new release spellbinds fans of the subgenre," and "Serenity takes the symphonic metal world by storm with its 'War of Ages.'" Angry Metal Guy states, "To Serenity's credit, there isn’t a weak track in the bunch. Although everything sounds like it was lifted from better known contemporaries, it’s all high quality, memorable and very easy to like," and "This is by far Serenity's best release and a very enjoyable dose of symphonic power." Music video, single, and War of Ages Over Europe A music video was shot for the lead off single "Wings of Madness" and released on March 28, 2013. The music video shows Clémentine in the role of Elizabeth Bathory, as portrayed in the legend, and lead vocalist, Georg Neuhauser, as her husband, who is off at war. Elizabeth struggles with her blood lust and can't seem to control it. The music video shows her alleged torment of others. Her husband cannot return home in time to save her as she dies at her own hands. "Wings of Madness" is War of Ages only single up to this point. The War of Ages Over Europe Tour began shortly after and continued into 2014. Tour guests included Visions of Atlantis, Souldrinker, Beyond the Bridge, Midriff. The band announced that they would be joining Within Temptation on a small tour in March, stating "Serenity is going to support Within Temptation in Bratislava on March 12th and in Vienna (Gasometer) on March 15th!" Other tour stops will be Mons, Budapest, the Masters of Rock in the Czech Republic, and opening for Delain in the Netherlands as well as for Xandria in Germany. Back to the Root (2015) On February 3, 2015, Serenity announce via Facebook and their official website that lead guitarist Thomas Buchberger and female vocalist Clementine Delauney have parted ways with the band. An official statement by Thomas states, "....I was thinking about it for some time, the last 2-3 years exactly. And I decided to quit SERENITY permanently in 2014," and "The future with SERENITY: I told the guys, that if they need me and I am able to manage it, I will be there. Be it for a gig (like Innsbruck last year), or be it for future recordings. But for the moment being, I will not participate in the upcoming songwriting nor preproduction recordings. That's what would take too much time for me currently. I will and still am helping with online stuff too... And again: I don't rule out that one day I have more time left, or some fitting songs on my computer, I could still give those to them or participate a bit more on upcoming albums. If they want me/allow me to of course! But not now...". Even though Tom states that he might be involved in future albums and possibly a gig or two, nothing formal has been committed to with the band. Serenity stated, regarding Clémentine's departure, that "Though we love to add different voices to Georg’s one, we no longer think these moments will be significant enough to justify to have a female singer within our ranks. Once this said, it has the direct consequence to unbind Clementine’s musical fate to SERENITY’s. With a lot of regrets from both sides, we need to say that it has been a very intense and colorful chapter in SERENITY’s history to have welcomed such a great and nice singer and front-woman on a record and the concerts for the 2 years that followed. As hard as such a decision is to take, there is no hard feelings and we are happy to say that if, for practical reasons, we will welcome other guest singers for the live aspect, there is a common will to share the stage together again one day." Clémentine adds "Serenity and I are parting ways almost in the same manner that we decided to start working together. You should not search for big plans behind all this or a big machinery, there is none. We acted upon our will and we are ending our collaboration here because ideas and circumstances have changed." On October 27, 2015, Serenity announced on their homepage that they had finished recording their fifth album titled Codex Atlanticus. They also announced that album will be released on January 23, 2016. In 2017, the band released their sixth studio album, called Lionheart. In January 2020, the band released their seventh studio album called "The Last Knight". According to a Facebook post in November 2019, the album is a concept album based on the life of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. Members Current members Andreas Schipflinger - drums, backing vocals (2001–present) Georg Neuhauser - lead vocals (2004–present) Fabio D'Amore - bass, backing vocals (2011–present) Chris Hermsdörfer- guitars (2015–present) Marco Pastorino - guitars (2023–present) Former members Matthias Anker - rhythm guitar and vocals (2001–2003) Stefan Schipflinger - lead guitar (2001–2004) Stefan Wanker - bass (2001–2004) Simon Holzknecht - bass (2004–2010) Mario Hirzinger - keyboards, backing vocals (2001–2012) Clémentine Delauney - lead and backing vocals (2013–2015) Thomas Buchberger - lead and rhythm guitars (2004–2015) Former session musicians Oliver Philipps - keyboards, piano (2008-2013) Timeline Discography Demos Starseed V.R. (2002) Engraved Within (2005) Studio albums Words Untold & Dreams Unlived (2007) Fallen Sanctuary (2008) Death & Legacy (2011) War of Ages (2013) Codex Atlanticus (2016) Lionheart (2017) The Last Knight (2020) Nemesis AD (2023) Singles "Velatum" (2008) "The Chevalier" (2011) "Serenade of Flames" (2011) "When Canvas Starts to Burn" (2011) "Wings of Madness" (2013) Music videos "Velatum" (2008) "The Chevalier" (featuring Ailyn) (2011) "When Canvas Starts to Burn" (2011) "Wings of Madness" (2013) "Follow Me" (2016) "Spirit in the Flesh" (2016) "My Final Chapter" (2016) "Lionheart" (2017) "United" (2017) "Set the World on Fire" (2019) "Souls and Sins" (2019) "My Kingdom Comes" (2020) "In The Name Of Scotland" (2022) "Ritter, Tod und Teufel" (2023) References External links Serenity at Metal Storm Austrian musical quintets Austrian power metal musical groups Austrian progressive metal musical groups Austrian symphonic metal musical groups Musical groups established in 2001 Napalm Records artists Holy Records artists
2841163	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD	Кокожин	Кокожин — село в Польщі, у гміні Косцян Косцянського повіту Великопольського воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Лешненського воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Косцянського повіту
27935216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoenus%20nigricans	Schoenus nigricans	Schoenus nigricans is a species of sedge known by the common names black bog-rush and black sedge. It is native to Eurasia, parts of Africa, Australia, and southern North America, including Mexico and the southernmost United States. Description This perennial plant grows in low, tight clumps 20 to 70 centimeters tall, with threadlike leaves bearing wide, dark brown ligules. The inflorescence is a small, flattened cluster of dark spikelets. The fruit is an achene coated in a hard, white shell. Habitat S. nigricans grows in many types of wetlands and other moist and alkaline habitat, including marshes, springs, seeps, peat bogs, heath, and alkali flats. References External links Schoenus nigricans. CalPhotos. nigricans Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Flora of Malta
439337	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%A4%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE	Сесто-Фьорентіно	Сесто-Фьорентіно — муніципалітет в Італії, у регіоні Тоскана, метрополійне місто Флоренція. Сесто-Фьорентіно розташоване на відстані близько 240 км на північний захід від Рима, 7 км на північний захід від Флоренції. Населення — (2014). Щорічний фестиваль відбувається 11 листопада. Покровитель — святий Мартин Турський. Демографія Сусідні муніципалітети Каленцано Кампі-Бізенціо Ф'єзоле Флоренція Валья Див. також Список муніципалітетів метрополійного міста Флоренція Примітки
12071924	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio%20Mendes%20Belo	António Mendes Belo	António Mendes Belo (18 June 1842 – 5 August 1929) was a Portuguese prelate of the Catholic Church, who served as Patriarch of Lisbon from 1907 until his death. He was made a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1911, though his elevation to that rank was not announced until 1914. He was Auxiliary Bishop of Lisbon from 1884 to 1888 and Archbishop of Faro from 1888 to 1906. Biography António Mendes Belo was born at São Pedro, Gouveia, (District of Guarda), Portugal. He was son of Miguel Mendes Belo and wife Rosalina dos Santos de Almeida da Mota. He was educated at the Seminary of Coimbra, and later at the University of Coimbra where he earned a licentiate in canon law. He received minor orders on 21 December 1860, the subdiaconate on 21 May 1864 and the diaconate on 17 December 1864. He was ordained on 10 June 1865. From 1865 to 1884 he was vicar general of Funchal and from 1865 to 1871, professor of theology at the Seminary of Pinhel He did pastoral work in the parish of Espinheiro. He was vicar general of the diocese of Pinhel from 1874 until 1881 and of the Diocese of Aveiro in 1881. He was also vicar general of Lisbon from 1881 until 1884. He was appointed titular archbishop of Mitylene and Auxiliary bishop of Lisbon on 24 March 1884 by Pope Leo XIII. He was consecrated on 27 April of that year. He was transferred to the Diocese of Faro with title of Archbishop ad personam on 13 November 1884. He was named patriarch of Lisbon on 19 December 1907 by Pope Pius X. He was made a cardinal in pectore on 27 November 1911. He had been expelled from Lisbon earlier that year for an infraction of the law of the separation of Church and State. during which time he resided in Gouveia. The government relaxed its anticlerical campaign and allowed him to return to Lisbon in 1913. His elevation to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro was published on 25 May 1914. He received the red hat from Pope Benedict XV on 8 September 1914. He participated in the conclave of 1914 that elected Pope Benedict XV. He was a member of Portuguese Academy of Sciences in 1922. He participated in the conclave of 1922 that elected Pope Pius XI. He was made the 568th Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Our Lady of Concepcion of Vila Viçosa. He died in Lisbon in 1929. Notes References 1842 births 1929 deaths 20th-century Portuguese cardinals Archbishops of Lisbon 19th-century Portuguese Roman Catholic priests People from Gouveia, Portugal Cardinals created by Pope Pius X
69652150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Trek%3A%20Strange%20New%20Worlds%20season%201	Star Trek: Strange New Worlds season 1	Star Trek: Strange New Worlds season 1 The first season of the American television series Star Trek: Strange New Worlds follows Captain Christopher Pike and the crew of the starship Enterprise in the 23rd century as they explore new worlds and carry out missions throughout the galaxy during the decade before Star Trek: The Original Series. The season was produced by CBS Studios in association with Secret Hideout, Weed Road Pictures, H M R X Productions, and Roddenberry Entertainment, with Akiva Goldsman and Henry Alonso Myers serving as showrunners. Anson Mount, Ethan Peck, and Rebecca Romijn respectively star as Pike, Spock, and Number One, along with Jess Bush, Christina Chong, Celia Rose Gooding, Melissa Navia, Babs Olusanmokun, and Bruce Horak. Development on a spin-off series from Star Trek: Discovery began by January 2020, with Mount, Romijn, and Peck reprising their roles, and it was officially ordered in May. The showrunners chose to return to the episodic storytelling of The Original Series rather than Discovery more serialized approach. The writers and directors focused on giving each episode a different genre and tone. Filming took place at CBS Stages Canada in Mississauga, Ontario, from February to July 2021, with additional filming in New Mexico to support the visual effects. Many of the regular actors and several guest stars portray younger versions of characters from The Original Series in the season. The season premiered on the streaming service Paramount+ on May 5, 2022, and ran for 10 episodes until July 7. It was estimated to have high viewership and audience demand, becoming the most watched Paramount+ original Star Trek series. It also received positive reviews from critics for its episodic storytelling and cast. The season was nominated for a Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Award and several other awards, and was named on multiple best of 2022 lists. A second season was announced in January 2022. Episodes Cast and characters Main Anson Mount as Christopher Pike Ethan Peck as Spock Jess Bush as Christine Chapel Christina Chong as La'an Noonien-Singh Celia Rose Gooding as Nyota Uhura Melissa Navia as Erica Ortegas Babs Olusanmokun as Joseph M'Benga Bruce Horak as Hemmer Rebecca Romijn as Una Chin-Riley / Number One Recurring Adrian Holmes as Robert April Dan Jeannotte as George Samuel "Sam" Kirk Gia Sandhu as T'Pring Melanie Scrofano as Batel Guests Samantha Smith as a Kiley 279 leader Lindy Booth as Alora Ian Ho as the First Servant Huse Madhavji as Gamal Jesse James Keitel as Angel Paul Wesley as James T. Kirk Production Development In June 2018, after becoming sole showrunner of Star Trek: Discovery, Alex Kurtzman signed a five-year overall deal with CBS Television Studios to expand the Star Trek franchise beyond Discovery to several new series, miniseries, and animated series. After Anson Mount was revealed to be leaving Discovery with the second season finale, fans of that series began calling—including through online petitions—for him to reprise the role of Christopher Pike in a spin-off series set on the USS Enterprise, alongside Rebecca Romijn as Number One and Ethan Peck as Spock. In January 2020, Kurtzman said active discussions regarding a spin-off series featuring the actors had begun with executive producer Akiva Goldsman. Paramount+ officially ordered Star Trek: Strange New Worlds to series in May 2020, with Goldsman and Henry Alonso Myers set as showrunners. Writing Myers began work on the series in March 2020, working from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Co-creators Goldsman, Kurtzman, and Jenny Lumet had written the first episode by the time of the series' official announcement that May, and a writers room for the first season was underway by July. Stories for all 10 episodes were broken by the end of that month. Other writers for the season include Sarah Tarkoff, Akela Cooper, Bill Wolkoff, Davy Perez, Beau DeMayo, Robin Wasserman, and Onitra Johnson. In August, Kurtzman said they had been able to get "quite ahead in scripts" for the season, compared to seasons of previous Star Trek series, due to the pandemic postponing the start of production. Goldsman said the series was more episodic than Discovery and Star Trek: Picard, though it still has recurring character arcs. He took particular inspiration from Star Trek: The Original Series while Myers was more of a Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine fan. The writers wanted to show the full potential of the series by giving each episode a dramatically different genre and tone. One of Goldsman's first ideas was to feature the Gorn, a lizard-like alien species introduced in the Original Series episode "Arena", as a recurring adversary for the season. Kurtzman was excited to use modern visual effects and puppetry to make the species feel "vivid and scary" compared to the "guy in a rubber suit" from "Arena". The writers discussed ways to incorporate the Gorn without contradicting the fact that the characters in "Arena", which is set around seven years after the events of this season, have not seen the species before. Perez explained that their goal for the series was to not "undo people's experience with The Original Series, but if we can manage it, perhaps to give us an interesting perspective to consider that lines up with the original stories". Specifically discussing the line "I face the creature the Metrons called a Gorn" spoken by William Shatner's James T. Kirk in "Arena", Perez explained that "maybe Kirk has never seen them, he could even be one of those people who still doubts the stories, or maybe even he has seen them and they don't look the same". Some of the ways that the series attempts to maintain continuity include featuring the Gorn in the backstory of La'an Noonien-Singh, a character who does not appear in The Original Series; not actually showing them in "Memento Mori" when Gorn starships are seen; and only showing baby Gorn in "All Those Who Wander". Perez researched submarine films in an effort to replicate the feeling of the Original Series episode "Balance of Terror" for "Memento Mori", while "All Those Who Wander" is a horror-themed episode inspired by the films Alien (1979), The Thing (1982), Gremlins (1984), and Predator (1987). Perez said Alien was an especial influence on the episode because it was "hard not to draw the comparison when writing a 'horror story in space'", and this is primarily seen in the way that baby Gorn grow inside host bodies and burst out of them like the Xenomorphs from that franchise. Another change to established canon was the inclusion of Spock's fiancée T'Pring from the Original Series episode "Amok Time". Myers acknowledged that the writers were interpreting that episode differently than fans had previously done in order to expand on T'Pring's role in Spock's life, but he felt this was necessary to explore a younger Spock. It allowed the writers to ask questions like "What are the pressures of being Vulcan? What are the pressures of coming from his family? What are the intricacies of Vulcan courtship that maybe we don't know about?" It also allowed T'Pring to be expanded on in interesting ways. In an effort to overcome the difficulties of their long-distance relationship, Spock and T'Pring accidentally switch bodies in "Spock Amok", which Star Trek: Lower Decks showrunner Mike McMahan did uncredited writing for. "Lift Us Where Suffering Cannot Reach" is a philosophical and allegorical episode, introducing a society that thrives due to the sacrifice of children. Pike is forced to consider how children also suffer in the United Federation of Planets, which is a controversial idea due to the Star Trek franchise's usual depiction as a utopia. Wolkoff acknowledged that "most Federation worlds are post-scarcity and not focused on the accumulation of wealth, but is every Federation world perfect in this way? Has all hunger and poverty been eliminated? I don't think we know that for certain. We've seen Federation colonies and worlds in need of supplies and resources. And I don't think it's an enormous stretch to imagine certain Federation member worlds straying from the ideals they're supposed to uphold." Star Trek actor Wil Wheaton suggested that this could be a reference to the Federation evolving from 21st century America, which does have such problems, and the series previously highlighted similar issues in "Strange New Worlds" when footage from the 2021 United States Capitol attack was used in a montage showing the events that lead to Earth's World War III. In addition to the comedy hijinks of "Spock Amok" and the horror of "All Those Who Wander", other genres explored in the season include storybook escapism in "The Elysium Kingdom" and the pirate-themed "The Serene Squall". The latter episode emphasizes the idea that there are uncharted areas of space where the Enterprise cannot contact Starfleet. Myers explained that one of their main goals was to remind audiences that this period of the franchise's timeline is "the age of exploration" compared to later-set series such as The Next Generation in which communications with Starfleet are often instantaneous. "Children of the Comet" introduces a tragic backstory for cadet Nyota Uhura, who the writers felt had not been explored much despite the character's important role throughout the Star Trek franchise. Taking inspiration from the military experience of some of the writers, they felt it would be interesting if Uhura was unsure about being a member of Starfleet. This informs her character arc for the season, tying into the character Hemmer who becomes a mentor for Uhura. Pike's character arc for the season sees him struggling with the knowledge that he will suffer a horrible accident in the future, which he saw in a vision during the second season of Discovery. This storyline culminates in the season finale, when Pike is shown a future where he avoids the accident but Spock is injured instead. The episode combined three big ideas from the writers room: it retells the events of an Original Series episode, "Balance of Terror", with the series' cast and modern effects; it tells a "The Ghost of Christmas Future"-inspired story where Pike is visited by an older version of himself; and it explores why Spock is "willing to go to unbelievable lengths" for Pike in the Original Series episode "The Menagerie". Goldsman said the episode was about changing Pike's fate from a curse to a choice, and Mount said Pike was more resolute and free after deciding not to try change his future. Casting Anson Mount, Ethan Peck, and Rebecca Romijn star in the series, reprising their respective roles of Captain Christopher Pike, science officer Spock, and first officer Una Chin-Riley / Number One from Discovery. Also starring are Jess Bush as nurse Christine Chapel, Christina Chong as chief security officer La'an Noonien-Singh, Celia Rose Gooding as cadet Nyota Uhura, Melissa Navia as helmsman Erica Ortegas, Babs Olusanmokun as Dr. Joseph M'Benga, and Bruce Horak as chief engineer Hemmer. In "The Elysian Kingdom", the main cast portray characters from a fantasy book: Olusanmokun is King Ridley, Mount is the sniveling chamberlain Sir Amand Rauth, Horak is Caster the Wizard, Chong is the dramatic Princess Thalia, Gooding is the villainous Queen Neve, Bush is Lady Audrey, Peck is Pollux the Wizard, Navia is Sir Adya, and Romijn is Z'ymira the Huntress. Princess Thalia has a dog, named Princess Runa, that was portrayed by Chong's own dog Runa Ewok. Hemmer dies in "All Those Who Wander", but Horak said this would not be the end of his involvement in the series. The season premiere introduces two characters from The Original Series who have recurring roles in the season: Gia Sandhu plays Spock's fiancée T'Pring and Dan Jeannotte plays George Samuel "Sam" Kirk—the brother to future Enterprise captain James T. Kirk. Sandhu replaced Arlene Martel, who portrayed T'Pring in the Original Series episode "Amok Time", and Sandhu said she was mostly able to develop T'Pring herself due to the character's limited prior screen time. Sam Kirk briefly appeared as a dead body in the Original Series episode "Operation -- Annihilate!", portrayed by William Shatner with a fake mustache; Jeannotte's version retains the mustache. Another recurring guest introduced in the premiere is Adrian Holmes as Robert April, the first Enterprise captain. April first appeared in the Star Trek: The Animated Series episode "The Counter-Clock Incident", which depicted him as an older white man voiced by white actor James Doohan (who also played Montgomery Scott in The Original Series and The Animated Series). Additionally, the likeness of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, also white, was used by Michael Okuda to create a photograph of April in The Star Trek Encyclopedia (1994). Explaining why Holmes, a black man, was cast in the role for Strange New Worlds, Myers said he and the other producers liked Holmes's performance and felt he had the gravitas to fill the character's "mythic" role. He also did not think that casting a black man would be a controversial change or take away from the character's appearance in The Animated Series, and felt that Roddenberry may have himself gone with more progressive casting if he was making the original series in the 21st century rather than the 1960s. Okuda and "The Counter-Clock Incident" writer Fred Bronson both praised the casting of Holmes. In March 2022, Paul Wesley was revealed to have been cast as James T. Kirk for the second season, though he made a surprise first appearance during the first-season finale, playing an alternate version of Kirk from the potential future that Pike visits. Wesley did not want to do an imitation of Shatner's performance. Transgender actress Jesse James Keitel was revealed in early June to have been cast as the nonbinary character Dr. Aspen, a Starfleet counselor who develops a connection with Spock, for the seventh episode. The episode reveals this to be a ruse, as Keitel actually portrays the villainous pirate Captain Angel who is the lover of Spock's half-brother Sybok. There was some concern about featuring a queer character as a villain due to the history of such characters being villainized for their identities in media, but Keitel felt it was "high time we let queer people be villains". Myers said Angel was created to be a recurring villain and was always intended to be connected to Spock by their relationship with Sybok, who briefly appears in the episode portrayed by an unknown actor. Myers said Sybok would also return to the series in the future. Other guest stars for the season include Melanie Scrofano as Batel, a Starfleet captain and Pike's "friend with benefits"; Samantha Smith as a leader on Kiley 279; Lindy Booth as Alora, a leader on Majalis who is an old flame of Pike's; Ian Ho as the First Servant, a boy on Majalis who was selected at birth to be sacrificed to the machine that runs the paradise-like planet; and Huse Madhavji as Gamal, the biological father of the First Servant who tries to save his son from the Majalis machine. Additionally, audio of Sonequa Martin-Green as Spock's sister Michael Burnham from Discovery is heard in "Memento Mori". Rong Fu portrays operations officer Jenna Mitchell, André Dae Kim replaces The Original Series actor John Winston as transporter chief Kyle, Jennifer Hui plays ensign Christina, and Alex Kapp provides the voice of the Enterprise computer (taking over from Majel Barrett). Sage Arrindell portrays M'Benga's daughter Rukiya, who is played as an adult by Makambe Simamba, while Ava Cheung and Cameron Roberts appear as young La'an and her brother Manu in flashbacks to their time as captives of the Gorn. In "The Serene Squall", Roderick McNeil plays the Vulcan character Stonn who was portrayed by Lawrence Montaigne in "Amok Time". "A Quality of Mercy" features several actors taking over roles from "Balance of Terror": Matthew MacFadzean replaces Mark Lenard as the Romulan commander, Mathieu Bourassa replaces Montaigne as the Romulan sub-commander, and Ali Hassan replaces Garry Walberg as Commander Hansen. Montgomery Scott has a cameo appearance in the episode, but it was kept offscreen because the producers were not ready to cast a new actor. Matthew Wolf provided the voice for the cameo and was credited as "Engineer". Design Design work began by August 2020, with production designer Jonathan Lee leading a team of 60 people, including set decorator Justin Craig. The Enterprise sets for Strange New Worlds were updated from the Discovery ones, to more closely align them with The Original Series and to reflect the Enterprise in-universe rebuild following damage it sustained in Discovery. The sets were designed to function like a practical starship, including moving components and pre-programmed monitor graphics that reacted to the actors. Ten Enterprise sets were built for the season, including the transporter room, two corridors, crew quarters, the mess hall, and the cargo bay. A shuttlecraft interior was also built. The engineering, mess hall, and cargo bay sets were partially built and then augmented with virtual production technology. The sets were required to be bigger than The Original Series to better fit the series' cameras and crew, which Lee took advantage of to create expansive sets like Pike's large quarters. The sets were dressed with furniture designed in the 1960s or inspired by that era, such as Eero Saarinen's Tulip chairs (The Original Series used similar Tulip chairs by Maurice Burke that were considered to be "rip-offs" of Saarinen's design). The cutlery in Pike's quarters was designed by Arne Jacobsen and previously appeared in 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) as well as episodes of Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Enterprise. Other designers who inspired Lee included Oscar Niemeyer, Carlo Scarpa, and Pier Luigi Nervi. Bernadette Croft was set as the costume designer for the series after working as an assistant for Discovery costume designer Gersha Phillips; Croft and Phillips co-designed the costumes for the season's first episode. The Starfleet uniforms were updated from the ones seen in Discovery, keeping the same silhouette but moving towards a more casual Original Series style. The uniforms retained the primary colors from The Original Series (gold for command, blue for science, and red for operations) and have the insignia for each division as a pattern on the shoulders and sleeves. In "Spock Amok", Pike wears a green wrap tunic during diplomatic negotiations which Goldsman requested as a refence to the green tunics sometimes worn by James T. Kirk in The Original Series. The Strange New Worlds version has a similar cut and silhouette to the series' main uniforms and leather accents on the shoulders and sleeves. The future version of Pike in "A Quality of Mercy" wears a version of the red uniforms from the Original Series-era films, but with the same fabric as the series' other uniforms and added Starfleet delta patterns on the shoulders and sleeves. Croft and her team had access to one of the costumes worn by Shatner in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982) for reference. The series' miniskirt-style uniform was updated for the episode's future version of Uhura to include the "swoop neckline" from The Original Series. The designers were unable to access any of Nichelle Nichols's Uhura costumes from that series, but were able to reference a replica costume that was created for the Deep Space Nine episode "Trials and Tribble-ations". They also created green hoop earrings for Gooding to wear in the episode based one ones worn by Nichols in The Original Series. The first episode's script described T'Pring as wearing "ritual mating colors", so Croft took inspiration from the silver and purple costumes worn at Spock and T'Pring's wedding in "Amok Time" for Sandhu's dress. Croft's team also created a version of the ring that T'Pring wears in "Amok Time", while hairstylist Yasmine Crosdale gave Sandhu a similar "updo" look to what Martel had for that episode. "Amok Time" also inspired the costumes for Spock's dream sequence in "Spock Amok", which foreshadows the wedding sequence in "Amok Time". Paying homage to Martel's "fashion-forward dress", Sandhu wears a dress by Dutch fashion designer Iris van Herpen which Croft described as "wearable art". The dress was laser cut and glued onto mesh, and paired with an elaborate custom headpiece. Spock wears a leather and brocade jacket with a "traditional Vulcan silhouette", and the background characters all have "copper tones, metallics, and rich textured brocades" in their costumes. Later in "Spock Amok", Chapel goes to a bar in a black and white dress that was inspired by 1960s fashion as a reference to The Original Series. Because the costumes for the desert-dwelling Deleb people in the second episode were intended to have an "earthy and organic quality", textile artist Anna Pantcheva used techniques such as ice dying, rust dying, boiling wool, and covering embroidery with silicone. Costume effects builder Jennifer Johnson created pleated hats for the characters inspired by van Herpen's designs. For the planet Majalis in "Lift Us Where Suffering Cannot Reach", Croft wanted to reflect the utopia-like society by dressing the characters in jewel tones with long, flowing fabric and lots of gold and jewelry. Alora's ceremonial gown in the episode was designed with Lebanese fashion designer Hassidrissin and featured pleated material that was hand dyed ombre to match the color of a sunset. The main cast first learned about the medieval costumes they would be wearing in "The Elysian Kingdom" months before filming for the episode began, and Navia said it was the most talked about episode of the season among the cast. She was excited to play a medieval knight, a role that she felt other series would have only given to a male actor. Croft said the episode was a dream come true and praised the actors for all committing to their fantasy roles. A highlight of the episode for her was designing matching princess dresses for Chong and her dog to wear, and Chong enjoyed getting to play a lighter role compared to her more dramatic scenes as La'an. Olusanmokun's king costume was inspired by Nigerian royalty to match the actor's heritage. Legacy Effects provided alien prosthetics for the series. Horak's Aenar prosthetics took three-and-a-half hours to apply each morning. The character's original design included contact lenses to give Hemmer white eyes, but Horak found them painful to wear and an eye specialist suggested that Horak not risk further damage to his sight given that he only has nine percent vision. His eyes were digitally altered by the visual effects team instead. New alien species were introduced in almost every episode, including "Strange New Worlds" which introduces the inhabitants of Kiley 279. Prosthetics department head Chris Bridges explained that the prosthetics for the Kiley needed to be interesting but also fast and easy to apply because there were up to 100 Kiley actors in some scenes, including members of the main cast. Legacy designed a "fairly simple forehead piece" that is a 'V' shape, extending around the eyes and over the nose. Special stencils were made to cover the prosthetics so "textural colored design work" similar to tattoos could be applied using airbrushes. The Shepherd in "Children of the Comet" was created with animatronics and prosthetics that left the actor's mouth visible but had the rest of the head controlled by puppeteers. Animatronics were also used for the alien Buckley in "All Those Who Wander", while the baby Gorn were created with puppets. Bridges said animatronics and puppetry were rare for television due to time constraints, but this episode demonstrated that they were viable and something that would be used more often. Kurtzman noted that they required specific lighting to work well on camera. The visual effects team augmented the puppets, removing control rods and adjusting movements where needed. For the Gorn's role in "Memento Mori", only their ships are seen and Myers wanted them to look unlike any other starships in Star Trek, with alien shapes and movements that he hoped would make them scarier to the audience. Filming With the series' announcement in May 2020, Goldsman said he was unsure when production would begin due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Kurtzman stated on August 12 that filming would take place in 2021, and pre-production began on August 24. Kurtzman said in October that filming would be a "systematised, militarised operation" due to the pandemic, which the crew first experienced while working on Discovery. He elaborated that filming would function in "pods" to minimize the potential spread of the virus, and added that, due to the pandemic delays, the series would begin filming with more completed scripts than is usual for Star Trek. Paramount+ constructed a video wall to allow for virtual production on the series as well as the fourth season of Discovery, based on the StageCraft technology used on the Disney+ series The Mandalorian. The new virtual set was built in Toronto by visual effects company Pixomondo and features a 270-degree, by horseshoe-shaped LED volume with additional LED panels in the ceiling to aid with lighting. The technology uses the game engine software Unreal Engine to display computer-generated backgrounds on the LED screens in real-time; additional filming to support these visual effects took place in New Mexico. Principal photography began on February 18, 2021, at CBS Stages Canada in Mississauga, Ontario, under the working title Lily and Isaac. Despite feeling that he was not a visual director, Goldsman wanted to direct the first episode and establish the series' tone because he had been thinking about it since he started working on Discovery. Goldsman worked with cinematographer Glen Keenan, who was the lead director of photography for the season after serving the same role on the second and third seasons of Discovery. Keenan worked on five episodes and Magdalena Górka served as cinematographer for the other five. Keenan brought back Cooke Optics' Anamorphic/i Special Flare lenses from Discovery, and also used Anamorphic/i Full Frame Plus SF lenses that were custom built by Cooke for the series. Coincidentally, cinematographer Philip Lanyon also chose to use full frame format lenses on the fourth season of Discovery around the same time. Keenan was excited to help establish the look of the series and took inspiration from the tools and techniques that were used on The Original Series in the 1960s. His aim was to make Strange New Worlds, which is mostly filmed on sets, feel organic by using on-set lighting where possible. Compared to Discovery, which has a filming style of always moving the camera and "being aggressive with cameras spinning in every episode", Keenan said the spin-off had a more reserved approach where they tried not to get in the way of sets, actors, and story. This style allowed the series to use larger cameras than Discovery, specifically Arri Alexa LF cameras. Górka consulted on virtual production with cinematographer Greig Fraser, who helped develop the StageCraft technology for The Mandalorian. The opening scenes set on Pike's snowy Montana ranch in the first episode were filmed on location north of Toronto. Mount's beard in the sequence took three months to grow. Due to pandemic restrictions, scenes on the Enterprise bridge were the only time that the whole main cast could film together. Mount played music on set those days to help them bond. Goldsman finished filming most of the first episode by early April 2021, only leaving some scenes that required large groups of extras which could not be filmed due to limits on the number of people allowed on set during the pandemic. He hoped to finish those scenes soon after. The showrunners encouraged the other directors to bring a unique look and tone to highlight the series' episodic approach. Myers stated, "sometimes it's funny, sometimes it's horrific, sometimes it's dramatic, and sometimes it's sad". The cinematographers worked with each director to devise a unique lighting approach for their episode that matched the themes in the script. In late April, a guest actor for the season flew from Vancouver to Toronto before testing positive for COVID-19. They had been in contact with a few crewmembers during a costume fitting before the positive test was returned, and those people were quarantined per the studio's protocols. Filming for the season was not impacted by the incident. Discovery and Picard director Maja Vrvilo beginning production on the second episode by April 26. Producing director Chris Fisher said the episode had the most complex virtual set of the season for the inside of the M'hanit comet, for which Pixomondo had to animate changing lights and colors into the digital background. The comet surface was filmed on a green screen stage instead of the virtual production set, due to scheduling and visual effects requirements. Leslie Hope, who guest starred as Kira Meru in Deep Space Nine, directed the third episode, filming the Illyrian colony scenes at the former theme park Ontario Place. Dan Liu directed the fourth episode, Rachel Leiterman directed the fifth, and Andi Armaganian directed the sixth. This overlapped with Armaganian also directing an episode of Discovery due to pandemic-related schedule changes. Location filming for the planet Majalis took place at the Parkwood Estate in Oshawa, Ontario. Filming for the seventh episode took place in the week of May 31 with Sydney Freeland directing, followed by Amanda Row directing the eighth episode in the week of June 7. Christopher J. Byrne, the director for episode nine, was the first director hired for the season and was specifically chosen for his experience working in the horror genre. For the scene in the episode where Hemmer jumps out of the cargo hold, Horak was filmed doing the jump on a blue screen stage and that footage was included in the digital background that was displayed on the video wall during filming. Production on the season finale, which was directed by Fisher, began on July 7. It includes some shot-for-shot remakes of scenes from "Balance of Terror". Fisher and Górka also tried to match the lighting style of The Original Series, which made the episode visually distinct despite it mostly using existing Enterprise sets. Principal photography concluded on July 24, while additional filming took place later in the year and wrapped on October 11. More than 100 days were spent filming on the virtual production stage. Frequent Star Trek director Jonathan Frakes was expected to direct, but was unable to due to the pandemic. Visual effects Visual effects supervisor Jason Zimmerman said there was a clear direction from Kurtzman, Goldsman, and Myers for how the series' effects should look, aligning with the "retro tech" style of Lee's designs. This approach meant the series had less visual effects shots than Discovery, and less complex work that focused more on cinematic establishing shots. Zimmerman took inspiration from the way The Original Series approached shots of starships and environments, something that he had wanted to do since fans had complained about the shorter, complicated starship shots in Discovery. In addition to working on the season's virtual production effects throughout pre-production and filming, Pixomondo also provided "post-shoot touchup work" to remove the seams between the video wall and ceiling, as well as traditional visual effects such as set extensions that were not covered by the video wall. Other visual effects vendors for the season included Crafty Apes VFX and Ghost VFX. Crafty Apes developed the look of the transporter effects for the series, and were asked to create a classic style that was also modern and fun. The company researched how the effect was created for The Original Series as well as how it was updated for the remastered version of The Original Series on Paramount+. Music Composer Nami Melumad wanted the score to match the feeling of The Original Series, which she said had "a more active style, a more dynamic style", and she approached each episode as if it was a feature film. The first music she wrote for the series was for "Children of the Comet", because Gooding—who has a musical theater background—and Peck had to sing along to the comet's music during filming. Melumad wrote a melody for the comet that she arranged in different variations. She was able to develop recurring motifs for the main characters, including Pike, Spock, Number One, Uhura, and M'Benga. She also wrote a love theme for Spock and T'Pring, which she found unusual to write because of the lack of emotion shown by the two characters. Melumad included the theremin in music for their scenes. Myers and Goldsman asked for the opening of the first episode to have cold music that was unlike other Star Trek projects, to highlight Pike's state of mind. Melumad used piano for this, and contrasted it with Pike's theme at the end of the episode which "embodies hope and acceptance". Melumad reprised Gerald Fried's original fighting music from "Amok Time" during Spock's dream sequence in "Spock Amok", and Fred Steiner's theme for the Romulans from "Balance of Terror" in the finale. Jeff Russo, who composed the series' main theme, provided reference material from The Original Series. Melumad had been recording her music for several months at the Eastwood Scoring Stage at Warner Bros. Studios in California by February 2022. A 36 or 37 person orchestra, closer to the one used for The Next Generation than the larger ones for Discovery and Picard, was recorded under COVID-19 safety protocols. A soundtrack album featuring selections from Melumad's score as well as Russo's main theme and end credits track was released digitally by Lakeshore Records on April 28, 2023. All music by Nami Melumad except where noted: Marketing Kurtzman promoted the series during a virtual "Star Trek Universe" panel for the Comic-Con@Home convention in July 2020, where Mount, Romijn, and Peck participated in a table read of Discovery second-season finale and teased details about Strange New Worlds. On September 8, 2020, CBS All Access streamed a free 24-hour event to celebrate the 54th anniversary of the Original Series premiere. It included a marathon of episodes from across the Star Trek franchise, and a break during the day for panels about different Star Trek series. These included the first official Strange New Worlds panel, with Mount, Romijn, Peck, Goldsman, Myers, Cooper, and Perez discussing the new series and their approach to developing it. In February 2021, Mount and Peck appeared in a marketing campaign for Super Bowl LV, advertising the rebranded streaming service Paramount+. A video introducing each of the series' main cast members and their characters was released during the Star Trek Day 2021 virtual event, celebrating the 55th anniversary of The Original Series. Cast and crew promoted the series at the Television Critics Association February 2022 event, where the first poster was revealed. Later that month, as fan anticipation was "building towards the release of the official trailer", a teaser was revealed during a Paramount investors call. The company did not want footage from the call to be made widely available, and had several social media posts and fan accounts taken down for circulating screenshots of the footage. In March, the first teaser was officially released online. Amanda Kooser of cnet said it was "pretty different" from the one that was shown during the investor call, taking a more "atmospheric approach" than that version. She compared its footage of Pike riding a horse in snow to the series Yellowstone. Other commentators also noted the focus on atmosphere, especially highlighting Romijn's narration. James Whitbrook of Gizmodo speculated about the status of Pike at the beginning in the series and the impact that the second season of Discovery has had on him, while Witney Seibold of /Film opined that, despite the series' title, the teaser indicated it was "not about being strange and new. It is about being traditional and comforting. After some of the more recent Star Trek shows... perhaps this retreat to the familiar is a wise move." Character promos for the main cast were released during the week of March 28: teasers for Uhura and La'an were released on March 29, for Ortegas and Hemmer on March 30, for M'Benga and Chapel on March 31, for Spock and Number One on April 1, and for Pike on April 2. These led to the release of the official trailer and key art on April 3. A version of the trailer was also shown during the 64th Annual Grammy Awards on that day. The release of the trailer began a week of celebrations for "First Contact Day", marking the fictional holiday of April 5 when first contact between humans and aliens was made in the Star Trek universe. Ryan Parker of The Hollywood Reporter said the trailer had "eye-popping sci-fi action and dashes of nostalgia", while Maggie Lovitt of Collider said it had "the best of both worlds, combining beloved characters from The Original Series with the awe-inspiring and engaging stories that has made Star Trek: Discovery a fan favorite". Writing for Inverse, Ryan Britt felt the series was being presented as the most "mainstream" franchise iteration since the 2009 reboot film with a "zippy, old-school, swashbuckling space adventure" tone that matched The Original Series combined with a modern approach to sets and effects similar to the reboot films. Britt felt some "hardcore fans" would take issue with this due to wanting the series to "actually like it was filmed in the 1960s. But, the overall goal of Strange New Worlds feels too populist to care. Like the reboots, this series is going for a audience." Later in April, a panel for the series was held at the Star Trek: Mission Chicago convention where the cast and crew discussed the first season and revealed a full clip from the first episode that had been seen in part during the character promos. Fans at the convention were able to pre-order their own Starfleet boots—in gray (for medical) or standard black—from shoe designer John Fluevog. The boots became available for purchase at Fluevog outlets later in 2022. Mission Chicago also had an exhibit of costumes and props from the series which was then moved to the Paley Center for Media in New York City for a larger exhibit called "The Visionary Universe of Star Trek: Strange New Worlds", running from April 27 to May 29. The first public screening of the series' first two episodes took place at the Paley Center on May 1, following a gold carpet premiere event on April 30. At the Las Vegas Star Trek convention in August, Star Trek Wines announced a 2221 Chateau Picard wine, based on a bottle seen in "Children of the Comet", which was created by the real Château Picard in Bordeaux, France. Release Streaming and broadcast The season premiered on the streaming service Paramount+ in the United States, Latin America, Australia, and the Nordics on May 5, 2022, and ran for 10 episodes until July 7. It was released in Canada by Bell Media (broadcast on CTV Sci-Fi Channel before streaming on Crave), in New Zealand on TVNZ, and in India on Voot. The season was released in other countries as Paramount+ or SkyShowtime (a combination of Paramount+ and Peacock for some of Europe) became available there. Paramount+ released the entire season for free on its YouTube channel in May 2023, ahead of the release of the second season later that year. In August 2023, Star Trek content was removed from Crave and the season began streaming on Paramount+ in Canada. It would continue to be broadcast on CTV Sci-Fi and be available on CTV.ca and the CTV app. The first two episodes of the season were broadcast in the U.S. on CBS on September 8, 2023, as part of a Star Trek Day celebration. This gave broadcast audiences without Paramount+ a chance to preview the series. Home media The season was released on DVD, Blu-Ray, and Limited Edition Steelbook formats in the U.S. on March 21, 2023. The release includes over 90 minutes of bonus features, including deleted scenes, a gag reel, audio commentary for the season premiere by Mount and Goldsman, and featurettes on the making of the season, the production design and use of virtual production technology, and Mount's portrayal of Pike. Reception Viewership According to Whip Media, who track viewership data for the 19 million worldwide users of their TV Time app, Strange New Worlds was the second-most anticipated new series of May 2022 behind Disney+'s Obi-Wan Kenobi. Variety also named it one of the 40 most anticipated series of 2022. Whip Media ranked Strange New Worlds in the top 10 original streaming series for U.S. viewership each week the season was released except for the week of the season premiere. Parrot Analytics determines audience "demand expressions" based on various data sources, and the company calculated that Strange New Worlds was the 26th-most in demand U.S. streaming series for the week ending on May 6 (after the series premiered on May 5). It then saw a 92.4 percent rise in demand expression for the series, which moved up to third-most in demand the next week behind Netflix's Stranger Things and Disney+'s The Mandalorian. Parrot said the series was 35.1 times more in demand than the average U.S. streaming series. It remained on Parrot's weekly top 10 list until the week after the finale's release, and debuted at fifth place on the company's monthly list, for May 2022, at 30.9 times more in demand than the average series. The only other Paramount+ series on the list for that month was the second season of Picard (ranked 9th). In August, Paramount+ said Strange New Worlds was the most-watched original Star Trek series on the service over its first 90 days, and the second-most watched original series in general for the service in the United Kingdom. Critical response The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 99% approval score with an average rating of 8.10/10 based on 84 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Strange New Worlds treks across familiar territory to refreshing effect, its episodic structure and soulful cast recapturing the sense of boundless discovery that defined the franchise's roots." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 76 out of 100 based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. Critics commonly praised the cast, particularly Mount, as well as the throwback production design and episodic format. Accolades The season was awarded the Ruderman Seal of Authentic Representation by the Ruderman Family Foundation for the casting of Horak. Mount was named as an honorable mention for TVLine's "Performer of the Week" for his performance in "A Quality of Mercy", which the site said he "went above and beyond" in. Mount was later included on Vulture list of standout television performances for 2022. In July 2022, Alan Sepinwall of Rolling Stone named Strange New Worlds one of the 15 best series of 2022 so far, and Gizmodo included it on a list of the best "genre television" of the year so far. The next month, Zosha Millman included it on a list of the best series so far in 2022 for Polygon, as did Justin Kirkland and Adrienne Westenfeld who put it sixth on a list of twenty-five for Esquire. At the end of the year, the series was named on multiple best or top television series lists for 2022, including by the Houston Chronicle (4th), The Salt Lake Tribune (4th), Kathryn VanArendonk at Vulture (4th), Newsday (6th), Esquire (7th), Film School Rejects (7th), Superhero Hype! (8th), Rolling Stone (11th), and Paste (16th), as well as by Gizmodo, the Los Angeles Times, and Nerdist on unranked lists. Notes References External links Season 1 Strange New Worlds 01 2022 American television seasons
