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id stringlengths 3 8	url stringlengths 31 795	title stringlengths 1 211	text stringlengths 12 350k
4109774	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F	Надлишкова вибірка згладжування	Надлишкова вибірка згладжування, або суперсемплінг — це група методів згладжування, що застосовуються для видалення нерівних країв із зображень, що відображаються в комп'ютерних іграх або інших комп'ютерних програмах, що генерують зображення. Повноекранне згладжування дозволяє усунути характерні «драбинки» на кордонах полігонів. Але слід враховувати, що повноекранне згладжування споживає немало обчислювальних ресурсів, що призводить до падіння частоти кадрів. Методи згладжування При відборі вибірок у межах пікселя позиції вибірки мають бути певним чином визначені. Хоча кількість способів, якими це можна зробити, нескінченна, є кілька способів, які зазвичай використовуються Алгоритм сітки Найпростіший алгоритм. Піксель розбивається на кілька субпікселів, і вибірка береться з центру кожного з них. Він швидкий і простий у реалізації. Хоча, через регулярний характер вибірки, аліасинг все одно може відбуватися, якщо використовується невелика кількість підпікселів. Випадковий алгоритм Також відома як стохастична вибірка, вона дозволяє уникнути регулярності супервибірки сітки. Однак, через нерівномірність шаблону, вибірки виявляються зайвими в одних частинах пікселя і недостатніми в інших. Алгоритм зміщення Модифікація сіткового алгоритму для апроксимації пуассонівського диска. Піксель розбивається на кілька підпікселів, але вибірка береться не з центру кожного, а з випадкової точки всередині підпікселя. Скупчення все ще може відбуватися, але в меншій мірі. Алгоритм обертової сітки Використовується сітка , але шаблон зразків повертається, щоб уникнути вирівнювання зразків по горизонтальній або вертикальній осі, що значно покращує якість згладжування для найпоширеніших випадків. Для оптимального шаблону кут повороту дорівнює , а квадрат розтягується в коефіцієнті , що робить його також розв'язком з 4-а рішеннями. Примітки Алгоритми комп'ютерної графіки
2116707	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29	Горіно (Калінінградська область)	Горіно (Калінінградська область) Горіно — селище Німанського району, Калінінградської області Росії. Входить до складу Німанського міського поселення. Населення — 71 особа (2015 рік). Примітки Селища Калінінградської області Населені пункти Німанського району
21146	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0	Суданська трава	Суданська трава або сорго трав'янисте (Sorghum bicolor subsp. drummondii) — однорічна кормова рослина з роду сорго (Sorghum), родини тонконогових (Poaceae). Відрізняється від сорго звичайного (Sorghum bicolor subsp. bicolor) в тому, що зерна не є розкриті при дозріванні. За поживністю і рівнем урожаю суданська трава займає перше місце серед однорічних тонконогових трав. Суданська трава теплолюбна й досить посухостійка; її вирощують на зелений корм, сіно і силос. Її висівають як у чистому вигляді, так і в сумішах з однорічними бобовими рослинами. Походить з Африки. В Україні поширена з 1910-х років — у Степу, Лісостепу та на Кубані. В Україні районовано сорти: Дніпропетровська 876 Миронівська 10 Одеська 25 Чорноморка Сорго-судаковий гібрид 5 та ін. Див. також Сорго Джерела Суданська трава — перспективна і дешева кормова рослина // «Пропозиція» 2005, №4. Сорго Кормові культури
3304214	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettle%20agent	Nettle agent	Nettle agents (named after stinging nettles) or urticants are a variety of chemical warfare agents that produce corrosive skin and tissue injury upon contact, resulting in erythema, urticaria, intense itching, and a hive-like rash. Most nettle agents, such as the best known and studied nettle agent, phosgene oxime, are often grouped with the vesicant (blister agent) chemical agents. However, because nettle agents do not cause blisters, they are not true vesicants. References Chemical weapons
2622070	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%20%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96	Натуральні упирі	Натуральні упирі «Натуральні упирі» — дебютна стрічка британського актора Джейсона Флемінга, українська прем'єра якої відбулась 18 січня 2018 року. Сюжет Вісім вампірів зібралися у віддаленій місцевості, щоб обрати нового члена, замість вбитого. Себастіан, який пішов на побачення, випадково потрапляє на це зібрання. Упирі пропонують приєднатися до них, але в будинок вривається спеціальний загін по боротьбі з вампірами, які мають закінчити зачистку до світанку. У ролях Створення фільму Виробництво Зйомки фільму проходили в Гартфордширі, Англія, Велика Британія. Знімальна група Кінорежисер — Джейсон Флемінг Сценарист — Денні Кінг Кінопродюсери — Ніл Джонс, Род Сміт, Джонатан Соуткотт Композитор — Джеймс Сеймур Бретт Кінооператор — Час Бейн Кіномонтаж — Алекс Фенн Художник-постановник — Рассел Де Розаріо Артдиректор — Луїза Вудгем Художник-декоратор — Шарлотта Тейлор Художник по костюмах — Софі Каналь Підбір акторів — Люсінда Сайсон. Сприйняття Критика Фільм отримав переважно негативні відгуки. На сайті Rotten Tomatoes оцінка стрічки становить 18 % на основі 11 відгуків від глядачів (середня оцінка 3,7/5) і 35 % від глядачів із середньою оцінкою 3/5 (34 голоси). Фільму зарахований «гнилий помідор» від кінокритиків та «розсипаний попкорн» від глядачів, Internet Movie Database — 5,3/10 (1 124 голоси). Номінації та нагороди Примітки Посилання Фільми Великої Британії 2017 Кінокомедії 2017 Фільми англійською мовою Кінокомедії Великої Британії Фільми-бойовики Великої Британії Фільми жахів Великої Британії Фільми про вампірів Дебютні фільми режисерів
2876626	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%20%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97	Католицька церква в Швеції	Католицька церква в Швеції Католицька церква у Швеції — друга християнська конфесія Швеції. Складова всесвітньої Католицької церкви, яку очолює на Землі римський папа. Керується конференцією єпископів. Станом на 2004 рік у країні нараховувалося близько католиків (від усього населення). Існувало 1 діоцезій, які об'єднували церковних парафій. Кількість священиків — (з них представники секулярного духовенства — , члени чернечих організацій ), постійних дияконів — , монахів — , монахинь — . Примітки Джерела Wittmann, Pius. Sweden // The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. Посилання Статистика за країною // Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Католицька церква за країною
1949696	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%20%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Улановський Михайло Семенович	Улановський Михайло Семенович Михайло Семенович Улановський (Миколаїв — , Київ) — український художник театру, заслужений діяч мистецтв УРСР, заслужений діяч мистецтв РРФСР (1956). Життєпис Михайло Улановський народився у місті Миколаєві . Навчався в Одеському художньому інституті. В 1932 році закінчив Вищий художньо-технічний інститут (ВХУТЕІН) у Москві. 1932—1941 — працює в різних театрах Москви. 1946—1966 — працює в театрах Свердловська і Краснодара. 1966—1988 — художник Київського театру російської драми ім. Лесі Українки. 1988—1990 — художник Київського театру оперети. Пішов з життя . Оформлені вистави «Антоній і Клеопатра» В. Шекспіра (1955) «Філумена Мартурано» Е. Де Філіппо (1965) «Ой не ходи, Грицю…» М. Старицького (1965) «Марія» А. Салинського (1970) «Варвари» М. Горького (1973) «Єдиний свідок» Аріадни та Петра Тур (Варна, 1973) «Російські люди» К. Симонова (1975) «Хазяйка» Музи Гараєвої (1978) Посилання — С. 594. Улановский Михаил Семеновичrusdram.com.ua Уродженці Миколаєва Померли в Києві Українські художники Українські театральні діячі Персоналії:Київський національний академічний театр оперети Художники Національного академічного драматичного театру імені Лесі Українки Заслужені діячі мистецтв УРСР
862285	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD	Енфлінген	Енфлінген, Енфлінґен — колишній муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Гранд-Ест, департамент Верхній Рейн. Населення — осіб (2011). Муніципалітет був розташований на відстані близько 400 км на схід від Парижа, 120 км на південь від Страсбура, 60 км на південь від Кольмара. Історія До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Ельзас. Від 1 січня 2016 року належав до нового об'єднаного регіону Гранд-Ест. 1 січня 2016 року Енфлінген, Гренцинген i Обердорф було об'єднано в новий муніципалітет Ійталь. Демографія Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006): Економіка У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 73 оподатковані домогосподарства, у яких проживали 207,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача Галерея зображень Посилання Енфлінген на сайті французького Національного інституту географії Див. також Список муніципалітетів департаменту Верхній Рейн Примітки Колишні муніципалітети департаменту Верхній Рейн
2814952	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0	Олесниця-Мала	Олесниця-Мала — село в Польщі, у гміні Олава Олавського повіту Нижньосілезького воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Вроцлавського воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Олавського повіту
3027984	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%20%28%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%20%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%29	Білогриве (заповідне урочище)	Білогриве (заповідне урочище) Білогриве — заповідне урочище. Розташоване у межах Кролевецького району Сумської області, біля села Білогриве. Площею 17,6 га. Засноване у 1984 році. Створене з метою збереження сосново-убового деревостану природного та штучного походження віком близько 100-170 років. Місце зростання типових та рідкісних видів рослин, занесених до Червоної книги України (коручка чемерникоподібна, лілія лісова). Осередок збереження та відтворення мисливської фауни. Джерела Природно-заповідний фонд Сумської області: Атлас-довідник. — К.:ТОВ «Українська картографічна група», 2016. — 94 с. Заповідні урочища Сумської області Природно-заповідний фонд Кролевецького району Природоохоронні об'єкти, засновані 1984
1011829	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5	Галіндусте	Галіндусте — муніципалітет в Іспанії, у складі автономної спільноти Кастилія-і-Леон, у провінції Саламанка. Населення — особи (2010). Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 160 км на захід від Мадрида, 35 км на південь від Саламанки. На території муніципалітету розташовані такі населені пункти: (дані про населення за 2010 рік) Андарромеро: 0 осіб Галіндусте: 489 осіб Гутьєррес-Веласко-Альварес: 4 особи Гутьєррес-Веласко-Дельгадо: 0 осіб Мартін-Перес: 0 осіб Демографія Посилання Провінційна рада Саламанки: індекс муніципалітетів Примітки Муніципалітети провінції Саламанка
2529031	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensed%20practical%20nurse	Licensed practical nurse	Licensed practical nurse A licensed practical nurse (LPN), in much of the United States and Canada, is a nurse who provides direct nursing care for people who are sick, injured, convalescent, or disabled. In the United States, LPNs work under the direction of physicians, mid-level practitioners, and may work under the direction of registered nurses depending on their jurisdiction. In Canada, LPNs' scope of practices autonomously similar to the registered nurse in providing direct nursing care and are responsible for their individual actions and practice. Another title provided in the Canadian province of Ontario is "registered practical nurse" (RPN). In California and Texas, such a nurse is referred to as a licensed vocational nurse (LVN). In the United States, LPN training programs are one to two years in duration. All U.S. state and territorial boards also require passage of the NCLEX-PN exam. In Canada (except for Québec), the education program is two years of full-time post-secondary and students must pass the Canadian Practical Nurse Registration Exam (CPNRE), administered by the for-profit Yardstick Assessment Strategies. In 2022, Ontario and British Columbia plan to discontinue CPNRE in favour of the REx-PN, administered by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). United States According to the 2010–2011 Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics, licensed practical nurses care for patients in many ways: According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, while most LPNs are generalists and will work in any area of health care, some LPNs work in specialized settings, such as nursing homes, doctor's offices, or in home care. In some American states, LPNs are permitted to administer prescribed medicines, start intravenous fluids, and provide care to ventilator-dependent patients. While about 18 percent of LPNs/LVNs in the United States worked part-time in 2008, most work a 40-hour week. The Occupational Outlook Handbook states that LPNs may have to work nights, weekends, and holidays; often stand for long periods and help patients move in bed, stand, or walk; and may face occupational hazards which include exposure to caustic chemicals, radiation, and infectious diseases; back injuries from moving patients; workplace stress; and sometimes confused, agitated, or uncooperative patients." In California, licensed vocational nurses (LVNs) empty bedpans, commodes and clean and change incontinent adults. Licensed vocational nurses read vital signs such as pulse, temperature, blood pressure and respiration. They administer injections and enemas, monitor catheters and give massages or alcohol rubs. They may apply dressings, hot water bottles and ice packs. They help patients bathe and dress, treat bedsores and change soiled bed sheets. LVNs feed patients and record their food consumption, while monitoring the fluids they take in and excrete. In May 2023, the median annual wages of LPNs/LVNs in the United States was $59,730, with the lowest 10 percent earning less than $45,670, and the highest 10 percent earning more than $77,870. Median annual wages differed by setting: According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, in 2008 there were some 753,600 jobs held by LPNs/LVNs in the United States, with about 25 percent working in hospitals, 28 percent in nursing care facilities, and 12 percent in physicians' offices. Other LPNs/LVN worked for home health care services; employment services; residential care facilities; community care facilities; outpatient care centers; and federal, state, and local government agencies. In the United States, employment of LPNs is projected to grow by 21 percent between 2008 and 2018, much faster than average. The growth is expected to be driven by the "long-term care needs of an increasing elderly population and the general increase in demand for healthcare services". By contrast hospitals are phasing out licensed practical nurses. While LPN jobs were expected to decline, in 2010 the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported the job growth rate of Licensed Practical Nurses as 22%, far above the national average of 14%. Median annual salary was reported as $44,090 per year, and hourly salary was reported as $19.42. In the United States, training programs to become a LPN/LVN last about one year and are offered by vocational/technical schools and by community colleges. The Occupational Outlook Handbook states that in order to be eligible for licensure, LPNs must complete a state-approved training program. A high school diploma or equivalent usually is required for acceptance into a training program, but some programs accept candidates without a diploma and some programs are part of a high school curriculum. According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook states that most programs include both classroom study (covering basic nursing concepts and subjects related to patient care, including anatomy, physiology, medical-surgical nursing, pediatrics, obstetrics nursing, pharmacology, nutrition, and first aid) and supervised clinical practice (usually in a hospital setting, but sometimes elsewhere). The National Council Licensure Examination-Practical Nurse (NCLEX-PN), a computer-based national licensing exam developed and administered by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, is the exam required to obtain licensure as a LPN/LVN. In many states, LPNs/LVNs are required to obtain continuing education credits throughout their career. Advancement In some settings, LPNs/LVNs have opportunities for advancement, including the possibility of becoming credentialed in a certain area (such as IV therapy, gerontology, long-term care and pharmacology) or of becoming a charge nurse, responsible for overseeing the work of other LPNs and various unlicensed assistive personnel, such as nursing assistants. Some LPNs/LVNs choose to undergo further education and become registered nurses. LPN-to-RN training programs ("bridge programs") exist for this purpose. These include further classroom study to obtain at least an Associate of Science in Nursing (ASN) and clinical practice followed by another exam, the National Council Licensure Examination-Registered Nurse (NCLEX-RN). The origins of the practical/vocational nurse can be traced back to the practice of self-taught individuals who worked in home care in the past, assisting with basic care (ADLs such as bathing) and light housekeeping duties (such as cooking). Licensing standards for practical nurses came later than those for professional nurses; by 1945, 19 states and one territory had licensure laws, but only one state law covered practical nursing. By 1955, however, every state had licensing laws for practical nurses. Practical nurses who had been functioning as such at the time new standards were adopted were usually granted a license by waiver, and exempted from new training requirements. The first formal training program for practical nurses was developed at the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) in New York City in 1892. The following year this became the Ballard School of Practical Nursing (after Lucinda Ballard, an early benefactor) and was a three-month-long course of study concerned with the care of infants, children and the elderly and disabled. The curriculum included instruction in cooking and nutrition as well as basic science and nursing. The school closed in 1949 after the YWCA was reorganized. Other early practical nursing education program include the Thompson Practical Nursing School, established in 1907 in Brattleboro, Vermont, (still in operation today) and the Household Nursing School (later the Shepard-Gill School of Practical Nursing), established in 1918 in Boston. In 1930, there were still