795089	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%80	Алехо Карпентьєр	Алехо Карпентьєр (Лозанна — , Париж) — кубинський письменник, журналіст, музикант і музикознавець. Біографія і творчість Син французького архітектора та російської викладачки, по материнській лінії — далекий родич Костянтина Бальмонта. Довгий час вважалося, що він народився в Гавані, куди його сім'я переїхала відразу після його народження; проте, після смерті Карпентьєра, його свідоцтво про народження було знайдено в Швейцарії. Виріс на Кубі. У 12-річному віці прибув з сім'єю до Парижа, вивчав там теорію музики. Повернувшись на Кубу, навчався архітектурі, але курсу не закінчив. У 1924 році почав публікуватися в лівій пресі, в 1927 році за виступ проти диктатури Мачадо був на сім місяців ув'язнений, потім за підтримки Робера Десноса, з яким познайомився в Гавані, емігрував до Франції. У Франції Карпентьєр познайомився з сюрреалістами, публікувався в Бретонівському журналі «Сюрреалістична революція». У 1930 році підписав антибретонівський памфлет «Труп». Зблизився з Мігелем Анхелем Астуріасом, чий інтерес до доколумбової міфології Латинської Америки глибоко вплинув на Карпентьєра. У 1937 році брав участь в антифашистському конгресі письменників у Мадриді. У 1939 році Карпентьєр знову повернувся на Кубу, займався вивченням кубинської ритуальної і фольклорної музики. Враження від поїздок на Гаїті лягли в основу історичного роману «Царство від світу цього». Роман воскрешає епізоди правління на Гаїті Анрі Крістофа, колишнього раба, що боровся за визволення країни від французьких колонізаторів і проголосив себе королем. Роман — під безперечним впливом афрокубинської міфології і мистецтва бароко, з одного боку, та сюрреалістів з їхньою філософією чудесного в повсякденному, з іншого, — позначив прихід «магічного реалізму» в латиноамериканську літературу. Упродовж 1950 −1960-х років цей феномен (активним соратником Карпентьєра тут був Астуріас) багато в чому посприяв світовому інтересові до латиноамериканського роману. 1945 року Карпентьер був запрошений в Каракас Карлосом Едуардо Фріасом для викладання історії культури в Школі витончених мистецтв, і наступні чотирнадцять років письменник прожив у Венесуелі. Він багато подорожував по країні, по її лісах і долинах, збирав інформацію, яка дозволила йому написати одну зі своїх найкращих книг: «Los pasos perdidos» («Загублені сліди», 1953 рік). 1948 року в Каракасі він закінчив «El reino de este mundo» («Царство від світу цього»), роман, натхненний його поїздкою на Гаїті 1944 року. У період з 1951 по 1959 рік Алехо Карпентьєр публікує в розділі «Letra y Solfa» газети «El Nacional de Caracas» близько трьох тисяч статей присвячених літературі, музиці та мистецтву. 1956 року Карпентьєр побував в Буенос-Айресі, де опублікував «El acoso» («Переслідування»). У тому ж році в Парижі він отримав премію за кращу зарубіжну книгу («Загублені сліди»), у наступному році ця книга була адаптована для кінематографа компанією «Tyrone Power Corporation». 1958 року письменник вирушив до Французької Вест-Індії, а потім опублікував «Війну часів» в Мексиці. 1962 року Карпентьєр опублікував історичний роман «Вік просвітництва», дія якого відбувається в роки Великої Французької революції на Кубі, на Гаїті, у Франції, на Гваделупі, у Французькій Гвіані, в Іспанії. В основі роману лежать справжні факти з життя Віктора Юга — комісара якобінського Конвенту на Гваделупі, агента Директорії у Французькій Гвіані. Карпентьєр повернувся на Кубу після перемоги революції, взяв діяльну участь у культурному житті країни. З 1966 року обіймав посаду аташе з культури посольства Куби в Парижі. Роман «Розправа з методом» (1974) — один з портретів латиноамериканського диктатора, поряд з романами «Сеньйор Президент» Астуріаса, «Осінь патріарха» Гарсіа Маркеса, «Я, Верховний» Роа Бастоса. В останні роки життя Карпентье писав у жанрі фантастики, іноді гумористичної («Концерт бароко» (1974), «Арфа і тінь» (1979)). Останній роман Карпентьєра «Весна священна» (1978) названий на честь балету Ігоря Стравінського. Роман є широкою епопеєю, що охоплює події XX століття, від громадянської війни в Іспанії до революції на Кубі. Твори Алехо Карпентьєра значно вплинули на творчість інших латиноамериканських і кубинських письменників, таких як Габріель Гарсіа Маркес, Лісандро Отеро, Леонардо Падура і Фернандо Веласкес Медіна. Визнання та вшанування Лауреат Премії Чіно дель Дука (1975), Премії «Мігель де Сервантес» (1977), французької Премії Медічі за іноземний роман (1979). На честь Алехо Карпентьєра названо Французький ліцей Гавани Алехо Карпентьєра. Твори El reino de este mundo / Царство від світу цього (1949) Los pasos perdidos / Загублені сліди (1953) Guerra del Tiempo / Війна часів (1958) El siglo de las luces / Вік Просвітництва (1962) La ciudad de las columnas / Місто колон (1970, есе) El recurso del método / Розправа з методом (1974) Concierto barroco / Концерт бароко (1974) La consagración de la primavera / Весна священна (1978) El arpa y la sombra / Арфа і тінь (1979) Багатотомні видання Obras completas: Т. 1-9 / Ed. al cuidado de М. L. Puga. México: Siglo XXI, 1983—1985 Crónicas: En 11 t. La Habana: Arte y Literatura, 1975—1976 Переклади українською Карпентьєр, Алехо. Весна священна [Текст]: роман / А. Карпентьєр ; пер. с ісп. Віктор Шовкун. — К. : Дніпро, 1983. — 632 с. : іл. Концерт барокко (пер. Маргарита Жердинівська), Повість, «Всесвіт» № 4, 1978. Мандрівка до початку (пер. Юрко Покальчук), Новела, «Всесвіт» № 2, 1976. Розправа з методом (пер. Анатоль Перепадя, Віктор Шовкун, Олександр Мокровольський), Роман, «Всесвіт» № 6–7, 1976. Примітки Література Mazziotti N. Historia y mito en la obra de Alejo Carpentier Buenos Aires: F. García Cambeiro, 1972 González Echevarría R. Alejo Carpentier, the pilgrim at home Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1977 Márquez Rodríguez A. Lo barroco y lo real — maravilloso en la obra de Alejo Carpentier México: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1982 Zamora L.P., Faris W.B. Magical realism: theory, history, community Durham: Duke UP, 1995 Padura L. Un camino de medio siglo: Alejo Carpentier y la narrativa de lo real maravilloso México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2002 Millares S. Alejo Carpentier Madrid: Editorial Síntesis, 2004 Birkenmaier A. Alejo Carpentier y la cultura del surrealismo en América Latina Madrid: Iberoamericana; Frankfurt / Main: Vervuert, 2006 Посилання Твори Карпентьєра Твори Алехо Карпентьєра на сайті Е-бібліотека «Чтиво» Про нього Маріо Бенедетті. «Розправа» з «верховним» «патріархом» (1978) Алехо Карпентьєр на сайті Літературна Куба Алехо Карпентьєр: творчість, біографія Кубинські музикознавці Кубинські письменники Уродженці Лозанни Померли в Парижі Лауреати премії Медічі Письменники-фантасти Куби Кубинські есеїсти Кубинські літературні критики Кубинські соціалісти Поховані на цвинтарі Колон Люди на марках Швейцарські емігранти до Куби
20153164	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Petkovi%C4%87	Vladimir Petković	Vladimir Petković (born 15 August 1963) is a Bosnian-born Swiss professional football manager and former player. He is currently the coach of the Algeria national team. He was previously the head coach of French side Bordeaux, the Switzerland national team, a string of Swiss clubs, Turkish club Samsunspor, and Italian club Lazio. Petković is from Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Apart from his Bosnian one, he also holds Swiss and Croatian passports. Early life Petković was born in Sarajevo, SFR Yugoslavia, modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 1963 to a Bosnian Croat family. He is a naturalized Swiss and holds Bosnian, Swiss and Croatian passports. His parents worked in education and due to the family's frequent moving, Petković changed schools several times. They first lived in Vrelo Bosne and then when he was five years old, in Hadžići near Sarajevo. Playing career A midfielder with good technique, Petković started playing football in Ilidža as an eleven-year-old before joining the youth sector of his hometown side FK Sarajevo as a fifteen-year-old. He remained at FK Sarajevo and began his professional career there in the early 1980s. Petković made only a handful of appearances in a strong Sarajevo side led on the pitch by Bosnian Safet Sušić. Petković was a part of the Sarajevo side that won the 1984–85 Yugoslav First League, but made only two league appearances for them. His time at Sarajevo was interrupted by two brief stints elsewhere: first, a successful time with Rudar Prijedor where Petković showed good scoring ability; and then a less successful season in the Yugoslav Second League with a poor NK Koper side which was relegated after finishing last. Petković emigrated from Yugoslavia in 1987, leaving FK Sarajevo and moving permanently to Switzerland, where he joined second division club Chur 97. After a season with Chur, Petković moved to the Swiss top division, joining a strong Sion side. Sion achieved a third-place finish in the Nationalliga but Petković left the club at the end of the season after only making six league appearances. After leaving Sion, Petković moved back into the lower tiers, first joining Martigny-Sports before returning to his first Swiss club, Chur 97. Petković enjoyed a career as a regular goalscoring midfielder in the Swiss second division, which included two more stints at Bellinzona and Lugano. Petković completed his playing career as a player-manager with Bellinzona and Malcantone Agno, the latter having later merged with financially stricken Lugano. Managerial career Coaching in Switzerland After his retirement from playing, Petković became a coach and his first job was player-manager at Bellinzona in 1997. In 2004, he took over the reins at Lugano before returning to Bellinzona for the fourth time in his career, where he led the club to the 2008 Swiss Cup final, only to lose out to Basel, and promotion to the Swiss Super League. At the beginning of the 2008–09 season, he was appointed as manager of Young Boys. After taking charge at the club, Petković installed a 3–4–3 formation and took the Bern side to a second-placed league finish. After two more seasons with Young Boys, he was sacked after a 1–1 draw against Luzern on 7 May 2011. The club finished in third place in the league behind their rivals Zürich and Basel. Samsunspor in Turkey and return to Switzerland In 2011, he became the new manager of Turkish side Samsunspor. He resigned from that position in January 2012 with the club in the relegation zone. On 15 May 2012, he was named the new temporary manager of Sion until the end of the 2011–12 season. Lazio On 2 June 2012, Petković became the new manager of Italian side Lazio in Serie A. With the club, he won the Coppa Italia in 2013, thanks to a goal from Senad Lulić. Switzerland national team On 23 December 2013, it was announced that Petković was to succeed Ottmar Hitzfeld as the manager of the Switzerland national team after the 2014 FIFA World Cup. As a result, Claudio Lotito fired Petković claiming a breach of the contract due to not having been duly informed by Petković about the latter's ongoing negotiations with the Swiss Football Association. Petković was sacked as Lazio manager on 4 January 2014 and was replaced by Edy Reja, which resulted in a legal dispute concerning the contract termination. Since his appointment to the national team spot in July 2014, Petković has guided the Swiss to the Round of 16 stages of both the UEFA Euro 2016 and the 2018 FIFA World Cup, along with the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2020. They also reached the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals. At the UEFA Euro 2020, he led Switzerland to defeat world champions France 5–4 on penalties in the Round of 16, after a 3–3 draw, to qualify to the quarter-finals of the European Championship for the first time in their history. Bordeaux In late July 2021, Petković became the manager of French club Bordeaux. In February 2022, he was sacked as the team was struggling in the relegation positions in Ligue 1. Algeria On 29 February 2024, Petković became the head coach of the Algerian national team. Later that year, on 6 June, he lost his first competitive match 2–1 at home against Guinea during the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification. Four days later, he achieved his first win in a 2–1 victory over Uganda. Charitable work While living in Switzerland, Petković worked for Caritas Ticino, a Catholic relief development and social service organisation, for five years. Managerial statistics Honours Player Sarajevo Yugoslav First League: 1984–85 Manager Malcantone Agno 1. Liga: 2002–03 Lazio Coppa Italia: 2012–13 References External links BSC Young Boys profile Caritas Bern: Ein Mann, der Menschen motiviert, p. 16. 1963 births Living people Footballers from Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Roman Catholics Yugoslav emigrants to Switzerland Bosnia and Herzegovina emigrants to Switzerland Swiss people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent Swiss people of Croatian descent Swiss Roman Catholics Men's association football midfielders Yugoslav men's footballers Bosnia and Herzegovina men's footballers Swiss men's footballers FK Sarajevo players FK Rudar Prijedor players FC Koper players FC Chur 97 players FC Sion players FC Martigny-Sports players AC Bellinzona players FC Locarno players Yugoslav First League players Yugoslav Second League players Swiss Challenge League players Swiss Super League players Yugoslav expatriate men's footballers Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate men's footballers Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland Bosnia and Herzegovina football managers Swiss football managers AC Bellinzona managers FC Lugano managers BSC Young Boys managers Samsunspor managers FC Sion managers SS Lazio managers Switzerland national football team managers FC Girondins de Bordeaux managers Algeria national football team managers Swiss Challenge League managers Swiss Super League managers Süper Lig managers Serie A managers UEFA Euro 2016 managers 2018 FIFA World Cup managers UEFA Euro 2020 managers Expatriate football managers in France Expatriate football managers in Italy Expatriate football managers in Switzerland Expatriate football managers in Turkey Expatriate football managers in Algeria Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Turkey Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Italy Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in France Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Algeria
2305606	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%96%20%28%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%29	Раковичі (рід)	Раковичі (рід) Раковичі — козацько-старшинський, згодом — дворянський рід, що походить від Семена Раковича (р. н. невід. — п. до 1687), прилуцького полкового писаря (1672—85). Від свого тестя — прилуцького полковника Лазаря Горленка (див. Горленки) — отримав значні земельні маєтності, які стали основою багатства роду. Нащадки Семена обіймали уряди значкових товаришів, військових товаришів та бунчукових товаришів, переважно у Прилуцькому полку. Із цього роду походять: Іван Єгорович (1863 — після 1915), громадський і політичний діяч російського націоналістичного спрямування, відомий оратор, голова Подільського союзу російських націоналістів, подільський губернський предводитель дворянства (1910—13), дійсний статський радник, камергер імператорського двору (1912), член Державної ради Російської імперії від Подільського губернського земства (із 1913); Андрій Андрійович (1869 — р. с. невід.), громадський і політичний діяч, голова Козелецької повітової земської управи (1895), козелецький повітовий предводитель дворянства (1896—1906), член 3-ї та 4-ї Державних дум Російської імперії, та його син Андрій Андрійович (1891—1966), російський еміграційний релігійний діяч, староста православної парафії м. Грац (Австрія). Можливо, до цього роду належали: Микола Васильович Р. (1858—1916), генерал-майор (1915), учасник Першої світової війни, командир 19-ї артилерійської бригади (1915—16), який загинув на фронті, та Андрій Миколайович Ракович (1815—66), художник-пейзажист, академік живопису російської Академії мистецтв (1845), хоча існували однойменні роди зовсім іншого походження. Гілка Тодорських-Раковичів бере початок від Нестора Федоровича Тодорського (1-ша пол. XVIII ст.), значкового товариша Прилуцького полку (1709—51), який одружився з Парасковією Павлівною Ракович, онукою Семена Раковича. Нащадки цього подружжя успадкували подвійне прізвище. Рід внесений до 6-ї частини Родовідної книги Чернігівської губернії. Джерела та література Томазов В. В. Раковичі // Українські старшинські роди Російське дворянство
3227799	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD	Оланзапін	Оланзапін — лікарський засіб, що належить до антипсихотичних препаратів, та є похідним дибензотіазепіну. Оланзапін застосовується як перорально, так і внутрішньом'язово. Оланзапін запатентований у 1971 році, та застосовується у клінічній практиці з 1996 року. Фармакологічні властивості Оланзапін — лікарський засіб, що належить до антипсихотичних препаратів, та є похідним дибензотіазепіну. Механізм дії препарату полягає у блокуванні серотонінових рецепторів 5-НТ2, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D, 5-HT6 і 5-НТ3; а також D1, D2, D3, D4 та D5 дофамінових рецепторів; блокуванні альфа-1-адренорецепторів; та блокуванні м-холірецепторів. Наслідком дії препарату є зменшення як продуктивної, так і негативної психіатричної симптоматики. Оланзапін знижує так званий умовний захисний рефлекс, який є тестом на антипсихотичну активність, у нижчих дозах, які не призводять до виникнення каталепсії. Також препарат має помірний антидепресивний ефект, та може застосовуватися як протиблювотний засіб. Оланзапін застосовується для лікування шизофренії та інших психотичних розладів із вираженою продуктивною симптоматикою (марення, галюцинації, автоматизм), а також у маніакальній стадії біполярного афективного розладу. При застосуванні препарату спостерігається незначна частота екстрапірамідних побічних ефектів у порівнянні з іншими антипсихотичними препаратами. Фармакокінетика Оланзапін добре, проте повільно, всмоктується після перорального застосування, біодоступність препарату становить 60 % при пероральному застосуванні у зв'язку з ефектом першого проходження через печінку. Максимальна концентрація препарату досягається протягом 5—8 годин після прийому препарату. Оланзапін добре (на 93 %) зв'язується з білками плазми крові. Препарат проходить через гематоенцефалічний бар'єр, через плацентарний бар'єр та виділяється в грудне молоко. Оланзапін метаболізується в печінці з утворенням менш активних, ніж препарат, метаболітів. Виводиться препарат із організму переважно з сечею (57 %), частково із калом (30 %). Період напіввиведення препарату становить 21—54 години, для форм для внутрішньом'язового застосування із сповільненим вивільненням препарату період напіввиведення становить 30 діб. Покази до застосування Оланзапін застосовують для лікування шизофренії та інших психотичних розладів із вираженою продуктивною симптоматикою (марення, галюцинації, автоматизм), а також у маніакальній стадії біполярного афективного розладу. Побічна дія При застосуванні оланзапіну найчастішим побічним ефектам є збільшення маси тіла. Іншими побічними ефектами при застосуванні препарату є: Алергічні реакції та з боку шкірних покривів — шкірний висип, свербіж шкіри, кропив'янка, алопеція, набряк Квінке, гарячка. З боку травної системи — запор, панкреатит, метеоризм, гепатит, сухість у роті, жовтяниця, холестатичний синдром. З боку нервової системи — акатизія, сонливість або безсоння, запаморочення, судоми, головний біль, дискінезія, дистонія, розлади мови, паркінсонізм, тремор, вкрай рідко злоякісний нейролептичний синдром. З боку серцево-судинної системи — тахікардія або брадикардія, венозний тромбоз, тромбоемболія легеневої артерії, біль у грудній клітці, подовження інтервалу QT на ЕКГ, аритмії, припливи крові. З боку ендокринної системи — гінекомастія, галакторея, аменорея, підвищення секреції пролактину, болючість молочних залоз, цукровий діабет, діабетична кома. З боку сечостатевої системи — пріапізм, підвищення лібідо, еректильна дисфункція, затримка сечопуску, нетримання сечі, енурез. З боку опорно-рухового апарату — біль у м'язах, рабдоміоліз. Зміни в лабораторних аналізах — лейкопенія, нейтропенія, еозинофілія, тромбоцитопенія, гіперглікемія, гіпоглікемія, глюкозурія, підвищення рівня білірубіну, підвищення рівня холестерину, підвищення рівня сечової кислоти, підвищення рівня активності гаммаглутамілтранспептидази, лактатдегідрогенази та амінотрансфераз. Протипокази Оланзапін протипоказаний при підвищеній чутливості до препарату та підвищеному ризику закритокутової глаукоми. Форми випуску Оланзапін випускається у вигляді таблеток по 0,0025; 0,005; 0,01; 0,015 і 0,02 г; ліофілізату для приготування розчину для ін'єкцій по 10; 210; 300 і 405 мг у комплекті з розчинником. Оланзапін випускається також у комбінації з флуоксетином у вигляді желатинових капсул. Примітки Посилання Оланзапін: ЗИПРЕКСА(ін'єкц.) \| ЗОЛАФРЕН(таб.) mozdocs.kiev.ua Оланзапин (Olanzapine) Нейролептики Антидепресанти Лікарські засоби за алфавітом Основні ліки ВООЗ
1942056	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9	Горянський	Горянський рух в Болгарії (болг. Горянско движение) — масовий збройний антикомуністичний опір під час і в перші роки після Другої світової війни. Горянський Володимир Вікторович (24 лютого 1959; Кадіївка, Луганська область, УРСР) — український актор, телеведучий, артист Київського академічного театру драми і комедії на лівому березі Дніпра. Горянський Іван (1892—1953) — професор Рогатинської гімназії, сотник УГА. Горянський Євген Іванович — радянський футболіст і футбольний тренер. Горянський Євген Костянтинович (1878—1951) — співак (тенор). Горянський Павло Єрофійович (1878—1935) — педагог, громадський діяч, публіцист, засновник і голова Ялтинської Громади Українців, голова Малої Ради українців Криму. Українські прізвища
30894942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus%20salicina	Quercus salicina	Quercus salicina is an oak species found in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. It is placed in subgenus Cerris, section Cyclobalanopsis. The larvae of the Japanese oakblue (Arhopala japonica), of Acrocercops vallata and Marumba sperchius feed on Q. salicina. Stenophyllanin A, a tannin, and other quinic acid gallates can be found in Q. salicina. The triterpene friedelin can also be isolated from the leaves of the tree. References salicina Plants described in 1910 Trees of Japan Trees of South Korea Trees of Taiwan
4427251	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29	Гомункулус (значення)	Гомункулус (значення) Гомункулус — в уявленнях середньовічних алхіміків, істота, подібна до людини, яку можна створити штучним шляхом. «Гомункулус» — комічний науково-фантастичний та фентезійний роман американського письменника Джеймса Блейлока, вперше надрукований 1986 року. «Гомункул» — японська манґа. «Гомункулус» — німецький шестисерійний німий художній фільм 1916 року. «Гомункулус» — радянський художній фільм 1988 року. «Гомункул» — російський артгаусний фільм 2015 року.
36649037	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikel%20van%20der%20Vleuten	Maikel van der Vleuten	Maikel van der Vleuten (born 10 February 1988) is a Dutch show jumping rider. He was born in Geldrop. He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, where he won a silver medal in team jumping and finished 37th in the individual. As of May 2020, he is ranked as the #15 rider in the world. He has previously been ranked as high as #5 in the world. Early life Maikel van der Vleuten was born on 10 February 1988 in Geldrop, the Netherlands. His father, Eric, is a successful show jumper himself, and Maikel and his brother, Eric Jr., grew up with horses. Maikel began riding at the age of 6 and starting competing internationally at the age of 13 in the pony divisions. He competed in his first championship as a junior rider in 2004, and in 2005 he won team gold with Nobel at the FEI European Junior Championship. In the years 2006–2009, van der Vleuten competed in the FEI Young Rider Championships each year, taking home a team silver and a team bronze, and finishing fifth individually three of the four years. Professional career Van der Vleuten began competing at the senior level in 2010, jumping his first 5* competition at Rotterdam (NEL). He jumped at his first senior championship the following year, competing for the Netherlands at the 2011 European Championships in Madrid (ESP) where the team finished fourth. In 2012, van der Vleuten was selected for the Dutch team to compete at the London Olympic Games with Verdi TN, where the team won the silver medal. Two years later, Verdi TN and van der Vleuten won the gold medal with the Dutch team at the 2014 World Equestrian Games in Normandy (FRA). They were also 6th at the FEI World Cup Finals in Lyon (FRA) and won the FEI Nations Cup Final in Barcelona (ESP). Van der Vleuten continued to his international success, winning team gold at the 2015 European Championships, and recording another 6th-place finish at the FEI World Cup Jumping Finals, this time in Las Vegas, NV (USA). Verdi TN and van der Vleuten competed at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro where they finished 20th individually. Although van der Vleuten had other horses in his string, he used Verdi TN at nearly every championship until Verdi's retirement in March 2020. Van der Vleuten and his father, Eric, are sponsored by the VDL Groep, an international company that is involved in manufacturing and subcontracting, as well as Massimo Dutti. The duo also is part of the Madrid in Motion Global Champions League team, alongside Eduardo Alvarez Aznar, Mark McAuley, Cindy van der Straten, and Michael G Duffy. 54eme CHI de Genève - 20141212 - Maikel Van der Vleuten et Verdi 11.jpg Results References External links 1988 births Living people Sportspeople from Geldrop Dutch show jumping riders Olympic equestrians for the Netherlands Dutch male equestrians Equestrians at the 2012 Summer Olympics Equestrians at the 2016 Summer Olympics Equestrians at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands Olympic medalists in equestrian Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics 21st-century Dutch people
1002342	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97%20%D0%B7%20%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83	Кубок Норвегії з футболу	Кубок Норвегії з футболу — другий за значимістю після чемпіонату футбольний турнір у Норвегії, у якому визначається володар національного кубка. Проходить за системою плей-оф. Заснований у 1902 році. Через спонсорський контракт офіційно кубок називається NM SAS Braathens Cup, за назвою норвезької авіакомпанії. Переможці Посилання Офіційний сайт Засновані в Норвегії 1902
1638969	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petinomys	Petinomys	Petinomys — рід гризунів родини вивіркових (Sciuridae), належить до підродини політухових (Pteromyinae). Поширення Мешкають у тропічних лісах Південної та Південно-Східної Азії, найбільше видів на островах Суматра та Борнео. Спосіб життя Ці білки живуть у тропічних лісах, від рівня моря до 1210 м над рівнем моря. Їх звички невивчені, але, мабуть, нагадують інших білок-летяг у Південно-Східній Азії. Вони сплять протягом дня у дуплах дерев і активні вночі, коли вони мандрують у пошуках їжі. Вони живляться горіхами, фруктами, молодими пагонами листям і, можливо, навіть деякими комахами. Розмноження Вагітність триває досить довго — понад 53 дні, і малюки, на відміну від інших літаючих білок народжуються повністю покриті шерстю, з відкритими очима, і в змозі піднятися і прийняти тверду їжу у перший день життя. Народжується від 1 до 3 дитинчат, у залежності від виду. Класифікація Рід містить 9 описаних видів: Petinomys crinitus (Hollister, 1911) (Басилан на Філіппінах); Petinomys fuscocapillus (Jerdon, 1847) (Південна Індія та Шрі-Ланка); Petinomys genibarbis (Horsfield, 1822) (Малайзія, Суматра, Ява та Борнео); Petinomys hageni (Jentink, 1888) (Борнео та Суматра); Petinomys lugens (Thomas, 1895) (острів Сіпура та Північний Пагай); Petinomys mindanensis (Rabor, 1939) (Острови Дінагат, Сіаргао та Мінданао); Petinomys sagitta (Linnaeus, 1766) (Ява) Petinomys setosus (Temminck, 1844) (М'янма, Таїланд, Малайзія, Суматра та Борнео); Petinomys vordermanni (Jentink, 1890) (М'янма, Таїланд, Малайзія, Суматра та Борнео) Джерела Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Вивіркові Роди ссавців
3039727	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0	Варгашинська селищна рада	Варгашинська селищна рада — міське поселення у складі Варгашинського району Курганської області Росії. Адміністративний центр — селище міського типу Варгаші. Населення міського поселення становить 12480 осіб (2017; 12629 у 2010, 13902у 2002). 18 січня 2019 року до складу міського поселення були включені території ліквідованих Барашковської сільської ради (села Барашково, Комишне, Носково, площа 286,24 км²), Варгашинської сільської ради (село Варгаші, присілок Васильки, площа 125,11 км²), Лихачівської сільської ради (село Лихачі, присілки Малопесьяна, Обміново, Старопесьяне, площа 301,48 км²), Пичугинської сільської ради (село Пичугино, присілки Березняки, Кабаньє, площа 163,89 км²), Поповської сільської ради (село Попово, присілки Моревське, Щуче, площа 210,49 км²) та Сичовської сільської ради (село Сичово, селище Роза, присілки Пестерево, Уфіна, площа 82,53 км²). Склад До складу міського поселення входять: Примітки Поселення Варгашинського району
13698621	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliwice%20Canal	Gliwice Canal	Gliwice Canal The Gliwice Canal is a canal connecting the Oder (Odra) River to the city of Gliwice in the Silesian Voivodeship (Upper Silesian Industrial Region), Poland. Also known as the Upper Silesian Canal (Kanał Górnośląski, Oberschlesischer Kanal), it was built from 1935 to 1939 and replaced the Kłodnicki Canal. Structure The canal starts at the port of Gliwice and descends to Kędzierzyn-Koźle on the Oder. The canal passes through Opole Voivodeship and Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. The canal is approximately long; its maximum depth is ; canal width is ; the maximum allowed speed for ships on the canal is ; and the difference in the height of the water levels at its ends is . It has six locks. The canal is accessible from 15 March to 15 December (270 days a year). Locks: in Łabędy district of Gliwice in Dzierżno district of Pyskowice in Rudziniec village in Sławięcice district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle in Nowa Wieś village in Kłodnica district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle The water in the canal comes from the Kłodnica River as well as lakes and reservoirs such as Dzierżno Duże and Dzierżno Małe. History The Gliwice Canal was originally built in the Province of Upper Silesia within Germany. Because the Klodnitz (Kłodnicki) Canal had become obsolete, it was decided in 1934 that construction of a new canal was more feasible than modernization of the older Klodnitz Canal, which closed in 1937. The new canal, known as the Gleiwitz Canal, was built from 1935-1939 and opened for service in 1941. On 8 December 1939, it was renamed the Adolf Hitler Canal (Adolf-Hitler-Kanal), in honor of Adolf Hitler, during the inauguration ceremony by Rudolf Hess. The Erenforst area is located in the Upper Silesian region of Poland, about 50 kilometers south of the city of Wroclaw. The area is now known as Kędzierzyn-Koźle. The Adolf Hitler Canal connected the Oder River to the industrial region of Upper Silesia. The canal was built by the Nazis during World War II to transport coal from Silesia to Berlin and other parts of Germany. The exact location of the work camp where the 500 Jewish POWs (prisoners of war) were sent to repair the canal is not known. However, it is likely that the camp was located in the vicinity of the canal, perhaps near the town of Kędzierzyn-Koźle. The camp was probably a small, temporary camp that was set up to house the POWs while they worked on the canal. The flood that destroyed the canal occurred in 1945, shortly before the end of World War II. The flood was caused by the collapse of a dam on the Oder River. The floodwaters destroyed the canal and the work camp, and many of the POWs were killed. The exact number of POWs who died in the flood is not known. However, it is estimated that several hundred POWs were killed. The flood was a tragedy, and it is a reminder of the harsh conditions that POWs faced during World War II. Here are some additional details about the Adolf Hitler Canal: The canal was 120 kilometers long and 15 meters wide. It was built by forced labor, including POWs and concentration camp inmates. The canal was never completed, and it was only partially operational during World War II. The canal was destroyed by the flood in 1945, and it was never rebuilt. There were also plans to make it a part of the Danube-Oder-Canal project. After World War II, the canal and the surrounding territories (see Regained Territories) were placed under Polish administration according to the 1945 Potsdam Conference. About fifty people are employed in maintaining the canal. About 700 000 tonnes of material are shipped each year through the canal (mostly coal). The Polish government is considering modernizing the canal. References External links Kanał Gliwicki on official pages of RZGW Gliwice Kanał Gliwicki - serwis informacyjny Barką do Kędzierzyna - Kanał Gliwicki Buildings and structures completed in 1939 Canals in Poland Canal Canals opened in 1941
64585	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202388	NGC 2388	NGC 2388 Об'єкти NGC Близнята (сузір'я) Галактики Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1793
2048378	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%20%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8F	Тераса Брюля	Тераса Брюля — це невеликий відрізок на набережній Ельби в центральній частині старого Дрездена. Ці 500 метрів між мостом Августа (Augustusbrücke) і мостом Кароли (Carolabrücke), є однією з найголовніших визначних пам'яток міста. Цю терасу ще називають «Балкон Європи». Спочатку тераса була побудована як частина фортифікацій міста в XVI столітті. Коли набережна Ельби перестала бути важливою частиною міських укріплень, син Августа Сильного — Август III Фрідріх — передав її у власність своєму прем'єр-міністрові графу фон Брюлю. Той був людиною багатою, амбітною і великим поціновувачем прекрасного. Саме його колекція картин, викуплена російською імператрицею Катериною Другою, стала основою зібрання Ермітажу в Санкт-Петербурзі. На місці похмурих казематів Генріх фон Брюль (Heinrich von Brühl) звів чудовий палац, театр, бібліотеку, галерею і бельведер, прекрасним видом з якого могли насолоджуватися лише він сам і його знатні гості. У 1814 році князь Микола Рєпнін-Волконський, що був саксонським генерал-губернатором, віддав наказ зробити цю набережну доступною для відвідувачів. Для цього з боку палацової площі була споруджена просторі парадні сходи, прикрашені левами з пісковика. На рубежі 19-го — 20-го століть тераса була відремонтована: початкові споруди, побудовані за наказом Брюля, були втрачені і замінені сучасними будовами, які досі визначають вид з боку Ельби на Старе місто: Академія мистецтв, Секундогенітур і Альбертинум. На жаль, в 1945 р під час бомбардувань Дрездена тераса була майже повністю знищена, але в мирний час відновлена. Сьогодні серед інших пам'яток архітектури тут розташовані будівля Верховного Суду Саксонії і Академія образотворчих мистецтв. В даний час тераса Брюля є улюбленим місцем відпочинку не тільки туристів, а й мешканців Дрездена. Крім пам'яток архітектури, «балкон Європи» відомий своїми кафе і ресторанами, з майданчиків яких відкривається прекрасний вид на Ельбу. Посилання Woldemar Hermann; Eckhart Schleinitz (Hrsg.); Michael Schleinitz (Hrsg.): Tagebuch meines Wirkungskreises in der Architektur. Hermanns Bautagebuch von 1826 bis 1847. Verlag Notschriften, Radebeul 2006, ISBN 978-3-933753-88-5, S. 94 f. Архітектура Дрездена Ельба Пам'ятки Дрездена
74583839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimno	Klimno	Klimno is a village on the northeastern part of the Croatian island of Krk. It is part of the municipality of Dobrinj. As of 2021, it had 130 inhabitants. A popular tourist attraction, the village has various beaches and a marina providing access to the Soline Bay and the Vinodol Channel. The village of Čižići is located on the opposite side of the bay, and the village of Soline is to the southwest of Klimno. References External links Krk Populated places in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County Seaside resorts in Croatia Populated coastal places in Croatia
1055910	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%20%28%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%29	Малий Сокіл (гора)	Малий Сокіл (гора) Малий Сокіл — у Криму — кам'яниста гора з двома скельними вершинами, розділеними неширокої сідловиною; на схилах ялівцеві гаї. Півд. відріг г. Перчем-Кая, над дорогою з Судака до Нового Світу, на півн.-сх. г. Сокіл. Джерела Крим. Географічні назви Література Горный Крым. Атлас туриста / ГНПП «Картографія», Укргеодезкартографія ; ред.: Д. И. Тихомиров, Д. В. Исаев, геоинформ. подгот. Е. А. Стахова. — К. : ДНВП «Картографія», 2010. — 112 с. Гірські вершини Криму Кримські гори Південне узбережжя Криму
1668862	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%81	Райсс	Райсс Вільгельм Райсс (1838 — 1908) — німецький геолог та дослідник Леопольд Райсс (1882 — 1942 або 1943) — архітектор
1118382	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1472%20%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BE	1472 Муоніо	1472 Муоніо (1472 Muonio) — астероїд головного поясу, відкритий 18 жовтня 1938 року. Тіссеранів параметр щодо Юпітера — 3,610. Примітки Див. також Список астероїдів (1401-1500) Посилання Інформація про малі планети на сайті minorplanetcenter.net Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1938 Головний пояс астероїдів
2217508	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%20%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%20%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96	Озброєння військ Київської Русі	Озброєння військ Київської Русі — озброєння, яке використовувалося військом Русі під час бойових дій. Складається з різних видів зброї: холодної, метальної, метальних машин та ін. За функціональними ознаками зброя поділяється на зброю ближнього і дальнього бою та на рублячу, колючу й ударну. Всі ці види зброї є водночас наступальними й захисними. Вояками Київської Русі використовувалася як зброя власного виробництва так трофейна і придбана. Основною бойовою силою війська Київської Русі складала добре озброєна і навчена дружина, що складалася з професійних бійців. Дружина могла швидко і несподівано переміщатися на великі відстані, часто переміщалася на кораблях здійснюючи несподівані морські десанти. Саме в раті була найкраща зброя і обладунки, іншу частину військ Київської Русі складали вої, що набиралися з вільних селян і городян на час військових дій. Вої були легко озброєною піхотою. Третю частину військ складали добровільні або наймані підрозділи що складалися з іноземців. Озброєння Зброя Київської Русі створювалась в умовах ведення війни, з одного боку з важкоозброєнним європейським противником, а з другого — із швидкими і маневреними кінними степовиками. З урахуванням цих особливостей у розвитку війська на півночі і півдні зброя набула різноманітності задля протистояння найрізноманітнішим супротивникам. Початково згідно зі станом меч не був зброєю простолюдинів, а лук заможних дружинників. Арсенал професійних вояків складали мечі, списи і бойові сокири укупі з більш міцними обладунками, у той час як решта війська здебільшого мала на озброєнні універсальні сокири разом з метальною зброєю та менш потужне захисне озброєння. У IX—X ст. складається відносно сталий, протягом тривалого часу, комплекс озброєння, який збагачується кістенями та булавами з чотиригранними шипами. Більшого вжитку зазнають пластинчасті обладунки, кольчуги та шоломи. Додаються елементи західного зброярства — каролінгські мечі та круглі щити вікінгів з умбонами, розповсюджуються шаблі. У XI—XIII ст. бойове застосування сокири знижується, вона лишається на озброєнні переважно інженерних військ, до XII ст. їх виробництво спрощується, найбільшого поширення набувають чекани та бороноподібні сокири. Протягом XII—XIII ст. провідне становище стверджується за кінною дружиною, серед рублячо-колючої зброї провідне місце займають більш пристосовані до кавалерійського бою романські мечі, кавалерійські списи отримують спеціалізовані, задля ураження різних цілей, накінечники. Ще від XII ст. зброї надається підвищенна бронебійність: оскільки обладунки поступово підвищують свою захисну здатність на озброєнні з'являються дроблячі засоби — клевець та пірнач, арбалети з бронебійними стрілами, замість пласких набувають поширення гранчасті, більш придатні до пробиття кольчуг, леза кинджалів. Зброя Холодна зброя Довбня з шипами Ніж Кинджал Меч Шабля Рогатина Спис Бойова сокира Бородоподібна сокира Скандинавська сокира Клевець Обушок (Кистінь) Булава Пірнач Метальна зброя Сулиця Лук Арбалет Облогові машини Порок Гуляй-город Облогова вежа Флот Лодія Обладунки Чернігівський шолом Шолом з напівмаскою Див. також Меч Святослава Список озброєння запорозьких козаків Примітки Література Выпуск 1. Мечи и сабли IX–XIII вв. — 1966. — 143 с. Выпуск 2. Копья, сулицы, боевые топоры, булавы, кистени IX—XIII вв. — 1966. — 182 с. Выпуск 3. Доспех, комплекс боевых средств IX–XIII вв. — 1971. — 127 c. Посилання Зброя княжої доби в експозиції Рівненського краєзнавчого музею Військо і військова організація Військо Русі Середньовічна зброя Списки військової техніки
3309521	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nito%20Alves	Nito Alves	Nito Alves (1945–1977) was an Angolan revolutionary and politician who served as the first interior minister of Angola. A hardline member of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), Alves is best known for his failed 1977 coup attempt against the government of Agostinho Neto. During the Angolan War of Independence, Alves fought for the MPLA as a guerrilla in the forests of Dembos, rising through the ranks to become regional commander in the country's north. He developed a reputation as an intransigent Marxist-Leninist, gaining the support of Neto and the MPLA leadership after he vocally denounced Daniel Chipenda's' Eastern Revolt. With the independence of Angola in 1975, Alves was appointed to head the . He used the position to place his loyal followers - known as Nitistas - into positions of power in the new state. But the Nitistas ended up causing a supply chain crisis after stockpiling food, prompting the government to dissolve Alves' ministry. Alves supported fractionism, opposing Neto's foreign policy of nonalignment, evolutionary socialism, and multiracialism. In May 1977, the MPLA expelled him from the party. He and his supporters broke into a prison, freeing other supporters, and took control of the radio station in Luanda in an attempted coup. Forces loyal to Neto took back the radio and arrested those involved in the coup attempt, with Cuban soldiers actively helping Neto put down the coup. After the failed coup the MPLA undertook a purge designed to eliminate factionalism, during which Alves and several of his supporters were killed. Biography In 1945, Nito Alves was born in the Northern Angolan town of Piri. He started his education at an evangelical mission near his hometown, before moving to the Angolan capital of Luanda in 1960 to continue his education. In 1965, he joined the anti-colonial movement, while in his sixth year at school. After a number of his fellow activists were arrested and imprisoned in 1966, he left the capital and joined the MPLA in the forests of Dembos, where anti-colonial guerrillas had been fighting since the outbreak of the Angolan War of Independence. Revolutionary activities In 1967, Alves was put in command of the Centre of Revolutionary Instruction, and by 1971, he had joined the regional leadership under the command of . Encouraged by Alves, the Dembos guerrillas began to develop a "certain regionalism" which centred Dembos as the main theatre in the war for national liberation. Already by 1969, they were taking greater casualties than other regions, with the defeat of their southern front resulting in them being cut off from the rest of the anti-colonial movement. The situation moved Caetano to seek aid in Cabinda, leaving Alves as the regional supreme commander. After the overthrow of the Estado Novo in the Carnation Revolution, in 1974, Alves returned to the Angolan capital. In Luanda, he made contact with other anti-colonial figures, such as , and the Portuguese Communist Party, who came to see him as a "genuine revolutionary leader". By this time, the MPLA was beset by factional infighting, with a Congress being held in Lusaka to resolve the conflict through an organisational solution. Alves was delegated to the Congress, where he gave the impression of being an instransigent Maoist, violently denouncing the factional leader Daniel Chipenda for his Eastern Revolt. Although his interjections won the support of MPLA leader Agostinho Neto, Alves' speeches also lay the foundations of his own divergence from the movement's leadership, as he vocally expressed his desire for the Angolan Revolution to be one of black power. At the subsequent Inter-Regional Conference of Militants, held in the liberated territories of Eastern Angola, Alves called for a "struggle against the bourgeoisie", which he identified in racial terms as White Angolans. Alves' anti-White policies were rejected by the MPLA majority, which upheld multiracialism. Alves then returned to Luanda, where he set about reorganising the movement, establishing a network of mass organisations according to the principles of "Popular Power". These organisations were often spontaneously self-organised by the grassroots, with inhabitants of the Luanda musseques organising themselves to defend against terrorist attacks by white supremacists and the right-wing National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA). Alves encouraged the development of these neighbourhood organisations, which culminated in July 1975, when the forces of "Popular Power" expelled the FNLA from Luanda. The success of his organisational efforts earned him the role of Interior Minister in the new People's Republic of Angola, which was established on 11 November 1975. Interior Minister As Interior Minister, Alves continued the work he had started in the Luandan anti-colonial network. In opposition to what he saw as a class collaborationist tendency in the MPLA, he declared himself a "partisan of unflinching class struggle", attracting support from anti-colonial activists in the bairros, radical student circles and Portuguese Communists. During this period, his friends noted him to have regularly stated that "history has reserved for me the heavy task of leading the working class to power", while often quoting from "the immortal Lenin, whose work I intend to continue". His ultra-left positions often aligned with the Communist Organization of Angola (OCA), a Maoist organisation which often denounced the MPLA as "bourgeois" and which was hostile to the "social imperialist" intervention of Soviet and Cuban forces in the Angolan Civil War. But despite their ideological similarities, Alves was a key figure in the suppression of the OCA, which likewise denounced him as a "social-fascist". Alves himself was heavily inspired by the works of Enver Hoxha and Mao Zedong, but had been forced to renounce Maoism after the People's Republic of China backed UNITA. After attending the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Alves shifted his loyalties towards the Soviet Union, becoming known in the Western press as "Moscow's man in Luanda". Alves used his position as Interior Minister to appoint his followers - known as Nitistas - to offices within the new government. Alves held premature elections for the Popular Bairro Committees (CPBs), resulting in a low turnout of roughly 10%, with Nitistas coming to dominate the organs of "Popular Power". Despite efforts by Neto to recover the committees, the Nitista CPBs would neglect or even obstruct initiatives to improve housing, public utilities and healthcare. Nitistas were also put in positions of command in the People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola (FAPLA), and installed as regional commissars in every region. The Nitista David Aires Machado, who Alves praised as a "genuine revolutionary", also took control of the Ministry of Internal Trade. Corruption quickly became rampant within the ministry, causing food shortages. As supply chains broke down under their management, Nitista organs began stockpiling food in warehouses, leaving it to rot while store shelves remained empty. Meanwhile, Nitista cells were established in all mass organizations and Nitistas took control of the Diario de Luanda newspaper. By October 1976, Alves' behaviour had brought accusations of fractionism against him by the MPLA central committee. Nitistas were subsequently removed from their posts, their organs were suppressed and brought under government control, and it was decided that future elections would only be permitted "where MPLA structures are sufficiently strong, organizationally stable and mature". Nito Alves himself was also removed from his post and the was abolished, bringing its functions under the direct control of the Prime minister and President of Angola. Although Alves and a number of his supporters were kept on the central committee, they began plotting to overthrow the government, contradicting his own earlier declaration that "the coup d'etat, the putsch, is totally alien to socialism". Fractionism The Nitistas immediately began preparations for a coup, holding meetings and organising its network for the planned action. The plan was to arrange a mass demonstration against food shortages, which they would then take as justification for a putsch against the government. They marked several government figures for execution and pre-planned the formation of a new government, with Alves as its President and other leading Nitistas as its ministers. Alves himself published his Thirteen Theses in my Defence, which was distributed en-masse to the public. In an open break with the government's democratic centralism, Alves claimed without evidence that the MPLA had been taken over by "right-wing forces, by social-democracy allied to the Maoists" and called for a renewed "class struggle". He also began directing attacks against the "petty bourgeois" Portuguese Angolans, who he called "Lisbon's new colonisers", blocking the arrival of Portuguese contract workers to the country and even overseeing the murder of some Portuguese technicians. As Nitistas rose up in open mutiny against the government, the Directorate of Information and Security of Angola (DISA) carried out a series of raids on the bairros, while the MPLA majority and many civilians denounced the activities of the Nitista-dominated CPBs. When the MPLA Central Committee met on 20 May 1977, the Nitistas began their preparations for an immediate coup, but failed to carry it out after the committee unexpectedly changed its meeting place. When the Committee found Nito Alves guilty of fractionism, he responded with a series of unevidenced counter-claims against the government, which he variously accused of corruption, nepotism, "social democratic Maois[m]", diamond smuggling and even of being controlled by the CIA. In what amounted to a "virtual declaration of war", Alves declared that: Even still, Augistinho Neto attempted to dissuade Alves from mutiny, asking him to consider the need for "national unity" in the face of the "imperialist threat" to the country. But Alves remained intransigent, and on 21 May, he was expelled from the MPLA. Coup and purge The Nitistas set the date of the coup for 25 May, when they were to capture the prisons, radio stations and newspaper offices in Luanda. Alves initially drew up a list of enemies in the government to be executed, but later decided that simply imprisoning the "reactionary ministers" would be sufficient. But the coup was prematurely aborted, as Nitistas in the military were unconvinced that they had the strength to pull off the operation. Alves responded angrily: "You talk a lot about the 'People' without respect. Now the masses are ready. They're putting their trust in you. And now you don't want to advance'" Alves ordered the Nitista-controlled CPBs to go ahead with the "popular uprising", which he thought would force the Nitista faction of the military into action. He then left the capital for Caxito, where he was presented with a new plan for the coup. With the Nitista faction of the military finally on board, the date of the coup was set for 27 May, and preparations for the mass uprising were put into action. On the morning of 27 May 1977, the Nitistas attacked Sao Paulo prison and released its prisoners, while others arrested members of the government and imprisoned them at Sambizanga. They captured the radio station and started broadcasting anti-government appeals, but when they called for a mass demonstration outside the presidential palace, they only managed to bring together 500 people. The military faction was only able to briefly capture one barracks, but it was quickly taken back and most soldiers remained loyal to the government. Alves himself was shocked to find out that Cuban troops in the country had immediately sided with Neto's government, which prompted him to question his "understanding of scientific socialism". By mid-day, the Angolan army had dispersed the demonstrators at the palace and regained control of the radio station. At 13:30, the mutinous Ninth Armoured Brigade had surrendered and the coup was over. Other Nitista attempts throughout the rest of the country were also neutralised, or were never able to manifest in the first place. But by the time that President Neto declared victory over the coup in a radio broadcast, Nito Alves had already ordered the execution of several leaders of the MPLA and FAPLA; this prompted widespread calls for the coup leaders to themselves be executed. In the wake of the coup, the MPLA carried out hundreds of arrests in Luanda, Nitistas were purged from office and several Nitista CPBs were dissolved. In the wake of the coup's suppression, the Angolan economy rapidly began to improve and the MPLA was finally united with complete control of the country's political system. While leading Nitistas were captured, Nito Alves fled north. He arrived in his hometown of Piri after six weeks of walking, but was immediately given up to the FAPLA. On 7 July 1977, Alves was arrested, bringing a definitive end to the Nitista insurrection. A military tribunal was established to try Alves and other Nitista leaders. The authorities investigated Alves for collaboration with UNITA, but no evidence of such was found. Alves was executed by firing squad on 14 July 1977. References Bibliography Further reading External links Alves biography at 27maio.com Alves entry at Associação Tchiweka de Documentação 1945 births 1977 deaths African and Black nationalists Angolan communists Angolan independence activists Angolan Marxists Angolan rebels Angolan revolutionaries Executed Angolan people Executed communists Executed revolutionaries Interior ministers of Angola Maoists MPLA politicians People executed by Angola by firing squad
62085715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savinsky%2C%20Volgograd%20Oblast	Savinsky, Volgograd Oblast	Savinsky, Volgograd Oblast Savinsky is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Surovikinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 219 as of 2010. There are 2 streets. Geography Savinsky is located on the Levaya Dobraya River, 46 km northeast of Surovikino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dobrinka is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Surovikinsky District
391962	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0	Лепешинська Ольга Василівна	Лепешинська Ольга Василівна Ольга Василівна Лепешинська (15 (28) вересня 1916, Київ — , Москва) — видатна радянська балерина, педагог, народна артистка СРСР (1951). Життєпис Ольга Лепешинська народилася в 1916 році в Києві. У 1933 році, закінчивши Московське хореографічне училище, Лепешинська поступила у Большой театр, де танцювала десятки провідних партій, включаючи Китрі у «Дону Кихоті», Одетту-одиллію в «Лебединому озері», Попелюшку в «Попелюшці» Сергія Прокоф'єва (перший виконавець). У 1962 році Лепешинська завершила танцювальну кар'єру. Після цього вона займалася викладанням, причому не тільки в СРСР, але і за кордоном. З 1991 року очолювала Російську хореографічну асоціацію. Примітки Джерела та література О. В. Ясь. Лепешинська Ольга Василівна // І. В. Цебенко. Лепешинська Ольга Василівна // Посилання Біографія на сайті Большого театру Радянські балерини Українські балерини Радянські театральні педагоги Уродженці Києва Померли в Москві Поховані на Введенському кладовищі Танцюристи Києва
19800255	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ali-Sultan	'Ali-Sultan	'Ali-Sultan Ali Khalil, also known as Ali-Sultan , was the khan (r.1339-1342) of the Chagatai Khanate. He was a descendant of Qadan, son of the second Great Khan Ögedei. 'Ali attacked the ordo (palace) of Yesun Temur and usurped the throne. He was the first and last one who had restored the Ögedeid authority over the Chagatai Khanate since the reigns of Kaidu and his son Chapar. During his reign, Islam fully absorbed the Chagatai Mongols and 'Ali persecuted non-Muslim religions. He is the one who ordered the killing of six Franciscan friars at Almalik in 1339, as depicted in The Martyrdom of the Franciscans, by Ambrogio Lorenzetti. References Ц.Энхчимэг - "Монголын цагаадайн улс" 2006 он THE SHAJRAT UL ATRAK, OR GENEALOGICAL TREE OF THE TURKS AND TATARS; TRANSLATED AND ABRIDGED translated by Col. Miles. Chagatai khans Mongol Empire Muslims 14th-century monarchs in Asia Year of birth unknown Place of birth unknown Year of death unknown Place of death unknown
2156560	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81	Генрик Варс	Генрик Варс (справжнє Генрик Варшавський — Henryk Warszawski (чи Warszowski), псевдо Фраска, Генрі Варс (Fraska, Henry Vars) (29 грудня 1902, Варшава — 1 вересня 1977, Лос-Анджелес) — польський композитор естради, аранжувальник, піонер джазу в Польщі, піаніст а також диригент єврейського походження. Життєпис Походив з музикальної родини: одна сестра була співачкою ЛаСкали, друга сестра — піаністкою. З восьми до дванадцяти років жив з батьками у Французькій республіці, де вчився в школі Art Nouveau. Після повернення до Польщі ходив до Гімназії Мазовецької Землі на вул. Кльлнлвій, потім почав вивчати право в Варшавському університеті. За намовою Еміля Млинарського перевівся до Варшавської Консерваторії, яку закінчив в класі Романа Станковського. Будучи студентом грав на фортепіано в кабаре, між інш. в Новому Перському Оці (Nowym Perskim Oku), диригував також оркестром в Морському Оці (Morskim Oku). Працював в студії запису грамофонних платівок Syrena Rekord. Потім почав компонувати. Перша написана пісня (1926) — New York Times, не була дуже популярна. Першим шлягером було Затанцюймо танго(Zatańczmy tango )(1929). Був засновником вокального тріо Jazz Singers, в складі: Еугеніуш Бодо, Тадеуш Ольша, Тадеуш Роланд. Був музичним директором студії звукозапису Syrena Record. Твори композиції до 53 фільмів(серед них: Шпигун у масці, Любовні маневри, до першого польського звукового фільму — На Сибір (1930). Керував групою «Веселі Хлопці». Писав пісні для таких зірок, як Ганка Ордонувна, Еугеніуш Бодо і Зуля Погожельська. Від 1939 воював, потрапив в німецький полон, звідки втік, a в 1940 добрався до Львова, де заснував польський big band. Під час радянської окупації створив при Львівській філармонії Filharmonii Lwowskiej групу «Tea-Jazz», з яким влітку 1940 відбув турне до Одеси, Воронежа, Києва i Ленінграду. В цей період створив також музику до фільму Михайла Ромма Мрія (1941). Разом з армією генерала Андерса проїхав Іран, Близький Схід i Італію. Після демобілізації осів в Лос-Анджелесі в США. Там, в 1954 році розпочав співпрацю продюсерами в Голлівуді. В 1963 написав музику до фільму Мій друг дельфін (Flipper). Його пісні співали. Бінг Кросбі і Доріс Дей. Компонував також симфонічні поеми, балет, концертіно. Пісні «A mnie w to graj» A u mnie siup, a u mnie cyk Ach, jak przyjemnie (текст: Людвік Старський, фільм: Забута мелодія, 1938, Ach, śpij kochanie (текст: Людвік Старський, фільм: Paweł i Gaweł, 1938, виконавці: Еугеніуш Бодо i Адольф Димша) Ach, zostań Będzie lepiej Co ja zrobię, że mnie się podobasz? Co z tobą Florek, gdzie twój humorek? Coś zrobiła z sercem mym Dobranoc, oczka zmruż Ewelina Jak pani się ten pan podoba Jak trudno jest zapomnieć Jak za dawnych lat Już nie mogę dłużej kryć Już nie zapomnisz mnie (film: Zapomniana melodia, 1938) Już taki jestem zimny drań (фільм: Pieśniarz Warszawy, 1934, виконавці: Еугеніуг Бодо) Kocha, lubi, szanuje Kocham (: Bezimienni bohaterowie, 1931) Lim-pam-pom Maleńka Jenny (текст: J. Roland, фільм:: Głos pustyni, 1932, виконавець: Мєчислав Фогг) Miłość ci wszystko wybaczy (текст: Юліан Тувім, фільм: Шпигун в масці, 1933, виконавці: Ганка Ордонувна) My dwaj, obacwaj Na cześć młodości Na pierwszy znak New York Times Nic o Tobie nie wiem Nic takiego «O, Key» «On nie powróci już» "Panie Janie Piosenka o zagubionym sercu Płomienne serca (tekst: Marian Hemar, film: Na Sybir, Lwów jest jeden na świecie (Львів єдиний на світі), яку називали Тільки у Львові(«Tylko we Lwowie») (текст: Емануель Шлехтер, фільм: Włóczęgi (Волоцюги), 1939, виконавці: Щепцьо i Тонько) Посилання Уродженці Варшави Померли в Лос-Анджелесі Польські композитори Польські кінокомпозитори Польські джазмени Польські євреї Учасники польсько-радянської війни Польські емігранти до США
26800330	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm%208	Psalm 8	Psalm 8 is the eighth psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning and ending in English in the King James Version (KJV): "O LORD, our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the earth!". In Latin, it is known as "Domine Dominus noster". Its authorship is traditionally assigned to King David. Like Psalms 81 and 84, this psalm opens with a direction to the chief musician to perform upon the gittith, which either refers to a musical instrument, a style of performance, or alludes to persons and places in biblical history. Commentator Cyril Rodd describes this as a "well-known and greatly loved psalm ... usually classified as a hymn". It forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. It has often been set to music, and has inspired hymns such as "For the Beauty of the Earth" and "How Great Thou Art". Background and themes Like Psalms 81 and 84, Psalm 8 opens with a direction to the chief musician to perform upon the gittit. The New King James Version calls it "the instrument of Gath". The Hebrew root refers to a winepress, indicating that these are joyful psalms. The word may also refer to the biblical city of Gath, where a similar song was sung or a musical instrument was created; or to a song of Obed-Edom the Gittite, in whose home the Ark of the Covenant rested for three months (II Samuel 6:11); or to a song over Goliath, who was from Gath. Charles Spurgeon calls this psalm "the song of the Astronomer", as gazing at the heavens (verse 3 in KJV) inspires the psalmist to meditate on God's creation and man's place in it. Spurgeon further interprets the "babes and sucklings" to whom the Lord gives strength (verse 2 in KJV) as referring variously to man, David, Jesus, the apostles, and all "who fight under Christ's banner". According to the Midrash Tehillim, verses 5 through 10 in the Hebrew contain questions that the angels asked God as God was creating the world, referring to the righteous men of Israel: "What is man that You are mindful of him"—referring to Abraham (see Genesis 19:29); "and the son of man that You remember him"—referring to Abraham's son Isaac, who was born as a result of God remembering Sarah (ibid. 21:1); "Yet You made him less only than God"—referring to Jacob, who was able to produce streaked, speckled, and spotted flocks (ibid. 30:39); "And have crowned him with glory and honor"—referring to Moses, whose face shone (Exodus 34:29); "You give him dominion over the work of Your hands"—referring to Joshua, who made the sun and moon stand still (Joshua 10:12-13); "You put all things beneath his feet"—referring to David, whose enemies fell before him (II Samuel 22:43); "Sheep and oxen, all of them"—referring to Solomon, who understood the language of beasts (I Kings 5:13); "and the beasts of the field"—referring to either Samson or Daniel; "the birds of the sky"—referring to Elijah, who navigates the world like a bird, and who also received food from the ravens (I Kings 17:6); "and the fish of the seas"—referring to Jonah, who dwelled in the belly of a fish (Jonah 2:1). "he traverses the ways of the seas"—referring to the Israelites who walked through the sea on dry land (Exodus 15:19). "O Lord, our Lord how glorious is Your name in all the earth"—thus the angels concluded, "Do what pleases You. Your glory is to sojourn with Your people and with Your children". Psalm 8 manifests a prevailing theme of man in creation, serving as a precursor to a sequential arrangement of acrostic Psalms 9 and 10. O Palmer Robertson, in his work "The Flow of the Psalms," identifies three analogous instances of creation-themed acrostics in Book 1 of Psalms, specifically: Creation Psalm 8 preceding acrostic Psalm 9 and 10 Creation Psalm 24 preceding acrostic Psalm 25 Creation Psalm 33 preceding acrostic Psalm 34 Text Hebrew The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain). King James Version O , our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the earth! who hast set thy glory above the heavens. Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings hast thou ordained strength because of thine enemies, that thou mightest still the enemy and the avenger. When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained; What is man, that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, that thou visitest him? For thou hast made him a little lower than the angels, and hast crowned him with glory and honour. Thou madest him to have dominion over the works of thy hands; thou hast put all things under his feet: All sheep and oxen, yea, and the beasts of the field; The fowl of the air, and the fish of the sea, and whatsoever passeth through the paths of the seas. O our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the earth! Uses Judaism Psalm 8 is said during Yom Kippur Katan. In the Gra siddur, Psalm 8 is the Song of the Day for Simchat Torah in the Diaspora. In the Siddur Avodas Yisrael, this psalm is said after Aleinu during the weekday evening prayer. Verse 2 (in the Hebrew) is recited during the Kedushah of Mussaf on Rosh Hashanah and Jewish holidays. This verse also appears in the Hoshanot on Sukkot. Verse 10 (in the Hebrew) appears as the corresponding verse for the second mention of the name "Adonai" in the Priestly Blessing. New Testament Some verses of Psalm 8 are referenced in the New Testament: Verse 2 is quoted by Jesus in Matthew in reference to children praising him in the temple. Verses 4-6 are quoted in Hebrews in reference to Jesus' incarnation. Verse 6 is quoted in 1 Corinthians and Ephesians . Catholic Church According to the Rule of Saint Benedict, this psalm was sung or recited on Tuesday at the office of prime. In the Liturgy of the Hours, the psalm is recited to Lauds on Saturday of second and in the fourth week. It often appears in the Eucharistic liturgy: it is found in the feast of the Trinity, the Easter octave, the first Tuesday of Ordinary Time, the 5th Tuesday of Ordinary Time and the 28th Saturday in Ordinary Time. Pope Paul VI cited this psalm in his message on the Apollo 11 goodwill disk. Book of Common Prayer In the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, Psalm 8 is appointed to be read on the evening of the first day of the month, as well as at Mattins on Ascension Day. Musical settings Psalm 8 inspired hymn lyrics such as Folliott Sandford Pierpoint's "For the Beauty of the Earth" which first appeared in 1864 and "How Great Thou Art", based on a Swedish poem written by Carl Boberg in 1885. Heinrich Schütz wrote a setting of a paraphrase in German, "Mit Dank wir sollen loben", SWV 104, for the Becker Psalter, published first in 1628.Michel Richard Delalande, composer of King Louis XIV, wrote an extended Latin motet setting this psalm, which was performed at the Royal Chapel of Versailles for royal offices. Marc-Antoine Charpentier compose around 1670s one "Domine Deus noster" for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments, and continuo, H.163. Gospel singer Richard Smallwood set a version to music in 1990. In 2019, Seth Pinnock & A New Thing recorded a song entitled Psalms 8 which is featured as the first track on the Album: “Seth Pinnock & A New Thing Live”. Literary references The question "What is man?" from Psalm 8 may have inspired the reflection "What a piece of work is a man" in Shakespeare's Hamlet. Peter Moore contends that Shakespeare was inspired by a paraphrase of Psalm 8 composed by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, as he awaited execution in the Tower of London in late 1546 or early 1547. The question also appears as the title of Mark Twain's essay What Is Man?, published anonymously in 1906. The title of a 1974 science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov, ". . . That Thou Art Mindful of Him", is also taken from Psalm 8. Historical uses During his return to Earth from the first human landing on the Moon, astronaut Buzz Aldrin recited verses 4-5. Pope Paul VI quote from Psalm 8 in the Apollo 11 goodwill messages. References Sources External links Text of Psalm 8 according to the 1928 Psalter Psalms Chapter 8 text in Hebrew and English, mechon-mamre.org For the leader; "upon the gittith." A psalm of David. / O LORD, our Lord, / how awesome is your name through all the earth! text and footnotes, usccb.org United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Psalm 8:1 introduction and text, biblestudytools.com Psalm 8 – The Glory of God in Creation enduringword.com Psalm 8 / O Lord our governor, / how glorious is your name in all the world! Church of England Psalm 8 at biblegateway.com Hymns for Psalm 8 hymnary.org Texts assigned to David 008
2922416	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%20%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%20%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%29	Мокра Весь (Мазовецьке воєводство)	Мокра Весь (Мазовецьке воєводство) Мокра Весь — село в Польщі, у гміні Тлущ Воломінського повіту Мазовецького воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Остроленцького воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Воломінського повіту
289356	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29	Крутоярівка (Білгород-Дністровський район)	Крутоярівка (Білгород-Дністровський район) Крутоярівка (до 1945 року — Молдова) — село Старокозацької сільської громади Білгород-Дністровського району Одеської області в Україні. Населення становить 1933 осіб. Історія Було засноване приблизно в 1824 р тікаючими від турецького насильства 30 вдовами з Молдови (румунки, молдаванки), тому перша назва села Ведень що в перекладі (Вдовине). Після в роки становлення радянської влади село було перейменовано в Молдовка і спершу входила до складу Старокозацького району Одеської області. Остання назва села Крутоярівка (село розташувалося між двох крутих ярів). Населення Згідно з переписом 1989 року населення села становило , з яких та . За переписом населення 2001 року в селі . Мова Розподіл населення за рідною мовою за даними перепису 2001 року: Відомі люди Уродженцями села є: Гувір Сергій Іванович (1993—2017) — старшина Державної прикордонної служби України, учасник російсько-української війни. Кабак Михайло Григорович (1987—2014) — старший сержант Державної прикордонної служби України, учасник російсько-української війни. Мангул Анатолій Ілліч (нар. 1952) — український політик, голова Мелітопольського міськвиконкому (1991—1997), міський голова міста Мелітополя (1997—1998), депутат Верховної Ради (1998—2002), перший заступник міністра промислової політики (2003—2005), заступник голови Фонду держмайна України (з 2010). Примітки Села Білгород-Дністровського району
47387	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20III%20of%20England	William III of England	William III of England William III (William Henry; ; 4 November 16508 March 1702), also widely known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the 1670s, and King of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702. As King of Scotland, he is known as William II. He ruled Britain and Ireland alongside his wife, Queen Mary II, and their joint reign is known as that of William and Mary. William was the only child of William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary, Princess Royal, the daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His father died a week before his birth, making William III the prince of Orange from birth. In 1677, he married his first cousin Mary, the eldest daughter of his maternal uncle James, Duke of York, the younger brother and later successor of King Charles II. A Protestant, William participated in several wars against the powerful Catholic French ruler Louis XIV in coalition with both Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe. Many Protestants heralded William as a champion of their faith. In 1685, his Catholic uncle and father-in-law, James, became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. James's reign was unpopular with the Protestant majority in Britain, who feared a revival of Catholicism. Supported by a group of influential British political and religious leaders, William invaded England in what became known as the Glorious Revolution. In 1688, he landed at the south-western English port of Brixham; James was deposed shortly afterward. William's reputation as a staunch Protestant enabled him and his wife to take power. During the early years of his reign, William was occupied abroad with the Nine Years' War (1688–1697), leaving Mary to govern Britain alone. She died in 1694. In 1696 the Jacobites, a faction loyal to the deposed James, plotted unsuccessfully to assassinate William and restore the deposed James to the throne. William's lack of children and the death in 1700 of his nephew the Duke of Gloucester, the son of his sister-in-law Anne, threatened the Protestant succession. The danger was averted by placing William and Mary's cousins, the Protestant Hanoverians, in line to the throne after Anne with the Act of Settlement 1701. Upon his death in 1702, William was succeeded in Britain by Anne and as titular Prince of Orange by his cousin John William Friso. Early life Birth and family William III was born in The Hague in the Dutch Republic on 4 November 1650. Baptised William Henry, he was the only child of Mary, Princess Royal, and stadtholder William II, Prince of Orange. Mary was the eldest daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and sister of kings Charles II and James II and VII. Eight days before William was born, his father died of smallpox; thus, William was the sovereign Prince of Orange from the moment of his birth. Immediately, a conflict arose between his mother and his paternal grandmother, Amalia of Solms-Braunfels, over the name to be given to the infant. Mary wanted to name him Charles after her brother, but her mother-in-law insisted on giving him the name William (Willem) to bolster his prospects of becoming stadtholder. William II had intended to appoint his wife as their son's guardian in his will; however, the document remained unsigned at William II's death and was therefore void. On 13 August 1651, the Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland (Supreme Court) ruled that guardianship would be shared between his mother, his grandmother and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, husband of his paternal aunt Louise Henriette. Childhood and education William's mother showed little personal interest in her son, sometimes being absent for years, and had always deliberately kept herself apart from Dutch society. William's education was first laid in the hands of several Dutch governesses, some of English descent, including Walburg Howard and the Scottish noblewoman Lady Anna Mackenzie. From April 1656, the prince received daily instruction in the Reformed religion from the Calvinist preacher Cornelis Trigland, a follower of the Contra-Remonstrant theologian Gisbertus Voetius. The ideal education for William was described in Discours sur la nourriture de S. H. Monseigneur le Prince d'Orange, a short treatise, perhaps by one of William's tutors, Constantijn Huygens. In these lessons, the prince was taught that he was predestined to become an instrument of Divine Providence, fulfilling the historical destiny of the House of Orange-Nassau. William was seen, despite his youth, as the leader of the "Orangist" party, heir to the stadholderships of several provinces and the office of Captain-General of the Union (see Politics and government of the Dutch Republic). He was viewed as the leader of the nation in its independence movement and its protector from foreign threats. This was in the tradition of the princes of Orange before him: his great-grandfather William the Silent, his grand-uncle Maurice, his grandfather Frederick Henry, and his father William II. From early 1659, William spent seven years at the University of Leiden for a formal education, under the guidance of ethics professor Hendrik Bornius (though never officially enrolling as a student). While residing in the Prinsenhof at Delft, William had a small personal retinue including Hans Willem Bentinck, and a new governor, Frederick Nassau de Zuylenstein, who (as an illegitimate son of stadtholder Frederick Henry of Orange) was his paternal uncle. Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt and his uncle Cornelis de Graeff pushed the States of Holland to take charge of William's education and ensure that he would acquire the skills to serve in a future—though undetermined—state function; the States acted on 25 September 1660. Around this time, the young prince played with De Graeff's sons Pieter and Jacob de Graeff in the park of the country house in Soestdijk. In 1674 Wilhelm bought the estate from Jacob de Graeff, which was later converted into Soestdijk Palace. This first involvement of the authorities did not last long. On 23 December 1660, when William was ten years old, his mother died of smallpox at Whitehall Palace, London, while visiting her brother, the recently restored King Charles II. In her will, Mary requested that Charles look after William's interests, and Charles now demanded that the States of Holland end their interference. To appease Charles, they complied on 30 September 1661. That year, Zuylenstein began to work for Charles and induced William to write letters to his uncle asking him to help William become stadtholder someday. After his mother's death, William's education and guardianship became a point of contention between his dynasty's supporters and the advocates of a more republican Netherlands. The Dutch authorities did their best at first to ignore these intrigues, but in the Second Anglo-Dutch War, one of Charles's peace conditions was the improvement of the position of his nephew. As a countermeasure in 1666, when William was sixteen, the States officially made him a ward of the government, or a "Child of State". All pro-English courtiers, including Zuylenstein, were removed from William's company. William begged De Witt to allow Zuylenstein to stay, but he refused. De Witt, the leading politician of the Republic, took William's education into his own hands, instructing him weekly in state matters and joining him for regular games of real tennis. Early offices Exclusion from stadtholdership After the death of William's father, most provinces had left the office of stadtholder vacant. At the demand of Oliver Cromwell, the Treaty of Westminster, which ended the First Anglo-Dutch War, had a secret annexe that required the Act of Seclusion, which forbade the province of Holland from appointing a member of the House of Orange as stadtholder. After the English Restoration, the Act of Seclusion, which had not remained a secret for long, was declared void as the English Commonwealth (with which the treaty had been concluded) no longer existed. In 1660, William's mother Mary and grandmother Amalia tried to persuade several provincial States to designate William as their future stadtholder, but they all initially refused. In 1667, as William III approached the age of 18, the Orangist party again attempted to bring him to power by securing for him the offices of stadtholder and Captain-General. To prevent the restoration of the influence of the House of Orange, De Witt, the leader of the States Party, allowed the pensionary of Haarlem, Gaspar Fagel, to induce the States of Holland to issue the Perpetual Edict. The Edict, supported by the important Amsterdam politicians Andries de Graeff and Gillis Valckenier, declared that the Captain-General or Admiral-General of the Netherlands could not serve as stadtholder in any province. Even so, William's supporters sought ways to enhance his prestige and, on 19 September 1668, the States of Zeeland appointed him as First Noble. To receive this honour, William had to escape the attention of his state tutors and travel secretly to Middelburg. A month later, Amalia allowed William to manage his own household and declared him to be of majority age. The province of Holland, the centre of anti-Orangism, abolished the office of stadtholder, and four other provinces followed suit in March 1670, establishing the so-called "Harmony". De Witt demanded an oath from each Holland regent (city council member) to uphold the Edict; all but one complied. William saw all this as a defeat, but the arrangement was a compromise: De Witt would have preferred to ignore the prince completely, but now his eventual rise to the office of supreme army commander was implicit. De Witt further conceded that William would be admitted as a member of the Raad van State, the Council of State, then the generality organ administering the defence budget. William was introduced to the council on 31 May 1670 with full voting rights, despite De Witt's attempts to limit his role to that of an advisor. Conflict with republicans In November 1670, William obtained permission to travel to England to urge Charles to pay back at least a part of the 2,797,859 guilder debt the House of Stuart owed the House of Orange. Charles was unable to pay, but William agreed to reduce the amount owed to 1,800,000 guilders. Charles found his nephew to be a dedicated Calvinist and patriotic Dutchman and reconsidered his desire to show him the Secret Treaty of Dover with France, directed at destroying the Dutch Republic and installing William as "sovereign" of a Dutch rump state. In addition to differing political outlooks, William found that his lifestyle differed from his uncles Charles and James, who were more concerned with drinking, gambling, and cavorting with mistresses. The following year, the Republic's security deteriorated quickly as an Anglo-French attack became imminent. In view of the threat, the States of Gelderland wanted William to be appointed Captain-General of the Dutch States Army as soon as possible, despite his youth and inexperience. On 15 December 1671, the States of Utrecht made this their official policy. On 19 January 1672, the States of Holland made a counterproposal: to appoint William for just a single campaign. The prince refused this and on 25 February a compromise was reached: an appointment by the States General for one summer, followed by a permanent appointment on his 22nd birthday. Meanwhile, William had written a secret letter to Charles in January 1672 asking his uncle to exploit the situation by exerting pressure on the States to appoint William stadtholder. In return, William would ally the Republic with England and serve Charles's interests as much as his "honour and the loyalty due to this state" allowed. Charles took no action on the proposal, and continued his war plans with his French ally. Becoming stadtholder "Disaster year" and Franco-Dutch War For the Dutch Republic, 1672 proved calamitous. It became known as the Rampjaar ("disaster year") because in the Franco-Dutch War and the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Netherlands was invaded by France and its allies: England, Münster, and Cologne. Although the Anglo-French fleet was disabled by the Battle of Solebay, in June the French army quickly overran the provinces of Gelderland and Utrecht. On 14 June, William withdrew with the remnants of his field army into Holland, where the States had ordered the flooding of the Dutch Waterline on 8 June. Louis XIV of France, believing the war was over, began negotiations to extract as large a sum of money from the Dutch as possible. The presence of a large French army in the heart of the Republic caused a general panic, and the people turned against De Witt and his allies. On 4 July, the States of Holland appointed William stadtholder, and he took the oath five days later. The next day, a special envoy from Charles II, Lord Arlington, met William in Nieuwerbrug and presented a proposal from Charles. In return for William's capitulation to England and France, Charles would make William Sovereign Prince of Holland, instead of stadtholder (a mere civil servant). When William refused, Arlington threatened that William would witness the end of the Republic's existence. William answered famously: "There is one way to avoid this: to die defending it in the last ditch." On 7 July, the inundations were complete and the further advance of the French army was effectively blocked. On 16 July, Zeeland offered the stadtholdership to William. Johan de Witt had been unable to function as Grand Pensionary after being wounded by an attempt on his life on 21 June. On 15 August, William published a letter from Charles, in which the English king stated that he had made war because of the aggression of the De Witt faction. The people thus incited, De Witt and his brother, Cornelis, were brutally murdered by an Orangist civil militia in The Hague on 20 August. Subsequently, William replaced many of the Dutch regents with his followers. Though William's complicity in the lynching has never been proved (and some 19th-century Dutch historians have made an effort to disprove that he was an accessory), he thwarted attempts to prosecute the ringleaders, and even rewarded some, like Hendrik Verhoeff, with money, and others, like Johan van Banchem and Johan Kievit, with high offices. This damaged his reputation in the same fashion as his later actions at Glencoe. William continued to fight against the invaders from England and France, allying himself with Spain, Brandenburg, and Emperor Leopold I. In November 1672, he took his army to Maastricht to threaten the French supply lines. In September 1673, the Dutch situation further improved. The resolute defence by John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen and Hans Willem van Aylva in the north of the Dutch Republic finally forced the troops of Münster and Cologne to withdraw, while William crossed the Dutch Waterline and recaptured Naarden. In November, a 30,000-strong Dutch-Spanish army, under William's command, marched into the lands of the Bishops of Münster and Cologne. The Dutch troops took revenge and carried out many atrocities. Together with 35,000 Imperial troops, they then captured Bonn, an important magazine in the long logistical lines between France and the Dutch Republic. The French position in the Netherlands became untenable and Louis was forced to evacuate French troops. This deeply shocked Louis and he retreated to Saint Germain where no one, except a few intimates, were allowed to disturb him. The next year only Grave and Maastricht remained in French hands. Fagel now proposed to treat the liberated provinces of Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel as conquered territory (Generality Lands), as punishment for their quick surrender to the enemy. William refused but obtained a special mandate from the States General to appoint all delegates in the States of these provinces anew. William's followers in the States of Utrecht on 26 April 1674 appointed him hereditary stadtholder. On 30 January 1675, the States of Gelderland offered him the titles of Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen. The negative reactions to this from Zeeland and the city of Amsterdam made William ultimately decide to decline these honours; he was instead appointed stadtholder of Gelderland and Overijssel. Baruch Spinoza's warning in his Political Treatise of 1677 of the need to organize the state so that the citizens maintain control over the sovereign was an influential expression of this unease with the concentration of power in one person. Meanwhile, the front of the war against France had shifted to the Spanish Netherlands. In 1674, Allied forces in the Netherlands were numerically superior to the French army under Condé, which was based along the Piéton river near Charleroi. William took the offensive and sought to bring on a battle by outflanking the French positions but the broken ground forced him to divide his army into three separate columns. At Seneffe, Condé led a cavalry attack against the Allied vanguard and by midday on 11 August had halted their advance. Against the advice of his subordinates, he then ordered a series of frontal assaults which led to very heavy casualties on both sides with no concrete result. William and the Dutch blamed the Imperial commander, de Souches, and after a failed attempt to capture Oudenaarde, largely due to obstructionism from de Souches, he was relieved of command. Frustrated, William joined the army under Rabenhaupt with 10,000 troops instead of campaigning further in the Spanish Netherlands. He assumed command of operations at Grave, which had been besieged since 28 June. Grave surrendered on 27 October. The Dutch were split by internal disputes; the powerful Amsterdam mercantile body was anxious to end an expensive war once their commercial interests were secured, while William saw France as a long-term threat that had to be defeated. This conflict increased once ending the war became a distinct possibility when Grave was captured in October 1674, leaving only Maastricht. On both sides, the last years of the war saw minimal return for their investment of men and money. The French were preparing a major offensive, however, at the end of 1676. Intended to capture Valenciennes, Cambrai and Saint-Omer in the Spanish Netherlands. Louis believed this would deprive the Dutch regents of the courage to continue the war any longer. In this, however, he was mistaken. The impending French offensive actually led to an intensification of Dutch-Spanish cooperation. Still, the French offensive of 1677 was a success. The Spaniards found it difficult to raise enough troops due to financial constraints and the Allies were defeated in the Battle of Cassel. This meant that they could not prevent the cities from falling into French hands. The French then took a defensive posture, afraid that more success would force England to intervene on the side of the Allies. The peace talks that began at Nijmegen in 1676 were given a greater sense of urgency in November 1677 when William married his cousin Mary, Charles II of England's niece. An Anglo-Dutch defensive alliance followed in March 1678, although English troops did not arrive in significant numbers until late May. Louis seized this opportunity to improve his negotiating position and captured Ypres and Ghent in early March, before signing a peace treaty with the Dutch on 10 August. The Battle of Saint-Denis was fought three days later on 13 August, when a combined Dutch-Spanish force under William attacked the French army under Luxembourg. Luxembourg withdrew and William thus ensured Mons would remain in Spanish hands. On 19 August, Spain and France agreed an armistice, followed by a formal peace treaty on 17 September. The war had seen the rebirth of the Dutch States Army as one of the most disciplined and best-trained European armed forces. This had not been enough to keep France from making conquests in the Spanish Netherlands, which William and the regents blamed mainly on the Spaniards; the Dutch expected the once powerful Spanish Empire to have more military strength. Marriage During the war with France, William tried to improve his position by marrying, in 1677, his first cousin Mary, elder surviving daughter of the Duke of York, later King James II of England (James VII of Scotland). Mary was eleven years his junior and he anticipated resistance to a Stuart match from the Amsterdam merchants who had disliked his mother (another Mary Stuart), but William believed that marrying Mary would increase his chances of succeeding to Charles's kingdoms, and would draw England's monarch away from his pro-French policies. James was not inclined to consent, but Charles II pressured his brother to agree. Charles wanted to use the possibility of marriage to gain leverage in negotiations relating to the war, but William insisted that the two issues be decided separately. Charles relented, and Bishop Henry Compton married the couple on 4 November 1677. Mary became pregnant soon after the marriage, but miscarried. After a further illness later in 1678, she never conceived again. Throughout William and Mary's marriage, William had only one reputed mistress, Elizabeth Villiers, in contrast to the many mistresses his uncles openly kept. Tensions with France, intrigue with England By 1678, Louis XIV sought peace with the Dutch Republic. Even so, tensions remained: William remained suspicious of Louis, thinking that the French king desired "universal kingship" over Europe; Louis described William as "my mortal enemy" and saw him as an obnoxious warmonger. France's annexations in the Southern Netherlands and Germany (the Réunion policy) and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, caused a surge of Huguenot refugees to the Republic. This led William III to join various anti-French alliances, such as the Association League, and ultimately the League of Augsburg (an anti-French coalition that also included the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden, Spain and several German states) in 1686. After his marriage in November 1677, William became a strong candidate for the English throne should his father-in-law (and uncle) James be excluded because of his Catholicism. During the crisis concerning the Exclusion Bill in 1680, Charles at first invited William to come to England to bolster the king's position against the exclusionists, then withdrew his invitation—after which Lord Sunderland also tried unsuccessfully to bring William over, but now to put pressure on Charles. Nevertheless, William secretly induced the States General to send Charles the "Insinuation", a plea beseeching the king to prevent any Catholics from succeeding him, without explicitly naming James. After receiving indignant reactions from Charles and James, William denied any involvement. In 1685, when James II succeeded Charles, William at first attempted a conciliatory approach, at the same time trying not to offend the Protestants in England. William, ever looking for ways to diminish the power of France, hoped that James would join the League of Augsburg, but by 1687 it became clear that James would not join the anti-French alliance. Relations worsened between William and James thereafter. In November, James's second wife, Mary of Modena, was announced to be pregnant. That month, to gain the favour of English Protestants, William wrote an open letter to the English people in which he disapproved of James's pro-Roman Catholic policy of religious toleration. Seeing him as a friend, and often having maintained secret contacts with him for years, many English politicians began to urge an armed invasion of England. Glorious Revolution Invasion of England William at first opposed the prospect of invasion, but most historians now agree that he began to assemble an expeditionary force in April 1688, as it became increasingly clear that France would remain occupied by campaigns in Germany and Italy, and thus unable to mount an attack while William's troops would be occupied in Britain. Believing that the English people would not react well to a foreign invader, he demanded in a letter to Rear-Admiral Arthur Herbert that the most eminent English Protestants first invite him to invade. In June, Mary of Modena, after a string of miscarriages, gave birth to a son, James Francis Edward Stuart, who displaced William's Protestant wife to become first in the line of succession and raised the prospect of an ongoing Catholic monarchy. Public anger also increased because of the trial of seven bishops who had publicly opposed James's Declaration of Indulgence granting religious liberty to his subjects, a policy which appeared to threaten the establishment of the Anglican Church. On 30 June 1688—the same day the bishops were acquitted—a group of political figures, known afterward as the "Immortal Seven", sent William a formal invitation. William's intentions to invade were public knowledge by September 1688. With a Dutch army, William landed at Brixham in southwest England on 5 November 1688. He came ashore from the ship Den Briel, proclaiming "the liberties of England and the Protestant religion I will maintain". William's fleet was vastly larger than the Spanish Armada 100 years earlier: approximately consisting of 463 ships with 40,000 men on board, including 9,500 sailors, 11,000 foot soldiers, 4,000 cavalry and 5,000 English and Huguenot volunteers. James's support began to dissolve almost immediately upon William's arrival; Protestant officers defected from the English army (the most notable of whom was Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, James's most able commander), and influential noblemen across the country declared their support for the invader. James at first attempted to resist William, but saw that his efforts would prove futile. He sent representatives to negotiate with William, but secretly attempted to flee on 11 December, throwing the Great Seal into the Thames on his way. He was discovered and brought back to London by a group of fishermen. He was allowed to leave for France in a second escape attempt on 23 December. William permitted James to leave the country, not wanting to make him a martyr for the Roman Catholic cause; it was in his interests for James to be perceived as having left the country of his own accord, rather than having been forced or frightened into fleeing. William is the last person to successfully invade England by force of arms. Proclaimed king William summoned a Convention Parliament in England, which met on 22 January 1689, to discuss the appropriate course of action following James's flight. William felt insecure about his position; though his wife preceded him in the line of succession to the throne, he wished to reign as king in his own right, rather than as a mere consort. The only precedent for a joint monarchy in England dated from the 16th century, when Queen Mary I married Philip of Spain. Philip remained king only during his wife's lifetime, and restrictions were placed on his power. William, on the other hand, demanded that he remain as king even after his wife's death. When