just 11 schools of practical nursing, but between 1948 and 1954, 260 more opened. The Association of Practical Nurse Schools (APNS) as founded in 1942, and the next year the name of the organization was changed to National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service (NAPNAS), and the first planned curriculum for practical nurses as developed. Canada In Canada, nursing, as with all other health care professions and trades, is regulated by the respective province or territory, through an enabling statute legal scheme where an act of the relevant legislature grants delegated authority to a non-sovereign entity such as a college of nurses with powers to regulate the profession within specific parameters and also grants to the respective minister of the Crown oversight and the powers to write regulations through a Ministerial Order in Council. As an example, the Canadian province of British Columbia's enabling act is the Health Professions Act, RSBC 1996, c. 183, and the resulting nursing-specific regulation is incorporated into one Regulation together with a number of other practitioners such as audiologists and naturopaths in the Health Professions Designation Regulation, BC Reg 270/2008. While the act and the regulation outline basic organizational architecture, each professional organization creates its own bylaws and codes of conduct and practice subject to ministerial and judicial review and must be in compliance with accepted norms of administrative law such as transparency and accountability in governance, fundamental principles of natural justice, an internal appeal process and compliance with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Such legal schemes enable self-governance and save costs to governments by delegating regulatory responsibilities to a self-funded and self-administered professional entity, but are also known to engage in protectionist practices since the delegation also grants a monopoly for the provision of services to only one body, as widely studied by the late economist A nurse who is entitled to practice in one jurisdiction cannot work in another without applying to and being granted a license by the local regulatory body. Educational, legal and practice requirements are similar, so mobility is possible; however, the nurse still has to fulfill requirements, such as writing exams and paying fees, in each location they wish to practice. This is akin to all other regulated professions where the provincial government holds exclusive jurisdiction. Practical nurse compensation The average hourly practical nursing salary at the entry level is 24.00 CAD an hour. The highest practical nursing salary at the experienced level is 36.00 CAD. However, some practical nurses may make upwards of 40.00 CAD an hour. Many nurses also receive overtime compensation for the long hours and understaffing of many institutions. Ontario Ontario uses the designation Registered Practical Nurse to refer to a role known as Licensed Practical Nurse in the rest of Canada and elsewhere. This should not be confused with Registered Psychiatric Nurse, a title used in certain other Canadian jurisdictions. All nurses in the province of Ontario are regulated by the College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO), to which they must apply for and maintain membership. "College" in this case is used similarly to the word "board"; they are not a school or training provider themselves. To apply for membership, an applicant must satisfy requirements including completion of an approved two year post secondary training program, evidence of recent practice as a nurse, pass both an entrance and jurisprudence examination, be proficient in either English or French, have legal authorization to be employed in Canada, disclosure of certain past or ongoing legal proceedings, disclosure of certain proceedings involving practice of nursing in other jurisdictions and disclosure of certain kinds of health conditions and disabilities. In 2008, there were 27,432 RPNs registered as practicing with the CNO. By 2017, this has increased to 48,748. By comparison to other classes of nursing in Ontario, there were 104,483 RNs and 3,083 NPs. 90.9% of the 2017 RPNs were female and the average age was 40.8 years. 89.9% attended a nursing school in Ontario; however members who previously attended nursing schools outside Ontario which were not accepted as valid by the CNO at the time of their registration are not reflected in that number. The CNO's definition for a nurse's scope of practice is: "The practice of nursing is the promotion of health and the assessment of, the provision of care for, and the treatment of health conditions by supportive, preventive, therapeutic, palliative, and rehabilitative means in order to attain or maintain optimal function". The College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) outlines 13 controlled acts, 4 of which can be performed by RPNs and RNs. The 4 Controlled Acts available to be performed by RNs and RPNs are: Performing a prescribed procedure below the dermis or mucous membrane Administering a substance by injection or inhalation Putting an instrument, hand, or finger: Beyond the external ear canal Beyond the point in the nasal passages where they normally narrow Beyond the larynx Beyond the opening of the urethra Beyond the labia majora Beyond the anal verge or Into an artificial opening in the body Dispensing a drug The College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) has 4 principal roles in the regulation of Ontario nurses: Articulating and Promoting Practice Standards Establishing Requirements for Entry to Practice Administering a Quality Assurance Program Enforcing Standards of Practice and Conduct The CNO has set 7 standards of practice for all nurses in Ontario: Accountability Continuing Competence Ethics Relationships (Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationships and Professional Relationships) Knowledge Knowledge Application Leadership Registered Nurses are expected to have a higher level of competency in the last three of these standards of practice than RPNs. In Alberta, LPN's have a greater scope of practice than most provinces. They can perform most tasks that an RN can do, however, the complexity of the patient's condition determines if the LPN is in charge of care, or collaborating on care with an RN. In Ontario, RPNs are actively expanding their roles and scope of practice, modelling similarly to Alberta, with the exception that in Ontario, both RNs and RPNs are regulated by the same regulatory body. This model allows for both categories of nurses to be practising under the same guidelines and accountability models. In Canada, in home-care settings LPNs sometimes act as the liaison between the care provider and the local health authority, coordinating care. United Kingdom The state enrolled nursing qualification can no longer be gained in Britain. Prior to the implementation of Project 2000 which radically altered the face of nurse education in the mid-1990s, SEN students used to be trained within two years. Their course was a simplified version of the longer training offered to state registered nurses (SRNs, later to be renamed RGNs, registered general nurses and now known as level-one nurses). Some auxiliary nurses with many years of experience were selected to progress to enrollment as a SEN. People training to be SRNs who failed their exams at the third attempt were also able to enter the nursing register as a SEN. No new SENs are trained in the UK today. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (the regulatory body for nurses in the UK) previously used to allow people to be added to the register as level two nurses if they are moving from a similar position from within the European Union, however this has now stopped. Level-two nurses from the EU wishing to gain entry to the Register in the UK must be willing to train as a first level (staff) nurse. This is by two different means: starting their training from scratch as a pre-registration student nurse, or by joining an existing cohort of student nurses starting their second year of training, and completing years 2 and 3 with them Formerly, there was a large segregation between the "green" SENs and "blue" SRNs, which were the colour of uniform typically worn. SENs were very much complementary to the nursing team, however did not have the status of SRNs and were ineligible to be promoted, e.g., to ward sister. Many SENs sat or re-sat the SRN exams, however a large number did not and were quite content being a SEN. Nowadays, the divide between level one and two nurses is diminishing due to the small number of SENs still in practice. The demise of the SEN is lamented by many who saw it as a balanced way to staff a ward. However, the divide also meant that potentially, the gap in clinical excellence could be too wide. In many areas, ENs and SENs are being replaced with lesser qualified healthcare assistants educated to S/NVQ Level 3 or 4, being awarded titles such as Senior Healthcare Assistant, Senior Auxiliary Nurse, Senior Clinical Support Worker, Care Team Leader or Senior Care Assistant. Although originally viewed as a less qualified nurse, ENs and SENs are now able to hold the rank of Deputy Charge Nurse in the NHS and Deputy Home Manager in the private sector, as well as unit manager, both within the NHS and the private sector, and in some instances higher, technically out-ranking a staff nurse (first-level RN). Auxiliary nurses draw blood samples, change bandages, and record ECGs. At present, they work under the direct supervision of a registered nurse. As of 2018 the Enrolled Nurse has been re introduced to the UK and these practitioners hold the title of Registered Nurse Associate. RNA's must complete a two-year foundation degree and hold formal registration with the NMC. RNA's must also revalidate every three years as is also the case for RN's. They are placed at band 4 in the NHS banding system. RNA's are responsible for their own allocated patients and are certified to administer most medications. This bridged the gap between the lesser qualified HCA and RN. As far back as 2004 the Enrolled Nurse role was brought back in a limited fashion, placed at band 4 and called Assistant Practitioners. Whilst they continue to work within the NHS today they are not registered practitioners. Australia The national Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) issues permission to practise. Enrolled nurses (EN), or Division 2 nurses, in Australia must now complete the Diploma of Nursing and usually spend 18 months training, consisting of 36 weeks theoretical component at TAFE colleges, some universities or private institutions, followed by practical experience in hospital wards for the remainder of the time. The majority of ENs eventually move on to attend university and become registered nurses, although a substantial number remain as ENs in public and private hospitals, and nursing homes. Trainee enrolled nurses (TENs) become employees of the hospital for the twelve-month training period, meaning that, as well as gaining practical experience on the wards, they are paid for hours worked. This attracts a substantial number of applicants, who may wish to pursue nursing as a career, but are unable to afford to become full-time university students. As of 2009, however, the government has stopped working with the NSW Department of Health, and those wishing to become enrolled nurses are not being paid. The enrolled nurse programme also allows people to ascertain whether or not they are suited to nursing before they make the decision to study it at university level. The role of enrolled nurses in Australia has greatly increased in recent years in response to the continuing shortage of registered nurses in the Australian public health care system. In 2004, a medication endorsement certificate was introduced, allowing ENs to administer some oral medication (excluding schedule 8 drugs of addiction) upon completion. Although medication endorsement is now included in the diploma. Endorsement also permits the administration of some intravenous (IV) medications and fluids (intravenous therapy or IVT), as well as intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) injections. Enrolled nurses (ENs) are also permitted to check & give Schedule 4 and Schedule 8 medications with a registered nurse. Most enrolled nurses working in public hospitals are permitted to conduct ECGs, collect pathology specimens, and routinely take a patient load under the direct supervision of a registered nurse. Despite the fact that the role of the EN in Australia has been greatly expanded in recent years, opportunities for career progression remain somewhat limited, and for this reason, many choose to go on and study to become registered nurses. In terms of financial remuneration, the earning capacity of an enrolled nurse is capped at five years of service, whereas registered nurses continue to eight years before salary capping is applied. See also Enrolled Nurse Professional Association Nurse Nursing Registered nurse (RN) References Health care occupations Nursing credentials and certifications
4758966	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krewerd	Krewerd	Krewerd is a village with a population of around 75 in the municipality of Eemsdelta in the province of Groningen in the Netherlands. The medieval village church houses a gothic organ from 1531, which is still largely in its original state. History The village was first mentioned in 1280 as Crewerth, and means "crow (Corvus corone) terp". Krewerd is a terp (artificial living hill) village with radial structure which dates from between 800 and 1100. In the late middle ages, a canal was dug to the . The monastery Nijenklooster used to be located near Krewerd. It was a Premonstratensian monastery which was an outpost of , and the official name was "Campus Rosarum". It was demolished in 1574. The Dutch Reformed church was built around 1280, and the tower was added 1400. A western entrance was built in the tower in 1782. Krewerd was home to 85 people in 1840. Geography Krewerd is located in the municipality of the Delfzijl in the north of the province of the Groningen in the northeast of the Netherlands. Krewerd lies directly northwest of Delfzijl and about 24 km northeast of the city of Groningen. Gallery References External links Populated places in Groningen (province) Eemsdelta
12612905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenta.ru	Lenta.ru	Lenta.ru (stylised as LƐNTA.RU) is a Russian-language online newspaper. Based in Moscow, it is owned by Rambler Media Group. In 2013, the Alexander Mamut-owned companies "SUP Media" and "Rambler-Afisha" merged to form "Afisha.Rambler.SUP", which owns Lenta.ru. The online newspaper is one of the most popular Russian language online resources with over 600 thousand visitors daily. History In 1999 Anton Nosik launched Lenta.ru together with the Foundation for Effective Politics. It was (like vesti.ru) a sister e-news project under the brand Gazeta.Ru. Nosik served as its chief editor till 2004. A Berkman Center 2010 study found it to be the most cited news source in the Russian blogosphere. In 2013, Alexander Mamut through his ownership of the Afisha-Rambler-SUP Group acquired Lenta.ru. In 2013, Lenta.ru was ranked by comScore-study the 5th in terms of traffic among European news websites (in all languages). In January 2013, the website was relaunched with a new design and significant changes to the rubricating system. This was the most serious update of the site since 2004. In 2020, Mamut sold Rambler to Sberbank. Replacement of the leadership and staff in 2014 Following a March 10, 2014, Lenta.ru interview by Ilya Azar of from the Right Sector's Kyiv branch, Russian censorship organization Roskomnadzor accused Lenta.ru of violating Russian media censorship and "counter-extremism" laws. Since the warning by Roskomnadzor was the second issued in a 12-month period, Roskomnadzor could ask the courts to terminate Lenta.ru's mass media license. Both the BBC and The Economist called Russian state response to the publications by Lenta.ru a censorship. On March 12, 2014 the owner, Alexander Mamut, fired the Editor-in-Chief Galina Timchenko and replaced her with Alexey Goreslavsky. Thirty-nine employees out of the total 84, including Director-general Yuliya Minder, lost their jobs. This includes 32 writing journalists, all photo-editors (5 people) and 6 administrators. The employees of Lenta.ru issued a statement that the purpose of the move was to install a new Editor-in-Chief directly controlled by the Kremlin and turn the website into a propaganda tool. Dunja Mijatović, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, referred to the move as a manifestation of censorship. Galina Timchenko, together with a team of around 20 journalists who resigned from their jobs at Lenta.ru, started the new internet newspaper Meduza. Incident during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine On 9 May 2022, the Russian Victory Day, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Lenta.ru briefly displayed information about the Russian war against Ukraine in a way that did not comply with government regulations or the enforced guidelines of Lenta.ru. Articles were published regarding the mass killing of civilians, looting, abandoned bodies of Russian troops, the destruction of Mariupol, censorship, governmental lies to relatives of deceased soldiers, attacks against the freedom of press, and more. Lenta.ru journalists Egor Polyakov and Alexandra Miroshnikova have stated that they were the authors of these articles, and reported that they now need new jobs, lawyers, and political asylum. The content was quickly removed, but can be found in Wayback Machine. Chief editors Anton Nosik (1999–2004) Galina Timchenko (2004–2014) Alexey Goreslavsky (2014–2016) Alexander Belonovsky (2016–2017) Vladimir Todorov (since 2017) Management Director-general: Andrey Solomennik Editor-in-Chief: Vladimir Todorov Programmer: Maksim Moshkow (until 2009) Awards and recognitions Lenta.ru has taken first place four times in the Rotor contest in the category "Information site of the year" and once, in 2000 in the category "News site of the year". Maxim Moshkov has won the Rotor twice (in the categories "Programmer of the Year" in 1999 and "Man of the Year" in 2005). Notes References External links Internet properties established in 1999 News agencies based in Russia Russian news websites Mass media in Moscow 1999 establishments in Russia Government-owned companies of Russia Russian propaganda organizations Conspiracist media