the majority of Tory Lords proposed to acclaim her as sole ruler, William threatened to leave the country immediately. Furthermore, she, remaining loyal to her husband, refused. The House of Commons, with a Whig majority, quickly resolved that the throne was vacant, and that it was safer if the ruler were Protestant. There were more Tories in the House of Lords, which would not initially agree, but after William refused to be a regent or to agree to remain king only in his wife's lifetime, there were negotiations between the two houses and the Lords agreed by a narrow majority that the throne was vacant. On 13 February 1689, Parliament passed the Bill of Rights 1689, in which it deemed that James, by attempting to flee, had abdicated the government of the realm, thereby leaving the throne vacant. The Crown was not offered to James's infant son, who would have been the heir apparent under normal circumstances, but to William and Mary as joint sovereigns. It was, however, provided that "the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said Prince of Orange in the names of the said Prince and Princess during their joint lives". William and Mary were crowned together at Westminster Abbey on 11 April 1689 by the Bishop of London, Henry Compton. Normally, the coronation is performed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, but the Archbishop at the time, William Sancroft, refused to recognise James's removal. William also summoned a Convention of the Estates of Scotland, which met on 14 March 1689. He sent it a conciliatory letter, while James sent haughty uncompromising orders, swaying a majority in favour of William. On 11 April, the day of the English coronation, the Convention finally declared that James was no longer King of Scotland. William and Mary were offered the Scottish Crown; they accepted on 11 May. Revolution settlement William encouraged the passage of the Toleration Act 1689, which guaranteed religious toleration to Protestant nonconformists. It did not, however, extend toleration as far as he wished, still restricting the religious liberty of Roman Catholics, non-trinitarians, and those of non-Christian faiths. In December 1689, one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the Bill of Rights, was passed. The Act, which restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier Declaration of Right, established restrictions on the royal prerogative. It provided, amongst other things, that the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament, levy taxes without parliamentary consent, infringe the right to petition, raise a standing army during peacetime without parliamentary consent, deny the right to bear arms to Protestant subjects, unduly interfere with parliamentary elections, punish members of either House of Parliament for anything said during debates, require excessive bail or inflict cruel and unusual punishments. William was opposed to the imposition of such constraints, but he chose not to engage in a conflict with Parliament and agreed to abide by the statute. The Bill of Rights also settled the question of succession to the Crown. After the death of either William or Mary, the other would continue to reign. Next in the line of succession was Mary II's sister, Anne, and her issue, followed by any children William might have had by a subsequent marriage. Roman Catholics, as well as those who married Catholics, were excluded. Rule with Mary II Jacobite resistance Although most in Britain accepted William and Mary as sovereigns, a significant minority refused to acknowledge their claim to the throne, instead believing in the divine right of kings, which held that the monarch's authority derived directly from God rather than being delegated to the monarch by Parliament. Over the next 57 years Jacobites pressed for restoration of James and his heirs. Nonjurors in England and Scotland, including over 400 clergy and several bishops of the Church of England and Scottish Episcopal Church as well as numerous laymen, refused to take oaths of allegiance to William. Ireland was controlled by Roman Catholics loyal to James, and Franco-Irish Jacobites arrived from France with French forces in March 1689 to join the war in Ireland and contest Protestant resistance at the Siege of Derry. William sent his navy to the city in July, and his army landed in August. After progress stalled, William personally intervened to lead his armies to victory over James at the Battle of the Boyne on 1 July 1690, after which James fled back to France. Upon William's return to England, his close friend Dutch General Godert de Ginkell, who had accompanied William to Ireland and had commanded a body of Dutch cavalry at the Battle of the Boyne, was named Commander in Chief of William's forces in Ireland and entrusted with further conduct of the war there. Ginkell took command in Ireland in the spring of 1691, and following the Battle of Aughrim, succeeded in capturing both Galway and Limerick, thereby effectively suppressing the Jacobite forces in Ireland within a few more months. After difficult negotiations a capitulation was signed on 3 October 1691—the Treaty of Limerick. Thus concluded the Williamite pacification of Ireland, and for his services, the Dutch general received the formal thanks of the House of Commons and was awarded the title of Earl of Athlone by the king. A series of Jacobite risings also took place in Scotland, where Viscount Dundee raised Highland forces and won a victory on 27 July 1689 at the Battle of Killiecrankie, but he died in the fight and a month later Scottish Cameronian forces subdued the rising at the Battle of Dunkeld. William offered Scottish clans that had taken part in the rising a pardon provided that they signed allegiance by a deadline, and his government in Scotland punished a delay with the 1692 Massacre of Glencoe, which became infamous in Jacobite propaganda as William had countersigned the orders. Bowing to public opinion, William dismissed those responsible for the massacre, though they still remained in his favour; in the words of the historian John Dalberg-Acton, "one became a colonel, another a knight, a third a peer, and a fourth an earl." William's reputation in Scotland suffered further damage when he refused English assistance to the Darien scheme, a Scottish colony (1698–1700) that failed disastrously. Parliament and faction Although the Whigs were William's strongest supporters, he initially favoured a policy of balance between the Whigs and Tories. The Marquess of Halifax, a man known for his ability to chart a moderate political course, gained William's confidence early in his reign. The Whigs, a majority in Parliament, had expected to dominate the government, and were disappointed that William denied them this chance. This "balanced" approach to governance did not last beyond 1690, as the conflicting factions made it impossible for the government to pursue effective policy, and William called for new elections early that year. After the Parliamentary elections of 1690, William began to favour the Tories, led by Danby and Nottingham. While the Tories favoured preserving the king's prerogatives, William found them unaccommodating when he asked Parliament to support his continuing war with France. As a result, William began to prefer the Whig faction known as the Junto. The Whig government was responsible for the creation of the Bank of England following the example of the Bank of Amsterdam. William's decision to grant the Royal Charter in 1694 to the Bank of England, a private institution owned by bankers, is his most relevant economic legacy. It laid the financial foundation of the English takeover of the central role of the Dutch Republic and Bank of Amsterdam in global commerce in the 18th century. William dissolved Parliament in 1695, and the new Parliament that assembled that year was led by the Whigs. The following year Parliament passed a colonial trade bill. War in Europe William continued to absent himself from Britain for extended periods during his Nine Years' War (1688–1697) against France, leaving each spring and returning to England each autumn. England joined the League of Augsburg, which then became known as the Grand Alliance. Whilst William was away fighting, his wife, Mary II, governed the realm, but acted on his advice. Each time he returned to England, Mary gave up her power to him without reservation, an arrangement that lasted for the rest of Mary's life. After the Anglo-Dutch fleet defeated a French fleet at La Hogue in 1692, the allies controlled the seas for the rest of the conflict, and the Treaty of Limerick (1691) pacified Ireland. At the same time, the Grand Alliance fared poorly in Europe, as William lost Namur in the Spanish Netherlands in 1692. A surprise attack on the French under the command of the Duke of Luxembourg at Steenkerke was repulsed and the French defeated the allies at the Battle of Landen in 1693. However, William managed to inflict such damage on the French in these battles that further major French offensives were ruled out. The following year, the Allies possessed the numerical upper hand in the Low Countries. This enabled William to recapture Huy in 1694. A year later, the Allies achieved their grand success and recaptured Namur from the French. The fortress was considered one of the strongest fortresses in Europe and the conquest was a major blow to Louis XIV's reputation. Economic crisis William's rule led to rapid inflation in England, which caused widespread hunger from 1693 onwards. The Nine Years' War damaged English maritime trade and led to a doubling in taxation. These factors coupled with government mismanagement caused a currency crisis 1695–1697 and a run on the recently created Bank of England. Later years Mary II died of smallpox on 28 December 1694, aged only 32, leaving William III to rule alone. William deeply mourned his wife's death. Despite his conversion to Anglicanism, William's popularity in England plummeted during his reign as a sole monarch. Rumours of homosexuality During the 1690s, rumours grew of William's alleged homosexual inclinations and led to the publication of many satirical pamphlets by his Jacobite detractors. He did have several close male associates, including two Dutch courtiers to whom he granted English titles: Hans Willem Bentinck became Earl of Portland, and Arnold Joost van Keppel was created Earl of Albemarle. These relationships with male friends, and his apparent lack of mistresses, led William's enemies to suggest that he might prefer homosexual relationships. William's modern biographers disagree on the veracity of these allegations. Some believe there may have been truth to the rumours, while others affirm that they were no more than figments of his enemies' imaginations, as it was common for someone childless like William to adopt, or evince paternal affections for, a younger man. Whatever the case, Bentinck's closeness to William did arouse jealousies at the royal court. William's young protégé, Keppel, aroused more gossip and suspicion, being 20 years William's junior, strikingly handsome, and having risen from the post of a royal page to an earldom with some ease. Portland wrote to William in 1697 that "the kindness which your Majesty has for a young man, and the way in which you seem to authorise his liberties ... make the world say things I am ashamed to hear." This, he said, was "tarnishing a reputation which has never before been subject to such accusations". William tersely dismissed these suggestions, however, saying, "It seems to me very extraordinary that it should be impossible to have esteem and regard for a young man without it being criminal." Peace with France In 1696, the Dutch territory of Drenthe made William its Stadtholder. In the same year, Jacobites plotted to assassinate William in an attempt to restore James to the English throne. The plan failed and support for William surged. Parliament passed a bill of attainder against the ringleader, John Fenwick, and he was beheaded in 1697. In accordance with the Treaty of Rijswijk (20 September 1697), which ended the Nine Years' War, King Louis XIV recognised William III as King of England, and undertook to give no further assistance to James II. Thus deprived of French dynastic backing after 1697, Jacobites posed no further serious threats during William's reign. As his life drew towards its conclusion, William, like many other contemporary European rulers, felt concern over the question of succession to the throne of Spain, which brought with it vast territories in Italy, the Low Countries and the New World. Charles II of Spain was an invalid with no prospect of having children; some of his closest relatives included Louis XIV of France and Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. William sought to prevent the Spanish inheritance from going to either monarch, for he feared that such a calamity would upset the balance of power. William and Louis agreed to the First Partition Treaty (1698), which provided for the division of the Spanish Empire: Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria, would obtain Spain, while France and the Holy Roman Emperor would divide the remaining territories between them. Charles II accepted the nomination of Joseph Ferdinand as his heir, and war appeared to be averted. When, however, Joseph Ferdinand died of smallpox in February 1699, the issue re-opened. In 1700, William and Louis agreed to the Second Partition Treaty (also called the Treaty of London), under which the territories in Italy would pass to a son of the King of France, and the other Spanish territories would be inherited by a son of the Holy Roman Emperor. This arrangement infuriated both the Spanish, who still sought to prevent the dissolution of their empire, and the Holy Roman Emperor, who regarded the Italian territories as much more useful than the other lands. Unexpectedly, Charles II of Spain interfered as he lay dying in late 1700. Unilaterally, he willed all Spanish territories to Philip, Duke of Anjou, a grandson of Louis XIV. The French conveniently ignored the Second Partition Treaty and claimed the entire Spanish inheritance. Furthermore, Louis alienated William III by recognising James Francis Edward Stuart, the son of the former King James II (who died in September 1701), as de jure King of England. The subsequent conflict, known as the War of the Spanish Succession, broke out in July 1701 and continued until 1713/1714. English royal succession Another royal inheritance, apart from that of Spain, also concerned William. His marriage with Mary had not produced any children, and he did not seem likely to remarry. Mary's sister, Anne, had borne numerous children, all of whom died during childhood. The death of her last surviving child (Prince William, Duke of Gloucester) in 1700 left her as the only individual in the line of succession established by the Bill of Rights. As the complete exhaustion of the defined line of succession would have encouraged a restoration of James II's line, the English Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701, which provided that if Anne died without surviving issue and William failed to have surviving issue by any subsequent marriage, the Crown would pass to a distant relative, Sophia, Electress of Hanover (a granddaughter of James I), and to her Protestant heirs. The Act debarred Roman Catholics from the throne, thereby excluding the candidacy of several dozen people more closely related to Mary and Anne than Sophia. The Act extended to England and Ireland, but not to Scotland, whose Estates had not been consulted before the selection of Sophia. Death In 1702, William died of pneumonia, a complication from a broken collarbone following a fall from his horse, Sorrel. It was rumoured that the horse had been confiscated from Sir John Fenwick, one of the Jacobites who had conspired against William. Because his horse had stumbled into a mole's burrow, many Jacobites toasted "the little gentleman in the black velvet waistcoat". Years later, Winston Churchill, in his A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, stated that the fall "opened the door to a troop of lurking foes". William was buried in Westminster Abbey alongside his wife. His sister-in-law and cousin, Anne, became queen regnant of England, Scotland and Ireland. William's death meant that he would remain the only member of the Dutch House of Orange to reign over England. Members of this House had served as stadtholder of Holland and the majority of the other provinces of the Dutch Republic since the time of William the Silent (William I). The five provinces of which William III was stadtholder—Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Overijssel—all suspended the office after his death. Thus, he was the last patrilineal descendant of William I to be named stadtholder for the majority of the provinces. Under William III's will, John William Friso stood to inherit the Principality of Orange as well as several lordships in the Netherlands. He was William's closest agnatic relative, as well as grandson of William's aunt Henriette Catherine. However, Frederick I of Prussia also claimed the Principality as the senior cognatic heir, his mother Louise Henriette being Henriette Catherine's older sister. Under the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Frederick I's successor, Frederick William I of Prussia, ceded his territorial claim to Louis XIV, keeping only a claim to the title. Friso's posthumous son, William IV, succeeded to the title at his birth in 1711; in the Treaty of Partition (1732), William IV agreed to share the title "Prince of Orange" with Frederick William. Legacy William's primary achievement was to contain France when it was in a position to impose its will across much of Europe. His life's aim was largely to oppose Louis XIV of France. This effort continued after his death during the War of the Spanish Succession. Another important consequence of William's reign in England involved the ending of a bitter conflict between Crown and Parliament that had lasted since the accession of the first English monarch of the House of Stuart, James I, in 1603. The conflict over royal and parliamentary power had led to the English Civil War during the 1640s and the Glorious Revolution of 1688. During William's reign, however, the conflict was settled in Parliament's favour by the Bill of Rights 1689, the Triennial Act 1694 and the Act of Settlement 1701. The historical verdict on William's qualities as an army commander is mixed. Many contemporaries agreed that he was a great field commander. Even his enemies spoke highly of him. The Marquis de Quincy, for example, wrote that it was due to William's insight and personal courage that the Allies held out at the Battle of Seneffe, while he also praises how William led his troops to safety during the battles of Steenkerque and Landen. Still, William has been blamed by French and British historians for his impatience and recklessness, and for treating lightly his life and the lives of his soldiers. British historian John Childs acknowledges William's great qualities, but feels that he fell short as a field commander because, by often throwing himself into the fray, he no longer had the complete oversight. William commanded several field battles; Battle of Seneffe (1674), Battle of Cassel (1677), Battle of Saint-Denis (1678), Battle of the Boyne (1690), Battle of Steenkerque (1692) and the Battle of Landen. While most of these were defeats, it would be wrong to place the responsibility solely on him. He was up against a strong uniformly organised army with a coalition army. Many of the coalition troops were not as practised and disciplined as the Dutch troops, and it took time to incorporate them into the Dutch system. William did not attach much value to traditional victory signs either. He considered himself a winner if he managed to inflate French losses to the point where French offensive plans had to be abandoned. The battles he fought were almost all ones of attrition. That the Allies also suffered many casualties he took for granted. The Dutch army organisation was prepared for that; and, from 1689, so was England's. William endowed the College of William and Mary (in present-day Williamsburg, Virginia) in 1693. Nassau County, New York, a county on Long Island, is a namesake. Long Island itself was also known as Nassau during early Dutch rule. Though many alumni of Princeton University think that the town of Princeton, New Jersey (and hence the university), were named in his honour, this is probably untrue, although Nassau Hall, the college's first building, is named for him. New York City was briefly renamed New Orange for him in 1673 after the Dutch recaptured the city, which had been renamed New York by the British in 1665. His name was applied to the fort and administrative centre for the city on two separate occasions reflecting his different sovereign status—first as Fort Willem Hendrick in 1673, and then as Fort William in 1691 when the English evicted Colonists who had seized the fort and city. Nassau, the capital of The Bahamas, is named after Fort Nassau, which was renamed in 1695 in his honour. The Dutch East India Company built a military fort in Cape Town, South Africa, in the 17th century, naming it the Castle of Good Hope. The five bastions were named after William III's titles: Orange, Nassau, Catzenellenbogen, Buuren and Leerdam. Titles, styles, and arms Titles and styles 4 November 1650 – 9 July 1672: His Highness The Prince of Orange, Count of Nassau 9–16 July 1672: His Highness The Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland 16 July 1672 – 26 April 1674: His Highness The Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland 26 April 1674 – 13 February 1689: His Highness The Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel 13 February 1689 – 8 March 1702: His Majesty The King By 1674, William was fully styled as "Willem III, by God's grace Prince of Orange, Count of Nassau etc., Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht etc., Captain- and Admiral-General of the United Netherlands". After their accession in Great Britain in 1689, William and Mary used the titles "King and Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc." Arms As Prince of Orange, William's coat of arms was: Quarterly, I Azure billetty a lion rampant Or (for Nassau); II Or a lion rampant guardant Gules crowned Azure (Katzenelnbogen); III Gules a fess Argent (Vianden), IV Gules two lions passant guardant Or, armed and langued azure (Dietz); between the I and II quarters an inescutcheon, Or a fess Sable (Moers); at the fess point an inescutcheon, quarterly I and IV Gules, a bend Or (Châlons); II and III Or a bugle horn Azure, stringed Gules Orange) with an inescutcheon, Nine pieces Or and Azure (Geneva); between the III and IV quarters, an inescutcheon, Gules a fess counter embattled Argent (Buren). The coat of arms used by the king and queen was: Quarterly, I and IV Grand quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); over all an escutcheon Azure billetty a lion rampant Or. Ancestry Orange and Stuart: Family tree See also Anglo-Dutch Wars British monarchs' family tree Constantijn Huygens Jr. – secretary to William III Abel Tassin d'Alonne – illegitimate elder half-brother of William III and his secretary after the death of Huygens Notes References Citations Bibliography Age of Revolution is the third volume of four, published 1957. External links William II & III and Mary II at the official website of the British monarchy William III at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust BBC – History N. Japikse, ed., Correspondentie van Willem III en van Hans Willem Bentinck, eersten graaf van Portland \|- 1650 births 1702 deaths 17th-century Dutch military personnel 17th-century Dutch politicians 17th-century English monarchs 17th-century Irish monarchs 17th-century Scottish monarchs Accidental deaths in London British Anglicans British military personnel of the Nine Years' War Burials at Westminster Abbey Child monarchs Counts of Nassau Deaths by horse-riding accident in England Deaths from pneumonia in England Dutch Anglicans Dutch military personnel of the Nine Years' War Dutch Protestants English pretenders to the French throne House of Orange-Nassau Knights of the Garter Lord High Admirals of England Lords of Breda Nobility from The Hague People of the Glorious Revolution Princes of Orange Protestant monarchs Stadtholders in the Low Countries Stadtholders of Guelders and Zutphen Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland
5136300	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9	Ченмай	Ченмай — один із повітів КНР у складі провінції Хайнань. Адміністративний центр — містечко Цзіньцзян. Географія Ченмай лежить на висоті близько 36 метрів над рівнем моря у північно-східній частині острова Хайнань. Клімат Повіт знаходиться у зоні, котра характеризується вологим субтропічним кліматом. Найтепліший місяць — липень із середньою температурою 28,5 °C. Найхолодніший місяць — січень, із середньою температурою 17,9 °С. Примітки Посилання citypopulation.de Повіти Хайнані
2199028	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%20%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Сорин Савелій Абрамович	Сорин Савелій Абрамович (Савій Завель Ізраільович, 26 лютого, 1878, Російська імперія — 22 листопада, 1953, Сполучені Штати Америки) — художник, переважно портретист. Російський період Народився у місті Полоцьк, тодішня Вітебська губернія, у єврейський родині. Первісне ім'я — Савій Завель Ізраільович, пізніше переробив на російськомовне Сорин Савелій Абрамович. Батько був кравцем. У віці 16 років покинув Полоцьк і мешкав у російських містах Орел та Тула. Згодом перебрався у місто Одеса. Влаштувався на навчання у Одеську художню школу, де навчався у період 1896—1899 рр. (його вчитель — Костанді Киріак Костянтинович). Художню школу в Одесі закінчив з медаллю, що надавала право влаштування у Петербурзьку академію мистецтв без вступних іспитів. З 1899 року навчався у Вищому училищі живопису, скульптури і архітектури при Імператорській академії мистецтв спочатку у В.Є. Савинського та І.І. Творожникова, потім у класі Іллі Рєпіна. 1907 року за картину «Хвилина натхнення» отримав від Петербурзької Аакадемії звання художника і право на стажування за кордоном. 1908 року як персіонер художньої академії відвідав Нідерланди та Францію. Брав участь у виставках різних художніх товариств, серед котрих і Товариство «Світ мистецтва» у 1913, 1915, 1917 рр. До цього 1911 року його твори були показані на виставці у місті Турин, Італія. В розбурханому 1918 р. перебрався у Крим, 1919 року перебував на Кавказі. Французький період 8 травня 1920 року відбув із міста Батум у еміграцію у Францію. Перебрався у Париж, де швидко здобув авторитет непоганого портретиста.Брав участь у паризьких художніх виставках (Осінній салон, салон Тюїльрі). У період 1920-1930 рр. мав декілька персональних виставок у Лондоні і у Парижі. Відвідував із виставками Сполучені Штати, де виставки пройшли у містах Пітсбург, Чикаго, Вашингтон, Філадельфія, Нью-Йорк. Життя і праця у США Як єврей мав небезпеку власному життю через загрозу від фашистів Німеччини, що захопили Париж і значну територію Франції. Знову вимушено емігрував у Сполучені Штати, де оселився і працював до власної смерті у 1953 році. Заповіт і картини Художник залишив заповіт, згідно якого тридцять портретів його роботи мали бути передані музеям тодішнього СРСР. Заповіт чоловіка виконала його удова. Портрети майстра показали на виставках у Москві і у Ленінграді. За наказом Міністерства культури СРСР портрети роботи С. Сорина передані до збірок Москви, Одеси, Донецька. Перелік обраних творів «Письменник Максим Горький», 1902 «Хвилина натхнення», 1907 «Тамара Карсавіна у балеті «Сільфіда», 1910 «Тамара Карсавіна», погруддя, 1915 «Поет Анна Ахматова», 1914 «Сергій Оболенський»,1917 «Автопортрет», 1920 «Джордж Баланчин» «Балерина Анна Павлова» «Філософ Лев Шестов» «Акторка Елеонора Дузе» «Акторка Кованько» Галерея обраних творів Див. також Світ мистецтва (товариство) Еміграція Бруклінський музей Третьяковська галерея Музей д'Орсе Одеський художній музей Донецький обласний художній музей Портрет Побутовий жанр Посилання Джерела Сорин, Савелий Абрамович // Еврейская энциклопедия Брокгауза и Ефрона. — СПб., 1908—1913. http://artinvestment.ru/auctions/4633/biography.html (біографія) довідка про художника Французькі художники Уродженці Полоцька Художники XX століття
44994013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20%281918%20film%29	Sandy (1918 film)	Sandy (1918 film) Sandy is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by George Melford, and written by Alice Hegan Rice and Edith Kennedy. The film stars Jack Pickford, Louise Huff, James Neill, Edythe Chapman, Julia Faye, and George Beranger. The film was released on July 14, 1918, by Paramount Pictures. Plot Cast Jack Pickford as Sandy Kilday Louise Huff as Ruth Nelson James Neill as Judge Hollis Edythe Chapman as Mrs. Hollis Julia Faye as Annette Fenton George Beranger as Carter Nelson Raymond Hatton as Ricks Wilson Clarence Geldart as Dr. Fenton Louise Hutchinson as Aunt Nelson Jennie Lee as Aunt Melvy J. Parks Jones as Jimmy Reed Don Likes as Sid Gray Reception Like many American films of the time, Sandy was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. For example, the Chicago Board of Censors cut, in Reel 4, shooting through window and, in Reel 5, the intertitle "It's Sandy Kilday. We're going to hang him." References External links 1918 films 1910s English-language films Silent American drama films 1918 drama films Paramount Pictures films Films directed by George Melford American black-and-white films American silent feature films Films based on works by Alice Hegan Rice 1910s American films
9201	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4	Пінд	Пінд — гірське пасмо в Греції (північне передгір'я в Албанії), яке відділяє Фессалію від Епіру. За міфологією, Піндом володів Аполлон. У переносному значенні Пінд — оселя поезії. Гірський масив розташований на півночі Греції і на заході Балканського півострова. Довжина близько 200 км із найвищою точкою Смолікас (2637 м). Розташований між Фессалією й Епіром, на південний захід від хребта Бора-Даг. Складається з декількох хребтів, розділених глибокими річковими долинами, серед яких гірське пасмо Тімфі. Складений переважно вапняками, сланцями, пісковиками. Розвинений карст. Пінд є вододілом південної частини Балканського півострова між сточищем Егейського й Іонічного морів, від озера Охрид на південь. На схилах Пінда — субтропічні (середземноморські) чагарники, змішані і хвойні ліси. Національні парки: Пінд і Вікос-Аоос. Література Словник античної міфології. — : Наукова думка, 1985. — 236 сторінок. Джерела katafigiovaliacalda.com Пінд Гірські системи за абеткою
949668	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%82%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%20%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Енгельгардт Василь Павлович	Енгельгардт Василь Павлович Василь Павлович Енгельгардт (1915) — російський астроном і громадський діяч, син Павла Енгельгардта, що був паном Тараса Шевченка. Життєпис Виходець з відомого дворянського роду Енгельгардтів. У 1847 закінчив Петербурзьке училище правознавства, після чого служив у 1-му і 5-м департаментах Урядового сенату. У 1853 вийшов у відставку і присвятив себе заняттям астрономією. У 1875 оселився в Дрездені, де на власні кошти в 1879 побудував Велику обсерваторію, в якій одноосібно, без помічників пропрацював до 1897. Основні роботи Енгельгардта присвячені дослідженням комет, астероїдів, туманностей і зоряних скупчень. У 1879—1894 виконав спостереження 50 комет і 70 астероїдів. З 1883 досліджував туманності й зоряні скупчення, склав каталог понад 400 туманностей. Починаючи з 1886, спостерігав 829 зір каталогу Брадлея з метою виявлення у них зірок-супутників. В кінці 1890-х років через погіршення стану здоров'я Енгельгардт відійшов від практичних спостережень і передав все обладнання Великої обсерваторії в дар Казанському університету, ректором якого був його друг Д. І. Дубяго. Нова обсерваторія Казанського університету, оснащена інструментами Енгельгардта, була відкрита в 1901 і з 1903 по 1931 називалася Енгельгардтовскою. До кінця життя Енгельгардт брав активну участь у будівництві та організації роботи нової обсерваторії, а в своєму заповіті передав Казанському університету все своє майно і капітал на розвиток обсерваторії. У 1889 обраний почесним доктором Казанського університету, в 1890 — членом-кореспондентом Російської академії наук. Громадська діяльність Протягом багатьох років Енгельгардт збирав матеріали з російської історії і передавав свої колекції Росії. Був близьким другом М. І. Глінки. Після кончини Глінки в Берліні в лютому 1857, Енгельгардт у травні того ж року організував перенесення його праху на батьківщину, на Тихвінське кладовище. Крім того, Енгельгардт передав своє зібрання рукописів Глінки Публічній бібліотеці в Петербурзі, поклавши цим основу архіву композитора, а також видав партитури опер М. І. Глінки та інших його симфонічних творів. Згодом, на прохання В. В. Стасова Енгельгардт написав спогади про М. І. Глінку і О. С. Даргомижського. В кінці 1890-х, відійшовши від астрономічних досліджень, Енгельгардт займався збором матеріалів про Швейцарський похід О. В. Суворова, які передав Суворовському музею в Петербурзі. Колекції матеріалів були зібрані Енгельгардтом до 100-річчя Вітчизняної війни 1812 року. Велику цінність являє також листування Енгельгардта з відомими діячами культури (з М. І. Глінкою, Ф. Лістом, Г. Бюловим, знаменитим мистецтвознавцем В. В. Стасовим, його колишнім товаришем по училищу правознавства). Увічнення пам'яті Ім'я Енгельгардта носить астрономічна обсерваторія Казанського університету; У 1970 рішенням XIV з'їзду Міжнародного астрономічного союзу ім'я Енгельгардта було присвоєно кратеру на Місяці. Публікації Observations astronomiques, faites par V. d 'Engelhardt a son Observatoire a Dresde. / / Dresde, 1886—1895 Виноски Посилання Воронцов-Вельяминов Б. А. Очерки истории астрономии в России. — М., Физматгиз, 1956 Профиль Василия Павловича Энгельгардта на офіційному сайті РАН Энгельгардт Василий Павлович // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона: В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб.: 1890—1907 Російські астрономи Німецькі астрономи Російські мистецтвознавці Російські громадські діячі Науковці Казанського університету Члени-кореспонденти Санкт-Петербурзької академії наук Уродженці Смоленська Люди, на честь яких названо кратер на Місяці Почесні доктори Люди, на честь яких названо об'єкти
3989418	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0	Облога Карса	Облога Карса Облога Карса (1828) — облога під час російсько-турецької війни (1828—1829) Облога Карса (1855) — облога під час Кримської війни Облога Карса (1877) — облога під час російсько-турецької війни (1877—1878) Карс
2181784	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/850%20%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%20%D0%BC.%20%D0%A1%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%20%28%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%29	850 років м. Снятин (монета)	850 років м. Снятин (монета) «850 років м. Снятин» — ювілейна монета номіналом 5 гривень, випущена Національним банком України. Присвячена мальовничому місту старовинного Покутського краю, розташованому на лівому березі р. Прут — місту Снятину — районному центру Івано-Франківської області. Снятин уперше згадується в 1158 році як місто Галицького князівства (Іпатіївський літопис), у 1448 році місту надано Магдебурзьке право. Монету введено в обіг 26 червня 2008 року. Вона належить до серії «Стародавні міста України». Опис монети та характеристики Аверс На аверсі монети зображено вершника — воєводу Костянтина Сірославовича — засновника міста, праворуч і ліворуч від якого — стилізований покутський орнамент, угорі — малий Державний Герб України та напис «НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ»/«БАНК УКРАЇНИ», унизу — «5 ГРИВЕНЬ»/«2008», логотип Монетного двору Національного банку України (праворуч). Реверс На реверсі монети розміщено стилізовану композицію, ліворуч — міську ратушу, герб міста та праворуч — архітектурний фрагмент ратуші зі скульптурою орла, над яким напис — «СНЯТИН», а нижче — «850»/«РОКІВ». Автори Художник — Святослав Іваненко. Скульптор — Святослав Іваненко. Вартість монети Ціна монети — 20 гривень, була вказана на сайті Національного банку України у 2013 році. Фактична приблизна вартість монети, з роками змінювалася так: Див. також Список ювілейних та пам'ятних монет України з недорогоцінних металів Список ювілейних та пам'ятних монет України з дорогоцінних металів Снятин Примітки Посилання Опис монети на сайті Національного банку України Монько Л. І. «Монети України», каталоги з цінами від колекціонерів Києва: квітень 2010, лютий 2011, квітень 2012, квітень 2013. Стародавні міста України (серія монет) Снятин
2890324	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%20%28%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C-%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%29	Подлесе (гміна Солець-Здруй)	Подлесе (гміна Солець-Здруй) Подлесе — село в Польщі, у гміні Солець-Здруй Буського повіту Свентокшиського воєводства. У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Келецького воєводства. Примітки Села Буського повіту
270464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa%20%28disambiguation%29	Odessa (disambiguation)	Odessa (disambiguation) Odessa (commonly spelled Odesa) is the third-largest city in Ukraine. Odessa may also refer to: Places Brazil Nova Odessa Canada Odessa, Ontario Odessa Lake (Ontario), in Eastern Ontario Odessa, Saskatchewan Ukraine Odesa Oblast, the eponymous region of the third largest city in Ukraine Nova Odesa ("New Odesa"), a town United States Odessa, Delaware Odessa, Florida Lake Odessa, Michigan Odessa, Minnesota Odessa, Missouri Odessa, Nebraska Odessa, New York Odessa, Oregon Odessa, Texas Odessa, Washington Odessa, West Virginia Odessa Township (disambiguation), multiple places People with the name Odessa (given name) (including a list of people with the name) Entertainment, arts Film or TV "Odessa", the second episode of the mini-series Heroes Reborn Music albums Odessa (Bee Gees album), 1969 Odessa (The Handsome Family album), 1994 Songs "Odessa (City on the Black Sea)", by the Bee Gees (1969) "Odessa", by Aesop Rock from Appleseed (1999) "Odessa", by Animals as Leaders from Weightless (2011) "Odessa", by Caribou from Swim (2010) Other uses ODESSA, a supposed organisation of former members of the Nazi SS that most historians claim is a myth Odessa (Wild ARMs 2), a fictional terrorist organisation from the PlayStation role-playing game Wild ARMs 2 Odessa (yacht), Volvo Ocean 60 class Typhoon Odessa (1985), storm in the Pacific See also Odesa (disambiguation) Odesza, an American musical group The Odessa File, a 1972 novel by Frederick Forsyth The Odessa File (film), a 1974 film Odessa Stories, collection of short stories by Isaac Babel Little Odessa (film), a 1995 film directed by James Gray Odessa Mama (disambiguation) Edessa (disambiguation)
1968143	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5	Слабке поле	Слабке поле Слабке гравітаційне поле — випадок гравітаційного поля, коли воно настільки слабке, що можна знехтувати нелінійностями в рівнянні Ейнштейна і одержати рівняння, яке близьке до класичного закону всесвітнього тяжіння, але з релятивістськими поправками. Слабке поле також слабкий пункт — в шахах поле, яке не можна атакувати пішаком.
1336867	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Марченко Микола Дмитрович	Марченко Микола Дмитрович (народився 20 вересня 1943, Харкове, Чернігівської області) — скульптор, представник реалістичного напряму в українському мистецтві XX — XXI сторіччя. Життєпис 1972 р. — закінчив Державний київський художній інститут, нині — НАОМА за спеціальністю «Скульптура». 1978 р. стає членом Національної спілки художників України. Розпочинає викладацьку діяльність: з 1979 р. по сьогодні — у Київському інженерно-будівельному інституті (зараз — КНУБА); певний час працює у Київському університеті ім. Б.Грінченка. З 2009 р. — доцент Кафедри рисунку і живопису КНУБА. Працює у галузі круглої скульптури, рельєфу, барельєфу, малої пластики. Майстер лаконічної, глибоко психологічної художньої характеристики персонажів. Особливе місце у творчості скульптора займає портрет. Автор пам'ятників та меморіальних дошок, встановлених у Києві та інших містах України: рельєфного портрету «П. П. Вірський» (1983 р., м. Київ); барельєфу «Випускникам Київських спеціальних шкіл — учасникам Другої Світової війни» (1979 р., м. Київ) та ін. Зокрема, входив до творчої групи, котра працювала над втіленням проекту А. Куща Монументу Незалежності в Києві у 2000 р. Роботи Миколи Марченка знаходяться у приватних збірках України, Франції та інших держав Європи; а також в музейних колекціях: Національного музею літератури України; Міністерства освіти та науки України; Київського палацу дітей та юнацтва; Київського міського будинку учителя; Національного музею — меморіального комплексу «Букринський плацдарм» та ін. Галерея Посилання http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=62586 http://konshu.org/section/sculpture/marchenko-mykola.html https://web.archive.org/web/20190308101555/http://sculpture.kyiv.ua/ https://sites.google.com/a/nshu.org.ua/main/katalog-cleniv-spilki/castina3/1504 Джерела Довідник Національної спілки художників України. К. — 2005; Україна. № 8. лютий, 1988. ; Киев. Энциклопедический справочник / Под ред. Кудрицкого. К. — 1985; Выставка изобразительного искусства Украинской ССР. Каталог. М. — 1985. С. 12; І.Чуліпа. Вишуканість — ще не довершеність//Культура та життя. № 2, 22 травня 1983; Молодість країни. Республіканська виставка творів молодих художників. Каталог. К. — 1977. С. 31; Українські скульптори Випускники НАОМА Українські художники Скульптори Києва Уродженці Талалаївського району
521830	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthorhombic%20crystal%20system	Orthorhombic crystal system	Orthorhombic crystal system In crystallography, the orthorhombic crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems. Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along two of its orthogonal pairs by two different factors, resulting in a rectangular prism with a rectangular base (a by b) and height (c), such that a, b, and c are distinct. All three bases intersect at 90° angles, so the three lattice vectors remain mutually orthogonal. Bravais lattices There are four orthorhombic Bravais lattices: primitive orthorhombic, base-centered orthorhombic, body-centered orthorhombic, and face-centered orthorhombic. For the base-centered orthorhombic lattice, the primitive cell has the shape of a right rhombic prism; it can be constructed because the two-dimensional centered rectangular base layer can also be described with primitive rhombic axes. Note that the length of the primitive cell below equals of the conventional cell above. Crystal classes The orthorhombic crystal system class names, examples, Schönflies notation, Hermann-Mauguin notation, point groups, International Tables for Crystallography space group number, orbifold notation, type, and space groups are listed in the table below. In two dimensions In two dimensions there are two orthorhombic Bravais lattices: primitive rectangular and centered rectangular. See also Crystal structure Crystal system Overview of all space groups References Further reading Crystal systems
1565487	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%20%D0%AE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Синяговський Петро Юхимович	Синяговський Петро Юхимович Петро Юхимович Синяговський (село Єньківська каплиця, тепер село Вишневе Хорольського району Полтавської області — , місто Ірміно Луганської області) — український радянський діяч, шахтар, начальник дільниці шахти імені Сталіна Ірминського шахтоуправління тресту «Кадіїввугілля» Луганської області. Депутат Верховної Ради СРСР 3—5-го скликань. Кандидат у члени ЦК КПРС в 1956—1961 роках. Член ЦК КПУ в 1949—1960 роках. Герой Соціалістичної Праці (28.08.1948). Біографія Народився в родині селянина-бідняка. Українець. Після закінчення початкової школи з 1925 року працював у сільському господарстві, робітником на залізниці, слюсарем. З 1929 року працював у Донбасі, на шахті «Центральна-Ірміно» (з 1936 року — імені Й. В. Сталіна) коногоном, вибійником, бригадиром вибійників. 19 вересня 1935 року Синяговський перевищив рекорд видобутку вугілля, встановлений Олексієм Стахановим, видобувши за зміну 184 тонни вугілля. У 1937 році арештовувався органами НКВС, але був відпущений після втручання Лазаря Кагановича. Член ВКП(б) з 1939 року. З серпня 1941 по 1945 рік — у Червоній армії, учасник німецько-радянської війни. У 1942 році — командир відділення 856-го окремого батальйону зв'язку 395-ї стрілецької дивізії 18-ї армії Закавказького фронту, старший сержант. У 1943 році — командир телефонно-кабельного взводу 114-ї окремої роти зв'язку 395-ї стрілецької дивізії, молодший лейтенант. У 1945 році — командир взводу 856-го окремого батальйону зв'язку 395-ї стрілецької дивізії 1-го Українського фронту, лейтенант. У 1945 році повернувся на шахту, працював бригадиром вибійників, гірничим майстром, помічником начальника дільниці шахти імені Й. В. Сталіна тресту «Кадіїввугілля» комбінату «Ворошиловградвугілля» (м. Ірміно Ворошиловградської області). З 1949 року — начальник дільниці № 5 шахти імені Й. В. Сталіна тресту «Кадіїввугілля» комбінату «Ворошиловградвугілля» (м. Ірміно Ворошиловградської (Луганської) області). У 1950 році закінчив курси гірничих майстрів у місті Кадіївці Ворошиловградської області. З 1962 року — персональний пенсіонер в місті Ірміно Луганської області. Наставник молоді, до 1984 року працював на шахті. Нагороди Герой Соціалістичної Праці (28.08.1948) два ордени Леніна (28.08.1948, 4.09.1948) орден Трудового Червоного Прапора (23.01.1948) орден Червоної Зірки (20.10.1943) орден Вітчизняної війни 1-го ступеня (11.03.1985) орден Вітчизняної війни 2-го ступеня (15.04.1945) медаль «За відвагу» (30.10.1942) медалі почесний знак «Шахтарська слава» 2-го і 3-го ступенів заслужений шахтар Української РСР почесний шахтар СРСР Почесний громадянин міста Стаханова Література Українська Радянська енциклопедія. 2-е видання. Том 10. — К.,1983 Депутаты Верховного Совета СССР. Пятый созыв. — : Издательство «Известия Советов депутатов трудящихся», 1959. Посилання http://irmino.org.ua/2012/07/31/pochetnye-grazhdane-goroda-irmino-pyotr-sinyagovskij/ Учасники Другої світової війни з СРСР Члени КПРС Члени ЦК КП(б)У-КПУ Українські шахтарі Радянські шахтарі Почесні громадяни Кадіївки Депутати Верховної Ради СРСР 3-го скликання Депутати Верховної Ради СРСР 4-го скликання Депутати Верховної Ради СРСР 5-го скликання
16613977	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriu%20Cat%C3%AEnsus	Valeriu Catînsus	Valeriu Catînsus (born 27 April 1978) is a former Moldovan football player. International career Catînsus has made 50 appearances for the Moldova national football team. He played 8 games in 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA), 8 games in UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying, 10 games in 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA) and 3 games in UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying. He played his last game against Latvia on 14 October 2009. References External links Player profile on RFPL.org 1978 births Living people Footballers from Chișinău Moldovan men's footballers Moldovan expatriate men's footballers Moldova men's international footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Russia Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine Men's association football defenders FC Zimbru Chișinău players Moldovan Super Liga players FC Chornomorets Odesa players FC Tom Tomsk players FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players Russian Premier League players Ukrainian Premier League players FC Arsenal Tula players Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Russia
7444954	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadarka	Kadarka	Kadarka Cadarca or Kadarka or Gamza is a dark-skinned variety of grape used for red wine. It has a long history and is popular in Romania and Bulgaria, where it is known as Гъмза Gamza. It used to be an important constituent of the Hungarian red cuvée Bull's Blood of Eger or Szekszárd, but has long been in decline in Hungarian plantations, to be replaced by Kékfrankos and Portugieser. It is also grown in most other central European and balkan countries where it is sometimes known as Cadarca or Skadarska. Kadarka is sometimes assumed to originate from Hungary. Another hypothesis is that is related to the variety Skadarsko, which is supposed to originate from Lake Scutari, which is situated on the border between Albania and Montenegro. In a recent study, it is claimed that one of the parents of Kadarka is Papazkarası which is grown in Strandja region of Kırklareli. Cadarca (Kadarka) wine is characterised by full, easily recognizable taste, deep aroma and dark or medium dark colour. Kadarka is often used for cuvees including some of the Egri Bikavérs, and also for production of table wines. The best Kadarka has been grown in Minis, Romania since the 17th century. In Bulgaria, Gamza is mostly cultivated in the northwestern and central northern regions, in the Danubian Plain. Until the recent decades, Gamza was the dominant grape varietal in these Bulgarian regions. The main features of Gamza are a large yet compact cluster of small, almost spherical grapes, dark blue to black in colour. Synonyms Kadarka is also known under the following synonyms: Backator-Szőlő, Black Kadarka, Blaue Kadarka, Blaue Ungarische, Bleu de Hongrie, Blue Kadarka, Branicevka, Budai Fekete, Cadarca, Cadarca de Minis, Cadarca Neagra, Cadarka, Cedireska, Cerna Ghija, Cerna Giza, Cerna Meco, Cerna Skadarka, Cetereska, Cherna Gizha, Chernina, Chetereshka, Csoka Szőlő, Domanli, Edle Ungartraube, Edler Schwarzblauer Tokayer, Feket Budai, Fekete Czigány, Fekete Zinka, Fűszeres Kadarka, Gamza, Gemza, Gimza, Gmza, Gymza, Jenei Feket, Jenei Fekete, Kadar, Kadarka, Kadarka Blaue, Kadarka Ble, Kadarka Bleu, Kadarka Chernaya, Kadarka Crna, Kadarka Fekete, Kadarka Fűszeres, Kadarka Keck, Kadarka Modra, Kadarka Nemes, Kadarka Nera, Kadarka Noir, Kadarka Rubinrot, Kadarka Schwarz, Kadarka Sinyaya, Kadarkas, Kadarska, Kallmet, Kara Shiralak, Kék Budai, Kékkardarka, Kereszetes Levelű, Keresztes Levelű, Ksoka Szőlő, Ksoko Szőlő, Lúdtalpú, Lugojana, Meco Cerna, Mekis, Mekish, Modra Kadarka, Mor Kadarka, Mórkadarka, Mosler Schwarz, Nazlin Gomza, Nazlun Gamza, Nemes Kadarka, Noble Bleu, Noir de Scutari, Noir de la Moselle, Raisin Noir de Scutari, Raisin Turc, Schwarzer Cadarca. Schwarzer Mosler, Schwarzer Skutariner, Scutariner, Sirena, Siva Gamza, Skadarka, Skadarska, Skakar, Tanka Gamza, Török Szőlő, Törökbúza Szőlő, Törökszőlő, Tokaynero di Scutari, Ungarische Edeltraube, Vodishka Loza, Vodnishka, Vrachansko Cherno, Zelena Gamza, Zherni Shipon. References Red wine grape varieties Grape varieties of Hungary Bulgarian wine Grape varieties of Bulgaria
4952546	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81	Сірсаліс	Сірсаліс Джироламо Сірсаліс — італійський астроном і селенограф. Сірсаліс (місячний кратер) — великий молодий метеоритний кратер в області південно-західного узбережжя Океану Бур на видимому боці Місяця.