112260	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg%2C%20Indiana	Oldenburg, Indiana	Oldenburg, Indiana Oldenburg is a town in Ray Township, Franklin County, Indiana, United States. The population was 674 at the 2010 census. Geography According to the 2010 census, Oldenburg has a total area of , all land. History Oldenburg was founded in 1837 by a group of German settlers. The town was named after Oldenburg, in Germany. Incorporated in 1881, Oldenburg is called the "Village of Spires" because of its churches and religious educational institutions. In 1851, Mother Theresa Hackelmeier (1827-1860) founded the Sisters of St. Francis of Oldenburg who would open numerous schools in the Midwest. The Oldenburg Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 674 people, 235 households, and 156 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 268 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98.5% White, 0.1% African American, 0.6% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population. There were 235 households, of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.3% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.6% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.97. The median age in the town was 51 years. 20.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.3% were from 25 to 44; 26.7% were from 45 to 64; and 29.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 39.3% male and 60.7% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 647 people, 215 households, and 135 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 228 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 98.92% White, 0.46% Asian, and 0.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.15% of the population. There were 215 households, out of which 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.4% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% were non-families. 34.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.01. In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.3% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 34.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 63.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 55.5 males. The median income for a household in the town was $42,292, and the median income for a family was $56,042. Males had a median income of $36,635 versus $28,571 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,620. About 2.3% of families and 17.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 41.6% of those age 65 or over. Notable natives of Oldenburg John Henry Tihen (1861–1940) American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church References External links Official Freudenfest Website German-American history Towns in Franklin County, Indiana Towns in Indiana 1837 establishments in Indiana Populated places established in 1837
1362219	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-24%20rocket	S-24 rocket	S-24 rocket The S-24 is a rocket weapon designed and used by the Soviet Air Force. It remains in use by the Russian Aerospace Forces, Ukrainian Air Force and many export countries. The name is based on the diameter of the rocket, . The Soviet Union was an early, enthusiastic user of rocket weapons, employing them as early as the 1930s. The S-24/S-24B is a very large, powerful unguided weapon and one of a handful of successors to the earlier World War II-era BETAB-750DS rockets. The S-24B differs from the S-24 in that it uses BN-K low smoke motor powder for a low-smoke flight. The S-24 is long, with a launch weight of . It has a blast-fragmentation warhead. Its range is about . The S-24 is carried individually on weapon hardpoints, rather than in pods. Proximity fuze RV-24 is also available, in which the warhead detonate 3 meters above ground, creating 300–400 m radius of fragmentation casualty zone. The body is mesh-texture shape-hardened by electric treatment and creates 4000 fragments that can penetrate up to 30 millimeters of armor, though some sources dispute this and give a figure of 25 millimeters. The rocket is also license produced in Iran under the name of Shafaq. See also References Air-to-ground rockets of the Soviet Union
37842	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20thermal%20rocket	Nuclear thermal rocket	Nuclear thermal rocket A nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) is a type of thermal rocket where the heat from a nuclear reaction replaces the chemical energy of the propellants in a chemical rocket. In an NTR, a working fluid, usually liquid hydrogen, is heated to a high temperature in a nuclear reactor and then expands through a rocket nozzle to create thrust. The external nuclear heat source theoretically allows a higher effective exhaust velocity and is expected to double or triple payload capacity compared to chemical propellants that store energy internally. NTRs have been proposed as a spacecraft propulsion technology, with the earliest ground tests occurring in 1955. The United States maintained an NTR development program through 1973 when it was shut down for various reasons, including to focus on Space Shuttle development. Although more than ten reactors of varying power output have been built and tested, , no nuclear thermal rocket has flown. Whereas all early applications for nuclear thermal rocket propulsion used fission processes, research in the 2010s has moved to fusion approaches. The Direct Fusion Drive project at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory is one such example, although "energy-positive fusion has remained elusive". In 2019, the U.S. Congress approved US$125 million in development funding for nuclear thermal propulsion rockets. In May 2022 DARPA issued an RFP for the next phase of their Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO) nuclear thermal engine program. This follows on their selection, in 2021, of an early engine design by General Atomics and two spacecraft concepts from Blue Origin and Lockheed Martin. The next phases of the program will focus on the design, development, fabrication, and assembly of a nuclear thermal rocket engine. In July 2023, Lockheed Martin was awarded the contract to build the spacecraft and BWX Technologies (BWXT) will develop the nuclear reactor. A launch is expected in 2027. Principle of operation Nuclear-powered thermal rockets are more effective than chemical thermal rockets, primarily because they can use low-molecular-mass propellants such as hydrogen. As thermal rockets, nuclear thermal rockets work almost exactly like chemical rockets: a heat source releases thermal energy into a gaseous propellant inside the body of the engine, and a nozzle at one end acts as a very simple heat engine: it allows the propellant to expand away from the vehicle, carrying momentum with it and converting thermal energy to coherent kinetic energy. The specific impulse (Isp) of the engine is set by the speed of the exhaust stream. That, in turn, varies as the square root of the kinetic energy loaded on each unit mass of propellant. The kinetic energy per molecule of propellant is determined by the temperature of the heat source (whether it be a nuclear reactor or a chemical reaction). At any particular temperature, lightweight propellant molecules carry just as much kinetic energy as heavier propellant molecules and therefore have more kinetic energy per unit mass. This makes low-molecular-mass propellants more effective than high-molecular-mass propellants. Because chemical rockets and nuclear rockets are made from refractory solid materials, they are both limited to operate below , by the strength characteristics of high-temperature metals. Chemical rockets use the most readily available propellant, which is waste products from the chemical reactions producing their heat energy. Most liquid-fueled chemical rockets use either hydrogen or hydrocarbon combustion, and the propellant is therefore mainly water (molecular mass 18) and carbon dioxide (molecular mass 44). Nuclear thermal rockets using gaseous hydrogen propellant (molecular mass 2) therefore have a theoretical maximum specific impulse that is 3 to 4.5 times greater than those of chemical rockets. Early history In 1944, Stanisław Ulam and Frederic de Hoffmann contemplated the idea of controlling the power of nuclear explosions to launch space vehicles. After World War II, the U.S. military started the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) based on the German V-2 rocket designs. Some large rockets were designed to carry nuclear warheads with nuclear-powered propulsion engines. As early as 1946, secret reports were prepared for the U.S. Air Force, as part of the NEPA project, by North American Aviation and Douglas Aircraft Company's Project Rand. These groundbreaking reports identified a reactor engine in which a working fluid of low molecular weight is heated using a nuclear reactor as the most promising form of nuclear propulsion but identified many technical issues that needed to be resolved. In January 1947, not aware of this classified research, engineers of the Applied Physics Laboratory published their research on nuclear power propulsion and their report was eventually classified. In May 1947, American-educated Chinese scientist Qian Xuesen presented his research on "thermal jets" powered by a porous graphite-moderated nuclear reactor at the Nuclear Science and Engineering Seminars LIV organized by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1948 and 1949, physicist Leslie Shepherd and rocket scientist Val Cleaver produced a series of groundbreaking scientific papers that considered how nuclear technology might be applied to interplanetary travel. The papers examined both nuclear-thermal and nuclear-electric propulsion. Early NASA engine development Through Project Rover, Los Alamos National Laboratory began developing nuclear thermal engines as soon as 1955 and tested the worlds first experimental nuclear rocket engine, KIWI-A, in 1959. This work at Los Alamos was then continued through the NASA's NERVA program (1961–1973). NERVA achieved many successes and improved upon the early prototypes to create powerful engines that were several times more efficient than chemical counterparts. However, the program was cancelled in 1973 due to budget constraints. To date no nuclear thermal propulsion system has ever been implemented in space. Nuclear fuel types A nuclear thermal rocket can be categorized by the type of reactor, ranging from a relatively simple solid reactor up to the much more difficult to construct but theoretically more efficient gas core reactor. As with all thermal rocket designs, the specific impulse produced is proportional to the square root of the temperature to which the working fluid (reaction mass) is heated. To extract maximum efficiency, the temperature must be as high as possible. For a given design, the temperature that can be attained is typically determined by the materials chosen for reactor structures, the nuclear fuel, and the fuel cladding. Erosion is also a concern, especially the loss of fuel and associated releases of radioactivity. Solid core Solid core nuclear reactors have been fueled by compounds of uranium that exist in solid phase under the conditions encountered and undergo nuclear fission to release energy. Flight reactors must be lightweight and capable of tolerating extremely high temperatures, as the only coolant available is the working fluid/propellant. A nuclear solid core engine is the simplest design to construct and is the concept used on all tested NTRs. Using hydrogen as a propellant, a solid core design would typically deliver specific impulses (Isp) on the order of 850 to 1000 seconds, which is about twice that of liquid hydrogen-oxygen designs such as the Space Shuttle main engine. Other propellants have also been proposed, such as ammonia, water, or LOX, but these propellants would provide reduced exhaust velocity and performance at a marginally reduced fuel cost. Yet another mark in favor of hydrogen is that at low pressures it begins to dissociate at about 1500 K, and at high pressures around 3000 K. This lowers the mass of the exhaust species, increasing Isp. Early publications were doubtful of space applications for nuclear engines. In 1947, a complete nuclear reactor was so heavy that solid core nuclear thermal engines would be entirely unable to achieve a thrust-to-weight ratio of 1:1, which is needed to overcome the gravity of the Earth at launch. Over the next twenty-five years, U.S. nuclear thermal rocket designs eventually reached thrust-to-weight ratios of approximately 7:1. This is still a much lower thrust-to-weight ratio than what is achievable with chemical rockets, which have thrust-to-weight ratios on the order of 70:1. Combined with the large tanks necessary for liquid hydrogen storage, this means that solid core nuclear thermal engines are best suited for use in orbit outside Earth's gravity well, not to mention avoiding the radioactive contamination that would result from atmospheric use (if an "open-cycle" design was used, as opposed to a lower-performance "closed cycle" design where no radioactive material was allowed to escape with the rocket propellant.) One way to increase the working temperature of the reactor is to change the nuclear fuel elements. This is the basis of the particle-bed reactor, which is fueled by several (typically spherical) elements that "float" inside the hydrogen working fluid. Spinning the entire engine could prevent the fuel element from being ejected out the nozzle. This design is thought to be capable of increasing the specific impulse to about 1000 seconds (9.8 kN·s/kg) at the cost of increased complexity. Such a design could share design elements with a pebble-bed reactor, several of which are currently generating electricity. From 1987 through 1991, the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Office funded Project Timberwind, a non-rotating nuclear thermal rocket based on particle bed technology. The project was canceled before testing. Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket In a conventional solid core design, the maximum exhaust temperature of the working mass is that of the reactor, and in practice, lower than that. That temperature represents an energy far below that of the individual neutrons released by the fission reactions. Their energy is spread out through the reactor mass, causing it to thermalize. In power plant designs, the core is then cooled, typically using water. In the case of a nuclear engine, the water is replaced by hydrogen, but the concept is otherwise similar. Pulsed reactors attempt to transfer the energy directly from the neutrons to the working mass, allowing the exhaust to reach temperatures far beyond the melting point of the reactor core. As specific impulse varies directly with temperature, capturing the energy of the relativistic neutrons allows for a dramatic increase in performance. To do this, pulsed reactors operate in a series of brief pulses rather than the continual chain reaction of a conventional reactor. The reactor is normally off, allowing it to cool. It is then turned on, along with the cooling system or fuel flow, operating at a very high power level. At this level the core rapidly begins to heat up, so once a set temperature is reached, the reactor is quickly turned off again. During these pulses, the power being produced is far greater than the same sized reactor could produce continually. The key to this approach is that while the total amount of fuel that can be pumped through the reactor during these brief pulses is small, the resulting efficiency of these pulses is much higher. Generally, the designs would not be operated solely in the pulsed mode but could vary their duty cycle depending on the need. For instance, during a high-thrust phase of flight, like exiting a low earth orbit, the engine could operate continually and provide an Isp similar to that of traditional solid-core design. But during a long-duration cruise, the engine would switch to pulsed mode to make better use of its fuel. Liquid core Liquid core nuclear engines are fueled by compounds of fissionable elements in liquid phase. A liquid-core engine is proposed to operate at temperatures above the melting point of solid nuclear fuel and cladding, with the maximum operating temperature of the engine instead of being determined by the reactor pressure vessel and neutron reflector material. The higher operating temperatures would be expected to deliver specific impulse performance on the order of 1300 to 1500 seconds (12.8-14.8 kN·s/kg). A liquid-core reactor would be extremely difficult to build with current technology. One major issue is that the reaction time of the nuclear fuel is much longer than the heating time of the working fluid. If the nuclear fuel and working fluid are not physically separated, this means that the fuel must be trapped inside the engine while the working fluid is allowed to easily exit through the nozzle. One possible solution is to rotate the fuel/fluid mixture at very high speeds to force the higher-density fuel to the outside, but this would expose the reactor pressure vessel to the maximum operating temperature while adding mass, complexity, and moving parts. An alternative liquid-core design is the nuclear salt-water rocket. In this design, water is the working fluid and also serves as the neutron moderator. Nuclear fuel is not retained, which drastically simplifies the design. However, the rocket would discharge massive quantities of extremely radioactive waste and could only be safely operated well outside the Earth's atmosphere and perhaps even magnetosphere. Gas core The final fission classification is the gas-core engine. This is a modification to the liquid-core design which uses rapid circulation of the fluid to create a toroidal pocket of gaseous uranium fuel in the middle of the reactor, surrounded by hydrogen. In this case, the fuel does not touch the reactor wall at all, so temperatures could reach several tens of thousands of degrees, which would allow specific impulses of 3000 to 5000 seconds (30 to 50 kN·s/kg). In this basic design, the "open cycle", the losses of nuclear fuel would be difficult to control, which has led to studies of the "closed cycle" or nuclear lightbulb engine, where the gaseous nuclear fuel is contained in a super-high-temperature quartz container, over which the hydrogen flows. The closed-cycle engine has much more in common with the solid-core design, but this time is limited by the critical temperature of quartz instead of the fuel and cladding. Although less efficient than the open-cycle design, the closed-cycle design is expected to deliver a specific impulse of about 1500 to 2000 seconds (15 to 20 kN·s/kg). Solid core fission designs in practice Soviet Union and Russia The Soviet RD-0410 went through a series of tests at the nuclear test site near Semipalatinsk Test Site. In October 2018, Russia's Keldysh Research Center confirmed a successful ground test of waste heat radiators for a nuclear space engine, as well as previous tests of fuel rods and ion engines. United States Development of solid core NTRs started in 1955 under the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) as Project Rover and ran to 1973. Work on a suitable reactor was conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory and Area 25 (Nevada National Security Site) in the Nevada Test Site. Four basic designs came from this project: KIWI, Phoebus, Pewee, and the Nuclear Furnace. Twenty individual engines were tested, with a total of over 17 hours of engine run time. When NASA was formed in 1958, it was given authority over all non-nuclear aspects of the Rover program. To enable cooperation with the AEC and keep classified information compartmentalized, the Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (SNPO) was formed at the same time. The 1961 NERVA program was intended to lead to the entry of nuclear thermal rocket engines into space exploration. Unlike the AEC work, which was intended to study the reactor design itself, NERVA's goal was to produce a real engine that could be deployed on space missions. The thrust baseline NERVA design was based on the KIWI B4 series. Tested engines included Kiwi, Phoebus, NRX/EST, NRX/XE, Pewee, Pewee 2, and the Nuclear Furnace. Progressively higher power densities culminated in the Pewee. Tests of the improved Pewee 2 design were canceled in 1970 in favor of the lower-cost Nuclear Furnace (NF-1), and the U.S. nuclear rocket program officially ended in the spring of 1973. During this program, the NERVA accumulated over 2 hours of run time, including 28 minutes at full power. The SNPO considered NERVA to be the last technology development reactor required to proceed to flight prototypes. Several other solid-core engines have also been studied to some degree. The Small Nuclear Rocket Engine, or SNRE, was designed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) for upper stage use, both on uncrewed launchers and the Space Shuttle. It featured a split-nozzle that could be rotated to the side, allowing it to take up less room in the Shuttle cargo bay. The design provided 73 kN of thrust and operated at a specific impulse of 875 seconds (8.58 kN·s/kg), and it was planned to increase this to 975 seconds, achieving a mass fraction of about 0.74, compared with 0.86 for the Space Shuttle main engine (SSME), one of the best conventional engines. A related design that saw some work, but never made it to the prototype stage, was Dumbo. Dumbo was similar to KIWI/NERVA in concept, but used more advanced construction techniques to lower the weight of the reactor. The Dumbo reactor consisted of several large barrel-like tubes, which were in turn constructed of stacked plates of corrugated material. The corrugations were lined up so that the resulting stack had channels running from the inside to the outside. Some of these channels were filled with uranium fuel, others with a moderator, and some were left open as a gas channel. Hydrogen was pumped into the middle of the tube and would be heated by the fuel as it traveled through the channels as it worked its way to the outside. The resulting system was lighter than a conventional design for any particular amount of fuel. Between 1987 and 1991, an advanced engine design was studied under Project Timberwind, under the Strategic Defense Initiative, which was later expanded into a larger design in the Space Thermal Nuclear Propulsion (STNP) program. Advances in high-temperature metals, computer modeling, and nuclear engineering, in general, resulted in dramatically improved performance. While the NERVA engine was projected to weigh about , the final STNP offered just over 1/3 the thrust from an engine of only by improving the Isp to between 930 and 1000 seconds. Test firings KIWI was the first to be fired, starting in July 1959 with KIWI 1. The reactor was not intended for flight and was named after the flightless bird, Kiwi. The core was simply a stack of uncoated uranium oxide plates onto which the hydrogen was dumped. The thermal output of 70 MW at an exhaust temperature of 2683 K was generated. Two additional tests of the basic concept, A1 and A3, added coatings to the plates to test fuel rod concepts. The KIWI B series was fueled by tiny uranium dioxide (UO2) spheres embedded in a low-boron graphite matrix and coated with niobium carbide. Nineteen holes ran the length of the bundles, through which the liquid hydrogen flowed. On the initial firings, immense heat and vibration cracked the fuel bundles. The graphite materials used in the reactor's construction were resistant to high temperatures but eroded under the stream of superheated hydrogen, a reducing agent. The fuel species was later switched to uranium carbide, with the last engine run in 1964. The fuel bundle erosion and cracking problems were improved but never completely solved, despite promising materials work at the Argonne National Laboratory. NERVA NRX (Nuclear Rocket Experimental), started testing in September 1964. The final engine in this series was the XE, designed with flight representative hardware and fired into a low-pressure chamber to simulate a vacuum. SNPO fired NERVA NRX/XE twenty-eight times in March 1968. The series all generated 1100 MW, and many of the tests concluded only when the test-stand ran out of hydrogen propellant. NERVA NRX/XE produced the baseline thrust that Marshall Space Flight Center required in Mars mission plans. The last NRX firing lost of nuclear fuel in 2 hours of testing, which was judged sufficient for space missions by SNPO. Building on the KIWI series, the Phoebus series were much larger reactors. The first 1A test in June 1965 ran for over 10 minutes at 1090 MW and an exhaust temperature of 2370 K. The B run in February 1967 improved this to 1500 MW for 30 minutes. The final 2A test in June 1968 ran for over 12 minutes at 4000 MW, at the time the most powerful nuclear reactor ever built. A smaller version of KIWI, the Pewee was also built. It was fired several times at 500 MW to test coatings made of zirconium carbide (instead of niobium carbide) but Pewee also increased the power density of the system. A water-cooled system is known as NF-1 (for Nuclear Furnace) used Pewee 2's fuel elements for future materials testing, showing a factor of 3 reductions in fuel corrosion still further. Pewee 2 was never tested on the stand and became the basis for current NTR designs being researched at NASA's Glenn Research Center and Marshall Space flight Center. The NERVA/Rover project was eventually canceled in 1972 with the general wind-down of NASA in the post-Apollo era. Without a human mission to Mars, the need for a nuclear thermal rocket is unclear. Another problem would be public concerns about safety and radioactive contamination. Kiwi-TNT destructive test In January 1965, the U.S. Rover program intentionally modified a Kiwi reactor (KIWI-TNT) to go prompt critical, resulting in immediate destruction of the reactor pressure vessel, nozzle, and fuel assemblies. Intended to simulate a worst-case scenario of a fall from altitude into the ocean, such as might occur in a booster failure after launch, the resulting release of radiation would have caused fatalities out to and injuries out to . The reactor was positioned on a railroad car in the Jackass Flats area of the Nevada Test Site. United Kingdom As of January 2012, the propulsion group for Project Icarus was studying an NTR propulsion system, but has seen little activity since 2019. Israel In 1987, Ronen & Leibson published a study on applications of 242mAm (one of the isotopes of americium) as nuclear fuel to space nuclear reactors, noting its extremely high thermal cross section and energy density. Nuclear systems powered by 242mAm require less fuel by a factor of 2 to 100 compared to conventional nuclear fuels. Fission-fragment rocket using 242mAm was proposed by George Chapline at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in 1988, who suggested propulsion based on the direct heating of a propellant gas by fission fragments generated by a fissile material. Ronen et al. demonstrate that 242mAm can maintain sustained nuclear fission as an extremely thin metallic film, less than 1/1000 of a millimeter thick. 242mAm requires only 1% of the mass of 235U or 239Pu to reach its critical state. Ronen's group at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev further showed that nuclear fuel based on 242mAm could speed space vehicles from Earth to Mars in as little as two weeks. The 242mAm as a nuclear fuel is derived from the fact that it has the highest thermal fission cross section (thousands of barns), about 10x the next highest cross section across all known isotopes. The 242mAm is fissile (because it has an odd number of neutrons) and has a low critical mass, comparable to that of 239Pu. It has a very high cross section for fission, and if in a nuclear reactor is destroyed relatively quickly. Another report claims that 242mAm can sustain a chain reaction even as a thin film, and could be used for a novel type of nuclear rocket. Since the thermal absorption cross section of 242mAm is very high, the best way to obtain 242mAm is by the capture of fast or epithermal neutrons in Americium-241 irradiated in a fast reactor. However, fast spectrum reactors are not readily available. Detailed analysis of 242mAm breeding in existing pressurized water reactors (PWRs) was provided. Proliferation resistance of 242mAm was reported by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 2008 study. Italy In 2000, Carlo Rubbia at CERN further extended the work by Ronen and Chapline on a Fission-fragment rocket using 242mAm as a fuel. Project 242 based on Rubbia design studied a concept of 242mAm based Thin-Film Fission Fragment Heated NTR by using a direct conversion of the kinetic energy of fission fragments into increasing of enthalpy of a propellant gas. Project 242 studied the application of this propulsion system to a crewed mission to Mars. Preliminary results were very satisfactory, and it has been observed that a propulsion system with these characteristics could make the mission feasible. Another study focused on the production of 242mAm in conventional thermal nuclear reactors. Current research in the US since 2000 Current solid-core nuclear thermal rocket designs are intended to greatly limit the dispersion and break-up of radioactive fuel elements in the event of a catastrophic failure. As of 2013, an NTR for interplanetary travel from Earth orbit to Mars orbit is being studied at Marshall Space Flight Center with Glenn Research Center. In historical ground testing, NTRs proved to be at least twice as efficient as the most advanced chemical engines, which would allow for quicker transfer time and increased cargo capacity. The shorter flight duration, estimated at 3–4 months with NTR engines, compared to 6–9 months using chemical engines, would reduce crew exposure to potentially harmful and difficult to shield cosmic rays. NTR engines, such as the Pewee of Project Rover, were selected in the Mars Design Reference Architecture (DRA). In 2017, NASA continued research and development on NTRs, designing for space applications with civilian approved materials, with a three-year, US$18.8 million contract. In 2019, an appropriation bill passed by the U.S. Congress included US$125 million in funding for nuclear thermal propulsion research, including planning for a flight demonstration mission by 2024. As of 2021, there has been much interest in nuclear thermal rockets by the United States Space Force and DARPA for orbital and cis-lunar uses. In addition to the U.S. military, NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine has also expressed interest in the project and its potential applications for a future mission to Mars. DARPA has awarded 2 contracts for their Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO) program, which aims to demonstrate a nuclear thermal propulsion system in orbit: one award in September 2020 to Gryphon Technologies for US$14 million, and another award in April 2021 to General Atomics for US$22 million, both for preliminary designs for the reactor. Two conceptual spacecraft designs by Blue Origin and Lockheed Martin were selected. Proposals for a flight demonstration of nuclear thermal propulsion in FY2026 were due on August 5, 2022. In January 2023, NASA and DARPA announced a partnership on DRACO to demonstrate an NTR engine in space, an enabling capability for NASA crewed missions to Mars. In July 2023, U.S. agencies announced that Lockheed Martin had been awarded a $499 million contract to assemble the experimental nuclear thermal reactor vehicle (X-NTRV) and its engine. Risks An atmospheric or orbital rocket failure could result in the dispersal of radioactive material into the environment. A collision with orbital debris, material failure due to uncontrolled fission, material imperfections or fatigue, or human design flaws could cause a containment breach of the fissile material. Such a catastrophic failure while in flight could release radioactive material over the Earth in a wide and unpredictable area. The amount of contamination would depend on the size of the nuclear thermal rocket engine, while the zone of contamination and its concentration would be dependent on prevailing weather and orbital parameters at the time of re-entry. It is considered unlikely that a reactor's fuel elements would be spread over a wide area, as they are composed of materials such as carbon composites or carbides and are normally coated with zirconium hydride. Before criticality occurs, solid core NTR fuel is not particularly hazardous. Once the reactor has been started for the first time, extremely radioactive short-life fission products are produced, as well as less radioactive but extremely long-lived fission products. The amount of fission products is zero at fresh-fueled startup, and roughly proportional to (actually: limited by) the total amount of fission heat produced since fresh-fueled startup. Additionally, all engine structures are exposed to direct neutron bombardment, resulting in their radioactive activation. See also Fission-fragment rocket Nuclear electric rocket Nuclear pulse propulsion Radioisotope rocket Spacecraft propulsion Thermal rocket References External links Rover Nuclear Rocket Engine Program: Final Report - NASA 1991 Project Prometheus: Beyond the Moon and Mars RD-0410 USSR's nuclear rocket engine Nuclear spacecraft propulsion Articles containing video clips
10410512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri%20Segal	Uri Segal	Uri Segal (born 7 March 1944, Jerusalem) is an Israeli musical conductor. Segal studied violin and conducting at the Rubin Academy of Music (now the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance). From 1966 to 1969, he attended the Guildhall School of Music. In 1969, shortly after his graduation, Segal won first prize in the Dimitri Mitropolous Conducting Competition in New York City. For a year after this, he served as Leonard Bernstein's assistant with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. From 1980 to 1982, Segal was the chief conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra. From 1981 to 1985, he was principal conductor of the Philharmonia Hungarica. He has also served as artistic director of the Israel Chamber Orchestra. In the US, Segal became Music Director of the Chautauqua Symphony Orchestra in 1990, and held the post through 2007. In 1990, in Osaka, Japan, he founded the Century Orchestra and was its chief conductor through 1998. He subsequently became the Century Orchestra's Laureate Conductor. Segal married Ilana Finkelstein in 1966. They have three daughters and a son. References Holmes, John L. Conductors on Record, Victor Gollancz, 1982. Lyman, Darryl. Great Jews in Music, J. D. Publishers, 1986. Sadie, Stanley. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Macmillan, 1980. External links Segal's General Management Schmidt Artists International Bach Cantatas page on Uri Segal Page on Century Orchestra 1944 births Living people Israeli conductors (music) Musicians from Jerusalem 21st-century conductors (music)