1313093	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9	Кайман крокодиловий	Кайман крокодиловий (Caiman crocodilus) — представник роду кайман родини алігаторові. Має 4 підвиди. Інша назва «звичайний кайман». Опис Загальна довжина досягає 2,5—2,6 м, вага до 30 кг. Морда дещо довга, попереду завужена. По краях верхньої щелепи утворюються щілини, в які при змиканні щелеп входять нижні зуби, як у крокодилових. На голові, між передніми кутами очних ямок, є поперечний валик. На шиї присутні 3 ряди великих потиличних щитків. Навколо очей є кістяні вирости, що нагадують собою окуляри. Забарвлення темно—оливкового кольору. Молоді особини забарвлені світліше, мають малюнок з бурих й чорних плям, який з віком зникає. Черево світлого кольору. Спосіб життя Полюбляє тихі водойми із замуленим дном, найчастіше зустрічається у болотах й невеликих річках. Трапляється у солоній воді. Відзначається високим рівнем адаптації до різних водоймищ. Це плазуни—одинаки. Разом проводять час лише під час парування. Кайман крокодиловий харчується іншими плазунами, різноманітною рибою, а також безхребетними — прісноводними крабами й молюсками. Попри значну довжину кайман, порівняно з теплокровними тваринами того самого розміру, не потребує великої кількості їжі. Зазвичай він задовольняється тим, що знаходить поблизу, наприклад, великими равликами. Молоді каймани харчуються водними комахами. Розмноження Розмножуються протягом усього року, у Колумбії найактивніші з січня по березень. Статеве життя самці починають з 8 років, самиці з 4. Злучаються каймани на мілині. Відкладається 15—30 яєць. Запліднена самка, щоб уберегти яйця від прямих сонячних променів, намагається розмістити кладку під кущем або у затінку дерев. Вона у готовому кублі робить отвір й відкладає в нього від 15 до 30 яєць. Яйця каймана білого кольору, завдовжки 45—70 мм та завширшки 25—40 мм. Самиця турботливо прикриває їх рослинами. Завдяки тропічному клімату і теплу, що виділяється при розкладанні гниючих рослин, яйця перебувають в ідеальних умовах. Під час інкубації самиця перебуває поблизу кубла. Через 4—8 тижнів з'являються молоді каймани завдовжки 15-25 см, жовті з чорними смугами. Інколи тим самим кублом користуються декілька самок. Тривалість життя — 60 років. Загрози Кайман крокодиловий може поступитися у двобої анаконді або ягуарові, проте найбільшою загрозою для нього є людина. Багатьох кайманів вбивають скотарі, які впевнені, що рептилії небезпечні для їхніх черед. Окрім того, їх відловлюють торговці живим товаром й сувенірами. Саме крокодилового каймана найчастіше можна зустріти у домашніх тераріумах. Дитинчата каймана не підходять для утримання у неволі. У багатьох країнах для утримання цих рептилій вдома необхідно отримати спеціальний дозвіл. Розповсюдження Мешкає у Центральній Америці, у всій Амазонській низовині, зокрема у Бразилії, Венесуелі, Колумбії, Еквадорі, Гаяні та Суринамі, на острові Тринідад і на декількох інших островах у південній частині Карибського моря, зокрема Кубі та Пуерто-Рико. Трапляється також у Перу та Болівії. Підвиди Caiman crocodilus crocodilus Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis Caiman crocodilus chiapasius Caiman crocodilus fuscus Примітки Джерела Calgua de Léon, A.L. & Kunz, K. 2004. Das Überleben des schmackhaften Grünen Leguans mit Anmerkungen zu Caiman crocodilus fuscus. Reptilia (Münster) 9 (50): 74-80 http://www.zoolog.com.ua/plazuni18.html Тварини, описані 1758 Алігаторові
1174448	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8F%20%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%29	Пекя (комуна)	Пекя (комуна) Пекя — комуна у повіті Галац в Румунії. До складу комуни входять такі села (дані про населення за 2002 рік): Лупеле (44 особи) Пекя (11377 осіб) — адміністративний центр комуни Комуна розташована на відстані 187 км на північний схід від Бухареста, 28 км на північний захід від Галаца. Населення За даними перепису населення 2002 року у комуні проживала особа. Національний склад населення комуни: Рідною мовою назвали: Склад населення комуни за віросповіданням: Посилання Дані про комуну Пекя на сайті Ghidul Primăriilor Примітки Комуни повіту Галац
14042595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engke%20Khan	Engke Khan	Engke Khan Engke, (?–1394) was a khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty, reigning for a brief period from 1391 to 1394. The identity of Engke is the subject of an academic dispute: according to Persian history books that Jorightu was Yesüder and Engke Khan was Yesüder's son succeeding him, while Saghang Sechen believe that the Jorightu and Engke were the same person. Although the Ming Dynasty did not know the history of Mongolia during the reign of Tögüs Temür to Gün Temür, Yongle Emperor claimed that there were five khans during this period, confirming that Jorightu and Engke were two generations. His name "Engke" means "Peaceful" in the Mongolian language. According to Mongolian historian J. Bor, Engke made an alliance with Timur against the Ming dynasty. However, Timur died while he was marching towards the Ming dynasty in 1405. See also List of khans of the Northern Yuan dynasty References 1394 deaths Northern Yuan khans 14th-century Mongol khans 14th-century Chinese monarchs Year of birth unknown
2646273	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F	Ласиня	Ласиня – громада і населений пункт в Карловацькій жупанії Хорватії. Населення Населення громади за даними перепису 2011 року становило 1 624 осіб. Населення самого поселення становило 573 осіб. Динаміка чисельності населення громади: Динаміка чисельності населення центру громади: Населені пункти Крім поселення Ласиня, до громади також входять: Банський Ковачеваць Црна Драга Десни Штефанські Десно Средицько Ново-Село-Ласинсько Пркос-Ласинський Сєничак-Ласинський Примітки Населені пункти Хорватії Карловацька жупанія
4836444	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B2	Кев	Кев — громада в Швейцарії в кантоні Юра, округ Порантрюї. Географія Громада розташована на відстані близько 65 км на північний захід від Берна, 22 км на північний захід від Делемона. Кев має площу 11,6 км², з яких на 5% дозволяється будівництво (житлове та будівництво доріг), 57% використовуються в сільськогосподарських цілях, 37,7% зайнято лісами, 0,3% не є продуктивними (річки, льодовики або гори). Демографія 2019 року в громаді мешкало 721 особа (+6,5% порівняно з 2010 роком), іноземців було 4,4%. Густота населення становила 62 осіб/км². За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 25,1% — особи молодші 20 років, 56% — особи у віці 20—64 років, 18,9% — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Було 286 помешкань (у середньому 2,5 особи в помешканні). Із загальної кількості 156 працюючих 57 було зайнятих в первинному секторі, 18 — в обробній промисловості, 81 — в галузі послуг. Примітки Громади Юри
1341397	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester%20et%20Liverpool	Manchester et Liverpool	Manchester et Liverpool « Manchester et Liverpool » (укр. "Манчестер і Ліверпуль") - пісня французької співачки Марі Лафоре (Marie Laforêt). Мелодію написав Андре Попп (André Popp) в 1966 році і тоді ж записана оркестром Франка Пурселя (Franck Pourcel). У 1967 році поет пісняр Едді Марні (Eddy Marnay) написав слова, і пісня була виконана Марі Лафоре. Існує також переклад пісні англійською. Переклад слів пісні російською був зроблений Роберта Рождественського «Я прошу тебя простить…» ("Я прошу тебе пробачити ...") пісню виконували, зокрема, Лев Лещенко та Муслім Магомаєв. Український переклад пісні виконав Володимир Книр. Manchester et Liverpool Je me revois flânant le long des rues Au milieu de cette foule Parmi ces milliers d´inconnus Manchester et Liverpool Je m´en allais dans tous les coins perdus En cherchant ce bel amour Que près de toi j´avais connu Je t´aime, je t´aime Que j´aime ta voix qui me disait Je t´aime, je t´aime Et moi j´y croyais tant et plus Manchester est devenu triste Et Liverpool vient pleurer sur la mer Je ne sais plus si j´existe Les bateaux blancs craignent l´hiver Manchester est sous la pluie Et Liverpool ne se retrouve plus Dans la brume d´aujourd´hui L´amour lui aussi s´est perdu Je t´aime, je t´aime, J´écoute ta voix qui me disait Je t´aime, je t´aime Et je n´y croirais jamais plus. Український варіант (з французької переклав Володимир Книр): Манчестер і Ліверпуль. Знов я - на вулицях, мені близьких. Добре знаний мною пульс цих вулиць мокрих і слизьких. Манчестер і Ліверпуль. Я давнім є знайомцем цим містам. Знов шукаю я на вул- ицях своє кохання там. "Кохаю, кохаю". Казати це було так легко вам: "Кохаю, кохаю". І вашим вірив я словам. Манчестер - в сльозах однак, і Ліверпуль - так само дощовий. Я - давно вже одинак, й хто зна, чи досі ще живий. Манчестер - в тумані весь, а Ліверпуль сховався під плащем. Всі зусилля - нанівець, кохання десь там, за дощем. Манчестер - сльоза в очах, і Ліверпуль - на плечах дощовик. Ви, либонь - десь тут, хоча чи ми живі, що я, що ви? Манчестер - в тумані весь, а Ліверпуль - не серці тужний щем. Всі зусилля - нанівець, Кохання десь там, за дощем. "Кохаю, кохаю". Казати це було так легко вам: "Кохаю, кохаю". Та я не вірю вже словам. Саундтрек Центрального телебачення СРСР-Росії В Радянському Союзі була широко відома передусім мелодія цієї пісні, без слів - вона у виконанні естрадно-симфонічного оркестру без вокалу протягом багатьох років слугувала саундтреком прогнозу погоди радянської, а потім російської Центральної державної політично-інформаційної програми "Время" ("Час"). Посилання Пісні 1966 Французькі пісні
1909502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Carpenter	Kenneth Carpenter	Kenneth Carpenter (born 21 September 1949, in Tokyo, Japan) is an American paleontologist. He is the former director of the USU Eastern Prehistoric Museum and author or co-author of books on dinosaurs and Mesozoic life. His main research interests are armored dinosaurs (Ankylosauria and Stegosauria), as well as the Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Cedar Mountain Formation in eastern Utah. Bibliography Kenneth Carpenter, (1999) Eggs, Nests, and Baby Dinosaurs: A Look at Dinosaur Reproduction (Life of the Past), Indiana University Press; . ----- The Dinosaurs of Marsh and Cope (out of print). Kenneth Carpenter (Editor), Philip J. Currie (Editor) (1992) Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives Cambridge University Press, Paperback ; Hardcover (1990) Kenneth Carpenter (Editor), Karl F. Hirsch (Editor), John R. Horner (Editor), (1994) Dinosaur Eggs and Babies, Cambridge University Press ; Paperback The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation - an Interdisciplinary Study - Results of a Symposium held at the Denver Museum of Natural History, May 26–28, 1994, Guest Editors: Kenneth Carpenter, Daniel J. Chure, and James I. Kirkland., Modern Geology, Volumes 22 and 23. J. D. Lees, Marc Cerasini, Kenneth Carpenter, Alfonsi (1998) The Official Godzilla Compendium. Random House (Merchandising); Acrocanthosaurus: Inside and Out'' American paleontologists Paleozoologists 1949 births Living people American taxonomists University of Colorado Boulder alumni 20th-century American zoologists 21st-century American zoologists People from Tokyo
127332	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesconset%2C%20New%20York	Nesconset, New York	Nesconset, New York Nesconset is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located within the Town of Smithtown, in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York, United States. The population was 13,207 at the time of the 2020 census. History At the time of colonization, the area that would become Nesconset was likely a seasonal hunting ground visited by both eastern Algonquin-speaking and western Munsee-speaking people who lived in clans. These clans likely banded together seasonally to share resources in winter, or to unify against a common threat such as enemy clans. By the 18th century, Kieft's War and Old World disease had reduced Long Island's indigenous society to a few thousand people who resided in either reservations or mission-towns across Long Island. From these remaining communities, colonists ascribed tribal names to better identify parties engaging in land transactions. One of these remaining groups was in early Smithtown and would be known to them as the Nissequogue or Nesaquake (a likely descendant of today's Matinecock tribe. The tribe's principal sachem was known as Nassaconsett or Nassetteconsett, for whom Nesconset is named. After Smithtown passed a law in 1768 forbidding Algonquin-style living, Nesconset remained largely a deserted stretch of pine barrens. The construction of the Middle Country Road (NY 25) in the same era modestly opened the area to agricultural development. By the turn of the 19th century, a sparse population of farmers and seasonal residents lived along Middle Country Road and Lake Ronkonkoma. A primitive road network existed as Gibbs Pond Road, Browns Road, Old Nichols Road, Townline Road and the predecessor of Smithtown Boulevard. In 1904, brothers and French immigrants Louis and Clemen Vion came to the Pine Barrens of southeastern Smithtown from Manhattan on numerous occasions as sportsmen. By 1910, the brothers felled a line of trees off of Gibbs Pond Road immediately south of modern-day New York State Route 347 to create Midwood Avenue. They built their home on this street where it is still present. As the population grew, a lumber yard, general store, and post office were constructed in 1908. The historic Nesconset Schoolhouse was built in 1910 and the Nesconset Fire Department was built by 1935, A commercial center emerged where Lake Avenue South and Gibbs Pond Road meet. The brothers decided to name the newly established settlement after Smithtown's local historical figure, Nasseconsett, who deeded the Nissequogue tribe's land to Richard Smith. Later development was concentrated on Lake Avenue South, Southern Boulevard and the Lake Ronkonkoma area along Gibbs Pond Road in the form of summer residences. By 1930, Nesconset had a population of 50 people along Lake Avenue and spread along Smithtown Boulevard and Gibbs Pond Road. The construction of present-day New York State Route 347 in the 1950s opened the southeast corner of Smithtown to rapid suburban development by bisecting the small center of the hamlet. This caused the shift of the commercial center of Nesconset to Smithtown Boulevard between Old Nichols Road and Southern Boulevard. This area was known formerly as East Hauppauge. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land. The statistical area defined as Nesconset was expanded in the early 1970s to include a portion of what was Lake Ronkonkoma, New York. The area includes land from Gibbs Pond Road east to School House Road and from Brown's Road south to Smithtown Boulevard. Demographics 2020 census As of the 2020 census, the CDP had a population of 13,207. 2010 census As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 13,387. Census 2000 As of the census of 2000, there were 11,992 people, 3,964 households, and 3,226 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 4,227 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.37% White, 0.96% African American, 0.11% Native American, 3.11% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.57% from other races, and 0.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.36% of the population. There were 3,964 households, out of which 39.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.5% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% were non-families. 14.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.97 and the average family size was 4.31. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $100,350, and the median income for a family was $96,127. Males had a median income of $102,883 versus $96,556 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $30,794. About 1.6% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.2% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Education Nesconset lies within both the Sachem Central School District and the Smithtown Central School District. As such, children who reside within Nesconset and attend public schools attend school in one of these two districts, depending on where they reside within the CDP. Transportation Two state highways pass through Nesconset: Middle Country Road (NY 25) and the Nesconsett–Port Jefferson Highway (NY 347). The former forms the CDP's northern border, while the latter traverses Nesconset diagonally; both routes intersect at the Nesconset–St. James border. References Smithtown, New York Census-designated places in New York (state) Census-designated places in Suffolk County, New York
4317319	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%94%D1%94%D0%B2%20%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Євтєєв Павло Миколайович	Євтєєв Павло Миколайович Павло Миколайович Євтєєв (село Калінки (Нижні-Кам'янки), тепер Кам'янський район Тульської області, Російська Федерація — , місто Луганськ) — український радянський діяч, журналіст, секретар Луганського сільського обласного комітету КПУ, головний редактор луганських обласних газет «Прапор перемоги» та «Ворошиловградская правда». Біографія Після закінчення середньої школи навчався у Ворошиловградському педагогічному інституті. З 1937 року друкувався в обласній газеті «Ворошиловградська правда». З липня 1941 до жовтня 1945 року — в Червоній армії, учасник німецько-радянської війни. З 25 березня 1942 року служив командиром взводу 200-го окремого зенітно-кулеметного батальйону Московського навчального центру військ ППО, готував командирів розрахунків зенітно-кулеметних установок. З 17 березня 1943 року командував ротою ЗПУ 23-го зенітно-кулеметного батальйону 85-ї дивізії ППО Південного фронту на станції Касторна Курської області, відбиваючи масовані нальоти німецької авіації, з 7 квітня по 1 вересня 1943 року охороняв мости біля станції Щигри. На 1944 рік — начальник штабу 23-го окремого зенітно-кулеметного батальйону 85-ї дивізії ППО. Кандидат у члени ВКП(б) з жовтня 1945 року. Після війни повернувся на журналістську роботу. Член ВКП(б). У 1946—1957 роках — завідувач відділу культури, секретар редакції ворошиловградської обласної газети «Прапор перемоги». З 1957 по 17 січня 1963 року — головний редактор луганської обласної газети «Прапор перемоги». 17 січня 1963 — 4 грудня 1964 року — секретар Луганського сільського обласного комітету КПУ з питань ідеології — завідувач ідеологічного відділу Луганського сільського обласного комітету КПУ. З грудня 1964 по грудень 1972 (оф. 19 січня 1973) року — головний редактор луганської обласної газети «Прапор перемоги». У 1972—1974 роках — завідувач відділу, редактор Головної редакції художньої літератури Державного комітету РМ УРСР у справах видавництв, поліграфії і книжкової торгівлі в Києві. У 1974—1975 роках — заступник редактора республіканської «Робітничої газети». 19 вересня 1975 — 13 лютого (оф. 12 березня) 1984 року — головний редактор обласної газети «Ворошиловградская правда». Очолював Ворошиловградську обласну організацію Спілки журналістів України. Автор-упорядник збірки «З мандатом Леніна». Донецьк: Донбас, 1970. З березня 1984 року — персональний пенсіонер. Помер у 2009 році. Звання старший лейтенант капітан майор Нагороди та відзнаки орден Вітчизняної війни ІІ ст. (6.04.1985) орден Червоної Зірки (24.10.1944) медаль «За перемогу над Німеччиною у Великій Вітчизняній війні 1941—1945 рр.» (1945) медалі заслужений працівник культури УРСР Джерела газета «Прапор перемоги» (Луганськ), 18 січня 1963 року. газета «Прапор перемоги» (Ворошиловград), 20 вересня 1975 року. газета «Прапор перемоги» (Ворошиловград), 13 березня 1984 року. Евтеев Павел Николаевич Главная газета Луганска в судьбах ее редакторов. Евтеев Павел Николаевич Его Родина начиналась с Камброда… К 95-летию Михаила Матусовского Члени КПРС Учасники Другої світової війни з СРСР Українські журналісти Українські поети Випускники Луганського університету
6216541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion%20%28disambiguation%29	Bastion (disambiguation)	Bastion (disambiguation) A bastion is a fortification work projecting outward from the main enclosure. Bastion may also refer to: Arts and media Bastion (band), a Yugoslav synth-pop band Bastion (comics), a Marvel Comics supervillain Bastion (video game), a 2011 action role-playing video game by Supergiant Games Bastion (Overwatch), a character in the 2016 video game Overwatch Bruckell Bastion, a parody of the Dodge Charger, appears in the videogame BeamNG.drive Military Bastion fort Bastion (naval), a heavily defended area of water in which friendly naval forces can operate safely 9M117 Bastion, an anti-tank missile K-300P Bastion-P, a coastal defense missile system Camp Bastion, the main British military base in Afghanistan USS Bastion (ACM-6), a 1942 minelayer in World War 2 ACMAT Bastion, a modern French armoured personnel carrier Other uses Bastion, a special form of Gabion Bastion (restaurant), a restaurant in Kinsale, Ireland Bastion Collective, a global marketing and advertising company The Bastion Museum, dedicated to the work of Jean Cocteau in Menton, France Bastion host, a computer on a network specifically designed and configured to withstand attack Bastion Misawa, a fictional duelist
7787477	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Jing%20%28Southern%20Tang%29	Li Jing (Southern Tang)	Li Jing (Southern Tang) Li Jing (later changed to ; 916 – August 12, 961), originally Xu Jingtong, briefly Xu Jing in 937–939, courtesy name Boyu, also known by his temple name as the Emperor Yuanzong of Southern Tang, also known in historiography as the Middle Lord of Southern Tang, was the second and penultimate monarch of China's Southern Tang dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He reigned his state from 943 until his death. During Li Jing's earlier reign, he expanded Southern Tang's borders by extinguishing smaller neighboring states: Min in 945 and Ma Chu in 951. However, the warfare also exhausted the wealth of the country, leaving it ill-prepared to resist the Later Zhou invasion in 956. Forced to cede all prefectures north of the Yangtze River, he also had to relinquish his title as an emperor and accept the Later Zhou's overlordship in 958, and later the Northern Song's overlordship after 960. Family Parents Father: Li Bian Mother: Empress Yuanjing, of the Song clan (元敬皇后宋氏), personal name Song Fujin (宋福金) Wives Empress Guangmu (光穆皇后; d.965) of the Zhong clan (鍾氏) Li Hongji, Crown Prince Wenxian (文獻太子李弘冀, d. 959), first son Li Yu, King of Tang (唐國主李煜, 937 – 15 August 978), fifth son Li Congqian, Duke of E (鄂國公李從謙), ninth son Lady Ling, of the Ling clan (凌氏) Li Congshan, Duke of Nanchu (南楚國公李從善, 940 – 987), seventh son Unknown: Li Hongmao, Prince of Qing (慶王李弘茂), second son Third son Li Congqin, Duke of Zhaoping (昭平郡公李從慶), fourth son Li Liangzuo (李良佐) sixth son Li Congyi, Duke of Jiang (江國公李從鎰), eight son Li Congxin, Duke of Wenyang (文陽郡公李從信), tenth son Li Congfu (李從甫), eleventh son Princess Taining (太寧公主), third daughter married Liu Jie (劉節), a son of Liu Chongjun (劉崇俊) Princess Yongjia (永嘉公主), fourth daughter Princess Li married a man surnamed Sun (孫) married Shengzong of Liao and had issue (a daughter) Background Li Jing, then named Xu Jingtong, was born in 916. His father Xu Zhigao was then Wu's prefect of Sheng Prefecture (昇州, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu), under his adoptive father (Xu Jingtong's grandfather) Xu Wen, who was then Wu's regent. He was Xu Zhigao's oldest son. His mother was Xu Zhigao's second wife Song Fujin, who would later give birth to three more sons, Xu Jingqian, Xu Jingsui, and Xu Jingda. During Wu In 923, by which time Xu Zhigao was the junior regent under Xu Wen, there was an incident where the general Zhong Taizhang, who had assisted in Xu Wen's coming to power, was under investigation for corruption. Xu Zhigao advocated punishing Zhong, but Xu Wen, pointing out Zhong's contributions, declined, and instead ordered Xu Zhigao to take one of Zhong's daughters as wife for Xu Jingtong, although it is not clear whether the marriage took place that year or later. In 925, Xu Jingtong, then age nine, was given the office of Jiabu Langzhong, a supervisory official at the ministry of defense (兵部, Bingbu). He later was given the title of an imperial guard general. In 930, by which point Xu Zhigao had succeeded Xu Wen as regent, Xu Zhigao planned to leave the Wu capital Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) and take up his headquarters at Jinling (i.e., the former Sheng Prefecture), he started the preparations of leaving Xu Jingtong at Jiangdu as junior regent by having him given the titles of minister of defense (兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu) and acting chancellor (參政事, Can Zhengshi). In 931, when Xu Zhigao's chief advisor Song Qiqiu suddenly claimed to want to retire, it was Xu Jingtong that Xu Zhigao sent to Song's retirement mansion to urge Song to return to the government. Later in the year, Xu Zhigao left Jiangdu and took up headquarters at Jinling, leaving Xu Jingtong at Jiangdu to oversee the government, assisted by Song and Wang Lingmou. Xu Jingtong received the titles of Situ (司徒, one of the Three Excellencies), chancellor (同中書門下平章事, Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi), and acting director of military matters (知中外左右諸軍事, Zhi Zhongwai Zuoyou Zhujunshi). In late 934, Xu Zhigao summoned Xu Jingtong from Jiangdu to Jinling, to serve as his deputy at Jinling, with the titles of deputy military governor of Zhenhai (鎮海, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) and Ningguo (寧國, headquartered in modern Xuancheng, Anhui) Circuits, deputy commander of the armies of all circuits (諸道副都統, Zhudao Fu Dutong), and acting overseer of military matters (判中外諸軍事, Pan Zhongwai Zhujunshi). His younger brother Xu Jingqian was made junior regent at Jiangdu in his place. In late 935, as part of the prelude of taking over the Wu throne, Xu Zhigao had Wu's emperor Yang Pu bestow on him the titles of Prince of Qi and Generalissimo (大元帥, Da Yuanshuai). In early 936, as he began to create a Generalissimo headquarters with six ministries, he made Xu Jingtong the deputy generalissimo and Taiwei (太尉, one of the Three Excellencies). In 937, he created Xu Jingtong the crown prince of the Principality of Qi, but Xu Jingtong declined. During Li Bian's reign as emperor In winter 937, Xu Zhigao had Yang Pu yield the throne to him, ending Wu, and starting a new state later known as Southern Tang (although it was likely known as Qi at this point). Sometimes around the transition, Xu Jingtong was apparently given the titles of commander of all circuits (諸道都統, Zhudao Dutong) and acting generalissimo, and shortly after the transition, he was given the titles of deputy generalissimo, overseer of the imperial guards, Taiwei, Shangshu Ling, and Prince of Wu. Shortly after, his name was changed from Jingtong to Jing. In 938, his princely title was changed to Prince of Qi. In 939, Xu Zhigao changed his surname from the adoptive Xu to the birth Li and took a new personal name of Bian (and likely changed the name of the state to Tang at that point). Xu Jing, and the rest of the imperial family (other than the lines from Xu Wen's biological sons) changed their names to Li at that time as well. Li Bian decreed that all the matters of state be submitted to Li Jing for decision, except that he himself would still oversee military matters. Later in the year, Li Bian wanted to create him to be the crown prince, but he declined, and so Li Bian gave him a number of additional titles—Generalissimo, acting commander of the imperial guards, acting Taiwei, director of the executive bureau of government (錄尚書事, Lu Shangshu Shi), and grand prefect of Sheng and Yang Prefectures (i.e., Jinling and Jiangdu). In fall 940, Li Bian created him crown prince, while having him continue to retain the titles of Generalissimo and Lu Shangshu Shi, but he again declined, and so Li Bian allowed him to but ordered that the entire realm honor him as if he were crown prince. In late 940, there was an occasion when the fortuneteller Sun Zhiyong claimed, due to planet alignments, that Li Bian should visit Jiangdu. Li Bian agreed, and left Li Jing in charge of the state as regent at Jinling, while he headed for Jiangdu. He considered taking up residence there for some time, but because supplying Jiangdu at that time was difficult due to freezing conditions, he soon thereafter returned to Jinling. In 942, when Song Qiqiu complained that he was not given sufficient authority, Li Bian put Song in charge of overseeing the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng), while having Li Jing's younger brother Li Jingsui oversee the two other bureaus of government—the legislative (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng) and examination (門下省, Menxia Sheng), with Li Jing in charge of reviewing Song's and Li Jingsui's decisions. (However, this arrangement did not last long, as, later in the year, Song's associate Xia Changtu was accused of corruption, but Song refused to execute him. Li Bian, in anger, directly ordered Xia's execution, and after this incident, Song requested retirement and was allowed to retire.) In any case, though, over the years, Song had often praised the abilities of Li Jing's younger brother Li Jingda, whom Li Bian himself considered resolute and magnanimous and therefore considered making his heir. While it did not actually occur, as Li Jing was older, Li Jing was resentful to Song for making the suggestion. Once, however, when Li Bian visited Li Jing's palace, he happened to see Li Jing playing instruments—which Li Bian considered frivolous, and therefore rebuked Li Jing for several straight days. Li Bian's favorite concubine Consort Zhong, who had given birth to Li Bian's youngest son Li Jingti, took this opportunity to try to persuade Li Bian to divert succession from Li Jing to Li Jingti—which, however, angered Li Bian, who stated, "When a son has faults, the father rebukes him. This is normal. How can a woman interfere with important matters of state?" He sent her away and gave her in marriage to someone else. Meanwhile, Li Jing's staff members Chen Jue and Feng Yanji were in alliance with Song and finding ways to expel people who were not cooperating with them. Both Chang Mengxi and Xiao Yan submitted petitions to Li Bian accusing Chen of abuse of power, and it was said that while Li Bian understood some of the accusations to be true, he did not get a chance to act on them, before he fell deathly ill in spring 943 from poisoning due to pills given him by alchemists. On March 30, he summoned Li Jing to his deathbed, and, after entrusting the state to him, died. Li Jing did not immediately announce his death, but instead issued an edict in his name naming Li Jing regent and announcing a general pardon. Meanwhile, the official Sun Sheng, trying to stop the influence by Chen and the others on the incoming emperor, considered trying to announce that Li Bian's will named Empress Song regent for Li Jing, but when the official Li Yiye pointed out that Li Bian often spoke against women's influence on governments and stated that he would publicly tear up the will if it were announced, Sun relented. Shortly after, Li Jing announced Li Bian's death, and then took the throne. Reign Early reign Upon taking the throne, Li Jing honored his mother Empress Song as empress dowager, and created his wife Princess Zhong empress. As he considered Song Qiqiu and Zhou Zong to be the most respected senior officials of the land, he made them his leading chancellors (as Zhongshu Ling and Shizhong, respectively), but decided the main decisions himself. He gave greater princely titles to his brothers Li Jingsui (from Prince of Shou to Prince of Yan) and Li Jingda (from Prince of Xuancheng to Prince of E). It was said after he took the throne, he entrusted much responsibility to Chen Jue, and a group of his associates thus emerged from this association—Chen, Feng Yanji, Feng Yanji's brother Feng Yanlu, Wei Cen, and Cha Wenhui—who became influential at his court, influencing him to benefit themselves, such that they became known as the "Five Ghosts." However, soon thereafter, when Chen left governmental service for some time to observe a mourning period for his mother, the alliance fractured, as Wei took the opportunity to defame Chen. With Chen gone, and with Li Jing unhappy with Song Qiqiu's repeated attempt to defame Zhou, Li Jing sent Song outside Jinling to serve as the military governor of Zhenhai, and then, when Song submitted a retirement request in anger, approved it. Later in the year, believing that it was Li Bian's wish that he pass the throne to his brothers eventually, Li Jing made Li Jingsui Generalissimo and Prince of Qi, and had him move into the eastern palace—i.e., the palace of the Crown Prince—and created Li Jingda the Prince of Yan. He publicly declared that he intended to pass the throne to the two of them, in order, despite their attempts to decline their greater titles. Li Jingsui thereafter took, as his courtesy name, "Tuishen" (退身, "withdrawing body"), to show that he had no intent to occupy the position. Li Jing also created his oldest son Li Hongji the Prince of Nanchang, and youngest brother Li Jingti the Prince of Baoning. It was said that because Empress Dowager Song resented Consort Zhong for attempt to try to displace Li Jing with Li Jingti, she considered killing Li Jingti, but Li Jingti survived with Li Jing's protection. In winter 943, with the agrarian rebel leader Zhang Yuxian—who had earlier plagued Southern Tang's southern neighbor Southern Han—now inside his realm, Li Jing sent the officer Yan En to attack Zhang, with the official Bian Hao serving as Yan's army monitor. Bian, using one Bai Changyu as his chief strategist, attacked Zhang and defeated him. Zhang was then arrested and surrendered by his own subordinate Li Tai, and was taken to Jinling and executed there. In spring 944, Feng Yanji, Wei, and Cha were trying to monopolize access to the emperor, and they took advance of Li Jing's desire to pass the throne to Li Jingsui and Li Jingda to persuade him to issue an edict that stated, "Li Jingsui the Prince of Qi should oversee all matters. Among the officials, only the deputy chiefs of staff Wei Cen and Cha Wenhui may come to us to present matters; otherwise, they can only see us by our summons." This greatly shocked the state, and Xiao Yan's petition to reverse this decision was ignored. However, the imperial guard commander Jia Chong went to the palace door and knelt, requesting an audience, and when Li Jing saw him, pointed out that this was ill-advised and would cut off the rest of the government from him, causing Li Jing to withdraw this policy. Later in the year, with Southern Tang's southeastern neighbor Min embroiled in a civil war between its emperor Wang Xi and Wang Xi's brother Wang Yanzheng, who had declared himself emperor of a new state of Yin, Li Jing sent them letters, rebuking them for a fraternal civil war and urging them to make peace. Neither listened: Wang Xi wrote back and invoked the precedents of the Duke of Zhou executing his rebellious brothers Lord Guan and Lord Cai, and Emperor Taizong of Tang killing his brothers Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, while Wang Yanzheng wrote back and rebuked Li Jing (and his father Li Bian) for usurping the Wu throne. In anger, Li Jing cut off diplomatic relations with Yin. In summer 944, after Wang Xi was assassinated by his general Zhu Wenjin, who then claimed the Min throne, Zhu sent emissaries to Southern Tang, hoping to establish relations. Li Jing arrested Zhu's emissaries and considered attacking him, but as there were hot weather and plagues at the time, Southern Tang did not actually attack. In late 944, Cha made a proposal to attack Yin's capital Jian Prefecture (建州, in modern Nanping, Fujian), and, despite much opposition, Li sent him to oversee the borders with Yin to see if such a plan were feasible. When Cha reached Xin Prefecture (信州, in modern Shangrao, Jiangxi), near the Yin border, he submitted a report indicating his belief that an attack would be successful. Li thereafter sent Bian to command an army to rendezvous with Cha. However, their initial attacks were unsuccessful. The Yin general Wu Chengyi, who was then attacking the Min capital Changle (長樂, in modern Fuzhou, Fujian), decided to use this opportunity to falsely claim to the people of Changle that Southern Tang was aiding Yin in the military efforts against Zhu, causing much alarm in Changle. The Min official Lin Renhan used this opportunity to rise against Zhu, first killing Zhu's confederate Lian Chongyu, and then Zhu, and then opened the city to welcome Wu in. Shortly after, Wang Yanzheng claimed the Min throne, but kept his capital at Jian rather than moving it back to Changle. Soon thereafter, the Southern Tang general Zu Quan'en, whom Li sent to reinforce Cha, crushed the Min army commanded by Wang Yanzheng's chancellor Yang Sigong, and then put Jian under siege. In fall 945, Jian fell, and Wang Yanzheng surrendered to Southern Tang, ending Min's existence as a state. However, the pillages of the Southern Tang army of Jian disappointed the Min people, who had welcomed Southern Tang forces as liberators from the oppressive Min regime, but Li chose not to pursue charges against the officers responsible due to the great accomplishment of destroying Min. Initially, the Min territory, after Jian's fall, pledged allegiance to Southern Tang. This included Fu Prefecture (福州, i.e., Changle), which had been under the control of Li Renda, who seized control of the prefecture when Jian was under Southern Tang attack, and whom Li Jing had, in response, given him a new hame of Hongyi and adopted him into the Southern Tang imperial clan. After Jian's fall, however, Fu remained out of effective control by Southern Tang. Chen Jue, who was then Li Jing's chief of staff (Shumishi), volunteered to go to meet Li Hongyi, promising that he would be able to persuade Li Hongyi to give up his semi-independence and go to Jinling to pay homage to Li Jing. When Chen reached Fu, however, Li Hongyi took a defiant stance and treated Chen with disrespect. Chen did not dare to speak of having him come to Jinling, but, when he reached Jian Prefecture (劍州, in modern Nanping) on the way back to Jinling, Chen felt humiliated, and issued an order in Li Jing's name, without authorization, claiming for himself the acting authority to oversee Fu, conscripting the militia soldiers in the region to head toward Fu, and ordering Li Hongyi to report to Jinling. When Li Hongyi resisted, battles began. Li Jing was incensed by Chen's issuing of orders without authority, but by that point, Southern Tang officials became supportive of Chen's endeavor, and so Li Jing sent reinforcements. Southern Tang forces put Fu under siege, but even though the general Wang Chongwen was in command of the entire operations, Chen, Feng Yanlu, and Wei Cen were all interfering with his authority, while the generals Wang Jianfeng and Liu Congxiao were also resistant, causing the siege to lose focus and unable to succeed, so the siege wore on. In spring 947, Li Jing formally created Li Jingsui his crown prince. He also created Li Jingda the Prince of Qi, and Li Hongji the Prince of Yan, with Li Jingda also serving as Generalissimo and Li Hongji his deputy. As the Khitan Liao dynasty had recently destroyed Southern Tang's northern neighbor Later Jin and taken over central China, Li Jing sent emissaries to congratulate Liao's Emperor Taizong, and also, as Li Bian claimed ancestry from Tang dynasty emperors, requested permission to send soldiers to repair the tombs of the Tang emperors. The Liao emperor refused, but still sent emissaries to Southern Tang in return. At this time, a number of Later Jin officials who did not want to submit to Liao fled to Southern Tang, and the agrarian rebels north of the Huai River (which formed the border between Southern Tang and Later Jin) were also pledging allegiance to Southern Tang. The official Han Xizai suggested that Southern Tang take an aggressive military stance to contest the central Chinese territories, but as the army was occupied with sieging Fu, such a campaign could not be carried out at the time, causing Li Jing much regret. By late spring 947, forces from Wuyue, which Li Hongyi (who now carried the name of Li Da) had sought aid from, had arrived at Fu. The Southern Tang forces allowed the Wuyue forces to land, hoping to defeat them and then take the city. However, Wuyue forces, once they landed, attacked and defeated the Southern Tang forces, lifting the siege on Fu. Subsequently, Liu returned to his stronghold Quan Prefecture (泉州, in modern Quanzhou, Fujian) and forced the Southern Tang forces there to leave—thus, while he remained formally a Southern Tang subject, the modern southern Fujian region, which he controlled, was in effect semi-independent from that point on. (Thus, the only part of the former Min territory that Southern Tang had effective control of was the northwestern portion, centered around Jian Prefecture.) Li Jing, angry over the defeat, considered executing Chen and Feng Yanlu, but eventually, at the intercession of Song Qiqiu and Feng Yanji, only exiled them. When Li Jing subsequently heard that Liao abandoned the former Later Jin capital Daliang, he considered a campaign north, with the general Li Jinquan in command. However, he soon heard that the Later Jin general Liu Zhiyuan had entered Daliang and claimed imperial title (as founder of a new state of Later Han, and therefore, not daring to confront Liu, cancelled those plans. After Liu Zhiyuan's death in early 948 and succession by his son Liu Chengyou, the Later Han general Li Shouzhen rebelled at Hezhong (河中, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), and sought aid from Southern Tang. Li Jing sent Li Jinquan to attack north. Li Jinquan's army entered Later Han territory and reached Yi Prefecture (沂州, in modern Linyi, Shandong), but with Hezhong being far away, across Later Han territory and with the Southern Tang soldiers having low morale, Li Jinquan soon thereafter withdrew back to Southern Tang territory. Li Jing subsequently wrote Liu Chengyou, apologizing for the incursion, asking for him to pardon Li Shouzhen, and requesting resumption of trade relations between Southern Tang and Later Han. Liu did not respond. Soon, Li Shouzhen was defeated by the Later Han general Guo Wei and committed suicide. Middle reign In 950, Cha Wenhui, then the acting military governor of Yong'an Circuit (永安, headquartered at Jian Prefecture), received false reports that Wuyue had abandoned Fu Prefecture, and decided to head for Fu to take control of it. When he approached, though, he fell into an ambush set by Wuyue's acting military governor of Weiwu Circuit (威武, headquartered at Fu), and was defeated and captured. Wuyue's king Qian Hongchu subsequently returned Cha, and, in return, Southern Tang returned a number of Wuyue officers that it had previously captured to Wuyue. (Southern Tang would not subsequently make another attempt at capturing the former Min capital.) Meanwhile, Southern Tang's southwestern neighbor Chu had fallen into a civil war, as its then prince Ma Xiguang's older brother Ma Xi'e, upset that he was bypassed by their older brother Ma Xifan when Ma Xifan was choosing an heir, rebelled against Ma Xiguang in 949 and effectively made Wuping Circuit (武平, headquartered in modern Changde, Hunan), independent of the main Chu state. In spring 950, Ma Xi'e, after unable to get the Later Han emperor Liu Chengyou, to which Chu was a vassal of, to recognize him as an independent vassal, instead pledged fealty to Li Jing. Later in the year, he captured Chu's capital Tan Prefecture (潭州, in modern Changsha, Hunan), executed Ma Xiguang, and claimed the princely title for himself. He continued to be Southern Tang's vassal, and sent his secretary Liu Guangfu to pay tribute to Li. Li, in return, sent the officials Sun Sheng and Yao Feng to Tan to formally bestow the Prince of Chu title on Ma Xi'e. However, Liu secretly informed Li that the Chu realm was not secure, and so Li stationed Bian Hao at Yuan Prefecture (袁州, in modern Yichun, Jiangxi), in anticipation of a strike against Chu. Shortly after this, the Wuping officers Wang Kui and Zhou Xingfeng, upset that Ma Xi'e had driven the soldiers under them into hard labor and not properly rewarded them, escaped from Tan back to Wuping's capital Lang Prefecture and seized it, deposing Ma Xi'e's son Ma Guangzan as acting military governor, and replacing him, first with Ma Xi'e's nephew Ma Guanghui, but in fact having a group of officers exercise joint leadership. When Ma Xi'e reported this to Li, Li sent emissaries to Wuping with gifts, hoping that these officers would acknowledge him as overlord, but Wang and the others received the gifts and sent the emissaries back to Li without answering him. Wang and the other officers subsequently supported the general Liu Yan to be Wuping's military governor, and Liu sent an emissary requesting that Southern Tang commission him as military governor. When Li did not respond, he submitted to Later Han's successor state Later Zhou, founded and ruled by Guo Wei. After taking Tan over, Ma Xi'e governed the Chu state with violence and incompetence, spending his days and nights feasting. In fall 950, a coup happened at Tan, overthrowing him. Ma Xi'e's younger brother Ma Xichong, who had been one of the conspirators against him, became the ruler of the regime. Ma Xichong exiled Ma Xi'e to Hengshan (衡山, in modern Hengyang, Hunan), hoping that the non-Han chieftain Peng Shigao, who had supported Ma Xiguang previously and therefore Ma Xi'e punished, and who was in control of the Hengshan region, would kill Ma Xi'e for him, but Peng instead supported Ma Xi'e to be the leader in resisting Ma Xichong. Upon hearing of the coup, Liu Yan took his troops and headed toward Tan, and Ma Xichong was apprehensive. At Liu's demand, Ma Xichong executed a number of officers close to Ma Xi'e, but that did not stop Liu's advance. With threats from Liu and Peng, Ma Xichong's fellow conspirators considered assassinating him. In fear, Ma Xichong sent his general Fan Shoumu to the Southern Tang court, requesting to submit his state to Southern Tang. Li sent Bian to Tan to accept the surrender, ending Chu as a state under the Ma family's rule. With the Chu realm suffering from famine due to the wars, Bian distributed the food that the Ma family had stored up, initially greatly pleasing the Chu people. Thereafter, when Ma Xi'e requested to be restored to be position of military governor of Wu'an Circuit (武安, headquartered at Tan), the people of Tan, hating Ma Xi'e for his previous misrule, requested that Bian remain as their military governor, and Li agreed. Li subsequently continued to allow Ma Xi'e to carry the title of Prince of Chu, but moved him to Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi). He gave lesser offices to Ma Xichong and the other former Chu officials, moving them away from the former Chu lands. In light of Chu's fall, the Southern Tang officials, in a celebrating mode, became arrogant, believing that Southern Tang would soon be destroying other states, while some secretly harbored reservations about how the campaigns were draining the state. In early 952, the Later Zhou general Murong Yanchao (Liu Zhiyuan's half-brother) rebelled against Later Zhou, and sought aid from Southern Tang. However, the Southern Tang relief army that Li Jing sent was repelled, and Murong subsequently was defeated. Guo returned the Southern Tang general Yan Jingquan, and in return, Li returned Southern Tang's captives from the central Chinese regimes. Meanwhile, it was said that Li Jing favored literary talent, and that at the time, Southern Tang had the most literary talents of the states of China. However, it did not hold imperial examinations. In 952, Li reinstitute the imperial examinations and put the official Jiang Wenwei in charge of them. When Li asked how the examinations compared to those of Tang dynasty, which Southern Tang claimed to be the successor to, Jiang responded, "In the past dynasty, half of those who passed imperial examinations were properly passed based on their public performance, and half passed based on private favors. I, your subject, only base them on public performance." Li was pleased, but when the official Zhang Wei, who was a Tang examination, heard this, he became resentful of Jiang and began to speak against the imperial examinations. Further, the other high-level officials were also not imperial examinees, and therefore did not like the idea of them. Soon, the imperial examinations were abolished again. Southern Tang's entrance of the Chu capital Tan Prefecture did not mean that Southern Tang possessed all of Chu lands—as while its forces controlled Wu'an, Wuping remained in Liu Yan's hands, and Chu's third main circuit, Jingjiang (靜江, headquartered in modern Guilin, Guangxi), fell into Southern Han's hands. Li contemplated campaigns to capture Wu'an and Jingjiang, but by summer 952 was contemplating giving up the campaign to capture Jingjiang and simply to issue a commission to Liu without taking actual control. When he consulted Sun Sheng and Feng Yanji, whom he had earlier made chancellors, Sun agreed, but Feng dissuaded him, suggesting that that would mean that the seizure of Chu was an empty one. However, an attack on Jingjiang's capital Gui Prefecture was repelled by Southern Han at heavy losses to Southern Tang. Meanwhile, Bian, while known for kindness, was not governing Wu'an properly, as he was indecisive and allowed many of his subordinate to interfere with his decisions. In winter 952, Liu sent Wang Kui to launch a surprise attack on Tan. Bian, after trying to defend Tan briefly, abandoned it and fled back to Southern Tang proper. The other Southern Tang prefects assigned to former Chu prefectures, hearing of Tan's fall, also abandoned their prefectures, allowing Liu's army to recover nearly all of Chu's territory north of the Nanling Mountains (i.e., except Jingjiang). Southern Tang, in effect, gained nothing from the Chu adventure. Sun and Feng resigned their chancellorships, and Li stated that he would never launch another army. Still, in 955, when Later Shu's emperor Meng Chang sent emissaries to him and to Northern Han's emperor Liu Jun, with proposal to have a three-state alliance against Later Zhou, he agreed, although no real joint attack occurred. Late reign War with Later Zhou Earlier in Southern Tang's history, it had been standard procedure for the Southern Tang army to carefully guard the southern bank of the Huai River when the water level were low. However, at some point in or before 955, Wu Tingshao, the army monitor, thought it was unlikely that there would be war with Later Zhou, and proposed that this procedure be cancelled, to save costs. Wu's proposal was approved, despite vehement opposition by Liu Renzhan the military governor of Qinghuai Circuit (清淮, headquartered in modern Lu'an, Anhui). Thus, when, in late 955, Later Zhou launched a major attack against Southern Tang, commanded by its chancellor Li Gu, assisted by the general Wang Yanchao, Southern Tang was caught unprepared. Li Jing sent the general Liu Yanzhen to try to aid Liu Renzhan, whose capital Shou Prefecture was the apparent initial target of the Later Zhou attack, and summoned Song Qiqiu, who was then the military governor of Zhennan, back to Jinling, to help him make military decisions. Li Gu did, in fact, put Shou under siege, but could not capture it. When Liu Yanzhen's army arrived in Shou's vicinity, he decided to withdraw rather than confront Liu Yanzhen immediately. Liu Yanzhen's subordinate Xian Shilang advocated chasing after Li Gu and attacking his army, and Liu Yanzhen decided to do so, despite Liu Renzhan's advice against it. When Liu Yanzhen reached Zhengyang (正陽, in modern Zhumadian, Henan), Li Gu counterattacked, defeating and killing him in battle while capturing Xian and many other of his officers. Over 10,000 Southern Tang soldiers were killed. Subsequently, the Later Zhou emperor Guo Rong (Guo Wei's adoptive son) arrived at Shou and again put it under siege, while replacing Li Gu as commander of the army with his cousin Li Chongjin. Li Jing subsequently wrote a letter to Guo, stating, "The Emperor of Tang respectfully addresses the Emperor of the Great Zhou. We request that you quiet your army and restore peace. We are willing to serve you as if you were an older brother, and willing to contribute goods toward your army costs." Guo did not respond. Worried about what might come next at his state's detriment, Li then sent his officials Zhong Mo and Li Deming, both of whom known for their speaking skills, to submit tributes of imperial clothing, tea, traditional medicine, gold, silver, silk, cattle, and wine, at the Zhou army's then camp outside Shou. When Zhong and Li Deming arrived there, however, Guo rebuked them and refused their overture of peace, demanding that Li Jing himself come to beg forgiveness instead. Li Jing's emissary to Liao to ask Liao to attack Later Zhou from the north was intercepted by Later Zhou and never reached Liao. Meanwhile, concerned about the possibility that the Wu imperial Yang clan, whose members were then housed at Tai Prefecture (泰州, in modern Taizhou, Jiangsu), would be taken and used by the Later Zhou army, Li Jing sent the official Yin Yanfan to Tai to move them south of the Yangtze to Zhenhai's capital Run Prefecture. However, Yin, believing that the road is difficult and concerned that the Yangs would rebel, slaughtered them. Li Jing, shocked at this result, executed Yin. In spring 956, after continuous Later Zhou victories, including capturing Jiangdu in a surprise attack, Li Jing made another peace overture, sending Sun Sheng and Wang Chongzhi to again pay tributes of gold, silver, and silk to Guo, and this time submitting a submissive petition (i.e., as a subject, rather than on equal terms): Subsequently, through Li Deming and Sun, Li Jing further offered to give up his imperial title; give annual tributes of gold and silk; and cede six prefectures—Shou, Hao (濠州, in modern Chuzhou, Anhui), Si (泗州, in modern Shuzhou, Anhui), Chu (楚州, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu), Guang (光州, in modern Xinyang, Henan), and Hai (海州, in modern Lianyungang, Jiangsu)—to Later Zhou. However, Guo, with his confidence bolstered by the Later Zhou victories, believed that he would be able to conquer all of Southern Tang's territories north of the Yangtze, refused. Li Deming and Sun convinced Guo to allow Li Deming and Wang to return to the Southern Tang court to relay the Later Zhou emperor's demands, and Guo himself issued letters addressed at Li Jing and the high-level Southern Tang officials, offering peace, but only at Later Zhou's stated terms. Li Jing again submitted a petition thanking Guo. When Li Deming arrived at Jinling, pointed out the Later Zhou military strength, and argued for ceding all of the territory north of the Yangtze for peace, however, Li Jing was displeased at his report, and Song argued that ceding land had no benefit to the state. Further, Chen Jue, who was then Li Jing's chief of staff, and Chen's deputy Li Zhenggu both had hated both Li Deming and Sun, and therefore enticed Wang into making different assessments than Li Deming about the Later Zhou strength. They then stated to Li Jing, "Li Deming has sold out the empire for his own benefit." In anger, Li Jing executed Li Deming—thus ending hopes of peace at that point. While facing the Later Zhou invasion, Southern Tang was also facing the threat of Wuyue's invasion from the southeast. Li Jing, concerned that Wuyue would attack Run from Chang Prefecture (常州, in modern Changzhou, Jiangsu), decided to recall Li Hongji, who was then the commandant at Run, to Jinling, as he saw Li Hongji as too young to oversee the defense. Li Hongji, however, listened to his subordinate Zhao Duo and decided that if he left Run, it would throw the city and the surrounding region into panic, and declined the recall and instead prepared to defend. He also gave full support to the general Chai Kehong in Chai's efforts of resisting Wuyue forces. Chai subsequently crushed Wuyue forces under Wu Cheng, ending Wuyue's campaign against Southern Tang. With the faltering of the peace efforts, Li Jing commissioned Li Jingda to head an army to counterattack and to try to lift the siege on Shou, but made Chen the army monitor, in actual control of the army. He also commissioned the official Zhu Yuan, whom he considered to be militarily talented, to lead an army in trying to recover the prefectures that Later Zhou had captured. Zhu was able to quickly recapture Shu (舒州, in modern Anqing, Anhui) and He (和州, in modern Ma'anshan, Anhui) Prefectures, while Li Ping recaptured Qi Prefecture (蘄州, in modern Huanggang, Hubei). With these losses and with Li Jingda's army approaching Shou, Guo decided to withdraw from Jiangdu, concentrating his forces on capturing Shou. Li Jingda's army set up camp near Shou, but did not dare to engage the Later Zhou siege army. In winter 956, Li Jing, hearing of discord between the Later Zhou generals Zhang Yongde (張永德, Guo Rong's brother-in-law) and Li Chongjin, Li Jing wrote a secret letter to Li Chongjin, apparently trying to entice him to turn against Guo, in which he made many disparaging remarks about