16336361	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20raccoon%20dog	Japanese raccoon dog	Japanese raccoon dog The Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes viverrinus), also known by its Japanese name tanuki, is a species of canid endemic to Japan. It is one of two species in the genus Nyctereutes, alongside the common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides), of which it was traditionally thought to be a subspecies (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus). The Japanese raccoon dog has a smaller stomach and shorter fur of lesser insulation value than mainland raccoon dogs. A rare, white colour type can also be found. Within Japanese folklore, Japanese raccoon dogs (tanuki) have had a significant role since ancient times. They are reputed to be mischievous and jolly, masters of disguise and shapeshifting but somewhat gullible and absent-minded. The animals have also been common in Japanese art, particularly as subjects for statues. Japanese etymology While Japanese raccoon dogs are prominent in Japanese folklore and proverbs, they were not always clearly distinguished from other animals with a similar appearance. Japanese raccoon dogs often mistakenly translated into English as "badger" or "raccoon" (as used in the English translation of the film Pom Poko and outlined in Tom Robbins' book Villa Incognito), two unrelated types of animals with superficially similar appearances. Traditionally, different areas of Japan had different names for raccoon dogs as animals, which would be used to denote different animals in other parts of the country, including badgers and wild cats. Behavior The Japanese raccoon dog is mainly nocturnal, but they are known to be active during daylight. They vocalize by growling or with groans that have pitches resembling those of domesticated cats. Like cats, the Japanese raccoon dog arches its back when it is trying to intimidate other animals; however, they assume a defensive posture similar to that of other canids, lowering their bodies and showing their bellies to submit. Usually, social groups are limited to a breeding pair, but individual Japanese raccoon dogs may stay in a group of non-paired individuals until they find a mate. The species is predominantly monogamous. The breeding period for the species is synchronized between females and males and lasts between February and April. A litter (typically with 4–6 pups) is born after a gestation period of 9 weeks. The parents look after their pups at a den for around a month, and then for another month after the pups leave the den. Japanese raccoon dogs live for 7–8 years in the wild and have reached the age of 13 in captivity. They have been observed to climb trees to forage for fruits and berries, using their curved claws to climb. Taxonomy The Japanese raccoon dog is sometimes classified as its own distinct species due to unique chromosomal, behavioral, and morphological characteristics absent in mainland raccoon dogs. Researchers have suggested that they be considered a separate species, N. viverrinus, or that raccoon dogs of Japan could be further divisible into separate subspecies as N. p. procyonoides and N. p. albus, but both views were controversial. However, following morphological and genetic analysis across multiple studies, all of which indicated that N. viverrinus was a distinct species, it was later classified as such by the American Society of Mammalogists. Genetic analysis has confirmed unique sequences of mtDNA, classifying the Japanese raccoon dog as a distinct isolation species, based on evidence of eight Robertsonian translocations. The International Union for Conservation of Nature Canid Group's Canid Biology and Conservation Conference in September 2001 rejected the classification of the Japanese raccoon dog as a separate species, but its status is still disputed, based on its elastic genome. The karyotype of Japanese raccoon dogs is different from that of the mainland raccoon dogs. Though it is unknown whether mainland raccoon dogs and Japanese raccoon dogs can produce fertile offspring, it is assumed that the chromosomal differences between them would have deleterious effects on the fertility of the potential offspring and this would be indicative of speciation. Aggregators on mammal taxonomy are inconsistent: Like the IUCN, Mammal Species of the World (2005) considers the Japanese raccoon dog to be a subspecies, whereas the American Association of Mammologists include N. viverrinus as a valid species in their Mammal Diversity Database. The raccoon dogs from Hokkaido are sometimes recognized as a different subspecies from the mainland tanuki as Nyctereutes procyonoides albus (Hornaday, 1904) (or N. viverrinus albus if recognized as a distinct species). This taxon is synonymized with N. p. viverrinus in Mammal Species of the World, but comparative morphometric analysis supports recognizing the Hokkaido population as a distinct subspecific unit. Conservation The IUCN places the raccoon dog at "least concern" status due to the animal's wide distribution in Japan and abundant population, including as an introduced species throughout northeastern Europe. In many European countries, it is legal to hunt raccoon dogs, as they are considered a harmful and invasive species. In Japan the species is hunted mainly to prevent them from damaging crops; however, their fur is desired for use in calligraphy brushes and was exported chiefly to the United States before the outbreak of World War II. The animal is a common victim of vehicle accidents, with conservative estimates of up to 370,000 Japanese raccoon dogs being killed by vehicles each year in Japan. In folklore and tradition Japanese raccoon dogs have a long history in Japanese legend and folklore. Bake-danuki are a kind of supernatural beings found in the classics and in the folklore and legends of various places in Japan. Although the tanuki is a real, extant animal, the bake-danuki that appears in literature has always been depicted as a strange, even supernatural animal. The earliest appearance of the bake-danuki in literature, in the chapter about Empress Suiko in the Nihon Shoki written during the Nara period, there are such passages as "in two months of spring, there are tanuki in the country of Mutsu, they turn into humans and sing songs." Bake-danuki subsequently appear in such classics as the Nihon Ryōiki and the Uji Shūi Monogatari. In some regions of Japan, bake-danuki are reputed to have abilities similar to those attributed to foxes: they can shapeshift into other things or people, and can possess human beings. Many legends of tanuki exist in the Sado Islands of Niigata Prefecture and in Shikoku, and among them, like the Danzaburou-danuki of Sado, the Kinchō-tanuki and Rokuemon-tanuki of Awa Province (Tokushima Prefecture), and the Yashima no Hage-tanuki of Kagawa Prefecture, the tanuki that possessed special abilities were given names, and even became the subject of rituals. Apart from these places, tanuki are treated with special regard in a few cases. In popular culture Tanuki (or their folklore version) are a recurring theme in Japanese popular culture. The first exposure of non-Japanese to tanuki usually comes through exported Japanese media. However, they are often described as "raccoons" in translation or assumed as such if no species is given. Notable appearances of tanuki in popular culture include: In Nintendo's video games Super Mario Bros. 3, Super Mario 3D Land, Mario Kart 8, and Super Mario 3D World, Mario can wear a "Tanooki Suit". By doing so, he takes on the appearance of a tanuki and gains the ability to fly, spin his tail to attack enemies, and shapeshift into an Ojizō-sama statue, much like a bake-danuki. The same games also feature the "Super Leaf", which gives Mario tanuki ears and a tail and allows him to fly and use his tail to attack, although this form is known as Raccoon Mario; in Super Mario 3D Land and Super Mario 3D World, Mario can only transform into his Tanooki form after obtaining a Super Leaf. This power-up is based on the mythology of tanuki using leaves to help themselves transform. The 1994 Studio Ghibli film Pom Poko features a group of tanuki who use their shapeshifting powers to defend their habitat against human developers. In 2015, GitLab.com adopted a new logo of an abstracted raccoon dog and the term Tanuki. Tom Nook, a recurring character in the Animal Crossing video game series, is a tanuki, as well as his two employees, Timmy and Tommy. In the English versions of the games he is localized as a raccoon, although his name still alludes to tanuki. The furniture that these characters sell transforms into leaves for easy transport. Additionally, furniture items resembling Buddhist tanuki statues may be crafted in Animal Crossing: New Horizons. A tanuki appears as a newscaster in the Japanese version of the American Disney computer-animated film Zootopia; the standard release of the film and releases in other countries use other animals. In the 2019 Sonic game Team Sonic Racing, one of the characters is a tanuki named Dodon Pa. The 2020 Studio Trigger TV anime BNA: Brand New Animal features main protagonist Michiru Kagemori, a humanoid shape-shifting tanuki who is often mistaken as a raccoon. In Japanese slang, ("raccoon dog face") can refer to a face that looks like that of the animal, or a person's facial expression of feigned ignorance. By contrast, kitsune gao ("fox face") refers to people with narrow faces, close-set eyes, thin eyebrows, and high cheekbones. A dish called ("tanuki soup") ceased to contain actual tanuki meat, but some rural stews do use tanuki. Of Japanese noodles, the words "tanuki" and "kitsune" designate two varieties of the udon or soba dishes. Neither contain any of those meats. Tanuki udon/soba contains flakes of fried tempura batter ("tenkasu"), while kitsune udon/soba contains fried tofu ("abura-age"). References Further reading External links "Report: Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus" in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System Nyctereutes Endemic mammals of Japan Mammals described in 1838 Taxa named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck Japanese folklore Articles containing video clips Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN
4921847	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%20%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%20%28%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%29	Міщенко Михайло Іванович (астроном)	Міщенко Михайло Іванович (астроном) Михайло Іванович Міщенко — український астроном, лауреат Державної премії України (2003) і Премії НАНУ імені М. П. Барабашова (1993). Відзнаки Премія НАН України імені М. П. Барабашова за цикл робіт «Поляризація випромінювання атмосферами планет і хмарами міжзоряного пилу», у співавторстві з Олександром Мороженком і Едгардом Яновицьким (1993) Державна премія України в галузі науки і техніки за роботу «Розвиток теоретичних основ, розробка та застосування поляриметричних методів і апаратури для дистанційного зондування об'єктів Сонячної системи наземними та аерокосмічними засобами» (2010, спільно з 9 співавторами) Примітки Література Посилання Науковці Головної астрономічної обсерваторії НАН України Лауреати премії НАН України імені М. П. Барабашова
4880551	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%20%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80	Андреа Паркер	Андреа Паркер Андреа Ніколь Паркер (нар. 8 березня, 1970, Монтерей, Каліфорнія, США) — американська акторка, відома за ролями в телесеріалі «Удавальник» 1996 р., Лідії в шоу «Клава, давай!» та Джейн у «Відчайдушних домогосподарках». Життєпис Андреа — корінна каліфорнійка, найстарша в сім'ї із чотирьох дітей. У 6-річному віці займалася балетом, присвячуючи тренуванням цілі дні. Виступала з балетною програмою в Нью-Йорку, Сан-Франциско, Клівленді. Тяжка робота була винагороджена, коли у 15-річному віці приєдналася до трупи балету Сан-Франциско, разом з якою виступала у Метрополітен Опера Хаус. Повернувшись через три роки до Каліфорнії, Андреа розпочала кар'єру як сучасна танцівниця, що з'являється у відео та комерційних шоу, демонстраціях мод. Потім закінчила п'ятирічне навчання акторській майстерності. Кар'єра У 1988 році отримала першу роль у фільмі під назвою «Губи напрокат», в якому виступала здебільшого як танцівниця. Наступного року вона також брала участь у проєктах як танцівниця, серед яких була комедія «Земні дівчата легко доступні» та серіал «Одружені… та з дітьми». У 1992 році з'явилася в епізоді серіалу «Сайнфелд», а також зіграла в комедії «Гола правда». Андреа грала на сцені, з'являлася в епізодичних ролях у таких серіалах і фільмах, як «Пригоди Бріско Каунті-молодшого», «Як у кіно», «Еллен», «Вона написала вбивство». У 1994 році з'явилася в серіалі «Швидка допомога» у ролі Лінди Фаррелл, у якому знялася у 10 епізодах. У 1995 році отримала роль у серіалі «Військово-юридична служба», в якому знімалася з 1995 по 2001 роки. Але найбільшу популярність приніс серіал Удавальник, в якому Андреа пропрацювала 4 роки. 2002 року актриса отримала роль істеричної егоїстки Лідії Вестон у комедійному серіалі «Клава, давай!». З 2011 по 2012 рік Паркер неодноразово виконувала роль Джейн Карлсон у серіалі ABC «Відчайдушні домогосподарки». Пізніше вона знялася в пілотній драмі NBC «Красиві люди» і приєдналася до акторського складу сімейного серіалу ABC «Милі ошуканки». Фільмографія Нагороди та номінації Примітки Посилання Американські телеакторки Фільмографії, які слід доробити Акторки XXI століття Акторки XX століття Акторки США Акторки за алфавітом Персоналії за алфавітом Артисти балету XX століття Артисти балету США Народились 1970 Народились 8 березня
15560359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Georges-de-Gr%C3%A9haigne	Saint-Georges-de-Gréhaigne	Saint-Georges-de-Gréhaigne (Gallo: Saent-Jord-de-Gerhaènn) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in north-western France. Population Inhabitants of Saint-Georges-de-Gréhaigne are called grehaignois in French. See also Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department References External links Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine
11782330	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laufeld	Laufeld	Laufeld is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Geography The municipality lies in the Eifel and belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Wittlich-Land. History The “Laufeld Culture” (Hallstatt times, about 700 BC) took its name from a great burying ground that had been found near Laufeld. In 1344, King John of Luxembourg acquired from the Abbey of Echternach the Hof Laufeld (“Laufeld Estate”). Shortly thereafter, this ended up in the ownership of the Counts of Manderscheid. Beginning in 1794, Laufeld lay under French rule. In 1814 it was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna. Since 1947, it has been part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Politics Municipal council The council is made up of 12 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. Coat of arms The German blazon reads: Über goldenem Schildfuß mit rotem Sparrenbalken gespalten, vorn in Blau ein silberner Kirchturm mit schwarzem Dach, hinten in Silber ein rotes Lilienkreuz. The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per pale azure a churchtower argent with conical roof, door and two windows in pale sable and argent a cross flory gules, in a base Or a fess dancetty of the fourth. The three charges all come from Laufeld's history. The churchtower on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side was part of the only parish church in the County of Manderscheid, and was important as a defensive structure as well. Given its importance, it has found its way into the municipality's arms. The cross with lilylike ends to its arms (“cross flory”) on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side was an heraldic charge borne by the Abbey of Echternach, once the village's landlord in the Middle Ages. The zigzag stripe (“fess dancetty”) in the escutcheon’s base was the heraldic device borne by the Counts of Manderscheid, who held sway here from the 14th century until the French Revolution. With approval from the Regierungsbezirk government in Trier on 2 May 1983, Laufeld was granted the right to bear its own arms. Culture and sightseeing Worth seeing in Laufeld is the Doll and Toy Museum (Puppen- und Spielzeugmuseum). On display are dolls and playthings from the last 100 years as well as everyday objects from the 1950s. The Laufeld educational nature path teaches about the forest ecosystem. Economy and infrastructure Laufeld is a state-recognized recreational municipality (Erholungsort). There are two commercial areas with 20 firms and more than 500 jobs. To the east runs the Autobahn A 1. Education In Laufeld there is one primary school. References External links Verbandsgemeinde of Manderscheid Municipality’s official webpage Bernkastel-Wittlich
298304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny%20Day%20Real%20Estate	Sunny Day Real Estate	Sunny Day Real Estate is an American emo band from Seattle, Washington, formed in 1992. The band currently consists of founding members Jeremy Enigk (vocals, guitar), Dan Hoerner (guitar) and William Goldsmith (drums), alongside Greg Suran (guitar), who originally played with the band between 2000 and 2001, and Chris Jordan (bass), who joined the band in 2022. Founding bass guitarist Nate Mendel was a member of the band during three of its four incarnations. Sunny Day Real Estate were one of the early rock bands in the Midwest emo scene which they helped establish, despite not being from the Midwest themselves. In 1994, the band released their debut album Diary on Sub Pop Records to critical acclaim. However, shortly after recording their second album LP2, the band broke up. Rhythm section Mendel and Goldsmith joined Foo Fighters, while lead vocalist and guitarist Enigk embarked on a solo career. In 1997, they regrouped long enough to record two more studio albums and a live album, but ultimately disbanded once again in 2001. The band reunited again in 2009. Bassist Nate Mendel, who chose to remain with Foo Fighters during the previous reunion in 1997, took part in this reunion. In a 2013 interview with MusicRadar, Mendel said Sunny Day Real Estate was inactive. According to Mendel, the band attempted to record a full-length album after the end of their reunion tour, but the sessions "just fell apart". In 2014 the band released one song from those sessions, "Lipton Witch," on a split 7-inch vinyl with Circa Survive on Record Store Day. In January 2022, the band announced its third reunion, with Chris Jordan replacing Mendel on bass guitar. The band embarked on a tour with the Appleseed Cast in September 2022. History Early years In 1992, guitarist Dan Hoerner and bassist Nate Mendel met when they became housemates at the University of Washington. After jam sessions, they decided to form a band and sought a drummer, eventually deciding to invite William Goldsmith. Goldsmith played in many bands but decided to join the duo's project. They released a demo tape under the name "Empty Set". Post-release, the band changed their name from Empty Set to Chewbacca Kaboom, upon realization that a band with the name Empty Set already existed. However, when another demo tape was released, the new name earned them little attention, and it was yet again subject to change, this time to One Day I Stopped Breathing. The band eventually settled on the name Sunny Day Real Estate. Mendel stated the band's name "was just a random thought that popped into my head that came from a Talking Heads song, '(Nothing But) Flowers'". He felt that since the band's outlook on the world saw that every possible thing was becoming a commodity to be bought and sold, it was possible that one day, people would even start selling sunny days. The lyrics made him ponder about what could be sold as property, and come up with the commercialization of sunny days. The newly baptized band started as an instrumental outfit, but decided to add a singer. After testing with a female vocalist, Hoerner decided to start singing. The band recorded a self-released two-song 7-inch single called Flatland Spider. Afterwards Mendel took a break to tour with local band Christ on a Crutch. Goldsmith called his high school friend Jeremy Enigk to play along with them in a new project, Thief, Steal Me a Peach, in which Hoerner played bass and Enigk played guitar. After Mendel returned from tour, Hoerner convinced him to let Enigk join Sunny Day Real Estate on vocals and guitar. Early on, the band's influences included Dischord Records bands like Rites of Spring and Shudder to Think. Where Hoerner's vocal style had been in the rougher, hardcore vein, Enigk's vocals were higher-pitched, inspired by Shudder to Think singer Craig Wedren. The musicians also decided to add slower tempos and more groove to their songs. The band's new style went on to shape what music fans and journalists alike consider the "indie-emo sound." Emotional hardcore being a style initiated in the late 1980s saw a divergence in sound with bands like Sunny Day Real Estate who strayed away from the hardcore tendencies of original emotional hardcore or emo while keeping some of the intensity and stylistic motifs. Diary, self-titled and break-up The band's debut album, Diary, released by indie label Sub Pop in 1994, was greeted with numerous positive reviews. That September, the band performed lead single "Seven" on an episode of The Jon Stewart Show. A few days later, they taped several songs for MTV's 120 Minutes. Through November and December, the band undertook a US tour with Shudder to Think and Soul Coughing in support of the album. The band projected an enigmatic presence to the public. While supporting Diary, the band allowed only one publicity photo and granted just a single interview (though, strangely, the band posed for an advertisement for department-store chain Nordstrom). In a 1998 interview with Norm Arenas of Texas Is the Reason, Hoerner explained that the band made up a fake band name and brought in a fake lead singer for the ad shoot, only to have the store stick their real band name on the ad. For most of its early days, the band also refused to play a show in California, for reasons that were never fully explained. When the band was asked to perform at the 1994 Almost Acoustic Christmas in Los Angeles for radio station KROQ, Hoerner refused to join them, leaving Enigk, Mendel, and Goldsmith to perform the show as a trio. After finishing their 1994 US tour, the band regrouped to begin recording the follow-up to Diary. While the events surrounding the sessions have not been publicly discussed, the band was clearly enduring internal conflict. Rumors abounded that the root cause was Enigk's sudden conversion to Christianity. In early 1995, the band announced that it was disbanding. William Goldsmith would later reveal in June 2020 on the "This Was The Scene" podcast that the band had already decided to split up before their first US tour in 1994 and the recording of the Pink Album. There was much talk but little really known about the reasons for the break-up. While many fans focused on Enigk being a reborn Christian, Enigk and other band members later downplayed that aspect. In a letter addressed "To Seth and other readers", Enigk responded to rumors regarding his faith. Dismissing the connection between his conversion and their break-up, Enigk wrote, "I took a shot on calling upon God. He answered me. My pain was gone. I was full of joy. I had hope again. I must say that the true God is the one who is in the Bible, Jesus Christ," and, "I would be a fool to say that He hasn't worked miracles in my life." Goldsmith would later reveal the break up was mainly due to their lack of success and Enigk's desire to leave the band. In November 1995, Sub Pop released the band's second album, bearing only the label Sunny Day Real Estate. The album was released without cover art or liner notes, and was distributed by Sub Pop as LP2. It has also occasionally been referred to as "The Pink Album", a reference to its solid pink cover. When Sub Pop contacted the band for artwork for the release, the band had nothing to offer, so Goldsmith suggested that they "make it pink". The album included the songs recorded during the brief sessions, as well as tracks such as "Rodeo Jones" that were recorded during the sessions for Diary. Enigk confessed in an interview in December 2008 that because the band had already broken up during the recording of LP2, he and Hoerner never sat down to complete the lyrics; "We broke up and we just felt like we were done. We put no energy into the artwork or into anything. On a lot of songs, there aren't lyrics! In a lot of cases, we never sat down to write them, because we just wanted to get it out of the way as fast as possible. So I just sang a lot of gibberish, which makes it really quirky. My favorite is the Japanese translations". After the breakup, Enigk pursued a solo career, releasing his first solo album, Return of the Frog Queen, in 1996. Hoerner moved out to a farm in rural Washington, while Mendel and Goldsmith joined Foo Fighters, the band which Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl had formed following the death of Kurt Cobain. In 1997, following a dispute with Grohl during the sessions for the second Foo Fighters record, Goldsmith departed the band, but Mendel remained. Reformation, How It Feels to Be Something On, The Rising Tide and second break-up In 1997, Sub Pop began pressing Enigk and Hoerner about the possibility of releasing a rarities record of Sunny Day Real Estate material, including the band's early 7-inch releases and otherwise unreleased songs, such as the band's unused contribution to The Crow: City of Angels soundtrack. Given that the album with only this material would have been rather short, the band decided to regroup to record a few new songs. While working on the songs, the quartet realized that whatever had driven them apart was behind them, and decided to continue working on new material, eventually signaling to Sub Pop that they wanted to release a full new album. Initially, Mendel intended to quit the Foo Fighters to rejoin Sunny Day full-time, but hedged for several months on actually quitting. Just before starting the recording sessions for the album, Mendel turned down the opportunity, noting that he did not want to leave what he had with the Foo Fighters for a potentially tenuous reunion. In September 1998, the band released How It Feels to Be Something On. For the album, the remaining trio replaced Mendel with Jeff Palmer, formerly of the Mommyheads. Palmer left the band after a short time, and he was replaced by Joe Skyward. The title track and "Every Shining Time You Arrive" were intended for Enigk's second solo album, but later became Sunny Day Real Estate songs. On the album, Hoerner took the opportunity to write about his environmental concerns in "100 Million". While supporting the album, Sub Pop approached them about the possibility of filming the band for a live release. Two shows were documented, one on video and one on audio, in the form of Live. In the weeks after their release, the band noted their displeasure with the video and CD, complaining that Sub Pop did not allow them final approval on the artwork or on the final mixes. Having fulfilled their contractual obligations, the band left the label. The band's manager Greg Williamson departed, and the band signed with Time Bomb Recordings, an independent label distributed by BMG. The band joined with long-time Hüsker Dü sound engineer Lou Giordano to record The Rising Tide, released in June 2000. The band had high expectations for the release, and subsequently undertook a lengthy US tour. Afterward, the band announced their breakup. Post-second split activity, second and third reunions After their second disbanding, Hoerner again retreated to his farm in Washington, eventually working with Chris Carrabba on tracks for Dashboard Confessional. In 2001, Enigk and Goldsmith reunited with Mendel to form a new band, called The Fire Theft, releasing their first self-titled album in 2003. While they had the option of retaining the Sunny Day Real Estate name, the trio decided that it was time to leave the past behind them and start fresh. Mendel remained with the Foo Fighters, joining the Fire Theft when his schedule allowed it. In 2006, Enigk reignited his solo career by recording and releasing the LP World Waits on his own label, Lewis Hollow Records. Following the October 17 release, Enigk embarked upon a supporting solo tour of the U.S. using material from his 2006 release, as well as his decade-prior solo album, Return of the Frog Queen. After some speculation in 2006 and 2008, in April 2009, several web sites reported that the band had reunited with all original members. The reunion was confirmed in June 2009, by Seattle radio DJ Andrew Harms from 107.7 The End. The band toured the United States and Canada in September and October 2009, and Australia in February 2010 as part of the Soundwave Festival. The band's first show was a surprise secret show on September 16, 2009, at Hell's Kitchen in Tacoma, Washington. To coincide with the new tour, the band's first two albums were remastered and reissued with bonus tracks and newly written liner notes. For their 2009 reunion tour, the band frequently played a newly written song called "10". On September 29, 2009, the band performed the song "Seven" on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. The band also performed at the 2010 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, and went on to play their first ever European gig on May 29 at Barcelona's Primavera Sound. After that, they played at the HMV Forum in London for their debut UK gig on May 31. They were also scheduled to play at the punk festival Groezrock in Belgium as part of a European tour, but had to cancel their date due to the volcanic ash situation. In 2009, the band had been making statements from the stage implying that new recorded material was on the way. In early 2010, Dan Hoerner confirmed in an interview with Australian music website FasterLouder that the band were writing a new album, and were expecting to start recording in May 2010. Mendel ultimately returned to recording and touring with Foo Fighters. In a 2013 interview with MusicRadar, Mendel stated that Sunny Day Real Estate was inactive. According to Mendel, the band attempted to record a new full length after the end of their reunion tour, but the sessions "just fell apart." In 2014, the band released a split 7-inch vinyl with Circa Survive on Record Store Day. The band's only song from the 7-inch, "Lipton Witch," was their first new material released in 14 years. In December 2018, William Goldsmith claimed on his Facebook page that the unfinished fifth Sunny Day Real Estate album remained "silenced, abandoned and buried within the murkiest depths of David Grohl's sock drawer." He would later clarify that he was referring to the Grohl-owned Studio 606 where the album sessions took place and were abandoned due to Jeremy Enigk not receiving "the moral support as well as engineering that he deserved." Goldsmith also claimed that Grohl disapproved of Nate Mendel's involvement in the Fire Theft, and thus would not be supportive of Mendel completing the new Sunny Day Real Estate LP. Via Foo Fighters' representatives, Mendel denied Goldsmith's initial allegations, to which Goldsmith replied that he had not spoken with Mendel since 2011 after a planned conference call to discuss finishing the album did not happen. In January 2022, a new Instagram page for Sunny Day Real Estate was set up by Goldsmith, leading to speculation that a fourth reunion of the band was imminent. This was confirmed by Spin on January 24, 2022 – with Enigk, Hoerner and Goldsmith confirmed to be involved. A North American tour with the Appleseed Cast was announced in May 2022. On September 10, Sunny Day Real Estate played their first show of this reunion at The Big Dipper (a venue co-owned by Hoerner) in Spokane. On January 17, 2024, an Instagram Reel was posted to the group's page teasing new music featuring a drawing of a tugboat while a snippet of an unreleased song played in the background. The song “Novum Vetus” was released on January 27; it was revealed that the song originated during the recording sessions for How It Feels to Be Something On. The song was recorded by the three original members of the band, plus their new members, bassist Chris Jordan and guitarist Greg Suran. Musical style and legacy Sunny Day Real Estate has primarily been considered an emo band, as well as an indie rock group. Other musical genres used to describe the band's music include alternative rock, post-hardcore, post-punk, and post-grunge. They have also used musical elements of grunge. As of 2008, Diary was the seventh best-selling album released on Sub Pop, having sold more than 231,000 copies. In 2013, Diary took the first place in LA Weekly'''s list "Top 20 Emo Albums in History". In 2016, Diary also topped the Rolling Stone list "40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time". Band members Current members Jeremy Enigk – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1993–1995, 1997–2001, 2009–2014, 2022–present); keyboards, piano (1993–1995, 1997–2000); bass (1999–2000) William Goldsmith – drums, percussion (1992–1995, 1997–2001, 2009–2014, 2022–present) Dan Hoerner – lead guitar (1992–1995, 1997–2001, 2009–2014, 2022–present), backing vocals (1993–1995, 1997–2001, 2009–2014, 2022–present), bass (1999–2000), lead vocals (1992–1993) Greg Suran – rhythm guitar (2000–2001; touring, 2022–present), keyboards (2000–2001; touring), backing vocals (2022–present) Chris Jordan – bass (2022–present) Former members Nate Mendel – bass (1992–1995, 1997–1998, 2009–2014) Jeff Palmer – bass (1998) Joe Skyward – bass (1998–1999; died 2016) Nick Macri – bass (2000–2001; touring) Jason Narducy – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2022–2024; touring substitute for Greg Suran) Timeline Discography Diary (1994) Sunny Day Real Estate (1995) How It Feels to Be Something On (1998) The Rising Tide'' (2000) References Literature External links https://sunnyday.realestate official site SunnyDayReal.Estate – unofficial site In the Blue – archived unofficial site. Alternative rock groups from Washington (state) Emo musical groups from Washington (state) American indie rock groups Musical groups established in 1992 Musical groups disestablished in 1995 Musical groups reestablished in 1997 Musical groups disestablished in 2001 Musical groups from Seattle Musical groups reestablished in 2009 Musical groups disestablished in 2013 Musical groups reestablished in 2022 Sub Pop artists 1992 establishments in Washington (state) Indie rock musical groups from Washington (state)
1481946	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%96	Скелезубоподібні	Скелезубоподібні (Tetraodontiformes) — ряд костистих риб. Відомі з верхньої крейди. Опис Досягають довжини 10-40 см, деякі — до 3 м. Щелепний апарат зазвичай потужний, зуби у багатьох злиті в різальні пластинки. Черевні плавники і перший спинний є тільки у найпримітивніших (спинорогові). Тіло зазвичай покрите кістковими пластинками, що зростаються в панцир, або шпильками, рідше голе. Зяброві отвори у вигляді коротких щілин. Локомоція за допомогою грудного, спинного, анального плавників. Відомо близько 350 видів. Поведінка Поширені в прибережних тропічних і субтропічних водах Світового океану, рідше в прісних водах; біля дна і в пелагіалі. Живляться молюсками, голкошкірими і коралами, дроблячи їх потужними зубами; деякі — планктофаги. Мало здатні до тривалого активного плавання, але дуже маневрені. У багатьох видів ікра, кров, печінка, м'ясо отруйні. Класифікація У ряді скелезубоподібних — 4 підряди з 9 сучасними і 3 викопними родинами: Підряд Plectocretacicoidei Родина Cretatriacanthidae Родина Plectocretacicidae Родина Protriacanthidae Підряд Тріакантодовидні (Triacanthodoidei) Родина Тріакантодові (Triacanthodidae) Підряд Спинороговидні (Balistoidei) Родина Трьохшипі (Triacanthidae) Родина Спинорогові (Balistidae) Родина Єдинорогові (Monacanthidae) Родина Кузовкові (Ostraciidae) Підряд Скелезубовидні (Tetraodontoidei) Родина Тріодонтові (Triodontidae) Родина Скелезубові (Tetraodontidae) Родина Риби-їжаки (Diodontidae) Родина Риби-місяці (Molidae) Родина Араканові (Aracanidae) Посилання Джерела Нельсон Дж. С. Рыбы мировой фауны / Пер. 4-го перераб. англ. изд. Богуцкой Н. Г., науч. ред-ры Насека А. М., Герд А. С. — М.: Книжный дом «ЛИБРОКОМ», 2009. — С. . — 880 с. — ISBN 978-5-397-00675-0 Акантопері Ряди риб
2443278	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD	Варшавський барбакан	Варшавський барбакан (або Barbakan Warszawski) — барбакан (напівкруглий укріплений форпост) у Варшаві, столиці Польщі, який є одним з небагатьох збережених елементів комплексу укріплень XVI століття, що оточували Варшаву. Розташований між Старим містом і Новим містом, барбакан привертає увагу численних туристів. Історія Барбакан був споруджений в 1540 році на місці старих міських воріт за проектом венеційця Джованні Баттіста, архітектора, який жив і працював в Мазовії у XVI столітті і зіграв важливу роль у розбудові міських стін XIV століття, що були до того часу в жалюгідному стані. Барбакан мав форму трирівневого напівкруглого бастіону з підготовленими позиціями для стрільців. Він мав 14 метрів в ширину і 15 метрів у висоту від дна рову, що оточував міські стіни, і тягнувся від них назовні на 30 метрів. Будучи тільки збудованим чотирибаштовий барбакан швидко став анахронізмом, з причини швидкого зростання потужності артилерії, для протистояння якої захисні властивості споруди були недостатні. Він був використаний лише один раз, під час шведської навали на Польщу, коли 30 червня 1656 року польська армія під проводом короля Яна II Казимира відбивала його у шведів. У XVII столітті барбакан частково демонтували через незначущість його оборонного значення, в той час як місто потребувало великих воріт для контролю переміщення людей і товарів. У XIX столітті він став частиною новозбудованих багатоквартирних житлових споруд. У міжвоєнний час, у 1937-1938 роках, архітектор Ян Захватович відновив частину міських стін і західну частину мосту, знісши по ходу реконструкцій одну з новітніх на той час будівель. Однак обмеженість у фінансових засобах затримувала повну реконструкцію барбакану, а подальше в 1939 році вторгнення в Польщу нацистської Німеччини поставило хрест на цьому плані. У Другій світовій війні, зокрема під час оборони Варшави 1939 року і Варшавського повстання в 1944 році барбакан був майже повністю зруйнований, як і більшість будівель Старого міста. Він був відновлений у 1952-1954 роках на основі креслень XVII століття, оскільки новий уряд вирішив використовувати його як туристичну пам'ятку, а не відновлювати на його місці колишні kamienica. У його реконструкції використали цеглу знесених історичних будівель міст Ниса і Вроцлава; барбакан був відновлений за винятком 2 зовнішніх воріт і вежі з боку Старого міста. Нині він серед найпопулярніших туристичних місць Варшави. Барбакан і фортечні стіни — улюблене місце художників, які продають тут свої картини, а також музикантів та інших вуличних артистів. Див. також Барбакан (Краків): найбільший барбакан у Польщі (варшавський — другий). Посилання Варшавський барбакан на www.virtualtourist.com Варшавський барбакан (пол.) Історія барбакану та архівні фотографії Споруди у Варшаві Відбудовані споруди Варшави