Guo. Li Chongjin, however, presented the letter to Guo, who had at that point returned to the Later Zhou capital Daliang. Upon seeing the letter, Guo, incensed, summoned Sun (whom he had taken back to Daliang with him, along with Zhong), and confronted him about how, unlike what he had previously stated about Li Jing (that Li Jing wanted to become a vassal), Li Jing was trying to entice Li Chongjin to rebel. He also ordered Sun to tell him Southern Tang state secrets. Sun refused and asked for death. Guo thereafter executed Sun and exiled Zhong, but soon thereafter regretted executing the faithful Sun, and therefore recalled Zhong back to his court. Meanwhile, Li Jing sent another emissary, Chen Chuyao, over the seas to go to the Liao court to request aid from Emperor Muzong of Liao. Liao did not launch an army to aid Southern Tang, and detained Chen at the Liao court. Because of Zhu's battlefield achievements, he became arrogant and often resisted orders issued by Li Jingda (but actually by Chen). In spring 957, Chen submitted a petition to Li Jing, arguing that Zhu could not be trusted, and Li Jing sent the general Yang Shouzhong to replace Zhu. Zhu, in anger and fear, initially considered committing suicide, but instead decided to surrender to Later Zhou, with more than 10,000 soldiers. The Later Zhou forces sieging Shou took this opportunity to attack and crush Li Jingda's army. Yang, Xu Wenzhen, and Bian Hao were captured. Li Jingda and Chen fled back to Jinling. With Liu Renzhan deathly ill, the Shou garrison surrendered. When Liu died shortly after, Li Jing, in remembrance of his faithfulness in defending the city for so long, bestowed posthumous honors on him. After capturing Shou, Guo Rong, now again personally commanding the Later Zhou army, approached Jiangdu. Southern Tang forces burned the city and abandoned it, as Later Zhou forces continue to capture city after city north of the Yangtze. As of spring 958, Guo's army had arrived at the Yangtze and was inflicting losses on the Southern Tang fleet, posturing to cross the Yangtze. At this point, Southern Tang only retained four prefectures north of the Yangtze—Lu (廬州, in modern Hefei, Anhui), Shu, Qi, and Huang (黃州, in modern Huanggang). At this time, Li Jingsui, who had continuously offered to yield the crown prince title, again did so and argued that Li Hongji, due to his contributions during the campaign against Wuyue, should become crown prince. Li Jingda also offered to yield the title of generalissimo of all circuits. Li Jing agreed, creating Li Jingsui the Prince of Jin and making him the commandant at Hong Prefecture (洪州, in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi) as well as the generalissimo of Jiangnan West Circuit (i.e., Zhennan), and making Li Jingda the commandant at Fu Prefecture (撫州, in modern Fuzhou, Jiangxi). He created Li Hongji crown prince. With the Later Zhou forces at the Yangtze, Li Jing finally decided to capitulate, but felt ashamed of personally becoming a vassal to Guo, and therefore sent Chen as an emissary to Guo, offering to pass the throne to Li Hongji and have Li Hongji submit as a vassal. Chen, upon arriving at Guo's camp, saw the impressiveness of the Later Zhou army, and therefore spoke humbly to Guo, requesting that he be allowed to send his subordinate Liu Chengyu back to Jinling to obtain a petition from Li Jing, offering to cede Lu, Shu, Qi, and Huang to Later Zhou, so that the Yangtze would form the new border. Guo agreed, and authored a letter in which he addressed Li Jing, "The respectful greeting of the Emperor to the Lord of Jiangnan." When Liu arrived at Jinling to report, Li Jing agreed, and, in a petition in which he referred to himself as "The Lord of Tang," offered submit the four prefectures and annual tributes. Guo agreed to the terms, and ordered cessation of hostilities. He also had Chen inform Li Jing that it was unnecessary to pass the throne to Li Hongji. Pursuant to his submission to Later Zhou, Li Jing stopped using his own era names and adopted Later Zhou's, to show submission. He stopped referring to himself as "emperor" but only as "lord," and stopped using imperial ceremonies. He also changed his own name from the character 璟 to 景, to observe naming taboo, as Guo Wei's great-great-grandfather was named Guo Jing with the character of 璟. After losses to Later Zhou In summer 958, Li Hongji, fearful that Li Jing would restore Li Jingsui to crown prince status, poisoned Li Jingsui to death. Subsequently, Li Jing again proposed to Guo that he pass the throne to Li Hongji, and Guo again declined to approve. Guo did return Feng Yanlu (who had previously been captured), Zhong Mo, Xu Wenzhen, Bian Hao, and Zhou Tinggou to Southern Tang. Li Jing, viewing Xu and Bian to be defeated generals, never commissioned them again with army commands. At this point, Li Jing was depressed over the military disasters. Li Zhenggu suggested that he go into seclusion and entrust the state to Song Qiqiu to govern. Zhong, who was friendly with Li Deming and who wanted to avenge Li Deming, used this opportunity to accuse Song, Li Zhenggu, and Chen Jue of collaborating to have Song usurp the throne. Further, at this time, Chen had also forged an order from Guo that the Southern Tang chancellor Yan Xu be put to death. These events convinced Li Jing that the Song faction was up to no good. In winter 958, Li Jing thus acted, exiling Chen, executing Li Zhenggu, and ordering Song back into retirement, albeit with his titles still intact. After Song reached his retirement place at Mount Jiuhua in spring 959, Li Jing had his mansion securely guarded, only allowing food to be passed through a hole in the wall. Song lamented and believed that this was divine retribution for his suggestion to have Yang Pu's family put under secure guard, and thereafter hanged himself. Subsequently, at Guo's encouragement, Li Jing began to rebuild some of his defenses. (Li Jing had previously feared that that would be viewed by Guo as provocation, but Guo, who was ill at that point, pointed out that what might lie in the future was uncertain, and that Li Jing had to watch out for his own state's own good. Guo would, in fact, die in summer 959, and be succeeded by his six-year-old son Guo Chongxun.) Meanwhile, with Jinling just across the Yangtze from Later Zhou territory, Li Jing began to consider moving the capital to Hong Prefecture, and put the deputy chief of staff Tang Hao, who was the only high-level official in favor of the idea, in charge of building up Hong to serve as the capital. By this point, the Southern Tang economy had been greatly damaged by the wars with Later Zhou and the subsequent crippling annual tributes agreed to, particularly given that the supply of coins remaining from Tang times was dwindling and the inflation of prices of goods that the state was confronted with. At Zhong's suggestion, Li Jing ordered that large coins be minted and be deemed the worth of 50 Tang coins. In fall 959, Li Hongji died. Zhong, who had long been honored by both Li Jing and Guo Rong and therefore had been highly influential at the Southern Tang court, but whose arrogance was beginning to cause Li Jing to be displeased, spoke against having Li Jing's next oldest son Li Congjia the Prince of Zheng succeed Li Hongji as crown prince, instead recommending a younger son, Li Congshan the Duke of Ji, arguing that Li Congjia was timid and overly devout in Buddhism, while Li Congshan was resolute. This greatly displeased Li Jing, who viewed him as overreaching. Soon, he exiled, and then executed Zhong and his ally Zhang Luan, and cancelled the large coins that Zhong had advocated. He created Li Congjia the Prince of Wu and had him move into the Eastern Palace. In 960, the major Later Zhou general Zhao Kuangyin carried out a coup, overthrowing Guo Chongxun and claiming the throne himself as the emperor of a new state of Song (as its Emperor Taizu). When he subsequently sent an edict to Li Jing, Li Jing accepted it (thus accepting Song overlordship), and in fact then sent an emissary to congratulate the Song emperor's ascension. When, in fall 960, Li Chongjin rose against the Song emperor at Yang Prefecture (揚州, i.e., Jiangdu), where he was serving as the military governor of Huainan Circuit, he sought an alliance with Southern Tang, but Li Jing rejected his overtures. The Song emperor shortly after defeated him, and he committed suicide. When the Song emperor subsequently reviewed the Song fleet on the Yangtze, Li Jing became very fearful, but was calmed somewhat when two minor Southern Tang officials, Du Zhuo and Xue Liang tried to defect to Song, but the Song emperor, despising their treachery, executed Du and exiled Xue. Still, he became more resolute on moving the capital. In spring 961, Li Jing ordered that the capital be moved to Hong, now upgraded to Nanchang Municipality. He created Li Congjia crown prince, to remain at Jinling and oversee the affairs of state during the capital move. When he reached Nanchang, however, he discovered that the city was too small to house his government, such that there was only office space for about 10-20% of his officials, and that it was not easily expandable. The officials longed for Jinling, and Li Jing himself often looked north (toward Jinling) in sadness, such that his imperial scholar Qin Chengyu, in order to alleviate his sadness, often blocked his view with a screen. He considered executing those who advocated the move, such that Tang Hao died in anxiety. Li Jing himself died in summer 961. He left directions that he be buried in the mountains west of Nanchang. However, instead, his casket was returned to Jinling, where Li Congjia took the throne (and thereafter kept the capital at). Subsequently, at Li Congjia's request, Li Jing was allowed to be against posthumously referred to as "emperor" and have his tomb considered an imperial tomb. The Xu Zizhi Tongjian commented about Li Jing: References Sources Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 134. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 62. History of Song, vol. 478. Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol. 16. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 272, 277, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294. Xu Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 1, 2. 910s births 961 deaths Southern Tang calligraphers Southern Tang emperors Southern Tang poets Yang Wu chancellors Yang Wu generals Southern Tang generals Yang Wu regents Poets from Jiangsu Politicians from Jiangsu Generals from Jiangsu Southern Tang regents Southern Tang musicians Artists from Jiangsu
2027074	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29	Коновал (значення)	Коновал (значення) Коновал Іван Омелянович (1875—1925) — український письменник, педагог, громадський діяч, збирач народної творчості. Коновал Олександр Андрійович (* 1946) — український педагог, кандидат фізико-математичних наук, доктор педагогічних наук, професор. Коновал Олексій Григорович (нар. 1933) — публіцист, громадсько-політичний діяч, генеральний секретар ЦК УРДП, обраний на п'ятьох з'їздах, очільник Фонду імені Івана Багряного. Коновал Пилип (1888—1959) — канадець українського походження, єдиний українець — кавалер Хреста Вікторії. Коновал Сергій Сергійович (1992—2024) — молодший лейтенант Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни. Коновал (ремесло) — ветеринарний лікар, який займався лікуванням домашнього скоту. Див. також Коновали — села в Україні та Польщі. Коноваленко
38667928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott%2C%20Divestment%20and%20Sanctions	Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions	Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) is a nonviolent Palestinian-led movement promoting boycotts, divestments, and economic sanctions against Israel. Its objective is to pressure Israel to meet what the BDS movement describes as Israel's obligations under international law, defined as withdrawal from the occupied territories, removal of the separation barrier in the West Bank, full equality for Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel, and "respecting, protecting, and promoting the rights of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes and properties". The movement is organized and coordinated by the Palestinian BDS National Committee. BDS is modeled after the Anti-Apartheid Movement. Its proponents compare the Palestinians' plight to that of apartheid-era black South Africans. Protests and conferences in support of the movement have been held in several countries. Its mascot, which features on its logotype, is Handala, a symbol of Palestinian identity and "right of return". Some critics accuse the BDS movement of antisemitism, a charge the movement denies, calling it an attempt to conflate antisemitism with anti-Zionism. The Israel lobby in the United States has made opposing BDS one of its top priorities. Since 2015, the Israeli government has spent millions of dollars to promote the view that BDS is antisemitic and have it legally banned in foreign countries. BDS supporters see it as a human rights movement. Background Many authors trace BDS's origins to the NGO Forum at the 2001 World Conference Against Racism in South Africa (Durban I). At the forum, Palestinian activists met with anti-apartheid veterans who identified parallels between Israel and apartheid South Africa and recommended campaigns like those they had used to defeat apartheid. The forum adopted a document that contained many ideas that would later reappear in the 2005 BDS Call; Israel was proclaimed an apartheid state that engaged in human rights violations through the denial of the Palestinian refugees' right of return, the occupation of the Palestinian territories, and discrimination against Arab citizens of Israel. The declaration recommended comprehensive sanctions and embargoes against Israel as the remedy. In March 2002, while the Israeli army reoccupied all major Palestinian cities and towns and imposed curfews, a group of prominent Palestinian scholars published a letter calling for help from the "global civil society". The letter asked activists to demand that their governments suspend economic relations with Israel in order to stop its campaign of apartheid, occupation, and ethnic cleansing. In April 2002, Steven and Hilary Rose, professors at the Open University and the University of Bradford, initiated a call for a moratorium on academic collaboration with Israeli institutions. It quickly racked up over 700 signatories, among them Colin Blakemore and Richard Dawkins, who said they could no longer "in good conscience continue to cooperate with official Israeli institutions, including universities." Similar initiatives followed in the summer. In August, Palestinian organizations in the occupied territories issued a call for a comprehensive boycott of Israel. The majority of the statements recalled the declarations made at the NGO Forum the year before. In October 2003, a group of Palestinian intellectuals called for a boycott of Israeli academic institutions. Attempts to coordinate the boycotts in a more structured way led to the formation of the Palestinian Campaign for Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) in April 2004. Colin Shindler argues that the Oslo peace process's failure created a political void that allowed what had been a marginal rejectionist attitude to Israel to enter the European far-left mainstream in the form of proposals for a boycott. Rafeef Ziadah also attributes BDS to the peace process's failure. She argues that BDS represents a rejection of the peace process paradigm of equalizing both sides in favor of seeing the situation as a colonial conflict between a native population and a settler-colonial state supported by Western powers. Others argue that BDS should be understood in terms of its purported roots in the Arab League's boycott of Zionist goods from Mandatory Palestine. According to the archaeologist and ancient historian Alex Joffe, BDS is merely the spearhead of a larger anti-Western juggernaut in which the dialectic between communism and Islam remains unresolved, and has antecedents in the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, the General Union of Palestinian Students and the Muslim Brotherhood. Andrew Pessin and Doron Ben-Atar believe that BDS should be viewed in a historical context of other boycotts of Israel. Philosophy and goals BDS demands that Israel end its "three forms of injustices that infringe international law and Palestinian rights" by: Ending its occupation and colonization of all Arab lands occupied in 1967 and dismantling the Wall; Recognizing the fundamental rights of the Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel to full equality; and Respecting, protecting and promoting the rights of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes and properties as stipulated in UN Resolution 194. These demands, enshrined in a declaration named the BDS Call, are non-negotiable to BDS. Co-founder of the movement Omar Barghouti, citing South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu, has written: "I am not interested in picking up crumbs of compassion thrown from the table of someone who considers himself my master. I want the full menu of rights." Barghouti has also written: BDS sees itself as a movement for all Palestinians, whether they live in the diaspora or in historical Palestine. BDS believes that negotiations with Israel should focus on "how Palestinian rights can be restored" and that they can only take place after Israel has recognized these rights. It frames the Israel-Palestinian conflict as between colonizer and colonized, between oppressor and oppressed, and rejects the notion that both parties are equally responsible for the conflict. For those reasons, BDS opposes some forms of dialogue between Israelis and Palestinians, which it argues are counterproductive. According to BDS, "all forms of international intervention and peace-making until now have failed" and so the international community should impose punitive measures, such as broad boycotts and divestment initiatives, against Israel, like those against South Africa during apartheid. BDS uses the framework of "freedom, justice, and equality", arguing that Palestinians are entitled to those rights like everyone else. It is therefore an antiracist movement and rejects all forms of racism, including antisemitism and Islamophobia. More generally, BDS frames itself as part of a global social movement that challenges neoliberal Western hegemony and struggles against racism, sexism, poverty and similar causes. Its struggle for Palestinian rights should be seen as a small but critical part of that struggle, BDS argues. Israel BDS believes that Israel is an apartheid state as defined by two international treaties, the 1973 The International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid and the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It says that while there are differences between Israel and apartheid-era South Africa, such as Israel's lack of explicit racial segregation laws, the systems are fundamentally similar. One of the main differences between South African and Israeli apartheid, BDS argues, is that in the former a white minority dominated a black minority, but in Israel, a Jewish majority discriminates against a Palestinian minority in Israel and also keeps Palestinians under military occupation. It further contends that South African apartheid depended on black labor while Israeli apartheid is grounded in efforts to expel Palestinians from "Greater Israel". BDS sees the Israeli legal definition of itself as a "Jewish and democratic state" as contradictory. According to BDS, Israel upholds a facade of democracy but is not and cannot be a democracy because it is, in Omar Barghouti's words, "a settler-colonial state". Opponents have argued that comparing Israel to South Africa's apartheid regime "demonizes" Israel and is antisemitic. Supporters argue that there is nothing antisemitic in calling Israel an apartheid state. To support that view, they cite prominent anti-apartheid activists such as Desmond Tutu and South African politician Ronnie Kasrils, who both have said that the situation in Gaza and the West Bank is "worse" than apartheid. Eric Goldstein, acting executive director of the Middle East and North Africa Division of Human Rights Watch, which neither supports nor condemns a boycott, argues that the Biden administration will probably not counter the Trump administration's attempt to label BDS antisemitic. He considers the movement maligned. In his view, "To campaign or boycott solely on behalf of Palestinians under Israeli rule no more constitutes anti-Semitism than doing so on behalf of Tibetans in China is in itself anti-Chinese racism." Right of return BDS demands that Israel allow the Palestinian refugees displaced in the 1948 war to return to what is now Israel. According to BDS's critics, calling for their right to return is an attempt to destroy Israel. If the refugees returned, Israel would become a Palestinian-majority state and Jewish dominance of Israel would be in jeopardy. They argue that this would undermine the Jewish people's right to self-determination and thus calling for it is a form of antisemitism. Former Anti-Defamation League director Abraham Foxman has called it "the destruction of the Jewish state through demography." Nadia Abu el-Haj has written that, indeed, BDS supporters believe that "the Israeli state has no right to continue exist as a racial state that builds the distinction between Jew and non-Jew into its citizenship laws, its legal regimes, its education system, its economy, and its military and policing tactics." BDS supporters further note that the Palestinian liberation movement has always rejected the idea that Israel has a right to exist as a racial state. While BDS deliberately refrains from advocating any particular political outcome, such as a one-state or two-state solution, Barghouti argues that a Jewish state in historical Palestine contravenes the Palestinians' rights: Norman Finkelstein, a vocal supporter of the two-state solution, has criticized BDS on this issue. Like Foxman, Finkelstein believes that BDS seeks to end Israel through demography, something he believes Israel will never acquiesce to. He therefore considers BDS a "silly, childish, and dishonest cult" because it does not explicitly state that its goal is to end Israel and because, according to him, that goal is unrealistic and broad public support cannot be found for the return of the refugees. Still, he believes that BDS's tactics, boycotts, divestment, and sanctions, are correct. Critique of liberal Zionism BDS criticizes liberal Zionists who oppose the occupation but also the right of return for the Palestinian refugees. According to liberal Zionists, both right-wing Zionists and BDS risk "destroying Israel", defined as turning Israel into a Palestinian-majority state, BDS by demanding equal citizenship for Arab-Palestinians and the right of return of the Palestinian refugees, and right-wing Zionists by insisting on building more settlements, eventually making a two-state solution impossible. With the two-state solution off the table, Israel would either have to grant citizenship to the Palestinians living under occupation, thus destroying Israel, or become an apartheid state. Liberal Zionists find apartheid repugnant and oppose apartheid in Israel, so they propose a boycott limited to Israeli West Bank settlements to pressure the Israeli government to stop building settlements. Peter Beinart in 2012 proposed a "Zionist BDS" that would advocate divestment from Israeli West Bank settlements but oppose divestment from Israeli companies. This, Beinart argued, would legitimize Israel and delegitimize the occupation, thus challenging both the vision of BDS and that of the Israeli government. BDS supporters contend that liberal Zionists are more concerned with preserving Israel as a "Jewish state" than with human rights. Barghouti states that by denying the Palestinian refugees right of return simply because they are not Jewish, liberal Zionists adhere to the same Zionist racist principles that treat the Palestinians as a "demographic threat" to be dealt with in order to maintain Israel's character as a colonial, ethnocentric, apartheid state. Sriram Ananth writes that the BDS Call asks people to uncompromisingly stand against oppression. In his view, liberal Zionists have failed to do so by not endorsing the BDS Call. Normalization BDS describes "normalization" as a process by which Palestinians are compelled to stop resisting and to accept their subjugation. BDS analogizes it to a "colonization of the mind", whereby the oppressed comes to believe that the oppressor's reality is the only reality and that the oppression is a fact of life. BDS opposes normalization as a means to resist oppression. Normalization, BDS says, can arise when Israelis and Palestinians in the occupied territories meet without the Israeli side acknowledging the fundamental injustices Israel inflicts on the Palestinians, corresponding to the BDS's three demands. BDS calls it "co-existence" and argues that it feeds complacency and privileges the oppressor at the expense of the oppressed. Instead, BDS encourages "co-resistance", where "anti-colonial Jewish Israelis" and Palestinians come together to fight against the injustices afflicting the Palestinians. BDS denounces dialogue projects bringing Palestinians and Israelis together without addressing the struggle for Palestinian rights. Such projects, it asserts, "serve to privilege oppressive co-existence at the cost of co-resistance" regardless of their intentions. It also denounces projects that portray the relationship between Israelis and Palestinians as symmetrical. One example of a project BDS denounces is OneVoice, a joint Palestinian-Israeli youth-oriented organization that brings Israelis and Palestinians together under the slogan of ending the occupation and establishing a Palestinian state. Since OneVoice concerns itself with neither Israeli apartheid nor Palestinian refugees' rights, BDS concludes that it serves to normalize oppression and injustice. Critics of "anti-normalization" rhetorically ask how BDS is supposed to win over the hearts and minds of unconvinced Jewish Israelis if a precondition for dialogue is that they first commit to BDS's principles. They believe that dialogue between Israelis and Palestinians can convince Jewish Israelis that BDS's demands are just. Barghouti contends that the "peace industry", the many dialogue initiatives launched in the 1990s in the aftermath of the Oslo Accords, has not helped the Palestinians at all because they are based on the idea that the conflict is between two equals, rather than about one group oppressing another. He believes that dialogue needs to be based on freedom, equality, democracy, and ending injustice, or else it is at best a form of negotiation between a stronger and weaker party. Founding and organization BDS was founded on 9 July 2005, on the first anniversary of the advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice in which the West Bank barrier was declared a violation of international law. 171 Palestinian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) representing every aspect of Palestinian civil society adopted the BDS Call. The Palestinian BDS National Committee (BNC) was established at the first Palestinian BDS conference in Ramallah in November 2007 and in 2008 it became BDS's coordinating body. All BNC members are Palestinian organizations. As of 2020, it has 29 members. The BNC includes a general assembly with representatives from every BNC member, and an 11-seat secretariat elected every two years that governs the BNC. The general assembly meets about every third month while the secretariat handles day-to-day decision making. Mahmoud Nawajaa serves as the BNC's General Coordinator and Alys Samson Estapé as the Europe Coordinator. A precursor to BDS is the Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI), which was founded in April 2004 in Ramallah with Barghouti as a founding committee member. PACBI led the campaign for the academic and cultural boycotts of Israel. It has since been integrated into the larger BDS movement. The U.S. arm of PACBI, the United States Association for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (USACBI), was founded in 2009. The global BDS movement is by design highly decentralized and independent. This has allowed thousands of organizations and groups to become part of it, some of which are the BNC's main partners. In Israel, some more established radical groups, such as Women in Black, ICAHD, AIC, and New Profile, initially issued statements supporting the boycott. Boycott from Within often uses creative performances to display its support for the boycott and the research group Who Profits supplies BDS with information about companies complicit in the Israeli occupation. On campuses in the U.S., Canada and New Zealand, the student organization Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP) supports BDS. According to the American coordinating body National Students for Justice in Palestine, it had about 200 chapters in the U.S. as of 2018. The left-wing activist organization Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP) advocates for BDS among American Jewry. In addition to these, political parties, trade unions and other NGOs have endorsed the BDS Call. Methods BDS organizes campaigns for boycotts, divestment and sanctions against Israel. Boycotts are facilitated by urging the public to avoid purchasing goods made by Israeli companies, divestment by urging banks, pension funds, international companies, etc. to stop doing business in Israel, and sanctions by pressuring governments to end military trade and free-trade agreements with Israel and to suspend Israel's membership in international forums. Global targets for boycott are selected by the BNC, but supporters are free to choose targets that suit them. The BNC encourages supporters to select targets based on their complicity in Israel's human rights violations, potential for cross-movement solidarity, media appeal, and likelihood of success. It also emphasizes the importance of creating campaigns and events that connect with issues of concern in their own communities. Activities Campaigns In addition to the campaigns listed in this section, a number of local campaigns have been created by BDS-affiliated groups and endorsed by the movement, including Code Pink's Stolen Beauty campaign launched in 2009 against Israeli cosmetics manufacturer Ahava, an Australian campaign against Max Brenner, whose parent company, the Strauss Group, sent care packages to Israeli soldiers, and a campaign by the group Vermonters for Justice in Palestine (VTJP, previously known as Vermonters for a Just Peace in Israel/Palestine) against ice-cream maker Ben & Jerry over its sales of ice cream in Israeli settlements. In June 2021, VTJP called on Ben & Jerry's to "end complicity in Israel's occupation and abuses of Palestinian human rights." VTJP describes itself as "a strong supporter of the...[BDS] campaign". On 19 July 2021, Ben & Jerry's CEO announced the end of sales of ice cream in the Israeli settlements in the West Bank: "Although Ben & Jerry's will no longer be sold in the OPT [Occupied Palestinian territories], we will stay in Israel through a different arrangement". Ben & Jerry's Independent Board of Directors complained that the decision had been made by the CEO and Unilever without their approval. Israeli Foreign Minister Yair Lapid said, "Over 30 states in the United States have passed anti-BDS legislation in recent years. I plan on asking each of them to enforce these laws against Ben & Jerry's", and called the decision "a shameful capitulation to antisemitism, BDS and everything bad in the anti-Israel and anti-Jewish discourse". Derail Veolia and Alstom (2008–present) Since November 2008, BDS has campaigned against the multinational French conglomerates Veolia and Alstom for their involvement in the Jerusalem Light Rail because it runs through the Israeli-occupied parts of East Jerusalem. According to BDS, the boycott had cost Veolia an estimated $20 billion as of 2015. In 2015 Veolia sold off its final investment in Israel, a 5% stake in CityPass owned by its subsidiary Transdev. BDS attributed the sell-off to its campaign, but Richard Dujardin, a member of Transdev's executive committee, said: "I will not say that it is pleasant to be chased by people saying we are not good guys all the time but really it was a business decision." Stop G4S - Securing Israeli Apartheid (2012–present) Since 2012 BDS has campaigned against G4S, the world's biggest security company, to get it to divest from Israel. As a result, G4S has been targeted by many BDS supporting groups, including Who Profits?, Addameer, Jews for Justice in Palestine, and Tadamon!. The campaign's first victory came in October 2011, when the student council of the Edinburgh University Students' Association adopted a motion to ban G4S from campus. In April 2012 the European Parliament declined to renew its contract with G4S, citing G4S's involvement in violations of international law. In 2014 the Gates Foundation sold its $170 million stake in G4S, a move BDS activists attributed to their campaign. The same year activists thanked officials in Durham County, North Carolina, for terminating its contract with G4S, though it was not clear that BDS's campaign was the cause. In February 2016, the international restaurant chain Crepes & Waffles terminated its security transport contracts with G4S. G4S sold off its Israeli subsidiary G4S Israel in 2016, but BDS continues to campaign against G4S because it maintains a 50% stake in Policity, an Israeli police training center with presence inside Israeli prisons where thousands of Palestinians are detained. Woolworths (2014–2016) BDS South Africa undertook a boycott campaign against the South African retail chain Woolworths in 2014 over its trade relations with Israel. It was the first comprehensive consumer boycott of a South African retailer since 1994. The campaign used the Twitter hashtag #BoycottWoolworths which rapidly became one of the top trending hashtags on South African Twitter. The campaign attracted international media attention and was covered by The New York Times, Rolling Stone, and Al-Jazeera. The activists organized flash mobs, die-ins, and placed "Boycott Israeli Apartheid"-stickers on Woolworths' Israeli merchandise, all of which they published on social media. Consumers were encouraged to write to the company's store managers questioning the stocking of Israeli goods. The campaign ended in mid-2016 when Woolworth informed its annual general meeting that it would no longer purchase Israeli products from the occupied territories. Boycott HP (2016–present) BDS runs a boycott campaign against the multinational information technology company Hewlett-Packard's two successors, HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise, which it says are complicit in "Israel's occupation, settler-colonialism and apartheid regime". According to the campaign, HP supplies Israel with a biometric ID card system used to restrict Palestinians' freedom of movement and provides servers for the Israel Prison Service. In April 2019, Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging, the Netherlands' largest trade union, dropped HP in its offer to its members. According to a spokesperson for the boycott HP campaign, the union used to offer a 15% discount on HP products and this would no longer be the case. In June 2019, Unite, the UK's second-largest trade union, joined the boycott against HP. Orange (2016–present) In January 2016, French telecom operator Orange dropped its licensing deal with its Israeli mobile operator, Partner Communications. According to BDS, the deal was the result of its six-year campaign by unions and activists in France, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco. AXA Divest (2016–present) The French multinational insurance agent AXA has since 2016 been the target of a campaign urging it to divest from Israeli arms manufacturer Elbit Systems and five major Israeli banks. AXA has, according to BDS, a responsible investment policy that forbids it from investing in, among other things, manufacturers of cluster bombs, and Elbit Systems makes cluster bombs. According to a report by corporate responsibility watchdog SumOfUs, AXA's involvement in Israel's occupation could expose it to criminal prosecution. Red Card Israel (2016–present) Red Card Israel is BDS's campaign to get Israel expelled from FIFA due to alleged violations against Palestinian football and because several Israeli teams from the Israeli-occupied West Bank are allowed to play in its national league, the Israel Football Association. In 2018, it scored a victory as Argentina's national football team canceled an upcoming friendly game in Jerusalem. Puma (2018–present) In July 2018, sportswear manufacturer Puma signed a four-year sponsorship deal with the Israel Football Association (IFA). The IFA includes six football clubs based in Israeli settlements. BDS wrote an open letter signed by over 200 Palestinian sports clubs urging the brand to end its sponsorship of teams in the settlements. The sportswear manufacturer did not, and BDS therefore launched a boycott campaign under the slogan "Give Puma the Boot". In October 2019, activists placed unauthorized posters in the London underground urging people to boycott Puma. Transport for London said that it was flyposting and that it would immediately take action against the posters. In February 2020, Malaysia's largest university, Universiti Teknologi MARA, announced that it would end its sponsorship deal with Puma due to its involvement in Israel. Boycott Eurovision 2019 (2018–2019) BDS attempted to get artists to boycott Eurovision Song Contest 2019 because it was held in Israel. BDS accused Israel of using Eurovision to whitewash and distract attention from alleged war crimes against Palestinians. It also accused Israel of pinkwashing, due to Eurovision's popularity among LGBTQ fans. Although none of the acts scheduled to appear pulled out, activists considered the efforts successful due to the media coverage generated. American pop star Madonna was one of the artists BDS urged to cancel her appearance at Eurovision. Roger Waters of Pink Floyd also tried to get her to cancel, saying that it "normalizes the occupation, the apartheid, the ethnic cleansing, the incarceration of children, the slaughter of unarmed protesters." Madonna refused, saying that she would neither "stop playing music to suit someone's political agenda" nor "stop speaking out against violations of human rights wherever in the world they may be." In September 2018, 140 artists (including six Israelis) signed an open letter in support of a boycott of Eurovision. In response to the calls for boycott, over 100 celebrities, including English actor Stephen Fry, signed a statement against boycotting Eurovision in Israel: "We believe the cultural boycott movement is an affront to both Palestinians and Israelis who are working to advance peace through compromise, exchange, and mutual recognition". Hatari, the band representing Iceland in the contest, held up Palestinian banners in front of the cameras at the event's finals, defying the EBU's rules against political gestures. BDS was not mollified: "Artists who insist on crossing the Palestinian boycott picket line, playing in Tel Aviv in defiance of our calls, cannot offset the harm they do to our human rights struggle by 'balancing' their complicit act with some project with Palestinians. Palestinian civil society overwhelmingly rejects this fig-leafing," it said. Divestment resolutions at U.S. universities In North America, many public and private universities have large financial holdings. Campus BDS activists have therefore organized campaigns asking universities to divest from companies complicit in the occupation. These campaigns often revolve around attempts to pass divestment resolutions in the school's student government. While few universities have heeded the call to divest, activists believe the resolutions are symbolically important. The discussions of divestment spur campuswide interest in BDS, which movement organizers use to their advantage by advocating for an unfamiliar cause. In 2009, Hampshire College became the first U.S. college to divest from companies profiting from Israel's occupation as its board of trustees voted to sell its shares in Caterpillar Inc., Terex, Motorola, ITT, General Electric, and United Technologies. Hampshire's president said that SJP's campaigning brought about the decision, but members of the board of trustees denied that. In 2010, the UC Berkeley Student Senate passed a resolution calling for the university to divest from companies that conduct business with Israel. The resolution was vetoed by the Student Body president, who said it was "a symbolic attack on a specific community." In 2013, another divestment bill passed but the university stated that it would not divest. Many divestment campaigns began in the early 2000s, years before BDS was founded. In some cases, it has taken them over a decade to get resolutions passed. For example, at the University of Michigan, a student group called Students Allied for Freedom and Equality (SAFE) began campaigning for a divestment resolution in 2002. It was brought up for the eleventh time in 2017 and passed 23–17 with five abstentions. Reportedly, the hearing on the resolution was the longest in student government history. In December, the Board of Regents at the university rejected the resolution, stating that "we strongly oppose any action involving the boycott, divestment or sanction of Israel." In 2002, students at Columbia University began promoting a divestment resolution; a non-binding student resolution passed in 2020. The resolution called for the university "to boycott and divest from companies that "profit from or engage in the State of Israel's acts towards Palestinians". Columbia rejected the resolution ; explaining this decision , President Lee Bollinger wrote that Columbia "should not change its investment policies on the basis of particular views about a complex policy issue, especially when there is no consensus across the University community about that issue" and that divestment questions would be resolved by the university's Advisory Committee. In 2019, Brown University became the first Ivy league university whose student government passed a non-binding divestment resolution, with 69% of the students (representing 27.5% of the student body) voting in favor and 31% against. Brown rejected the resolution; explaining this decision, President Christina Paxson wrote: "Brown's mission is to advance knowledge and understanding through research, analysis and debate. Its role is not to take sides on contested geopolitical issues." Nevertheless, on 9 March 2020, the university Advisory Committee on Corporate Responsibility in Investment Policies confirmed an official recommendation to Paxson and the corporation, the university's highest governing body, to divest from "any company that profits from the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land" and referred to the United Nations Human Rights Council's list of possible criteria for divestment contained in a report on the List of companies operating in West Bank settlements. BDS opponents often focus on the supposed divisiveness debates about divestment resolutions cause. According to Nelson, the primary effect divestment resolutions have is the promotion of anti-Israel (and sometimes antisemitic) sentiment within student bodies, faculty, and academic departments. Some opponents argue that activists promoting divestment resolutions often cheat or operate clandestinely. They claim that resolutions are often sprung with minimal notice, giving the opposition no time to react, that activists bring outsiders to influence opinion or to vote on university resolutions even when this is unauthorized, and that activists change the text of resolutions once passed. Judea Pearl believes that to BDS supporters it is irrelevant whether a particular resolution passes or not because the real goal is to keep the debate alive and influence future policymakers to find fault with Israel. Israel Apartheid Week Groups affiliated with BDS hold events known as Israel Apartheid Week (IAW) in February or March each year. IAW began at the University of Toronto in 2006, but has since spread and in 2014 was held on 250 campuses worldwide. IAW aims to increase public awareness of the Palestinians' history and the racial discrimination they experience and to build support for BDS. IAW allows activists to frame the issue as one of racial oppression and discrimination rather than a "conflict" between two equal sides. According to BDS's opponents, IAW intends to link Israel to evils such as apartheid and racism. Academic boycott Universities have been primary targets of the BDS movement, according to English professor Cary Nelson, "because faculty and students can become passionate about justice, sometimes without adequate knowledge about the facts and consequences. ... [U]niversities also offer the potential for small numbers of BDS activists to leverage institutional status and reputation for a more significant cultural and political impact." BDS argues that there is a close connection between Israeli academic institutions and the Israeli state, including its military, and that an academic boycott is warranted. Modern weapon systems and military doctrines used by the Israeli military are developed at Israeli universities that also use a system of economic merit and scholarship to students who serve in the army. Like the BDS-led cultural boycott, the academic boycott targets Israeli institutions and not individual academics. The events and activities BDS encourages academics to avoid include academic events convened or co-sponsored by Israel, research and development activities that involve institutional cooperation agreements with Israeli universities, projects that receive funding from Israel or its lobby groups, addresses and talks by officials from Israeli academic institutions at international venues, study-abroad programmes in Israel for international students, and publishing in Israeli academic journals or serving on such journals' review boards. Reception Thousands of scholars, including the theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking, and a large number of academic and student associations have endorsed the academic boycott against Israel. Some of the U.S. endorsers are the American Studies Association (ASA), the American Anthropological Association, the Association for Asian American Studies, the Association for Humanist Sociology, the National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies, the Native American and Indigenous Studies Association, the Middle East Studies Association, the National Women's Studies Association along with dozens of other student associations. In 2007, the American Jewish Committee ran an ad in The Times titled "Boycott Israeli universities? Boycott ours, too!" It was initially signed by 300 university presidents and denounced the academic boycott against Israel. It argued that an academic boycott would be "utterly antithetical to the fundamental values of the academy, where we will not hold intellectual exchange hostage to the political disagreements of the moment." Phil Gasper, writing for the International Socialist Review, argued that the ad grossly misrepresented the argument proponents of the boycott make and that its characterization of it as "political disagreements of the moment" was trivializing. In December 2013, ASA joined the boycott of Israeli academic institutions. Israel is the only nation the ASA has boycotted in the 52 years since its founding. Judea Pearl lambasted the ASA's endorsement of the boycott and wrote that it had a "non-academic character". On 23 March 2022, the Middle East Studies Association (MESA) voted 768 to 167 to endorse an academic boycott of Israeli institutions for their "complicity in Israel's violations of human rights and international law through their provision of direct assistance to the military and intelligence establishments." MESA has 2,700 members and over 60 institutional members. In 2014, it voted 265 to 79 to allow its members to support BDS. After the vote, Brandeis University severed ties with MESA, citing "academic freedom". Controversies In 2018, after previously agreeing to write a letter of recommendation for a student, associate professor John Cheney-Lippold at the University of Michigan declined to write it after discovering the student was planning to study in Israel. After critics called a letter to the student antisemitic, Cheney-Lippold said he supported BDS for human rights reasons and rejected antisemitism. Guidelines from PACBI say faculty "should not accept to write recommendations for students hoping to pursue studies in Israel". 