63678830	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests%20against%20responses%20to%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic	Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic	Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic Protests, demonstrations and strikes occurred around the world against national responses to the COVID-19 pandemic by governmental bodies. Some were driven by the financial hardship resulting from government measures to contain the virus, including restrictions on travel and entertainment, hitting related industries and workers hard. Protests also occurred in opposition to restrictions on people's movements, compulsory wearing of face masks, lockdowns, vaccinations and other measures. Some protests were driven by COVID-19 misinformation, conspiracy theories, far-right and other extremist groups and individuals. This article lists and summarizes such activities in various countries around the world. Background Reasons In order to prevent the spread of the SARS-CoV2 virus which gave rise to the COVID-19 pandemic from 2019, governments brought in health measures at varying levels of strictness to restrict the movement of people and transmission of the virus. In response to these restrictions, protests have been organised at a number of locations around the world, and strikes have also occurred. Some of the protests have criticised governments for not acting effectively enough in their responses to the pandemic, while others have been opposed to preventative measures and called for their revocation. According to analysis as part of the Global Peace Index, , there had been around 50,000 protests linked to the pandemic worldwide, 5,000 of which were violent. COVID-19 lockdowns have inspired protests in many territories, and from late 2020 deployment of COVID-19 vaccines also inspired protests. The protests have varied in scale, motivations and type, with protesters drawn from a fairly wide range of backgrounds and inspired by a range of reasons. One of the main drivers has been the economic distress brought about by businesses having to close for long periods, leading to widespread unemployment, especially of casual workers in the hospitality industry. Uncertainty about the future and the feeling of lack of control has led to a predilection for believing in conspiracy theories (such as that COVID-19 is a hoax and that governments have deliberately created the crisis), anti-vaxxer beliefs, including that COVID-19 vaccinations and restriction of citizens' movements are part of a government plot to control people, Bill Gates is behind implanting microchips into people via vaccinations. The spread of COVID-19 misinformation has been a driving factor in some country's protest movements, with some organisers making money out of the protests. Players In the US, Donald Trump spread some potentially misleading information, and the Proud Boys, American religious fundamentalists and various militia groups as well as Black Lives Matter of Greater New York, have been active in protests; across Europe, the extreme right has been active; in the UK, far-right hate groups have been involved in spreading misinformation, scapegoating minority groups and trying to organise lockdowns, while former politicians such as Martin Daubney and journalists such as Julia Hartley-Brewer have either supported or joined protests; in Australia, the Proud Boys, the neo-Nazi National Socialist Network and a few politicians have become involved in spreading misinformation and stirring discontent. Organisers and methods The Telegram and Instagram apps are popular means for spreading messages about planned protests, and some events are also posted on Facebook. A German group called Worldwide Demonstration, operated out of the city of Kassel by individuals self-described as "Freie Bürger Kassel" (Free Citizens of Kassel), coordinated a series of 129 events around the world in March 2021, each one dubbed "World Wide Rally for Freedom", using the hashtag "#WewillALLbethere". Misinformation, QAnon beliefs, antisemitism and COVID-19 denial were prevalent in the groups' chats. Africa Ivory Coast Protesters destroyed a coronavirus testing centre that was being built in Abidjan, which they said was in a crowded residential area too close to their homes. Kenya The Kenyan government has been accused of extreme measures, with protesters accusing the Kenyan Police of killing at least six people within the first 10 days of the lockdown. Others protested against the forced quarantine of individuals failing to comply with regulations or returning home from abroad, claiming that they had been quarantined for longer than 14 days and made to pay the government for their care. Hundreds protested on 8 May 2020 when the government destroyed 7,000 homes and a market in Kariobangi in an effort to control the virus. Malawi A Malawi high court temporarily barred the government from implementing a 21-day lockdown after it was challenged by the Human Rights Defenders Coalition, after it was argued that more consultation was needed to prevent harm to the poorest and most vulnerable. Small protests had been staged prior to the ruling, in at least three major cities with some protesters stating it was better to contract the virus than die of hunger due to lack of work. Nigeria A group of at least twenty coronavirus patients forced their way out of an isolation facility to protest against alleged improper care and the government's actions which they believed to worsen their conditions. Workers at a construction site rioted against lockdown measures that limited their ability to work on constructing an oil refinery for billionaire Aliko Dangote. Rwanda Refugees that had been relocated to the country from an overcrowded refugee camp in Libya, protested against the lockdown from the refugee camp in the capital Kigali. South Africa Many residents protested against the policy that food parcel aid would only be going to households that earn below R3600, and demanded action from the South African Social Security Agency. Surfers have also protested to be allowed to surf during the lockdown, that allows exercise but not water activities. Zimbabwe Three young, female opposition activists were reported missing following a protest in Harare, Zimbabwe, over COVID-19 lockdown measures on 15 May 2020. They were later treated at a hospital after asserting they had been abducted and sexually abused by suspected state security agents. Asia China (mainland) Small shop owners protested the continuation of rent charges outside of the Grand Ocean Department Store in Wuhan, chanting "Exempt rental for a year, or refund the lease". Videos from the demonstration were posted in the social media platform Sina Weibo but quickly censored. A woman was arrested and facing criminal charges after attempting to rally about 100 people to protest the poor management and overpriced provisions during the lockdown. She was charged with "picking quarrels and provoking trouble", an offense normally used to detain dissidents and social activists. In 2022, public protests and marches began in cities such as Ürümqi and Guangzhou in response to the continued zero-COVID policy of the Chinese government under Xi Jinping Administration. In Shanghai, some protesters among hundreds had chanted "Step down, Xi Jinping! Step down, Communist Party!" Hong Kong Pro-democratic movement's tactics were repurposed to pressure the government to take stronger actions to safeguard Hong Kong's public health in the face of the coronavirus outbreak in Hong Kong. Protesters demanded all travellers coming from China be banned from entering Hong Kong. From 3 to 7 February 2020, hospital staff launched a labour strike with the same goal. The strike was not successful as Carrie Lam rejected a full border closure. People responded negatively to the government's attempt to set up quarantine and clinical centres in neighbourhoods close to residents and marched to express their discontent or blocked roads to thwart the government's plans across the territory. India After the televised announcement by Prime Minister Narendra Modi that the lockdown was to be extended until at least 3 May, police used batons to disperse protesting migrant workers in Mumbai. Thousands of jobless migrant workers had gathered at railway stations and were demanding to be allowed to break the lockdown to return home. Similar protests were seen in other parts of the country by the workers, and those who claimed that they received no aid which was promised by the government to provide them with during the lockdown period. In the state of Meghalaya anti mandatory vaccination protesters organised a rally in the capital city Shillong against the alleged mandatory inoculation drive by the state government. In State of Maharashtra similar anti mandatory mask and anti mandatory mask protest were held. Several legal cases were filed in multiple high courts of India and the Supreme Court of India against mandatory masking and vaccinations. Indonesia On 5 October 2020, Indonesia has passed a law on job creation that will weaken environmental protections and workers’ rights in an attempt to boost the economy hit hard by the Wuhan pneumonia pandemic. On 6 October, thousands of Indonesians protest in industrial areas around Jakarta including Tangerang and Karawang and on Batam. A three-day national strike was started which unions expected to involve two million workers in protest against the law. Demonstrations in Bandung and Jakarta were held on 22 July and 24 July respectively in order to protest the extension of the government's "social activities restriction" (PPKM/CARE) measures. Israel In April 2020, thousands of Israelis engaged in social distancing while gathering to protest against the perceived anti-democratic measures in the country by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Many were involved in the Black Flag movement which had been allowed to protest by police if they stood six feet apart and all wore masks. An earlier protest had seen the protesters drive to Jerusalem to protest anti-democratic measures. Other demonstrations have been seen in the ultra-Orthodox Jerusalem neighborhood of Mea Shearim with men and youths throwing rocks at police before being arrested. Riots broke out in Bnei Brak with crowds vandalizing property and throwing rocks against police attempts to clear yeshiva classes and religious gatherings being held in violation of lockdown rules. Iraq Protests against the lockdown have been coupled with the ongoing protests against the current government and female-targeting violence within the country. Kazakhstan Following announcement of quarantine measures, videos of hospital staff in Atyrau protesting against new rules were spread on social media in April 2020, resulting in reporting journalists being detained. On 25 January 2021, a demonstration was held in city of Kokshetau where citizens expressed discontent with concept of compulsory vaccination against COVID-19 in which the deputy akim met with the crowd and assured them that decision whether to be vaccinated would be based on each individual's personal choice. in result of the government's COVID-19 vaccine mandate for all in-person employees, protests took place on 6 July 2021 in Kazakhstan where citizens demanded to stop the fines for businesspeople who refused to mandate for workers as well free PCR testing for the unvaccinated. In Oral, instructions were given out to crowd in avoiding the inoculation. Reports of detentions of people by the police occurred in Almaty and Aktobe that day. On 17 July, demonstrations occurred throughout the cities, where in Pavlodar hundred people gathered at the central square which was dispersed by security forces with detainees being pushed into police vans and some managing to flee the area. After the Kazakh government decided to raise fuel prices in the middle of the pandemic, many Kazakhs carried out the bloodiest riots since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Lebanon Many protesters argued for monetary relief from the countries slumping economy after weeks of the lockdown. At least one demonstrator died after soldiers used tear gas, batons, and live bullets to disperse a protesters in Tripoli who were throwing molotov cocktails. Protesters also congregated in Beirut outside the central bank and threw rocks at the building, and took over major roads as they claimed there wasn't enough done to protect the economy and those that would suffer the most economically. Malaysia On 31 July 2021, hundreds of protesters attempted to gather in Merdeka Square, Kuala Lumpur, calling for the resignation of Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin over his and the Malaysian government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. The protests took place despite Movement Control Order (MCO) restrictions being in place, and Malaysian police blocking access to Merdeka Square itself. The anti-government protests took place following a state of emergency declaration, where parliament and elections were suspended, and amid an ongoing political crisis. On 2 August, including former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, opposition MPs held a protest in Merdeka Square after being blocked from entering Parliament by police. Nepal On 12 June 2020, hundreds of protesters gathering in the capital city Kathmandu, demanding better quarantine facilities, more tests and transparency in the purchase of medical supplies to fight the crisis. Ten people have been arrested, including seven foreigners. On 14 December 2020, the Nepali Congress, Nepal’s largest opposition party, launched a nationwide protest, claiming that one million people participated. This protest is mainly to criticize the government for not actively fighting the COVID-19 pandemic and for not actively preparing for holding the winter session of federal parliament. Pakistan Dozens of doctors were arrested in Quetta after protesting the lack of safety equipment that they had been given to battle the spread of the disease. Hundreds of laborers protested against their forced layoffs due to the pandemic by gathering outside their old places of work throughout the city of Karachi. Parents of students who had been studying abroad in the Chinese province of Hubei protested against the government's decision to leave the children in the area in February 2020. Philippines Spontaneous demonstrations were held on 1 April 2020 by a Quezon City urban poor community to protest lack of food and other assistance during the metropolitan-wide COVID-19 lockdown. Police violently dispersed protesters and arrested 21 people. The city mayor and a Congress representative appealed to police to release those arrested. In May 2020, journalists and individuals protested the cease and desist order that led to the shutdown of media giant ABS-CBN, a move that jeopardized more than 11,000 jobs and prevented the broadcast of vital information about the pandemic. More protests were held after the House of Representatives junked ABS-CBN's application for a legislative franchise. Jeepney drivers rendered jobless by the COVID-19 emergency protested in Caloocan on 3 June 2020. Six protesters were arrested and jailed for a few days to one week. Several groups held protests nationwide to coincide with the commemoration of Philippine Independence on 12 June 2020. Among these was the "Grand Mañanita" protest at the University of the Philippines in Quezon City. The Grand Mañanita protested the government's response to the COVID-19 crisis and Congress' passage of a controversial anti-terror bill. On 16 July 2021, health workers held a protest in front of the headquarters of Department of Health (DOH) where they threw tomatoes at the logo of the DOH. On 30 August, 1 September and 24 November 2021, health workers from various hospitals in Metro Manila held a protest at the DOH headquarters over nonpayment of their salaries and benefits and demanding Duque (and Duterte) to resign over the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. Thailand On 18 July, Thailand saw the largest street demonstration since the 2014 Thai coup d'état at the Democracy Monument in Bangkok with around 2,500 protesters. The protesters, organised under the name Free Youth (yaowachon plod aek), announced three demands: dissolution of the House, stop threatening the people and drafting of a new constitution. The event was triggered by the failed economy due to pandemic, and unjustified implementation of the COVID-19 acts that were heavily criticised as being a tool against any possible protest. The situation erupted after two COVID-19 cases; an Egyptian soldier in Rayong Province, and a Sudanese diplomat's daughter in Asok neighbourhood of Bangkok, were tested positive earlier on 15 July. Both were excepted from COVID-19's travel restrictions and containment. Many criticised on both the government's failure to contain the disease from these VIPs, and its failure to boost the heavily affected tourism industry in Rayong Province. The protesters demanded the government to accept within two weeks, or face larger demonstrations. Later on 19 July, several protests erupted in Chiang Mai Province and Ubon Ratchathani Province. Vietnam There have been many protests broke out in some localities in Vietnam to protest against the anti-epidemic policy, as well as to call on the government to support people during the pandemic. On August 22, 2021, workers at an isolation area in Binh Duong province conducted a riot, smashed, and prevented a pregnant woman from going to the emergency room. On August 27, some people in Ho Chi Minh City reacted because they had not received local support money and the clip of this incident was posted on social networks. The government has forced "hostile forces to plot to incite demonstrations and fight against social distancing". On October 1, 2021, people in Ho Chi Minh City protested, attacking police at a checkpoint on the outskirts of the city to open the door for people to return to their hometown. A day later, Vietnamese netizens spread images of police forces and militiamen using sticks to beat protesters in Binh Duong with the purpose of breaking the gate to return to their hometown. The local government then stated to verify the incident, at the same time accused people of rioting and attacking the police. In mid-October, after the dogs of a household in Ca Mau province were culled due to suspicion of being infected with the COVID-19 virus, there were many online calls for people to protest against the anti pandemic policies from the government. In November 2021, those present at the funeral of Mr. Duong Van Minh, a Hmong man, clashed with police after police and local medical staff asked those present at the funeral to disperse. due to fears of an outbreak. Mr. Duong Van Minh is the founder of the religious