58 civil rights, religious, and education advocacy organizations called on the university to sanction Cheney-Lippold. University officials ended the controversy by disciplining him and issuing a public statement that read in part, "Withholding letters of recommendation based on personal views does not meet our university's expectations for supporting the academic aspirations of our students. Conduct that violates this expectation and harms students will not be tolerated and will be addressed with serious consequences. Such actions interfere with our students' opportunities, violate their academic freedom and betray our university's educational mission." Cultural boycott According to PACBI, "Cultural institutions are part and parcel of the ideological and institutional scaffolding of Israel's regime of occupation, settler-colonialism and apartheid against the Palestinian people." Therefore, they argue, Israel should be subjected to a cultural boycott like the one against apartheid-era South Africa. According to BDS, most but not all Israeli cultural institutions support "the hegemonic Zionist establishment" and are thus implicated in Israel's crimes and should be boycotted. BDS distinguishes between individuals and institutions. Unlike the cultural boycott against South Africa, BDS's cultural boycott does not target individuals. BDS supports the right to freedom of expression and rejects boycotts based on identity or opinion. Thus, Israeli cultural products are not per se subject to boycott. But if a person represents Israel, aids its efforts to "rebrand" itself, or is commissioned by an official Israeli body, then their activities are subject to the institutional boycott BDS calls for. BDS also argues for a boycott of "normalization projects", which it defines as: The only Israeli-Palestinian projects BDS favors are those in which the Israeli party recognizes the three rights enumerated in the "BDS Call" and that also emphasize resistance to oppression over coexistence. BDS strongly discourages "fig-leafing" by international culture workers—attempts to "compensate" for participating in Israeli events using "balancing gestures" that promote Palestinian rights. BDS argues that fig-leafing contributes to the false perception of symmetry between the colonial oppressor and the colonized. Reception The cultural boycott has been supported by thousands of artists around the world, such as musician Roger Waters and American author Alice Walker. In 2015, more than 1,000 British artists pledged their support for the boycott, drawing parallels to the one against South African apartheid: Many artists are not heeding BDS's call not to perform in Israel, arguing that: Performing in a country is not the same as supporting that country's government; By performing in Israel, artists have a chance to tell the Israelis what they feel about their government and that can help bring peace; By not performing in Israel, artists sever contacts with Israel's strongly pro-Palestinian cultural community, which risks hardening opposition to the Palestinian struggle among Israelis; BDS supporters like Roger Waters and Brian Eno who urge fellow artists not to perform in Israel are engaging in a form of bullying. Controversies The organizers of the weeklong Rototom Sunsplash music festival held in Spain in 2015 canceled the scheduled appearance of Jewish American rapper Matisyahu after he refused to sign a statement supporting a Palestinian state. Matisyahu said that it was "appalling and offensive" that he was singled out as the "one publicly Jewish-American artist". After criticism from Spain's daily paper El País, the Spanish government, and Jewish organizations, the organizers apologized to Matisyahu and reinvited him to perform, saying they "made a mistake, due to the boycott and the campaign of pressure, coercion and threats employed by the BDS País Valencià". In 2017, a pro-Israel organization brought charges against eight members of the BDS movement over their role in the 2015 action against Matisyahu. On 11 January 2021, the Valencia Appeals Court acquitted the BDS members of the charges. The court said that the BDS members' action was "protected by freedom of expression and that their intention was not to discriminate against Matisyahu because he is Jewish but to protest Israel's policies". In July 2019, after the Open Source Festival in Düsseldorf disinvited the American rapper Talib Kweli for refusing to denounce the BDS movement, 103 artists, including Peter Gabriel, Naomi Klein and Boots Riley, signed an open letter condemning Germany's attempts to impose restrictions on artists who support Palestinian rights. In 2019, the parliament of Germany issued a resolution that advocated against financing any project that called for a boycott of Israel on the grounds that the BDS movement was antisemitic. Twenty-five institutions, including the Goethe Institute, the Federal Cultural Foundation, the Berlin Deutsches Theater, the German Academic Exchange Service Artists Exchange, the Berliner Festspiele, and the Einstein Forum issued a joint statement in 2019, after intensive internal debates, that "accusations of antisemitism are being misused to push aside important voices and to distort critical positions". In 2022, more than 30 acts withdrew from the Sydney Festival to protest a $20,000 sponsorship agreement with the Israeli Embassy in Australia. Israel's Deputy Ambassador to Australia Ron Gerstenfeld condemned the BDS movement's "antisemitic" and "aggressive campaign" against performers. Impact Economic In June 2015, a RAND Corporation study estimated that a successful BDS campaign against Israel could cost the Israeli economy a cumulative $47 billion over ten years. The figure was based on a model that examined previous international boycotts; the report noted that making an assessment of BDS's economic effects is difficult because evidence of the effectiveness of sanctions is mixed. A leaked Israeli government report estimated a more modest $1.4 billion per year. Andrew Pessin and Doron Ben-Atar have argued that since Israel's gross domestic product nearly doubled between 2006 and 2015 and foreign investment in Israel tripled during the same period, BDS has not had a significant impact on Israel's economy. A 2015 Israeli Knesset report concluded that BDS had no discernible impact on Israel despite the vulnerability of its export-dependent economy to such a campaign, and that exports to Europe had doubled since the launch of the movement. Adam Reuter of the Israeli Reuter Meydan Investment House and founder of the financial risk management firm Financial Immunities has argued that boycotts of consumer goods are ineffective because 95% of Israel's exports are business-to-business. In 2018, Reuter wrote that a years-long study of the BDS movement's effects on the Israeli economy by Financial Immunities that began in 2010 calculated that the proportion of economic damage to Israel was 0.004%. As part of the study, managers of Israeli companies were questioned over how much economic damage they had sustained, with only 0.75% of companies reporting any identifiable economic damage. The rate of damage for all of them was less than 10% of their turnover, most of which took place during the 2014 Gaza War. Nevertheless, two organizations divested from Israel in 2014: Luxembourg's state pension fund, FDC, excluded eight major Israeli firms, including Bank Hapoalim, Bank Leumi, AFI Group, and the American firm Motorola Solutions as part of its socially responsible investments program, and Norway's YMCA-YWCA announced that it would support a "broad economic boycott of goods and services from Israel and Israeli settlements". Non-economic According to Haaretz columnist and Brown University student Jared Samilow, BDS's most significant impact is the social cost it puts upon Jews living outside Israel. Reviewing four lists of achievements published by the BDS movement between July 2017 and December 2018, analyst Amin Prager concluded that, with some exceptions, the impact was limited but that BDS's greatest potential effect arises from its long-term aim to influence discourse about Israel's legitimacy and international standing. In November 2020, Haaretz columnist Anshel Pfeffer wrote that BDS was a total failure in economic terms and mainly served as a useful tool of the Israeli right. Citing the surge in foreign trade and relations Israel experienced since 2005, including the normalization agreements with Arab Gulf countries, Pfeffer called BDS "the most failed, overhyped and exaggerated campaign of the first two decades of the 21st century" and a "minor creed in the cultural and identity shadow wars on the Internet and a tiny handful of campuses in the west", writing that it "failed on every front with the minor exception of bullying a handful of singers and academics not to take part in concerts or conferences in Israel." He claimed that the Israeli right was eager to keep the spectre of the movement's threat alive to try to keep a siege mentality in place among the Israeli population. Efforts to counter BDS The Israel lobby considers BDS an "existential threat" to Israel, and has organized a counter-campaign to oppose BDS, relying on strategies of defamation, intimidation, and lawfare. Several groups have been created specifically to combat BDS. In 2010, the Jewish Federations of North America and the Jewish Council for Public Affairs set up the Israel Action Network (IAN) with a pledge of $6 million. In June 2015, pro-Israel megadonors Sheldon Adelson and Haim Saban held a meeting with representatives of 50 Jewish organizations, raising $50 million to fight BDS on U.S. campuses. The same year, the Maccabee Task Force was set up, led by David Brog, with the mission "to ensure that those who seek to delegitimize Israel and demonize the Jewish people are confronted, combatted and defeated". Creative Campaign for Peace says it supports and informs artists scheduled to play in Israel, claiming it just has to "give the facts". In academia One tactic used to silence activists in academia is blacklisting. This can cause students and untenured faculty, who worry about reprisals and negative publicity, to refrain from activism. The best-known blacklist is the anonymous website Canary Mission, which publishes photos and personal information about students and faculty who promote BDS. The website has threatened to send students' names to prospective employees. According to the Intercept, the website has made it harder for activists to organize activities because people worry that they will end up on it. Activists listed on the site have reported receiving death threats. Another blacklist was the now-defunct outlawbds.com, operated by the Israeli private intelligence agency Psy-Group. It sent threatening emails to BDS activists in New York, warning them that they had been identified as "BDS promoter[s]". Many activists have attempted to defuse blacklisting's chilling effect by treating inclusion on blacklists as a badge of honor or by attempting to get themselves blacklisted. The operators of the blacklists are often anonymous. According to The Forward's investigation, the blacklist "SJP Uncovered" was funded by the Israel on Campus Coalition. According to Haaretz, the Canary Mission was funded by the Jewish Community Federation of San Francisco and the Jewish Community Foundation of Los Angeles, and operated by the Israeli nonprofit Megamot Shalom. Anti-BDS laws and resolutions In response to BDS, several legislatures have passed laws designed to hinder people and organizations from boycotting Israel and goods from Israeli settlements. Proponents of such laws say that they are necessary because BDS is a form of antisemitism. After passage of these laws, Dickinson, Texas, residents found they had to certify they would not boycott Israel in order to qualify for relief for damages caused by Hurricane Harvey; a math teacher in Kansas had to pledge not to boycott Israel as a condition for being paid her state salary; and an Arkansas newspaper was asked to sign an anti-boycott pledge in order to be paid for the advertising it ran for Arkansas State University. David Kaye, the UN special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, has said that boycotts have long been regarded as a legitimate form of expression, that such legislation against BDS appears to "repress a particular political viewpoint" while failing international legal criteria for "permissible restraints on speech" insofar as these laws contradict Article 19(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), a covenant to which the United States is a signatory. In the U.S., anti-BDS laws have been passed. Two federal acts have been introduced, the 2017 Israel Anti-Boycott Act and the 2019 Combating BDS Act, both intended to deprive entities participating in boycotts of Israel of government contract work. In several states, these laws have been challenged on First Amendment grounds for violating citizens' freedom of speech. Supporters of anti-BDS statutes argue that boycotts are economic activity, not speech, and that laws prohibiting government contracts with groups that boycott Israel are similar to other anti-discrimination laws that have been upheld as constitutional under the Commerce Clause. Opponents, such as the ACLU, contend that the laws are not analogous to anti-discrimination legislation because they target only boycotts of Israel. Texas, Kansas, and Arizona have amended their anti-BDS laws in response to lawsuits. In a 2022 University of Maryland Critical Issues Poll, 68% of respondents said they opposed laws criminalizing boycotts of Israel. Israel has enacted two anti-BDS laws: one in 2011 that criminalizes calls to boycott Israel, and one in 2017 that prohibits foreigners who call for such boycotts from entering Israel or its settlements. In 2019, Israel caused some controversy by denying entry to two BDS-supporting U.S. Representatives, Rashida Tlaib and Ilhan Omar. Israel's counter-measures From 2016 to 2019, Israel allocated over $100 million in funding to counter BDS, which it considers a strategic threat. In 2016, Israel's ambassador to the UN, Danny Danon, stated that Israel was in many countries "so that it will simply be illegal to boycott Israel." In 2020, it was revealed that an Israeli state-funded lobby group had been instrumental in pushing for anti-BDS laws in many U.S. states. In 2018, a new code of ethics was adopted for Israeli universities. The code prohibits faculty from calling for or participating in boycotts of Israel. In 2010, the Israeli think tank Reut Institute presented a paper, "The Delegitimization Challenge: Creating a Political Firewall", at the influential Herzliya Conference. It recommended enlisting intelligence agencies to attack and sabotage what it believed where international "hubs" of the movement in London, Madrid, Toronto, and other cities. In a related paper, the think tank called for pro-Israel advocates to "out, name and shame" Israel's critics and to "frame them...as anti-peace, anti-Semitic, or dishonest purveyors of double standards." In a leaked report from 2017, "The Assault On Israel's Legitimacy The Frustrating 20X Question: Why Is It Still Growing?", Reut recommended making a distinction between hardcore anti-Zionist "instigators" and the "long tail": people who are critical of Israel but do not seek its "elimination". The instigators should be "handled uncompromisingly, publicly or covertly", the report stated, but the long tail should be won over by persuasion, as a heavy-handed approach would risk driving them closer to the "anti-Israel camp". Ministry of Strategic Affairs In Israel, the counter-campaign is led by the Ministry of Strategic Affairs. In 2015, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that the ministry would receive over 100 million shekels as well as ten employees to fight BDS. Some of the funds have been used to buy space in the Israeli press to promote its anti-BDS message. In June 2016, Haaretz reported that the ministry was going to establish a "dirty tricks" unit to "establish, hire or tempt nonprofit organizations or groups not associated with Israel, in order to disseminate" negative information about BDS supporters. The news came on the heels of a report that Israel's efforts to fight BDS had been ineffectual, in part because the responsibility had been transferred to the Strategic Affairs Ministry from the Foreign Ministry. "Despite receiving expanded authority in 2013 to run the government's campaign against the delegitimization and boycott efforts against Israel, the Strategic Affairs Ministry did not make full use of its budget and had no significant achievements in this area," Haaretz quotes the report as saying. "In 2015, it still did not carry out its work plans." In 2017, the cabinet allocated 128 million shekels over three years for a front company but it spent only 13 million with little to show by way of results. On 21 March 2017, Strategic Affairs Minister Gilad Erdan announced a plan to set up a database of Israeli citizens who support BDS. The database would be compiled using open sources such as Facebook and social media posts. Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit objected, saying that only the Israeli secret police, Shin Bet, has the authority to monitor citizens in that way. Arab Israeli Knesset member Ayman Odeh slammed the idea, saying the government was afraid of a nonviolent struggle against occupation. In 2019, the ministry announced that its economic campaign against BDS had shut down 30 financial accounts of BDS-promoting groups. In October 2020, +972 Magazine reported that the Ministry of Strategic Affairs paid The Jerusalem Post over NIS 100,000 in 2019 to publish a special supplement titled Unmasking BDS in order to delegitimise the BDS movement. The ministry was closed down in 2021 by the 36th government and merged into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Concert Concert operated as a joint venture with the now closed Ministry for Strategic Affairs but failed in its objective to promote public diplomacy of Israel. In January 2022, it was decided to restart Concert and allocate $31 million over four years with matching contributions sourced from civil organizations. Harassment of BDS activists The Israeli government has threatened and harassed BDS activists. In September 2009, Mohammed Othman was detained after returning from a trip to Norway where he discussed BDS with Norwegian officials. He was released after four months, after an international campaign in which Amnesty International threatened to declare him a prisoner of conscience. BNC member Jamal Juma was also detained for several weeks in 2009. No charges were leveled against either of them. In March 2016, Israeli minister Yisrael Katz stated that Israel should employ "targeted civil eliminations" against BDS leaders. According to Amnesty International, the term alluded to the policy of targeted assassinations that Israel uses against members of Palestinian armed groups. Erdan called for BDS leaders to "pay the price" for their work. In response, Amnesty International issued a statement expressing its concern about the safety and liberty of Barghouti and other BDS activists. Barghouti has been the target of several travel bans and in 2019 the Israeli government announced that it was preparing to expel him. In July 2020, Israeli soldiers arrested Mahmoud Nawajaa, General Coordinator of BNC, in his home near Ramallah and detained him for 19 days. Brand Israel Academics Rhys Crilley and Ilan Manor have said that "as long as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict endures so Israel's global reputation will become poorer" and cite a number of global surveys, including the 2006 Nation Brand Index, which found that "Israel is the worst brand in the world...Israel's brand is by a considerable margin the most negative we have ever measured" due to its long-running conflict with the Palestinians, which, in combination with BDS activities, has led to its being increasingly associated with apartheid and war crimes. The Israeli government initiated "Brand Israel", a campaign to improve Israel's image by showing its "prettier face", downplaying religion, and avoiding discussing the conflict with the Palestinians. Brand Israel promotes Israeli culture abroad and also seeks to influence "opinion-formers" by inviting them on free trips to Israel. BDS attempts to counter the campaign by urging people not to participate in its activities. For example, in 2016 the Israeli government offered 26 Oscars-nominated celebrities 10-day free trips to Israel worth at least $15,000 to $18,000 per person. BDS activists took out an ad reading "#SkipTheTrip. Don't endorse Israeli apartheid" and urged the celebrities not to go. Effectiveness BDS considers the Israeli government's designation of the movement as a "strategic threat" proof of its success. Barghouti believes that the only effect Israel's heavy-handed measures will have is to speed the end of Israel's occupation and apartheid policies, and that its attempt to crush BDS will fail. He argues that BDS has dragged Israel into a "battlefield" over human rights, where its massive arsenal of intimidation, smears, threats, and bullying is rendered as ineffective as its nuclear weapons. Israel's extremism and its willingness to sacrifice its last masks of "democracy" will only help BDS grow, he argues. Hitchcock speculates that many counter-measures might backfire, especially if they are seen as infringing on the right to free speech. As an example, she gives Trump's 2019 order to federal agencies to use a definition of antisemitism that includes speech critical of Israel when investigating certain types of discrimination complaints. Critics contended that the intent was to crack down on pro-BDS campus activism, and their critique found its way into mainstream periodicals like The New York Times, The New Yorker, and the Los Angeles Times. A 2022 Pew Research Center poll found that 84% of Americans did not know much about BDS. Of the 15% that knew something about the movement, only a third supported it. Palestinian reactions BDS enjoys overwhelming support among Palestinians living in the occupied Palestinian territories. In a poll from 2015, 86% supported the boycott campaign and 64% believed that boycotting would help end the occupation. The number of Palestinian civil society organizations that support BDS has been rising steadily since its inception in 2005. Some of the Palestinian NGOs supporting BDS are umbrella organizations, such as the Palestinian NGOs Network, which has 135 members as of 2020. According to Melanie Meinzer, many Palestinian NGOs refrain from endorsing BDS because their dependence on donors constrain their politics. According to Finkelstein, BDS is exaggerating its level of support and many Palestinian NGOs endorsing it are small, one-person NGOs. Palestinian trade unions have been very supportive of BDS; the 290,000-member Palestine General Federation of Trade Unions was one of the original signatories of the BDS Call. In 2011, the Palestinian Trade Union Coalition for BDS was created with the objective of promoting BDS among trade unions internally. Leading voices in the Palestinian diaspora, such as Ali Abunimah, Joseph Massad, and Linda Sarsour have thrown their weight behind BDS, as have several Palestinian members of the Israeli parliament, including Haneen Zoabi, Basel Ghattas, and Jamal Zahalka. The Palestinian leadership's position on BDS is ambivalent. President Mahmoud Abbas does not support a general boycott against Israel and has said that the Palestinians do not either. Barghouti has disputed Abbas's statement, saying that "[t]here is no Palestinian political party, trade union, NGO network or mass organization that does not strongly support BDS. Abbas does, however, support a boycott of goods produced in Israeli settlements, and the Palestinian Authority has at times used boycotts to gain leverage on Israel. For example, in 2015, it imposed a boycott on six major Israeli food manufacturers to retaliate against Israel withholding Palestinian tax funds. The second-highest authority of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the Palestinian Central Council, has meanwhile announced its intention to: A handful of Palestinian scholars have opposed the academic boycott of Israel. Examples include former Al-Quds University president Sari Nusseibeh, who acknowledges that his view is the minority viewpoint among his colleagues. Some Palestinian academics have criticized Nusseibeh's collaboration with Hebrew University, seeing it as a form of normalization. Matthew Kalman speculated in The New York Times that opposition to boycott is more widespread among Palestinian academics but that they are afraid to speak out. Palestinian-Israeli video blogger Nas Daily has expressed opposition to boycotts of Israel. BDS has in turn denounced him for engaging in normalization. Support South African support BDS has received support from South African organizations and public figures that were involved in the struggle against apartheid. Such support is symbolically important for BDS as it tries to position itself as the spiritual successor of the anti-apartheid movement. The South African archbishop Desmond Tutu (1931–2021), known for his anti-apartheid and human rights activism, endorsed BDS during his lifetime. He came to this conclusion after visiting the Palestinian territories, comparing the conditions there to conditions in apartheid-era South Africa, and suggesting that Palestinian goals should be achieved by the same means used in South Africa. Foxman has criticized Tutu's statements, claiming they convey "bigotry against the Jewish homeland and the Jewish people." In 2012, the South African African National Congress (ANC) party gave BDS its blessing, stating, "the Palestinians are the victims and the oppressed in the conflict with Israel." The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) also supports BDS, fully endorsing it in July 2011. During the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, COSATU vowed to "intensify" its support for BDS, picketing Woolworths for stocking Israeli goods. Political The membership of the Green Party of Canada voted to endorse BDS in 2016, despite strong objections from the party's leader, Elizabeth May, who threatened to resign. In June 2018, the Socialist International declared its support for BDS. Some political parties have supported BDS, such as Australia's NSW Greens and Canada's Québec solidaire. On 7 February 2019, Copenhagen mayor of technical and environmental affairs Ninna Hedeager Olsen of the Danish party Enhedslisten gave three BDS activists known as the Humboldt 3 an award for their work "to reveal the Apartheid-like nature of the Israeli regime and its systematic violation of international law." Trade unions In April 2014, the UK's National Union of Teachers, the EU's largest teacher's union, passed a resolution backing boycotts against Israel. In July of that year, the UK's Unite the Union voted to join BDS. In December 2014, UAW Local 2865, a local chapter of the United Auto Workers union representing over 14,000 workers at the University of California, adopted a resolution in support of BDS with 65 percent of the vote in favor. It became the first major U.S. labor union to endorse BDS. A year after the vote, the UAW International Executive Board (IEB) informed UAW Local 2865 that it had nullified the vote. The opposition to the BDS resolution came from a small pro-Israel group known as the Informed Grads, represented by the global law firm Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher. IEB said that the endorsement of the boycott would interfere with the "flow of commerce to and from earmarked companies." UAW 2865's BDS Caucus repudiated the IEB's argument, saying that the IEB cared more about the "flow of commerce" than solidarity with Palestinian labor unions. The IEB further alleged that the resolution was antisemitic; the BDS Caucus called the allegation "the same baseless accusations of anti-Semitism frequently attributed to anyone who is critical of Israel." In April 2015, the Confédération des syndicats nationaux, Quebec, Canada, representing 325,000 in nearly 2,000 unions, voted to join the campaign for BDS and support a military embargo against Israel. On 11 September 2019, the British Trades Union Congress passed a motion titled "Palestine: supporting rights to self-determination", called for the prioritization of "Palestinians' rights to justice and equality, including by applying these principles based on international law to all UK trade with Israel", and declared its opposition to "any proposed solution for Palestinians, including Trump's 'deal', not based on international law recognising their collective rights to self-determination and to return to their homes". Opposition Political Former Spanish Prime Minister José María Aznar said that BDS applies a double standard to Israel and that it is therefore antisemitic. In his view, BDS wants to "empty" Israel of Jews. In 2016, Israel's President Reuven Rivlin compared boycotts to violence and incitement. He asserted that boycotts only divide people, that BDS delegitimizes Israel, and that some parts of the movement seek Israel's destruction. Political parties that oppose BDS include the Liberal Party of Australia and both major U.S. political parties. A common reason given for opposing BDS is that it attacks Israel's legitimacy and fosters antisemitism. In 2017, the Munich city council barred public funding or space for BDS supporters. This position was challenged in court and a lower court's ruling was overturned on appeal in 2020. In January 2022, a German federal court denied the council's appeal, stating that German law "guarantees everyone the right to freely express and disseminate their opinion." In May 2017, the Berlin branch of the Social Democratic Party of Germany passed a resolution condemning BDS as antisemitic. In 2017, all 50 U.S. state governors and the mayor of Washington, D.C., signed on to "Governors United Against BDS", an initiative sponsored by the American Jewish Committee that condemns BDS as "antithetical to our values and the values of our respective states" and emphasizes "our support for Israel as a vital U.S. ally, important economic partner and champion of freedom." On 17 May 2017, Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu encouraged Danish minister of foreign affairs Anders Samuelsen to stop funding Palestinian organizations supporting the BDS movement. Two days later, the Danish ministry of foreign affairs began an investigation of the 24 organizations in Israel and Palestine that Denmark supports. On 24 May, Netanyahu called Danish PM Lars Løkke Rasmussen to complain about Denmark's funding activities in the area. In December 2017, the Danish ministry of foreign affairs announced that Denmark would fund fewer organizations and that the conditions for obtaining Danish funds needed to be "stricter and clearer". Michael Aastrup Jensen, spokesman of foreign affairs for Venstre, said, "Israel has objected emphatically. And it is a problem that Israel sees it as a problem, so now we clear up the situation and change our support". In a response to Ireland's progressing of the Control of Economic Activity (Occupied Territories) Bill 2018, Netanyahu issued a press release condemning the bill as an attempt to support BDS and to "harm the State of Israel". According to the Israeli Foreign Ministry, the Irish ambassador said that the Irish government opposes BDS. Former British Prime Ministers Tony Blair, David Cameron, Theresa May, and Boris Johnson have all opposed or condemned boycotts of Israel. Other Holocaust historian Deborah Lipstadt has argued that if the boycott of Israel were the main goal, then we "would all have to give up our iPhones" because a lot of technology is created in Israel. According to Lipstadt, BDS's objective is to make anything coming out of Israel seem toxic but it is not the case that "any kid who supports B.D.S. is ipso facto an anti-Semite". The Arab Council for Regional Integration, a group of 32 Arab intellectuals, repudiated BDS at a London conference in November 2019. It said that BDS has cost the Arab nations billions in trade, "undercut Palestinian efforts to build institutions for a future state, and torn at the Arab social fabric, as rival ethnic, religious and national leaders increasingly apply tactics that were first tested against Israel." At the council, Kuwaiti information minister Sami Abdul-Latif Al-Nisf spoke about the opportunity costs to Palestinians, saying that outsize focus on BDS draws money and attention away from investment in Palestinian professionals such as doctors and engineers. Noam Chomsky has argued against BDS. His principal argument is that its philosophy is intellectually indolent and designed to make the boycotters feel good more than to actually help any Palestinians. Chomsky also rejects the analogy between apartheid South Africa and the State of Israel and BDS's demand for a Palestinian right of return, which he called "a virtual guarantee of failure." In a 2022 interview, Chomsky said that calling Israeli actions toward Palestinians "apartheid" is a "gift to Israel" because "the Occupied Territories are much worse than South Africa." He said BDS "has a mixed record" and "should become "more flexible [and] more thoughtful" about the effects of its actions. He said, "The groundwork is there" and "It is necessary to think carefully about how to carry it forward." Jews and the BDS movement Only 10% of American Jews support the BDS movement, according to a 2020 Pew Research poll, but almost a quarter of American Jews under 40 support boycotting Israeli products, according to a 2020 J Street poll. Arnold believes that the difference signals that young progressive American Jews identify with Israel less strongly than older generations. Jewish activists have often played central roles in BDS campaigns, something Barghouti argues refutes the antisemitism allegation against the movement. Maia Hallward attributes BDS's Jewish support to two factors: the long history of social justice activism among Jews and the desire among activists to defuse allegations of antisemitism. Sina Arnold calls it a "form of strategic essentialism", where Jewish activists make themselves visible or are made visible by others. Philip Mendes distinguishes those Jews who recognize Palestinian rights and support Jewish-Arab dialogue from those "unrepresentative token Jews" whom BDS use as an alibi. David Hirsh has written, "Jews too can make anti-Semitic claims ... and play an important, if unwitting, part in preparing the ground for the future emergence of anti-Semitic movement." Noa Tishby wrote, "As Judaism always takes sides with human rights and encourages dissent, I am all for speaking against the Israeli government's policies when you don't like them. But when [Jewish university] students ... cry in support of BDS, I'm not sure what the goal really is, and I am pretty sure they don't know either." The ADL has written that Jewish Voice for Peace "uses its Jewish identity to shield the anti-Israel movement from allegations of anti-Semitism and provide a greater degree of credibility to the anti-Israel movement". JVP replies that its activism is grounded in Jewish values and traditions. Judith Butler sees her BDS activism as "affirming a different Jewishness than the one in whose name the Israeli state claims to speak." Jewish BDS activists have had their Jewish credentials questioned by other Jews and some have reported being called "self-hating Jews", "Nazis", or "traitors". The rabbi David Wolpe has said that Jewish BDS supporters should be shunned: Criticism According to the Israeli Institute for National Security Studies, BDS depicts Israel as a racist, fascist, totalitarian, and apartheid state, which the institute considers defamation and demonization of Israel. They state that boycotting Israeli targets, regardless of their position or connection to the Israel-Palestinian conflict is incitement. In 2007, The Economist called the boycott "flimsy" and ineffective, writing that "blaming Israel alone for the impasse in the occupied territories will continue to strike many outsiders as unfair", and noting that the Palestinian leadership did not support the boycott. By early 2014, however, it wrote that the campaign, "[o]nce derided as the scheming of crackpots", was "turning mainstream" in the eyes of many Israelis. According to Alan Dershowitz, BDS disincentivizes Palestinians from negotiating with Israel. The ADL similarly argues that BDS ignores the Israeli government's willingness to negotiate with the Palestinians and instead favors delegitimization tactics. According to Noa Tishby, BDS's official website is riddled with cherry-picked misinformation about the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. For example, the website claims, "Israel deliberately attacked Palestinian ... civilian infrastructure", but does not contextualize the claim with Hamas's use of human shields in the Gaza Strip. According to Tishby, reticence about Hamas activities against Israel, radical ideology, and oppression of Palestinians is a pattern on the BDS website. According to Creative Community for Peace, some performers feel harassed or even physically threatened by BDS groups. BDS hurts Palestinians economically BDS's opponents argue that it is good for Palestinians in the West Bank that Israeli companies operate there. They say that they offer employment with higher wages than Palestinian employers and that the employees do not feel exploited. It is therefore counterproductive to boycott companies operating in the settlements, they argue. BDS supporters say that many Palestinian workers in settlements earn less than the Israeli minimum wage, that their salaries are often withheld, their social rights denied, and that they are often exposed to danger in the workplace. To work in settlements, Palestinians must obtain work permits from the Israeli Civil Administration. The permits can be annulled at any time—for example, if the workers try to unionize or engage in any kind of political activity. BDS supporters further argue that, regardless of the economic costs, the boycott against Israel enjoys overwhelming support among Palestinians. Dershowitz and IAN point to Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas's support of a boycott specific to Israeli businesses that operate in Israeli settlements in the Palestinian Territories over a general boycott of Israel as evidence that BDS is not in the Palestinians' favor. Similarly, Cary Nelson wrote, "BDS actually offers nothing to the Palestinian people, whom it claims to champion. Perhaps that is the single most cruel and deceptive feature of the BDS movement. Its message of hate is a route to war, not peace." Connections to terrorism Some of BDS's opponents have stated that it has ties to militant organizations. Jonathan Schanzer of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies has argued that there are links between BDS and American supporters of Hamas. In a 2016 congressional hearing, he said that some leaders of organizations that had been "designated, shut down, or held civilly liable for providing material support to the terrorist organization Hamas" appeared to have "pivoted to leadership positions within the American BDS campaign." A 2018 report by the Israeli Strategic Affairs Ministry accused the EU of having given 5 million euros to organizations that "promote anti-Israel delegitimization and boycotts". The report was sharply rebuked by EU officials such as foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini, who called the accusations "vague and unsubstantiated" and said they conflated "terrorism with the boycott issue." A February 2019 report by the Ministry, Terrorists in Suits, claimed that BDS is a "complementary track to terrorism" and that Hamas and Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) members had infiltrated organizations affiliated with BDS to advance "the elimination of the State of Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people". As examples of such infiltration the report listed Rasmea Odeh, a former member of PFLP who was involved in a bombing in Jerusalem in 1969 and had participated in meetings organized by JVP and SJP, and Leila Khaled, also a former PFLP member who hijacked a plane in 1969 and attempted to hijack one in 1970 and is a well-known figure in BDS. BDS dismissed the report as "wildly fabricated and recycled propaganda" from "the far-right Israeli government". Both the Ministry's reports were cited by an Amnesty report from 2019 as examples of Israel's efforts to delegitimize Israeli and Palestinian human rights defenders and organizations. Allegations of antisemitism There is no agreement on whether BDS is antisemitic. The Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC), Israeli politicians, and others have called BDS antisemitic. In 2019, the German Parliament voted to declare that BDS is antisemitic and cut off funding to any organizations that actively support it. The measure read in part, "The argumentation patterns and methods used by the BDS movement are anti-Semitic." In passing the bill, some lawmakers said some BDS slogans were reminiscent of Nazi propaganda. The Anti-Defamation League has described many of BDS's goals and strategies as antisemitic. According to Ira M. Sheskin of the University of Miami and Ethan Felson of the Jewish Council for Public Affairs, BDS efforts have at times targeted Jewish people who have little or nothing to do with the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. They argue that BDS causes Jews to be blamed for the supposed sins of other Jews. The AMCHA Initiative stated that there is a "strong correlation" between BDS support and antisemitism on U.S. campuses. In September 2019, European Jewish Association founder Menachem Margolin asserted that BDS was "responsible for the vast majority of physical attacks and social media hatred against Jews in Europe." The Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism was released by a group of over 200 scholars on 25 March 2021. It states boycotting Israel is not in and of itself antisemitic. The lead drafters are antisemitism scholars in the United States, Israel, Germany and Britain. A separate statement a week earlier by a liberal group of Jewish scholars said that "double standards applied to Israel were not necessarily anti-Semitic." Allegations that it targets Jews Some opponents argue that there are similarities between BDS and historical boycotts against Jews. For example, in May 2019, the German Bundestag passed a resolution stating that BDS was "reminiscent of the most terrible chapter in German history" and that it triggered memories of the Nazi slogan "Don't buy from Jews." Supporters argue that BDS does not target Jews because boycott targets are selected based on their complicity in Israel's human rights violations, potential for cross-movement solidarity, media appeal, and likelihood of success, not on their national origin or religious identity. According to Barghouti, the majority of companies targeted are non-Israeli foreign companies that operate in Israel and Palestine. Conflating antisemitism with anti-Zionism BDS supporters frequently allege that accusations of antisemitism against them are deliberately or mistakenly conflating anti-Zionism or criticism of Israel with antisemitism. In 2018, for example, 41 left-wing Jewish groups wrote that BDS was not antisemitic and that it was important to distinguish between antisemitism and criticism of Israel. Butler argues that if BDS is antisemitic, then human rights, which she believes BDS advocates, are also antisemitic. She argues that calling BDS antisemitic is a "lamentable stereotype" about Jews since it assumes that all Jews are politically committed to Israel. Barghouti similarly argues that criticizing BDS as an attack on Jews is "a patently racist assumption" since it assumes that all Jews per se are somehow responsible for Israeli crimes. Human Rights Watch's Wenzel Michalski has said that it is indisputable that some antisemites use the term "Israel" or "Zionist" in place of "Jews", and that this needs to be "called out". At the same time, he adds that presenting boycotts of Israel as antisemitic is misplaced, a flawed way to counter antisemitism. Anti-boycott legislation is, in this view, tantamount to punishing companies that follow their international legal responsibilities by complying with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights that required them to stop operating in settlements. Singling out Israel Critics argue that BDS employs a "double standard" and "singles out" Israel. In their view, it is a form of antisemitism to campaign against Israeli human rights violations when other governments engage in similar or more repressive actions. Marc Greendorfer believes that BDS "applies a unique standard [to Israel] not applied to any other country." BDS supporters reply that by that logic any movement focusing on a single country's human rights violations would be racist; the Anti-Apartheid Movement singled out South Africa while ignoring human rights violations in other African countries and the U.S. sanctions against Iran affect only Iran and not other countries committing similar human rights violations. Barghouti states that BDS focuses on Israeli oppression because it affects the Palestinians and BDS is a Palestinian movement. He rhetorically asks: "If you suffer from the flu and seek medication from it, is it misguided to do so when there are worse diseases out there? Well, the flu is the disease that is afflicting you!" He and other BDS supporters argue that it is the Western world—not BDS—that has a double standard, by not holding Israel accountable for its human rights violations. Jacobs and Soske state that boycotts, divestment, and sanctions is a strategy that does not make sense against all regimes worthy of opprobrium. Pol Pot's regime, Boko Haram, and ISIS would be unlikely to respond to the strategy, but the Israeli government might, they argue. See also Anti-BDS laws Criticism of the Israeli government Disinvestment from Israel List of boycotts Reactions to Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Writers Against the War on Gaza References Notes Citations Sources Books Journal articles Other External links BDS movement, official website. Boycotts of Israel Anti-Israeli sentiment Non-governmental organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict Nonviolence organizations Organizations established in 2005 2005 introductions Phrases related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
130954	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler%2C%20Tillamook%20County%2C%20Oregon	Wheeler, Tillamook County, Oregon	Wheeler, Tillamook County, Oregon Wheeler is a city in Tillamook County, Oregon, United States. The population was 414 at the 2010 census. It is named after Coleman Wheeler, who opened a sawmill in the town and had a lumber business; Coleman is a great-grandfather of Ted Wheeler, who as of 2023 is mayor of Portland, Oregon. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. History In 1900, Coleman Wheeler and others incorporated the Wheeler Lumber Company and the Nehalem Transportation Company. The C.H. Wheeler barge was launched in the same year and sunk, with a loss of life, in 1901. A Tillamook Observer article from September 1913 touts the town's founding, the riches of the Wheeler Lumber Company, and says the Union Fishermans Cooperative Packing Company was "employing only white labor". Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 414 people, 197 households, and 97 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 289 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.6% White, 0.2% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.4% of the population. There were 197 households, of which 14.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.0% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 50.8% were non-families. 40.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.87 and the average family size was 2.40. The median age in the city was 57.4 years. 12.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.6% were from 25 to 44; 34.3% were from 45 to 64; and 31.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.1% male and 53.9% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 391 people, 176 households, and 93 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 244 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 93.09% White, 0.77% Native American, 1.79% Asian, 1.79% from other races, and 2.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.81% of the population. There were 176 households, out of which 16.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.9% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.6% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.98 and the average family size was 2.54. In the city, the population was spread out, with 14.3% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 19.9% from 25 to 44, 31.7% from 45 to 64, and 27.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $29,000, and the median income for a family was $31,161. Males had a median income of $26,364 versus $21,429 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,535. About 10.9% of families and 16.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. References External links Entry for Wheeler in the Oregon Blue Book Cities in Oregon Populated coastal places in Oregon Cities in Tillamook County, Oregon 1914 establishments in Oregon
3184187	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%20158	Виборчий округ 158	Виборчий округ 158 — виборчий округ в Сумській області. В сучасному вигляді був утворений 28 квітня 2012 постановою ЦВК №82 (до цього моменту існувала інша система виборчих округів). Окружна виборча комісія цього округу розташовується в будівлі Білопільської районної ради за адресою м. Білопілля, вул. Старопутивльська, 35. До складу округу входять частина Зарічного району (східний берег річки Псел окрім території на північ від озера Чеха) міста Суми та Сумський район (з колишніми Білопільським та Краснопільським районами). Виборчий округ 158 межує з округом 162 на півдні, з округом 161 на заході, з округом 159 на північному заході, обмежений державним кордоном з Росією на півночі і на сході та має всередині округ 157 у вигляді ексклаву. Виборчий округ №158 складається з виборчих дільниць під номерами 590001-590059, 590219-590259, 590582-590638, 590896-590925, 590944-590946 та 591017. Народні депутати від округу Результати виборів Парламентські 2019 Кандидати-мажоритарники: Васильєв Ігор Сергійович (Слуга народу) Лобода Василь Петрович (Батьківщина) Жиленко Віталій Миколайович (Опозиційна платформа — За життя) Акпєров Вадим Вагіфович (Європейська Солідарність) Сугоняко Олександр Леонідович (самовисування) Чернадчук Олександр Вікторович (Голос) Дейнека Іван Григорович (Аграрна партія України) Левченко Юлія Олексіївна (Свобода) Гиря Олександр Анатолійович (Патріот) Оскер Олексій Генріхович (самовисування) Моша Сергій Васильович (самовисування) 2014 Кандидати-мажоритарники: Сугоняко Олександр Леонідович (Блок Петра Порошенка) Ладика Володимир Іванович (самовисування) Полілуй Микола Вікторович (Батьківщина) Аліфанов Микола Іванович (самовисування) Токар Володимир Миколайович (самовисування) Ревенко Олександр Вікторович (Радикальна партія) Скоробагатський Євгеній Олексійович (самовисування) Перерва Іван Миколайович (самовисування) Жиленко Віталій Миколайович (самовисування) Головач Сергій Іванович (самовисування) Гедерим Юрій Юрійович (Заступ) Кідіменко Петро Петрович (Сильна Україна) Калін Олександр Іванович (самовисування) Потапенко Ігор Вікторович (самовисування) Хацько Олександр Володимирович (Ліберальна партія України) 2012 Кандидати-мажоритарники: Волков Олександр Михайлович (самовисування) Костенко Олександр Михайлович (Партія регіонів) Сугоняко Олександр Леонідович (УДАР) Токар Володимир Миколайович (самовисування) Дружченко Андрій Вікторович (Комуністична партія України) Кіріченко Сергій Єфремович (Соціалістична партія України) Приходько Катерина Степанівна (самовисування) Макаренко Павло Дмитрович (самовисування) Бондаренко Євген Володимирович (Зелені) Сергієнко Сергій Анатолійович (Україна — Вперед!) Парфило Валерій Андрійович (самовисування) Президентські Явка Явка виборців на окрузі: Посилання Округ №158 — сайт Державного реєстру виборців Виборчі округи, Сумська область — сайт Державного реєстру виборців Одномандатний виборчий округ №158 — сайт Центральної виборчої комісії Округ №158: Кар'єрний фініш для радянського міністра Черепа і "директора парламенту" Волкова — сайт vybory.depo.ua (архів) Примітки
3107231	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%20%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%BB%20%28%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%C2%BB%29	Архангел Гавриїл («Надприродне»)	Архангел Гавриїл («Надприродне») Архангел Гавриїл — вигаданий персонаж американського містичного серіалу Надприродне, створеного компанією Warner Brothers, один з чотирьох архангелів, брат Михаїла, Люцифера і Рафаїла. Втік на Землю через сварки братів-архангелів і довгий час прикидався фокусником. Гавриїл дуже любив свою сім'ю, але не міг бачити їхні сварки. Крім цього він був закоханий в індійську богиню Калі, коли вона і інші язичницькі боги думали, що він — скандинавський бог Локі. Гавриїл жив в Раю поруч з братами і батьком, так як архангели були єдиними, хто бачив Бога. Коли були створені люди, Гавриїл став свідком непокори Люцифера і його вигнання. В ході війни Гавриїл не витримав сварок братів-архангелів і втік на Землю. Століттями він жив серед людей, іншим істотам видаючи себе за фокусника завдяки своєму безсмертю і здатності викривляти реальність. Характеристика Видаючи себе за фокусника, Гавриїл вбивав людей (не всіх підряд, але «пихатих придурків») «з гумором». Коли архангел втік на Землю, він видавав себе за звичайного фокусника і, щоб підтримувати «імідж», поїдав багато солодкого, залишаючи після себе фантики від цукерок. За тисячі років, проведених на Землі, Гавриїл перейнявся емоціями, які так не властиві ангелам і прив'язався до людей, розуміючи їх як ніхто з ангелів. У протистоянні між своїми братами він не зміг прийняти жодну сторону, але як і раніше любить кожного свого брата, навіть бунтівного Люцифера. Коли світ опинився на межі зникнення, став на бік людей і невдало спробував вбити Люцифера. Здібності Будучи архангелом він один з найсильніших істот у Всесвіті, поступаючись під силу тільки Богу, Темряві, Космічній суті і Смерті. Могутність — один з наймогутніших істот у Всесвіті. Гавриїл, як і всі архангели, набагато потужніший за своїх братів і сестер ангелів, демонів, язичницьких божеств та інших монстрів. Силою думки він здатний спопелити князя пекла. Використання посудини — йому також потрібна посудина, щоб перебувати на Землі. Можливо, що його міць не так сильно тисне на посудину, як у інших його братів, адже своєю посудиною Гавриїл користувався вже досить довго і той залишався неушкодженим, а може, архангел знайшов свою істину посудину. Безсмертя — Гавриїл, як і інші небожителі, не схильний до старіння або хвороб. Невразливість — як архангел, невразливий для більшості видів зброї і більшості істот. Перевтілення — Гавриїл може прийняти абсолютно будь-який людський вигляд, який йому заманеться, існуючий в реальному житті або придуманий ним. Можливо, що також він може приймати і тваринний або взагалі не існуючий вид. Передбачення — Гавриїл може дізнатися майбутнє, але не здатний побачити повну картину. У серії «Молот богів» Гавриїл передбачав, як в готель прибуде його старший брат Люцифер і вб'є всіх язичницьких богів, крім Калі, яку він врятував, ймовірно, він передбачав там і свою загибель. Подорож у часі — Гавриїл без зайвих зусиль може переміщатися в часі, і переміщати інших людей. Телепортація — Гавриїл, як і інші ангели і архангели, може миттєво переміщатися в будь-яку точку Всесвіту, а також клацанням пальців може перемістити будь-якого ангела, демона або монстра. Придушення сил — як одне з наймогутніших істот, архангел може пригнічувати сили слабших істот. Вбивство надприродного — Гавриїл одне з наймогутніших істот у Всесвіті, він здатний вбити будь-якого демона, монстра, язичницьке божество і ангелів. Електрокінез — архангели, в тому числі і Гавриїл, здатні контролювати електричні заряди, здатні створювати блискавки і громи. Викривлення реальності — Гавриїл може створювати цілі світи, в яких все йде за його задумом. Також він міг створювати предмети з повітря; цього він навчився у Люцифера. Надсила — Гавриїл дуже сильний фізично і набагато сильніший звичайних ангелів, демонів і людей. Створення образів— Гавриїл часто використовував свою копію для відволікання уваги. Таким чином він намагався вбити Люцифера — його двійник відволікає Люцифера, а сам Гавриїл намагався вбити його. Але Люцифер розпізнав копію — адже він відчував його присутність ззаду, і сам же навчив свого молодшого брата цього «фокусу». Сприйнятливість до надприродного — Гавриїл може бачити справжні обличчя всіх надприродних істот як би вони не були приховані. Фотокінез — серафими і архангели можуть використовувати потужне світло, що вбиває все, а значить, що і йому це під силу. Воскресіння — він може воскрешати істот. Хронокінез — архангели здатні керувати часом. Телекінез — здатний пересувати предмети і людей, ангелів та інших істот силою думки. Він навіть зміг застосувати телекінез на свого старшого брата Люцифера, відштовхнувши на кілька метрів. Слабкості Бог, Смерть, Тьма — можуть убити. Інші архангели — брати-архангели можуть завдати певної шкоди, і мають шанс убити його за допомогою меча архангела. Клітка Люцифера — клітка досить міцна, щоб стримувати архангела. Мутований ангел — коли Кастіель ввібрав душі Чистилища, він клацанням пальців вбив Рафаїла, ймовірно, міг вбити і Гавриїла. Серп Смерті, Меч архангела, Зрівнювач — надприродна зброя, здатна вбити архангела. Антиангельські символи — за допомогою спеціальних символів можна заблокувати доступ архангела до якогось приміщення. Крім цього, можна також використовувати і Кривавий символ, щоб вигнати ангела. Святе масло — може заподіяти біль і тимчасово позбавити можливості діяти. Камінь Лота — здатний зруйнувати оболонку архангела. Печать Єноха — дозволяє приховати, що-небудь або кого-небудь від поля зору Гавриїла. Спис Кайі — здатний поранити архангела. Цікаві факти Гавриїл — перший архангел, який з'являється на екрані, хоча про це і не було відомо. Гавриїл є єдиним архангелом, який використовував тільки одну посудину. Гавриїлу належить дуже сильний артефакт — ріг правди, що змушує кого завгодно говорити правду носію. Це єдиний архангел в серіалі, який не є антагоністом. Сценаристи і сам актор, який виконував роль Гавриїла, давали зрозуміти, що персонаж, можливо, живий. Пізніше Чак заявив, що Гавриїл мертвий. Але в тринадцятому сезоні з'ясувалося, що він все-таки живий і був в полоні Амодеєм. За словами Гавриїла, завдяки тому, що всі повірили в його смерть, ніхто не міг знайти його, навіть Бог. Гавриїл покинув Небеса приблизно з тієї ж причини, що і Бог. Їм була неприємна поведінка сім'ї. Гавриїл — єдиний архангел, який віддав життя, захищаючи людей. Гавриїл — єдиний архангел, який любить людей. Річард Спейт-молодший заявив, що крила Гавриїла синього кольору. Посилання https://supernatural.fandom.com/ru/wiki/Гавриил Персонажі телесеріалу «Надприродне»
3099048	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%28%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%29	Делемон (футбольний клуб)	Делемон (футбольний клуб) Футбольний клуб Делемон — швейцарський футбольний клуб з міста Делемон. Клуб засновано 1909 року. Історія Команда з франкомовної частини Швейцарії. Найбільші свої досягнення клуб має в Кубку Швейцарії, де він у 1982 році досяг півфіналу. Також ФК «Делемон» двічі виступав у Суперлізі в сезонах 2000—2001 і 2002—2003. Відомі гравці Овусу Бенсон Хронологія виступів Посилання Офіційний сайт Футбольні клуби Швейцарії Футбольні клуби, засновані 1909 Засновані у Швейцарії 1909
7449539	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep%20FJ	Jeep FJ	Jeep FJ The Jeep FJ Fleetvan was a compact delivery van manufactured by Willys Motors and Kaiser-Jeep from 1961 to 1975. It was based on the DJ-3A Dispatcher, but equipped with the F-134 Hurricane engine. Two models were available, the FJ-3 and the longer FJ-3A. It came standard with the familiar Borg-Warner T-90 three-speed manual transmission. A Borg-Warner automatic was offered as an option. Postal Service Right-hand-drive FJ-3s were made for the US Postal Service. Most of these had horizontal grille slats in contrast to the seven vertical slats found on standard models. The FJ-6 model (based on the CJ-6) was introduced in 1965 for postal use, which was ultimately replaced by the FJ-8 & FJ-9 introduced in 1975. Gallery Jeep / Mahindra FJ References FJ Vans Cars introduced in 1961 Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Trucks of the United States Kaiser Motors Willys vehicles
782664	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Ostrobothnia	Central Ostrobothnia	Central Ostrobothnia is a region in Finland. It borders the regions of Ostrobothnia, North Ostrobothnia, Central Finland and South Ostrobothnia. Historical provinces Municipalities The region of Central Ostrobothnia consists of eight municipalities, two of which have city status (marked in bold). Sub-regions Kaustinen sub-region: Halsua Kaustinen Lestijärvi Perho Toholampi Veteli Kokkola sub-region: Kannus Kokkola List of municipalities Politics Results of the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election in Central Ostrobothnia: Centre Party 31.09% Finns Party 19.60% Social Democratic Party 16.06% National Coalition Party 7.42% Christian Democrats 7.29% Swedish People's Party 6.26% Green League 6.03% Left Alliance 4.11% Blue Reform 0.80% Seven Star Movement 0.36% Other parties 0.98% References External links Central Ostrobothnia Regional Council website Western Finland Province Ostrobothnia Central
62906341	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20Supercopa%20Uruguaya	2020 Supercopa Uruguaya	2020 Supercopa Uruguaya The 2020 Supercopa Uruguaya was the third edition of the Supercopa Uruguaya, Uruguay's football super cup. It was held on 1 February 2020 between 2019 Torneo Intermedio winners Liverpool and 2019 Primera División champions Nacional. The match was played at Estadio Domingo Burgueño in Maldonado, being this the first time the match was played away from Estadio Centenario in Montevideo due to it undergoing remodeling works. Liverpool defeated Nacional by a 4–2 score after extra time in order to claim their first Supercopa title. Teams Match details References 2020 in Uruguayan football Supercopa Uruguaya Supercopa Uruguaya 2020 February 2020 sports events in South America
906482	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%20%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%29	Ла-Коломб (Манш)	Ла-Коломб (Манш) Ла-Коломб — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Нормандія, департамент Манш. Населення — . Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 260 км на захід від Парижа, 70 км на південний захід від Кана, 28 км на південь від Сен-Ло. Історія До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Нижня Нормандія. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Нормандія. Демографія Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006): Економіка У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 251 оподатковане домогосподарство, у яких проживали 615,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача Сусідні муніципалітети Посилання Ла-Коломб на сайті французького Національного інституту статистики й економічних досліджень Див. також Список муніципалітетів департаменту Манш Примітки Муніципалітети департаменту Манш
33249094	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Pijpers	René Pijpers	René Pijpers René Antoine Pijpers (15 September 1917 – 22 March 1944) was a Dutch football midfielder who was a member of the Netherlands' squad at the 1938 FIFA World Cup. However, he never made an appearance for the national team. With RFC Roermond he won the KNVB Cup in 1936 alongside his brothers Frans, Harry and Coen. References External links FIFA profile 1917 births 1944 deaths Dutch men's footballers Men's association football midfielders 1938 FIFA World Cup players People from Swalmen DOSKO players Footballers from Limburg (Netherlands)
33052611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askold%27s%20Grave	Askold's Grave	Askold's Grave is a historical park on the steep right bank of the Dnipro River in Kyiv between Mariinskyi Park and the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra complex. The park was created by the Soviets in the mid-1930s in place of an old graveyard around the Church of St. Nicholas, which, as the story goes, marks the place where Prince Askold of Kyiv was buried in the 9th century. In the Middle Ages, Askold's Grave was known as the Hungarian tract. According to the Primary Chronicle, it was the place where the Magyars crossed the Dnipro on the way from the Russian steppes to Pannonia. Archeological excavations have revealed a 9th-century dirham hoard and some remains of Izyaslav II's wooden palace. There's a modern stele commemorating the Magyar migration. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Askold's Grave was settled by the Orthodox monks of St. Nicholas's Monastery. Hetman Mazepa had the monastery moved to a nearby hill, where a new Baroque penticupolar cathedral was then erected. The existing church of St. Nicholas is a modest Neoclassical rotunda designed by Andrey Melensky in 1810. A golden-domed chapel was built on the bank of the Dnipro in 2000. The Ukrainian Baroque revival chapel is dedicated to Saint Andrew Protokletos and belongs to the Moscow Patriarchate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Points of interest Landmark of Architecture "St. Nicholas Church" National Landmark of Archaeology "Uhorske village" Chapels: St. Andrew, Exaltation of Cross Memorial burial (rebuilt, partially): Memorial to Holodomor victims, Memorial to Heroes of the Battle of Kruty Monument to Saint Andrew the First-Called Lost landmarks Priest's House Bell tower St. Nicholas Hermitage Necropolis (original) Opera The Opera Askold's grave composed by Russian composer Alexey Verstovsky and premiered in 1835, tells the story of how Askold and Dir happen to be buried in Askold's grave by Olga of Kyiv. Gallery References External links Cemeteries in Kyiv Parks in Kyiv Landmarks in Kyiv National Landmarks in Kyiv Tourist attractions in Kyiv Pecherskyi District Monuments and memorials in Ukraine
1616315	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA	Спільний ринок	Спільний ринок — форма економічної інтеграції країн, що припускає вільне переміщення товарів, робіт і послуг, а також факторів виробництва — капіталів, трудових ресурсів — через кордони країн, що є членами спільного ринку. Спільний ринок був одним з етапів інтеграційних процесів в Європі. Угода про спільний ринок було підписано шістьма країнами Європи (Західної Німеччиною, Францією, Італією, Бельгією, Нідерландами та Люксембургом) в Римі в 1957 році (Римський договір). Загальний ринок в Європі виник на основі позитивного досвіду дії Європейського об'єднання вугілля і сталі. Надалі в Європі поглиблення інтеграційних процесів призвело до створення Європейського економічного співтовариства (ЄЕС), а потім і Європейського союзу (ЄС). Приклади спільного ринку: Андське співтовариство (або ); Європейська економічна зона, що об'єднує ЄС, Норвегію, Ісландію та Ліхтенштейн; Внутрішній ринок Європейського Союзу Загальний ринок Карибського співтовариства; Центральноамериканський спільний ринок — торгово-економічний союз країн Центральної Америки; Південноамериканський спільний ринок — економічний союз країн Південної Америки; Єдиний економічний простір Білорусі, Казахстану, Росії. Див. також Економічна інтеграція Європейська інтеграція Трансатлантичне торговельне та інвестиційне партнерство Посилання Спільний ринок // Міжнародна економіка Ринкова економіка
5174411	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE	Анджеліна Манго	Анджеліна Манго — італійська співачка й авторка пісень. У 2023 році вона брала участь у двадцять другому конкурсі талантів Amici di Maria De Filippi, посівши друге місце та вигравши в категорії співу та премію Lunezia за музично-літературну цінність пісні «Ci pensiamo domani». Переможниця Фестивалю Санремо 2024 року. Вона представила Італію на пісенному конкурсі Євробачення 2024 з піснею «La noia». Біографія 2001—2019: Раннє життя Анджеліна Манго народилася 10 квітня 2001 року в Маратеї, провінція Потенца, Базиліката, у родині Лаури Валенте, колишньої співачки гурту Матья Базар, і Джузеппе Манго, відомого під псевдонімом Манго. Вона виросла в Лагонегро, також у провінції Потенца, зі своїм старшим братом Філіппо Манго, 1995 року народження, з яким вона поділяє пристрасть до музики. Завдяки сімейному оточенню, в якому вона жила в дитинстві, вона навчилася співати, грати на піаніно та гітарі. У вересні 2014 року Манго вступила до liceo scienceco, а потім призупинила навчання через смерть свого батька 8 грудня 2014 року. У 2016 році вона разом із родиною переїхала до Мілана, де продовжила навчання та почала співати в групі разом із братом як барабанщиця. 2020—2021: Monolocale 13 листопада 2020 року Манго випустила свій перший сингл «Va tutto bene», який передував її дебютному мініальбому Monolocale. У 2021 році вона відкрила концерти Parola Tour Джованні Каккамо та Мікеле Плачидо, виступаючи в листопаді 2021 року під час Міланського тижня музики. У той же період вона брала участь у відборах Sanremo Giovani з піснею «La tua buona colazione», не потрапивши до фіналістів. 2022—2023: участь в Amici та Voglia di vivere Після підписання контракту з Sony Music і початку написання та продюсування нових пісень разом з продюсером Енріко Бруні, Манго взяла участь у і в , музичному конкурсі у 2022 році, де вона виграла Live Award. Також у тому ж році вона почала випускати кілька синглів, зокрема «Formica», «Walkman» (продюсований Тіціано Ферро) та «Rituali». У вересні 2022 року вона брала участь як гість у програмі, що транслювалася на Rai 3 під назвою Via dei Matti nº0. У листопаді 2022 року Манго було допущено як учасницю до двадцять другого випуску шоу музичних талантів, що транслювалося на Canale 5, Amici di Maria De Filippi, у якому вона посіла друге місце та перемогла у категорії співу. Вона відкрила концерт Елізи в Auditorium Parco della Musica в Римі в грудні та виступила на концерті, який транслювався на Canale 5, Capodanno in musica. Під час участі в Amici вона випустила сингли «Voglia di vivere» і «Mani vuote». 12 травня 2023 року Манго випустила сингл «Ci pensiamo domani», який передував мініальбому Voglia di vivere, випущеному 19 травня 2023 року. «Ci pensiamo domani» досяг першої десятки чарту синглів і був сертифікований тричі платиновим за продажі, що перевищили 300 000 копій. EP дебютував під номером два в італійському чарті альбомів і отримав золотий сертифікат за продажі, які перевищили 25 000 копій. У червні та липні 2023 року вона брала участь у деяких фестивалях, організованих головними національними радіо- та телевізійними компаніями, зокрема Battiti Live і TIM Summer Hits. 6 жовтня 2023 року вона випустила сингл «Che t'o dico a fa'», який посів друге місце в італійському чарті синглів і став платиновим. 2024: Музичний фестиваль Санремо та Євробачення Анджеліна Манго брала участь у музичному фестивалі Санремо 2024 і перемогла з піснею «La noia». Наступного ранку після перемоги вона підтвердила, що буде представляти Італію на пісенному конкурсі Євробачення 2024. У фінальному заліку вона посіла 7 місце (з 25). Дискографія Мініальбоми Телебачення Нагороди та номінації Примітки Посилання Angelina Mango на AllMusic Angelina Mango на Discogs Angelina Mango на Musicbrainz Італійські попспіваки Співаки Італії XXI століття Учасники Євробачення 2024 Представники Італії на Євробаченні
1945315	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0	Абдуліна Вікторія Миколаївна	Абдуліна Вікторія Миколаївна Вікторія Миколаївна Абдуліна — українська спортсменка-пауерліфтер, майстер спорту міжнародного класу, проживає в місті Полтава. Важкою атлетикою займається з 1996 року. Спортивні здобутки чемпіонка світу 2008 року, вага до 57 кг, срібна медаль Чемпіонату України 2011 року, 2012 року встановила рекорд України. Джерела Абдуліна Вікторія Чемпіонат України по пауерліфтингу Слабкість до сили Українські пауерліфтерки
1948271	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0	Безруківська сільська рада	Безруківська сільська рада — адміністративно-територіальна одиниця та орган місцевого самоврядування в Дергачівському районі Харківської області. Адміністративний центр — село Безруки. Загальні відомості Безруківська сільська рада утворена в 1932 році. Територія ради: 12,84 км² Населення ради: 2 686 осіб (станом на 2001 рік) Територією ради протікає річка Лопань. Населені пункти Сільській раді були підпорядковані населені пункти: с. Безруки с. Лещенки Склад ради Рада складалася з 16 депутатів та голови. Голова ради: Шабалтас Микола Іванович Секретар ради: Безрук Любов Василівна Керівний склад попередніх скликань Примітка: таблиця складена за даними сайту Верховної Ради України Депутати За результатами місцевих виборів 2010 року депутатами ради стали: За суб'єктами висування За округами Примітки та джерела Адміністративний устрій Дергачівського району
2899165	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96%20%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%29	Бончкі (Мазовецьке воєводство)	Бончкі (Мазовецьке воєводство) Бончкі — село в Польщі, у гміні Мацейовиці Ґарволінського повіту Мазовецького воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Седлецького воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Ґарволінського повіту
65201	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202957B	NGC 2957B	NGC 2957B Об'єкти NGC Дракон (сузір'я) Галактики
2033912	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88	Мешвеш	Мешвеш (машаваша, скорочено Ма) — одне з лівійських племен, відоме у Стародавньому Єгипті з часів XIX династії. Історія За часів правління фараона Аменхотепа III народ мешвеш постачав бичий жир до храмів Малката біля Фів та відомий як рід знаних скотарів. Також про них згадувалось як про вороже до Стародавнього Єгипту плем'я, що здійснювало набіги на захід дельти Нілу та з часом перетворилось на серйозну загрозу для регіону. Як повідомляє «стела у Мерса-Матрусі», вперше в такій якості вони вторглись до Єгипту за фараона Рамсеса II. 1208 року до н. е., у 5-й рік правління фараона Мернептаха, на заході Дельти відбулась Саїсська битва — між численним військом з лівійців (у тому числі й мешвеш) і «народів моря» з одного боку, та єгипетськими військами — з іншого. Продовження боротьби між Єгипетською державою та лівійцями мешвеш мало місце за фараона Рамсеса III який, після перемоги розселив племена мешвеш у своїй країні, щоб набирати лівійців до своєї армії, а також використовувати їх на різних роботах. Вожді мешвеш ставали жерцями у місцевих храмах та з часом у місцях їхнього розселення утворилось невелике автономне князівство, правитель якого під іменем Шешонк I 945 року до н. е. став першим фараоном Лівійської династії. Джерела Rainer Hannig: Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch — Deutsch S.368 Стародавній Єгипет Стародавня Лівія Народи моря
93667	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%20374	IC 374	IC 374 — галактика типу S (спіральна галактика) у сузір'ї Телець. Цей об'єкт міститься в оригінальній редакції індексного каталогу. Посилання IC 374 в оригінальному новому загальному каталозі IC 374 в оригінальному новому загальному каталозі Перевірена інформація про IC 374 IC 374 в базі SIMBAD IC 374 в базі Vizier IC 374 в базі NASA Extragalactic Database Бази даних про об'єкти NGC/IC IC 374 IC 374 IC 374
2615123	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%20%28%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%29	Вайлд (фільм)	Вайлд (фільм) «Уайльд» — британський біографічний фільм-драма про письменника і поета Вікторіанської епохи Оскара Вайлда, поставлений режисером Браян Гілберт у 1997 році за книгою Річарда Еллманна «Оскар Вайлд». Сюжет Дія фільму розпочинається в США, штат Колорадо. Оскар Вайлд приїжджає на срібну копальню. Його радісно зустрічають і повідомляють, що назвали на честь дорогого гостя відкриту сьогодні жилу. Вайлд напівжартома дякує: «З нетерпінням чекатиму авторських відрахувань». Після цього він спускається в шахту де читає лекцію про творчість Челліні, не зводячи при цьому очей з молодого симпатичного шахтаря. Незважаючи на специфічність місця та публіки, лекція мала успіх. Вайлд повертається до Англії. Він має намір одружитися з такою собі Констанс Ллойд, донькою королівського адвоката. Вайлду подобається її мовчазність. А майбутню свекруху порадував хороший посаг майбутньої невістки. Оскар описує своїй знайомій, яку ласкаво називає «Сфінкс», майбутнє сімейне життя. Ада, (так насправді звуть Сфінкса), добре знаючи Вайлда, визнала її занадто нудною для такої людини. Минає час. Констанс народжує Оскару сина. Вайлди здаються щасливими, але під час прогулянки в парку Оскар зізнається Аді, що не знайшов у шлюбі всього, чого шукав. Заразом він представляє Сфінксові нового знайомого — чарівного юнака Роберта Росса, який тимчасово живе в сім'ї Вайлдів, поки його родичі подорожують Європою. Через деякий час потому. Вечір. Констанс, вже вагітна другою дитиною, вирушає спати. Вона просить Вайлда і Росса не засиджуватися. Роберт просто хоче викурити ще одну сигарету. Вайлд піднімається услід за дружиною в її спальню, бажає добраніч їй і синові, цілує і знову спускається у вітальню. Роберт ще там. Він заводить з Вайлдом розмову про платонічну любов, яка закінчується пристрасними поцілунками й обіймами. Від тієї ночі Оскар почав вести подвійне життя. Він кохав, по-своєму, дружину, і особливо дітей (Констанс народила ще одного хлопчика — Вівіана), але вже не міг відмовити собі в побаченнях з Роббі. Незабаром у полі зору Вайлда з'являється ще один юнак — Джон Грей. Він син тесляра, але привабливий і недурний. Якось після виставки Оскар запрошує його пообідати. Закінчується обід пристрасною ніччю любові. Нові захоплення підживлювали творчі сили Вайлда. Він пише як заведений. З'являються його роман «Портрет Доріана Грея», що виклика вскандал, і комедія «Віяло леді Віндермір». На її прем'єрі Оскар знайомиться з Альфредом Дугласом — юнаком неземної краси. Той в захваті від п'єси і запрошує Оскара прочитати лекції у своєму коледжі, правда, зізнається, що його повинні скоро відрахувати. Вайлд дивується, як можна бути таким жорстоким до такого красивого юнака, але погоджується приїхати. Адже він також навчався в Коледжі Магдалини і може відвідати його на правах знаменитого випускника. Але ще до приїзду Оскар допомагає Альфреду розв'язати досить делікатну проблему — викупити лист у шантажиста. Через деякий час Вайлд приїжджає в Коледж Магдалини. З цієї нагоди студенти влаштовують невелике свято. Альфред розважає Оскара співом, а ніч вони проводять разом. Новий роман приніс Вайлду більше проблем, ніж радощів. Альфред (чи «Бозі», як його називали близькі) заважав йому працювати, вимагав подарунків, влаштовував скандали, ревнував (навіть до продажних хлопчиків). Останньою краплею стало те, що Бозі відмовився подати хворому Вайлду склянку води і навіть розбив кришталеву карафу, а сам поїхав розважатися. Оскар вирішив кинути проблемного коханця, але тут сталося страшне. При загадкових обставинах загинув старший брат Бозі — Френсіс. Юнака, попри те, що той був заручений, підозрювали в любовному зв'язку зі своїм начальником — міністром закордонних справ. Бозі був убитий горем і присягнувся помститися батькові — маркізові Квінсберрі, якого винив у тому, що той довів Френсіса до самогубства. Знаряддям помсти повинен був стати Вайлд, який зовсім не палав бажанням ставати між батьком і сином. Життя Оскара поступово перетворювалося на пекло. Він майже не бачився з сім'єю. Квінсберрі переслідував його і мало не влаштував скандал на прем'єрі чергової п'єси Вайлда- «Як важливо бути серйозним» (Оскару вдалося закінчити її тільки тому, що Бозі після чергової сварки й за наполяганням сім'ї поїхав на деякий час до Єгипту). Нарешті Квінсберрі залишив картку з образливим підписом. Бозі умовив Вайлда почати справу про наклеп і той погодився, не послухавши розумної поради Роббі поїхати. На суді Квінсберрі надав стільки доказів, що справа про наклеп обернулася справою про непристойну поведінку проти самого Вайлда. Бозі намагався виступити в суді, але Оскар заборонив йому. Він не хотів, щоб його коханий потрапив до в'язниці. Він вважав за краще витерпіти все сам. Коли Оскара вели крізь натовп, який кричав «Ганьба!» і плював у недавнього кумира, він побачив Роббі, який зняв перед ним капелюх. Оскар Вайлд перетворився на ув'язненого С33. Каторжні роботи підірвали його здоров'я. Констанс відвідавши його, повідомила, що у Франції поставили «Саломею» (п'єсу Вайлда, заборонену в Англії через біблійний сюжет), пообіцяла, що дозволить йому побачити дітей. Але на жаль, через деякий час вийшовши з в'язниці, Вайлд знайшов лише її могилу. Ада і Роббі як могли підтримували його, сподівалися вберегти від дурниць. Але Вайлд все одно відправився відшукувати Бозі. І знайшов його в Неаполі. Бозі ніби був радий бачити Оскара, але в титрах повідомили, що через три місяці вони розлучилися. У ролях Знімальна група Нагороди та номінації Додаткові факти Цей фільм — дебют Орландо Блума в кіно. Примітки Посилання (станом на 29.12.2017) Фільми Великої Британії 1997 Фільми Німеччини 1997 Фільми Японії 1997 ЛГБТ-фільми 1990-х Фільми-драми Великої Британії Фільми-драми Німеччини Біографічні фільми Великої Британії Фільми-драми Японії Біографічні фільми Німеччини Біографічні фільми Японії Історичні фільми Великої Британії Історичні фільми Німеччини Історичні фільми Японії ЛГБТ-фільми Великої Британії ЛГБТ-фільми Німеччини ЛГБТ-фільми Японії Фільми, засновані на реальних подіях Фільми, дія яких відбувається в Англії Фільми, дія яких відбувається в Лондоні Фільми про письменників Фільми на тематику чоловічої гомосексуальності Екранізації біографічних творів Оскар Вайлд Фільми англійською мовою
5076728	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amydrium%20sinense	Amydrium sinense	Amydrium sinense — квіткова рослина з роду Amydrium родини ароїдних. Розповсюдження Його рідний ареал — від Південного Китаю до Північного В'єтнаму. Примітки sinense Флора Китаю Флора В'єтнаму Рослини, описані 1979
3462020	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81	Новий коронавірус	Новий коронавірус Новим коронавірусом (nCoV) є недавно виявлений коронавірус медичної значущості і ще остаточно не названий. Хоча коронавіруси є ендемічними в організмі людини й інфекції, як правило, легкі (такі як застуди, які викликають коронавіруси людини в 15 % випадків), спричинили кілька незвично вірулентних штамів, які можуть викликати вірусні пневмонії, а у важких випадках — навіть гострий респіраторний дистрес-синдром. Види Такі віруси спочатку називають «новим коронавірусом», часто із додаванням року відкриття, перш ніж отримати постійне позначення: Всі чотири віруси є частиною роду бетакоронавіруси в родині коронавірусів. Постійну офіційну назву для вірусів і хвороб визначає Міжнародний комітет з таксономії вірусів та Міжнародний класифікатор хвороб відповідно. Див. також Коронавірус Коронавірусна інфекція Примітки Коронавіруси‎
65754950	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine%20Monauni	Sabine Monauni	Sabine Monauni (born 10 April 1974) is a politician from Liechtenstein who has served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Liechtenstein since 2021. Career She was the ambassador of Liechtenstein to Belgium and the European Union from July 2016 until 2021. In August 2020 she was chosen as leader of the Progressive Citizens' Party. The party took a joint-best ten seats in the 2021 general election. As of March 25, 2021, she is the Deputy Prime Minister of Liechtenstein also taking on the portfolio of minister of home affairs. She is an advocate for climate protection in Liechtenstein. Education 2000–2001 Postgraduate studies in European law (LL.M.), College of Europe Bruges, Belgium 1994–1999 Studied law at the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland (lic.iur.HSG) Walter R. Schluep Prize for the best thesis of the academic year 1998/1999 1986–1994 High school Vaduz, Liechtenstein (Matura type B) Personal life She married Gian-Reto Monauni (born 5 April 1968) on 27 March 2009, and they have two children. References Deputy prime ministers of Liechtenstein Ambassadors of Liechtenstein to Belgium 1974 births Living people 21st-century Liechtenstein politicians 21st-century Liechtenstein women politicians College of Europe alumni Female interior ministers Progressive Citizens' Party politicians University of St. Gallen alumni Women ambassadors
37246655	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deivid%20%28footballer%2C%20born%2027%20January%201989%29	Deivid (footballer, born 27 January 1989)	Deivid (footballer, born 27 January 1989) David Omar Rodríguez Barrera (born 27 January 1989), commonly known as Deivid, is a Spanish former footballer who played as a central defender. Club career Born in Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Deivid came through the youth ranks at his hometown club UD Las Palmas, but made his professional debut with neighbouring Universidad de Las Palmas CF, playing two seasons in the Segunda División B. In July 2010 he joined Sevilla FC, being assigned to the reserves in the same league. Deivid played his first match in La Liga on 2 April 2012, coming off the bench for Álvaro Negredo in the dying minutes of a 3–1 home win against RCD Mallorca. He added a further four first-team appearances, being released by the Andalusians at the end of the campaign as his contract was not renewed. On 4 July 2012, Deivid signed a two-year contract with UD Las Palmas, returning to his native region. On 28 June 2014 he moved to Córdoba CF, newly promoted to the top tier. On 12 July 2017, Deivid agreed to a two-year deal with Real Valladolid in the Segunda División. The following 1 July, after achieving promotion to the top flight (appearing in all but two matches early into the season but also missing several months in the final stretch due to a quadriceps injury), he returned to Las Palmas on a three-year contract. Deivid was loaned to Nea Salamis Famagusta FC of the Cypriot First Division on 29 January 2020, for five months. He was subsequently released by his parent club. In August 2020, Deivid signed with amateurs CD Atlético Paso. In late September 2021, following a street brawl involving himself and several of his teammates, the 32-year-old was fired. References External links 1989 births Living people Spanish men's footballers Footballers from Las Palmas Men's association football central defenders La Liga players Segunda División players Segunda División B players Tercera División players Tercera Federación players Universidad de Las Palmas CF footballers Sevilla Atlético players Sevilla FC players UD Las Palmas players Córdoba CF players Real Valladolid players Cypriot First Division players Nea Salamis Famagusta FC players Spanish expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
1013481	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE	Альконада-де-Мадеруело	Альконада-де-Мадеруело — муніципалітет в Іспанії, у складі автономної спільноти Кастилія-і-Леон, у провінції Сеговія. Населення — осіб (2010). Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 120 км на північ від Мадрида, 75 км на північний схід від Сеговії. На території муніципалітету розташовані такі населені пункти: (дані про населення за 2010 рік) Альконада-де-Мадеруело: 28 осіб Альконаділья: 9 осіб Демографія Примітки Муніципалітети провінції Сеговія
5884870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention%20%28imprisonment%29	Detention (imprisonment)	Detention (imprisonment) Detention is the process whereby a state or private citizen lawfully holds a person by removing their freedom or liberty at that time. This can be due to (pending) criminal charges preferred against the individual pursuant to a prosecution or to protect a person or property. Being detained does not always result in being taken to a particular area (generally called a detention centre), either for interrogation or as punishment for a crime (see prison). An individual may be detained due a psychiatric disorder, potentially to treat this disorder involuntarily. They may also be detained for to prevent the spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. The term can also be used in reference to the holding of property for the same reasons. The process of detainment may or may not have been preceded or followed with an arrest. Detainee is a term used by certain governments and their armed forces to refer to individuals held in custody, such as those it does not classify and treat as either prisoners of war or suspects in criminal cases. It is used to refer to "any person captured or otherwise detained by an armed force." More generally, it means "someone held in custody." The prisoners in Guantánamo Bay are referred to as "detainees". Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides that "[n]o one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile." In wars between nations, treatment of detainees is governed by the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention. Definition Any form of imprisonment where a person's freedom of liberty is removed can be classed as detention, although the term is often associated with persons who are being held without warrant or charge before any have been raised. Being detained for the purposes of a drugs search is tantamount to a temporary arrest, as it is not yet known whether charges can be brought against an individual, pending the outcome of the search. The term 'detained' often refers to the immediacy when someone has their liberty deprived, often before an arrest or pre-arrest procedure has yet been followed. For example, a shoplifter being pursued and restrained, but not yet informed they are under arrest or read their rights would be classed as 'detained'. Detention of a suspect The detention of suspects is the process of keeping a person who has been arrested in a police-cell, remand prison or other detention centre before trial or sentencing. The length of detention of suspected terrorists, with the justification of taking an action that would aid counter-terrorism, varies according to country or situation, as well as the laws which regulate it. The Terrorism Act 2006 in the United Kingdom lengthened the 14-day limit for detention without an arrest warrant or an indictment from the Terrorism Act 2000 to 28 days. A controversial Government proposal for an extension to 90 days was rejected by the House of Commons. English criminal law requires the detainer/arrestor to have reasonable grounds to suspect (reasonable suspicion) when detaining (or arresting) someone. Indefinite detention Indefinite detention of an individual occurs frequently in wartime under the laws of war. This has been applied notably by the United States after the September 11 attacks. Before the Combatant Status Review Tribunals, created for reviewing the status of the Guantanamo detainees, the United States has argued that it is engaged in a legally recognizable armed conflict to which the laws of war apply, and that it therefore may hold captured al Qaeda and Taliban operatives throughout the duration of that conflict, without granting them a criminal trial. The U.S. military regulates treatment of detainees in the manual Military Police: Enemy Prisoners of War, Retained Personnel, Civilian Internees and Other Detainees, last revised in 1997. The term "unlawful combatant" came into public awareness during and after the War in Afghanistan (2001–present), as the U.S. detained members of the Taliban and al-Qaeda captured in that war, and determined them to be unlawful combatants. This had generated considerable debate around the globe. The U.S. government refers to these captured enemy combatants as "detainees" because they did not qualify as prisoners of war under the definition found in the Geneva Conventions. Under the Obama administration the term enemy combatants was also removed from the lexicon and further defined under the 2010 Defense Omnibus Bill: Section 948b. Military commissions generally: (a) Purpose-This chapter establishes procedures governing the use of military commissions to try alien unprivileged enemy belligerents for violations of the law of war and other offenses triable by military commission. Detention by country China There are three types of detention in the People's Republic of China: administrative detention (security detention), judicial detention (civil detention), and criminal detention (pre-trial detention). Administrative detention (security detention) Refers to the most severe sanctions for general violations of the "Public Security Administration Punishment Law of the People's Republic of China", which is a type of administrative punishment. The maximum period of public security detention is 20 days, and release upon expiration. Administrative detention shall be signed and approved by the administrative responsible person (i.e., director) of the public security agency at the county level and above, and shall be executed in the administrative detention facility under the public security agency. Those who are dissatisfied with the detention may initiate administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation. According to the decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the Chinese national security agency and People's Armed Police has also been granted the power to enforce administrative detention penalties. "Breakfast is a steamed bun, pickles and polenta. The meal will start at 6:30; at noon there will be two steamed buns. The dishes include potato beef, potato chicken, and scrambled eggs with seasonal vegetables. Instead of three dishes, choose one of three and start at 10:30." Li Yanhong was told by the man in the water splashing incident that the "straight man went up to the tree" the inside of the Chaoyang Detention Center. Judicial detention One refers to activities that hinder litigation in the course of civil, administrative litigation or court enforcement, such as perjurying, attacking the court, obstructing the testimony of witnesses, concealing and transferring sealed or seized property, obstructing court staff from performing their official duties, evading execution, etc. The detention decision directly made by the people's court is a judicial compulsory measure, based on the Civil Procedure Law or the Administrative Procedure Law. The maximum period is 20 days, and the court will deliver the detainee to the administrative detention facility of the public security department for execute. Those who are dissatisfied can apply to the court for reconsideration. During the period of detention, the court shall decide to explain in advance or release at the expiration of the term. There is also another type of judicial detention: Article 134 of the General Principles of the Civil Law stipulates: People's courts, in hearing civil cases, may be reprimanded, ordered to repent, and confiscated property and illegal gains for serious violations of civil laws and regulations and can be fined and detained in accordance with the law. It can be seen that the detention stipulated in the General Principles of the Civil Law is a punishment method used by the people's courts to impose short-term restrictions on the personal freedom of persons who seriously violate the civil laws and regulations in the name of the country. It is the most severe punishment in civil sanctions. Article 38 of the National Compensation Law and Article 4 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning Judicial Compensation in Civil and Administrative Litigations clearly stipulate the principle of the state's liability for civil execution compensation. Criminal detention Refers to the criminal compulsory measures taken by public security agency, national security agency, or the People's Procuratorate's Anti-Corruption Bureau or the Malfeasance Investigation Bureau in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Law against current criminals or major suspects during criminal investigations. The criminal detention of the public security agency shall be approved by the person in charge of the administration of the public security agency at the county level (i.e., the director). Article 69 of the Criminal Procedure Law stipulates that if the public security organ considers a detained person to be arrested, it shall, within 3 days after detention, submit it to the investigation and supervision department of the People's Procuratorate for review and approval. Under special circumstances, the time for requesting review and approval can be extended by 1 to 4 days. For major suspects who commit crimes on the verge of committing crimes, committing multiple crimes, or ganging up to commit crimes, the time for review and approval can be extended to 30 days. The People's Procuratorate shall make a decision to approve the arrest or not to approve the arrest within seven days after receiving the public security agency's request to approve the arrest. If the People's Procuratorate does not approve the arrest, the public security agency shall release it immediately after receiving the notice, and promptly notify the People's Procuratorate of the execution. Those who need to continue the investigation and meet the conditions for release on bail pending trial or residential surveillance shall be released on bail pending trial or residential surveillance in accordance with the law. Article 15 Item 1 of the original version of the "National Compensation Law of the People’s Republic of China", which was implemented from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2012, stipulates that: Detained by mistake", the detainee can apply for state compensation. Article 17 Item 1 of the revised "National Compensation Law of the People's Republic of China", which came into effect on January 1, 2013, provides for the issue of state compensation for criminal detention. Divided into two situations: Taking criminal detention measures illegally In the case of legally taking criminal detention measures but subsequently terminating the investigation of criminal responsibility, the victim must be detained beyond the detention period (up to 37 days) for the right to obtain compensation. Netherlands Article 9, part 1a of Wetboek van Strafrecht states that there are 4 kinds of primary punishment. Two of them are two kinds of detentions, which are called gevangenisstraf and hechtenis, where the first is a heavier punishment than the second. The two other kinds of punishment is light community service and fines. Prisons are designed in several ways and there are 5 levels of regimes (which depends on the crime committed). Nieuw Vosseveld is a long stay prison with the heaviest regime for the most dangerous criminals. The prison is meant for criminals that have been sentenced to 5 years of imprisonment and longer. Turkey According to the Criminal Procedure Law, detention is restriction of one's freedom temporarily until either he stands trial in court or is set free to go. Contrary to arrest, which is ordered by juridical decision, detention is ordered by prosecution office. Public prosecutor can order detention only if the measure is a requisite for investigation and there is concrete evidence that one is suspicious of a crime. See also Arbitrary arrest and detention Civil liberties Defence Regulation 18B Detention of suspects Extrajudicial detention Grounding (discipline technique) Human rights Illegal combatant Immigration detention Legal awareness Older prisoners Prison reform Quasi-criminal Remand Restorative justice Security certificate Summary jurisdiction References External links Human Rights Watch on Detainees ACLU on Detainees Penitentiaire Inrichtingen in Vught Dienst Justitiële Inrichtingen
4578782	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BE	Антті Касвіо	Антті Касвіо (20 грудня 1973) — фінський плавець. Призер Олімпійських Ігор 1992 року, учасник 1996 року. Чемпіон світу з водних видів спорту 1994 року. Чемпіон світу з плавання на короткій воді 1993 року. Чемпіон Європи з водних видів спорту 1993 року, призер 1995 року. Призер Чемпіонату Європи з плавання на короткій воді 1992 року. Посилання Антті Касвіо на Olympedia.org Антті Касвіо на Olympics.com Антті Касвіо на Sports-Reference.com Антті Касвіо на Swimrankings.net Плавці та плавчині на літніх Олімпійських іграх 1992 Плавці та плавчині на літніх Олімпійських іграх 1996 Фінські бронзові олімпійські медалісти Бронзові олімпійські медалісти з плавання Призери з плавання чемпіонатів світу з водних видів спорту Призери чемпіонатів світу з плавання на короткій воді Призери з плавання чемпіонатів Європи з водних видів спорту Бронзові призери літніх Олімпійських ігор 1992 Плавці вільним стилем Фінські ватерполісти Спортсмени Еспоо Фінські олімпійські плавці та плавчині
2062798	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%20%28%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29	Соколів (Стрийський район)	Соколів (Стрийський район) Соколів — колишнє містечко, потім село Стрийського повіту, знищене в період Другої світової війни. Центр Соколівської ґміни. Родове «гніздо» боярів, потім шляхтичів, графів Дідушицьких. Географія На південь від колишнього села розташовані Малі Дідушичі, на південний захід — Великі Дідушичі, на північній схід — Лани (тепер Лани-Соколівські), на схід — Подорожнє. Історія Під час війни Хмельницького було спалене чи спустошене у 1650-51 роках (як і Великі Дідушичі, Лани-Соколівські). У 1699 році король Август ІІ видав для містечка привілей, яким воно отримувало право на 2 ярмарки і тижневі торги. 1890 року земський маєток Соколів та Дідушичі, який певний час був власністю графа Олександра Дідушицького, у дружини князя Романа Чорторийського купив Станіслав Матковський. 24 квітня 1947 р. було ліквідовано Соколівську сільську раду, а територію віднесено до сільської ради в селі Лани-Соколівські. У містечку був водяний млин, залишки якого можна було бачити донедавна. Пам'ятки Замок Дворище Церква святого Миколая Костел святого Миколая Примітки Джерела Kronika domowa Dzieduszyckich. — Lwów: Drukarnia «Zakładu narodowego im. Ossolińskich», 1865. — 480 s., dod. Rozporządzenie Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych z dnia 21 lipca 1934 r. o podziale powiatu stryjskiego w województwie stanisławowskiem na gminy wiejskie (pdf). Колишні міста Колишні населені пункти Стрийського району Дідушицькі
115911	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perham%2C%20Maine	Perham, Maine	Perham, Maine Perham is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 371 at the 2020 census. The town was named after Maine's 33rd governor, Sidney Perham. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Demographics 2010 census At the 2010 census, there were 386 people, 151 households, and 105 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 190 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 97.4% White, 2.3% Native American, and 0.3% from two or more races. Of the 151 households 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.6% were married couples living together, 3.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.5% were non-families. 23.8% of households were one person and 11.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.04. The median age in the town was 45.3 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22% were from 25 to 44; 34.9% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the town was 51.0% male and 49.0% female. 2000 census At the 2000 census, there were 434 people, 162 households, and 114 families living in the town. The population density was 11.9 people per square mile (4.6/km). There were 177 housing units at an average density of 4.8 per square mile (1.9/km). The racial makeup of the town was 96.08% White, 0.92% Native American, and 3.00% from two or more races. Of the 162 households 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. 21.6% of households were one person and 10.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.22. The age distribution was 24.0% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.7 males. The median household income was $25,962 and the median family income was $31,250. Males had a median income of $25,341 versus $17,917 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,721. About 7.8% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.2% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over. References Towns in Aroostook County, Maine Towns in Maine
4508213	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel%20Fall	Sentinel Fall	Sentinel Falls is a long series of cascades descending into Yosemite Valley, in the U.S. state of California, alongside Sentinel Rock. It is a tiered waterfall consisting of 6 major drops totaling , the longest single drop being . It ranks on many lists as the twelfth-highest waterfall in the world, although in truth it is roughly the sixtieth-tallest, as most weaker waterfalls do not make it into such lists. Despite its immense height it has a relatively low drainage and is usually dry by July. References External links Waterfalls of Yosemite National Park Waterfalls of Mariposa County, California Tiered waterfalls
66878	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%94%2088	Мессьє 88	Мессьє 88 (М88, інші позначення -NGC 4501,UGC 7675,MCG 3-32-59, ZWG 99.76, VCC 1401, PGC 41517) — галактика у сузір'ї Волосся Вероніки. Цей об'єкт входить у число перерахованих в оригінальній редакції нового загального каталогу. Дана галактика входить до скупчення галактик у сузір'ї Діви. Відкриття Відкривачем цього об'єкта є Шарль Мессьє, який вперше спостерігав за об'єктом 18 березня 1781. Див. також Список об'єктів Мессьє Новий загальний каталог Примітки M88 на WikiSky Навігатори NGC 4501 Волосся Вероніки Скупчення галактик у сузір'ї Діви Спіральні галактики без бару Об'єкти Мессьє
3719705	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%20%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Бабарико Віктор Дмитрович	Бабарико Віктор Дмитрович Віктор Дмитрович Бабарико (9 листопада 1963, Мінськ) — білоруський банкір і політик. Життєпис 1988 року закінчив механіко-математичний факультет Білоруського університету. Трудову діяльність починав у НВО порошкової металургії, звідки пішов 1995 року з посади начальника відділу зовнішньоекономічних зв'язків. Того ж року закінчив Академію управління при Кабінеті міністрів Білорусі, а через п'ять років — магістратуру Білоруського економічного університету. У банківській системі Білорусі працював з 1995 року. Головою правління «Белгазпромбанка» став у липні 2000 року. У 2008 році отримав диплом Комісії Республіки Білорусь у справах ЮНЕСКО «за великий внесок у розвиток міжнародних культурних зв'язків». 2014 — почесне звання «Меценат культури Білорусі». Кращий керівник 2016 року і топменеджер 2018 року за версією банківської премії «Банк року». 2018 року за ініціативи Бабарика «Белгазпромбанк» профінансував видання 15 000 примірників п'ятитомника Світлани Алексієвич для передачі їх у дар білоруським бібліотекам. Також за його сприяння в Білорусь повернули картини Марка Шагала та оригінал Біблії Скорини. Політика 12 травня 2020 року подав заявку на участь у виборах президента Білорусі. 20 травня зареєстрував другу за розміром ініціативну групу, до якої ввійшли 8 904 людини. На кінець травня в інтернет-опитуваннях Бабарико посідав перше місце з 50 % голосів. Такі результати призвели до заборон передвиборних опитувань на сайтах. 27 травня Бабарико заявив, що вдалось зібрати понад 50 000 підписів. 2 червня заявили про 100 000 підписів. Розслідування 18 червня 2020 Бабарика затримали, приводом назвали несплату податків і легалізацію незаконно отриманих доходів. 20 червня йому висунули звинувачення, не називаючи публічно статтю. Адвокат кандидата Дмитро Лаєвський пояснив, що Бабарико перебуває в СІЗО КДБ. 22 червня заарештували сина Віктора Едуарда Бабарика, йому та батькові обрали запобіжний захід у вигляді утримання під вартою. 14 липня ЦВК Білорусі вирішив не допускати Бабарика кандидатом у президенти на виборах 2020 року, причиною в ЦВК назвали «незадекларовану власність в офшорах». 24 липня Бабарику пред'явили нове обвинувачення: у дачі та отриманні хабара. 6 липня 2021 року білоруський суд призначив Бабариці покарання у вигляді 14 років позбавлення волі. Його звинуватили в отриманні незаконних доходів і наявності незадекларованої власності в офшорах, а також у дачі та отриманні хабара. Політична позиція Бабарико підтримує білоруський політичний нейтралітет, виступає за вихід Білорусі з ОДКБ. Про історичну роль Росії він сказав так: «З моменту становлення сильного Московського князівства в кінці XVII ст., почалося розмиття литвинського гена Великого князівства Литовського, який ми носили в собі. Це справедливо і для України. Генетичний матеріал Білорусі та України був сильно розбавлений переселенцями зі Сходу». Родина Дружина Марина. Діти: син Едуард і дочка Марія. 15 серпня 2017 року його дружина загинула на Мадейрі під час дайвінгу. У липні 2023 року Едуарда Бабаріко засудили до 8 років колонії. Див. також Тихановський Сергій Леонідович Президентські вибори в Білорусі 2020 Примітки Посилання Вікіпедія:Статті з іншим значенням на Вікіданих Уродженці Мінська Випускники Білоруського державного університету Білоруські банкіри Білоруські громадські діячі Колекціонери Персоналії за алфавітом Народились 1963 Народились 9 листопада Особи, визнані в'язнями совісті правозахисним центром «Вясна»
5975855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers%20putsch%20of%201961	Algiers putsch of 1961	Algiers putsch of 1961 The Algiers putsch (or ), also known as the putsch of the generals, was a failed coup d'état intended to force French President Charles de Gaulle not to abandon French Algeria, along with the resident European community and pro-French Muslims. Organised in French Algeria by retired French Army generals Maurice Challe (former commander-in-chief in French Algeria), Edmond Jouhaud (former Inspector General of the French Air Force), André Zeller (former Chief of Staff of the French Army) and Raoul Salan (former commander-in-chief in French Algeria), it took place from the afternoon of 21 to 26 April 1961 in the midst of the Algerian War (1954–1962). The organisers of the putsch were opposed to the secret negotiations that French Prime Minister Michel Debré's government had started with the anti-colonialist National Liberation Front (FLN). General Salan stated that he joined the coup without concerning himself with its technical planning; however, it has always been considered a four-man coup d'état, or as De Gaulle put it, "un quarteron de généraux en retraite" ("a quartet of generals in retirement"). The coup was to come in two phases: an assertion of control in French Algeria's major cities Algiers, Oran and Constantine. The metropolitan operation would be led by Colonel Antoine Argoud, with French paratroopers descending on strategic airfields. The commanders in Oran and Constantine, however, refused to follow Challe's demand that they join the coup. At the same time information about the metropolitan phase came to Prime Minister Debré's attention through the intelligence service. On 22 April all flights and landings were forbidden in Parisian airfields; an order was given to the Army to resist the coup "by all means". The following day, President De Gaulle made a famous speech on television, dressed in his World War II uniform (he was 70 years old and long since a civilian head of state) ordering the French people and military to help him. Context 75% of the French people had voted in favor of Algerian self-determination during the disputed referendum of 8 January 1961 organised in metropolitan France. The wording of the referendum was "Do you approve the Bill submitted to the French people by the President of the Republic concerning the self-determination of the Algerian population and the organisation of the public power in Algeria prior to self-determination". French citizens living abroad or serving abroad in the military were allowed to vote, as were all adult Algerians, regardless of ancestry, in a single electoral college. Speaking for the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (the political arm of the FLN), Ferhat Abbas called for a boycott of the referendum, as did 16 retired French generals and factions among the pied noir (French settler) community opposed to independence. Self-determination was approved by 75% of voters overall and 69.5% in Algeria. The government reported voter turnout of 92.2%. Other sources claim that four out of ten of the individuals in France and Algeria entitled to vote abstained. Following the outcome of the referendum, Michel Debré's government started secret negotiations with the GPRA. On 25 January 1961 Col. Antoine Argoud visited with Premier Debré and threatened him with a coup directed by a "colonels' junta"; the French Army was in no way disposed to let the French Algerian départements created in 1848 after the 1830 conquest become independent. Chronology On 22 April 1961, the retired generals Maurice Challe, André Zeller and Raoul Salan, helped by colonels Antoine Argoud, Jean Gardes and civilians Joseph Ortiz and Jean-Jacques Susini (who would later form the pro-colonialist OAS terrorist group), took control of the territory's capital, Algiers. General Challe criticised what he saw as the government's treason and lies toward French Algerian colonists and loyalist Muslims who trusted it, and stated that During the night the 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment (1e REP), composed of 1,000 men and headed by Hélie de Saint Marc, took control of all of Algiers' strategic points in three hours. The units directly involved in the putsch were the 1st and 2nd REP, the 1er REC and the 14th and 18th Regiments of Chasseurs Parachutistes. Together they comprised the elite units of the airborne divisions of the French Army. Initially, there were pledges of support from other regiments (the 27th Dragoons, the 94th Infantry, the 7th Algerian Tirailleurs and several Marine infantry units), but these seem to have reflected the views of their senior officers only and there was no active participation. The head of the Parisian police, Maurice Papon, and the director of the Sûreté nationale, formed a crisis cell in a room of the Comédie-Française, where Charles de Gaulle was attending a presentation of Racine's Britannicus. During the entracte the president was informed of the coup by Jacques Foccart, his general secretary of African and Malagasy Affairs and closest collaborator, in charge of covert operations. Algiers' population was awakened on 22 April at 7:00 am to a message read on the radio: "The army has seized control of Algeria and of the Sahara". The three rebel generals—Challe, Jouhaud, and Zeller—had the government's general delegate, Jean Morin, arrested as well as the National Minister of Public Transport, Robert Buron, who was visiting, and several civil and military authorities. Several regiments put themselves under the command of the insurrectionary generals. Gen. Jacques Faure, six other officers and several civilians were simultaneously arrested in Paris. At 5:00 pm, during the ministers' council, Charles de Gaulle declared: "Gentlemen, what is serious about this affair is that it isn't serious". He then proclaimed a state of emergency in Algeria, while left-wing parties, the trade union CGT and the NGO Ligue des droits de l'homme (LDH, Human Rights League) called to demonstrate against the military's coup d'état. The following day, on Sunday 23 April, Gen. Salan arrived in Algeria from Spain and refused to arm civilian activists. At 8:00 pm President de Gaulle appeared in his 1940s vintage military uniform on television, calling on French military personnel and civilians, in metropolitan France or in Algeria, to oppose the putsch: Due to the popularity of a recent invention, transistor radio, de Gaulle's call was heard by the conscript soldiers, who refused en masse to follow the professional soldiers' call for insurgency and in some cases jailed their insurrectionist officers. The putsch met with widespread opposition, largely in the form of civil resistance, including a one-hour general strike called by the trade unions the day after de Gaulle's broadcast. Within the army itself much depended on the position taken by individual senior officers. The 13th Light Division of Infantry, responsible for the strategic Zone Sud Oranais (south Oran zone) and including Foreign Legion units, followed the lead of its commander, Gen. Philippe Ginestet, in remaining loyal to the government in Paris. Ginestet was subsequently assassinated by the OAS in retaliation. On Tuesday 25 April government authorities in Paris ordered the explosion of the atomic bomb Gerboise Verte (lit. "green jerboa") in the Sahara as part of a scheduled testing program. Gerboise Verte exploded at 6:05 am. While the test and test site were already prepped as part of the French national nuclear program, the test timeline appears to have been accelerated to ensure that the security of the device was not compromised. The few military units which had followed the mutinying generals progressively surrendered. Gen. Challe gave himself up to the authorities on 26 April, and was immediately transferred to metropolitan France. The putsch had been successfully quashed, but Article 16 granting full and extraordinary powers to de Gaulle was maintained for five months. "The Battle of the Transistors"—as it was called by the press—was quickly and definitively won by de Gaulle. Casualties The only known fatality was French Army Sergeant Pierre Brillant, who was killed by the parachutists while defending the radio transmitter at Ouled Fayet, Algiers. Brillant was aiming at 1st REP 3rd Company Capt. Estoup when he was shot by a legionnaire. Trials and amnesty The Haut Tribunal militaire sentenced Challe and André Zeller to 15 years in prison. However, they were granted an amnesty and had their military positions restored five years later. Raoul Salan and Jouhaud escaped. Salan was condemned in absentia to death (later commuted to life sentence), as was Jouhaud. Salan and others later founded the OAS, a terrorist paramilitary organization that attempted to stop the ongoing process of the April 1962 Independence Evian Agreements for the Algerian territories of France. A July 1968 act granted amnesty; the 24 November 1982, law reintegrated the surviving generals into the army. Salan, Jouhaud and six other generals (Pierre Bigot, Jacques Faure, Marie-Michel Gouraud, Gustave Mentré, Jean-Louis Nicot and André Petit) benefitted from this law. Claims of CIA and BND involvement Suggestions began to appear in French media that the perpetrators might have the backing of reactionary elements in president Kennedy's administration, particularly the CIA. A day after the rebelling generals completed the takeover of Algeria, Italian newspaper Il Paese first editorialized that "It's not by chance that some people in Paris are accusing the American secret service headed by Allen Dulles of having participated in the plot of the four ‘ultra’ generals.” The next day in Russia Pravda stated that the mutiny was encouraged by NATO, the Pentagon and the CIA. Reports appeared claiming that the rumor was partly spread by or at the encouragement of minor officials in the Elysée Palace. French officials seemed to want to put out the story that "the generals plot was backed by strongly anti-communist elements in the United States Government and military services." Within days Le Monde ran a front-page editorial that the CIA involvement was rogue and not politically approved: “It now seems established that some American agents more or less encouraged [Maurice] Challe.... President Kennedy, of course knew nothing of all this". Subsequently President John F. Kennedy, through his White House Press Secretary Pierre Salinger's meeting with French Foreign Minister Maurice Couve de Murville, reassured de Gaulle that this plot was not backed by the CIA or any other U.S. government entity. The next day M. de Murville appeared before the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Chamber of Deputies to testify that there was no evidence of U.S. complicity. U.S. President John F. Kennedy himself contacted de Gaulle to pledge his support, including military assistance, if needed. President de Gaulle declined Kennedy's offer, fearing any controversy if American troops shot any French counterparts. Paese Sera was financed directly by the Communist Party of Italy who had unofficial editorial control. Its editor, Mario Malloni, was a member of the Soviet-backed World Peace Council. IPS, it has been said, "consistently released and reported anti-American and pro-Soviet bloc stories which are either distorted or entirely false." During a June 1961 hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary in the United States Senate, Richard Helms testified that the article published by il Paese was likely part of a Soviet propaganda campaign designed to divide the U.S. and French governments. There were other claims of foreign support: French journalist Patrick Pesnot contended that the French generals also had the support of the Bundesnachrichtendienst (West German Federal Intelligence Service) leader and Dulles protégé Reinhard Gehlen. However, Gen. Challe himself always contended that he had never been in contact with any foreign countries in this affair. See also Foreign Airborne Battalions and Regiments of France Coup d'état May 1958 crisis Notes and references Bibliography Pierre Abramovici, Le Putsch des Généraux, éd. Fayard, 2011 Jacques Fauvet and Jean Planchais, La Fronde des Généraux, Arthaud, Paris, 1961 Porch, Douglas. The French Foreign Legion. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. Roberts, Adam, ‘Civil Resistance to Military Coups’, Journal of Peace Research, Oslo, vol. 12, no. 1, 1975, pp. 19–36. Roberts, Adam, ‘La défaite du putsch de 1961: un exemple de résistance civile’, Espoir, Institut Charles de Gaulle, Paris, no. 15, June 1976, pp. 47–54. External links La réhabilitation des généraux putschistes, en 1982, Human Rights League Article in Le Monde, 2001 Article by Pierre Abramovici 1961 in the Algerian War Military coups in Algeria Military coups in France Putsch of 1961 1960s coups d'état and coup attempts Attempted coups d'état in France 1961 crimes in Algeria 1961 crimes in France Military operations of the Algerian War Presidency of Charles de Gaulle Anti-communism in France French nationalism French Fifth Republic April 1961 events in Africa 20th-century military history of France Events that led to courts-martial Organisation armée secrète

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