organization that bears his name, which is considered a heresy by Vietnamese authorities. From October 2022, a year after the end of social distancing due to the pandemic, many customers of Sai Gon Joint Stock Commercial Bank (SCB), one of Vietnam's major banks, protested at the bank branch to request a refund of a customer's bond purchase. The protests were considered to be motivated by the difficult economic and financial situation of the people after the pandemic. Europe Austria The newly created Fundamental Rights Party (MFG), has been planning recent anti-lockdown protests in Austria. The group compared Covid restrictions with "Nazi rule". The country's third largest political party, the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), has also strongly condemned the Covid restrictions, and its new leader, Herbert Kickl, has pushed misleading and false views of the virus, including claims that the vaccination programme is really a "genetic experiment". Kickl urged a public crowd to reject compulsory vaccinations. Fifteen thousand people later rallied at the Heldenplatz square in Vienna to protest against the anti-Covid measures and were later joined by thousands more, with approximately 44,000 people taking part in the rally in total. Belgium On 31 January 2021, police in Brussels said they had arrested more than 400 people to prevent a banned protest of anti-COVID-19 measures. On 21 November 2021, about 35,000 people in the streets of Brussels took part in demonstration, which began peaceful before violence broke out. Waving nationalist flags of Flanders and banners against the more restrictive rules for the unvaccinated, several people hidden by hoods also attacked some police cars. At least two officers and one protester were injured. Protesters threw stones at police as they advanced with water cannon at the main junction in front of the European Union Commission headquarters. Protesters also threw smoke bombs and fireworks, the newspaper Le Soir reported. The situation calmed down later, police said. January 2022 Brussels protest Belarus In May 2020, a lowered approval of authoritarian president Alexander Lukashenko amid his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic led to street protests against his government. Mass protests erupted across Belarus following the August 2020 Belarusian presidential election which was marred by allegations of widespread electoral fraud. Bosnia and Herzegovina On 6 April 2021, anti-governmental protests "Fight for Life" were held by a group of citizens and activists in Bosnia and Herzegovina's capital Sarajevo in front of the Parliamentary Assembly and the Federal Government, seeking resignations from Chairman of the Council of Ministers Zoran Tegeltija and Federal Prime Minister Fadil Novalić, due to lack of leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina and late procurement of COVID-19 vaccines for the country. Further anti-governmental protests were held eleven days later, on 17 April as well. Bulgaria On 30 March 2020 The Bulgarian Health Ministry issued an order that made not wearing a face mask in public punishable by law at a time when no masks were available for purchasing in the country. After strong public unrest, the order was recalled on the following day and re-instated yet again later, with some modifications. A small protest took place on 19 April 2020 in Sofia against the measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, with many of the participants expressing concerns about their livelihoods. Protests with an anti-vax slant that also demanded the resignation of the government, organized by the Vazrazhdane party, were held in May and June, resulting in a few arrests, but did not see a significant turnout. Public disapproval grew during the pandemic and reached a spontaneous culmination on 9 July 2020 after a police raid on the Presidency of Bulgaria in what was perceived as an attack against President Rumen Radev, a vocal critic of prime minister Boyko Borisov, who has been in power since 2009, and the long-standing grievances against endemic corruption and state capture. Daily demonstrations were held in the country's capital Sofia until April 2021, though the number of protesters dwindled during the autumn and winter months when the country was heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. On 12 January 2022, Vazrazhdane organized a large demonstration against the COVID green certificates for indoor spaces, during which protest participants attempted to make their way into the National Parliament. On 23 February 2022, the party held another protest with the same focus. Czechia In late 2020 and during 2021, many anti-responses protests occurred as the pandemic situation in country worsened and measures, often legally unsubstantiated, were prolonged. Protesters demanded revoking of the restrictions such as gathering limitations or pubs closure. Many of them also refused face-masks wearing, which gave them a nickname "anti-rouškaři", meaning "mask-refusers". The most violent incident occurred on 18 October in Prague, when group of radical protesters, including football hooligans, clashed with police forces after protest was dissolved due to violations of hygienic measures. 20 officers were injured as well as unknown number of protesters. 144 persons were arrested. This is in contrast with mostly peaceful protests which are typical in Czechia. Since then, police has changed a tactics to document offences rather than doing large maneuvers to disperse crowds. France The Paris suburb Villeneuve-la-Garenne saw riots in April 2020, partly about the strains of the coronavirus outbreak and lockdown on working-class families, often immigrants, who live in small apartments in crowded public housing buildings. Many have reported that in poorer neighbourhoods the policies are difficult to follow due to over crowding and cause the neighbourhoods to be impacted more than wealthier Parisians. The demonstrations have since been seen in the suburb Hauts-de-Seine, and other French cities Toulouse, Lyon and Strasbourg. Vaccination obligation, sanitary pass The announcement of president Macron on 12 July 2021 of a COVID-19 vaccination obligation for all health care workers by 15 September, as well as the obligation for people older than twelve to show a "sanitary pass" as of August for admittance to cafés, restaurants, cinemas, hospitals, senior citizens' homes, trains, shopping malls, and other public venues led to protests across France. The 'sanitary pass' should prove that someone is either vaccinated, has recently tested negative, or has recovered from COVID-19. Macron's motivation was: "We are in a new race against time", "Vaccination is the only way to protect yourself and others". Marine Le Pen, challenger of Macron in the 2022 French presidential election, immediately condemned the vaccination obligation as "indecent insolence" attesting of "ingratitude" towards the health care workers. On Wednesday 14 July, the French National day called 'Bastille Day', in Paris some 2,250 people protested against these new corona restrictions. Demonstrations were also held in Toulouse, Bordeaux, Montpellier, Nantes and 48 other places, totalling around 19,000 protesters. Slogans chanted were: "Down with dictatorship", "Down with the health pass". A demonstrator equated the health pass with "segregation". Objects and fireworks were thrown at the police, who answered with tear gas and arrests. On Saturday 17 July, nationwide some 114,000 people protested against the two new measures. On 24 July, some 160,000 people around France protested against the measures. Protesters chanted: "Liberty! Liberty!" Projectiles including a chair were thrown at the police in Paris, who reacted with tear gas and water cannons. On 25 July, the French Senate nevertheless agreed to the measures except the pass obligation for children under 18 years old. On 31 July, over 200,000 people nationwide protested against these plans. Thousands around Place de la Bastille in Paris chanted: "Liberté!" [Freedom!]. Signs accused Macron of being a dictator. A bus driver motivated his protest as: "I'm not an antivaxer (...) But this is going to fast, I want to wait and see". A hospital worker said: "These vaccines are experimental ; there's no way I'm gonna take it". A placard in Paris cited Macron: ' "Je ne rendrai pas la vaccination obligatoire", Emmanuel Macron, Novembre 2020 ' ["I will not make vaccination obligatory", Macron, Nov. 2020]. Another: ' De la démocratie à la dictature il n'y a qu'un <<PASS>> ' [From democracy to dictatorship is only one step [or] one pass]. Another: 'VACCINÉ A LA LIBERTÉ' [VACCINATED FOR FREEDOM]. On Saturday 7 August, 237,000 people protested on 198 locations in France, the authorities reported. In Paris, Lyon, Toulouse, rioters pelted the police with all sorts of things, police reacted with tear gas and charges and arrests. The sanitary pass obligation came into effect on 9 August, civilians risk a fine of 135 euro for disobedience, business owners risk a 45,000 euro fine or one-year prison and the closure of their business. On 14 August 2021, between 200,000 and 250,000 people according to the police and the organisers have again demonstrated, on more than 200 locations in France, against the pass sanitaire and the obligated vaccination of health care personnel. Placards compared the sanitary pass with 'Apartheid', people chanted slogans about the "health dictatorship". Police in Lyon used pepper spray against rioters. Since then, these protests grew smaller ; on Saturday, 18 September 2021, the demonstrators in France against the sanitary pass and obligated vaccination counted 80,000. Greece The 2021 Greek protests broke out in response to a proposed government bill that would allow police presence on university campuses for the first time in decades, for which opposition groups accused the government of taking advantage of the COVID-19 lockdown to impose increasingly authoritarian measures. Georgia On 5 December 2021 thousands demonstrated in Tbilisi against a COVID-19 passport system which has been implemented in Georgia since December 1, allowing only citizens and tourists with a QR-code proving vaccination or recovery from the virus or with a negative PCR test result to visit public places, restaurants, entertainment and shopping centers. Protesters marched with posters and Georgian flags, passing by the parliamentary building. Germany Since April 2020, in Germany numerous protests against government policies over the COVID-19 pandemic have been held in several cities. A protest in Berlin on 29 August was estimated by authorities to have drawn 38,000 participants. Several of the protests in Germany, like the one of 29 August, were organized by the group Querdenken 711, based in Stuttgart. As per its homepage, it considers its main aims to support the fundamental rights enshrined in the German constitution, in particular the freedoms of opinion, expression, and assembly. At the 29 August demonstration in Berlin, one of the invited orators was Robert F. Kennedy Jr., lawyer and conspiracy theorist and nephew of the assassinated U.S. President John F. Kennedy. He warned the crowd that the COVID-19 measures being deployed in many countries might lead to the implementation of a surveillance state. A few hundred protesters attempted to storm the Reichstag building, the seat of the German parliament; a few of them reached the stairs. A burst of media attention arose due to this incident. Later demonstrations tended to be smaller, and sometimes organized by allies of Querdenken. Anarchists, libertarian socialists and anti-fascists in Germany have been counterprotesting "Querdenken 711" and other demonstrations against public health mandates. Focusing on increasing gentrification, wealth inequality, evictions, police measures and favoring of compulsory vaccination. Anarchists have seen increasing evictions of anarchist communities and squats. Hungary On 28 February 2021, around 3,000–5,000 protesters gathered in the capital city of Budapest at Hősök tere to protest the lockdown regulations, and the Constitution of 2012. The far-right Our Homeland Movement organised protests against lockdown measures on 15 March 2021, and against vaccine mandates (a "Covid Dictatorship") throughout December 2021 in various Hungarian cities. On 16 January 2022 they held another anti-vaccine protest in Budapest, attracting thousands of people. Ireland On 24 July 2021, over ten thousand people attended an anti discrimination march in Dublin, in response to the Irish government's announcement that vaccine passports would be introduced. Said passports were to be used to prevent unvaccinated people availing of indoor dining services. Hundreds attended an anti-lockdown, anti-face mask protest in Dublin on 22 August 2020. The protest was organised by Health Freedom Ireland with support from Yellow Vest Ireland. Four people were arrested at the protest. Another protest was organised by the same groups on 3 October, with up to a thousand protesters marching through the city centre before staging a sit-down protest in the main shopping area of Grafton Street. On 27 February 2021, violent clashes between protesters and the Garda Síochána erupted during an anti-lockdown protest near St Stephen's Green in Dublin. Three Gardaí were injured and 23 people were arrested in the aftermath of the protest. The Taoiseach Micheál Martin condemned the demonstration as "an unacceptable risk to both the public and Gardaí". A non-violent anti-lockdown protest with approximately 450 people in attendance took place on 6 March in Cork. The event was organised by The People's Convention. Six people were arrested on the day of the protest. Italy Since the month of March 2020, many people started protesting over COVID-19 and the rules imposed by the Italian government. Netherlands On 24 January 2021, violent protests erupted as a reaction to the Dutch government decision to impose a curfew as a means to curb the spread of the COVID-19. The curfew, imposed between 9 PM to 4:30 AM, was the first of its kind to be enacted in the country since the Second World War. Protests took place in most major cities, including Amsterdam and Eindhoven. Police made hundreds of arrests and issued thousands of fines. The Dutch Police Association described the riots at the worst violence in Netherlands in the last 40 years. The protests have been described as being composed of mostly young men. An opinion poll by public broadcaster NOS indicated that the curfew was supported by seven out of 10 Dutch respondents (although the amounts of respondents is unknown), with just 18% of the population opposing it. An online poll with over 28.000 respondents, done by Radio NPO1, a Dutch state radio station, showed that 89% of Dutch people wanted the curfew to be removed. After the Netherlands went into a partial lockdown on 12 November 2021 due to a sharp rise in COVID-19 cases, another series of protests and riots occurred over such measures. Rioting was especially concentrated in Rotterdam, where police fired warning shots at rioters, injuring at least two. Poland Hundreds of protesters gathered in the Polish border town of Zgorzelec to protest the lockdown regulations, the protest was staged specifically on the foot bridge connecting Zgorzelec and the German town of Görlitz as many lived in Poland but worked in Germany. Many protested the inability to cross the borders of the countries as they lived in a different country from where they worked, and similar protests were seen in border towns along the Polish-German border and the Polish-Czech border. Freedom march (Marsz Wolności) happens every month, for example in Wrocław. Russia Security forces broke up a crowd of about 2,000 individuals protesting against the lockdown in Vladikavkaz, with some detained and the believed organizer arrested prior to the event. Some protesters at the event used their social media to post videos about their demands against the lockdown, with one stating; "Today, under the pretext of the coronavirus, which doesn't exist, people are driven into slavery, they are trying to establish total control over us all." Serbia On 7 July 2020, a riot began in Belgrade after the government's announcement of a curfew for the weekend. Protests began because of the government's continuous change in handling COVID-19 policy and alleged hiding of the number of COVID-19 cases in the country. Slovakia In late 2020 and during 2021, several anti-COVID-restriction protests were held also in Slovakia, mainly in the capital, Bratislava and also Kosice. Many people are starting to disobey the rules: they go to bars even though they are not vaccinated, they don't wear FFP2 mask but only textile mask. There were even incidents of people without masks coming to a grocery store. These customers were then beaten by the police as they refused to put on their mask. Spain Thousands of people, mostly supporters of the right-wing party Vox, attended protests in Madrid and the country's regional capitals over the lockdown and its impact on the Spanish economy. The protesters drove in convoys to adhere to social distancing, with the Madrid protest led by a bus containing Vox leader Santiago Abascal. Abascal called for the national government of Pedro Sánchez to resign over its handling of the virus. On 20 September 2020, thousands of people went out in protest throughout the Community of Madrid demanding the resignation of the regional government of Isabel Díaz Ayuso, after the latter had announced two days earlier a partial lockdown affecting 850,000 people living in the region's poorest areas which was dubbed as "segregationist" and fostering "stigmatisation, exclusion and territorial discrimination". The protests came amid growing criticism of Ayuso's handling of the virus as "ineffective" and of her coalition government having "floundered" in its attempt to antagonize with Sánchez's government, as the region became the most heavily hit area in all of Europe in the second wave of the pandemic with many neighborhoods being near or above 1,000 cases per 100,000 people. Sweden On 6 March 2021, an estimate of 300-500 people gathered at Medborgarplatsen in Stockholm to protest against COVID-19 measures. The Swedish police dispersed hundreds of protesters and stated that six of their officers had been injured in the process, with one needing to be hospitalized. Switzerland On June 11, 2020, the member of the Zurich Cantonal Council Urs Hahn was expelled from his party, the Greens, for opposing the thesis of the seriousness of the pandemic. On September 12, 2020, a demonstration against masks, containment measures or the supposed lies of the media brings together a thousand people in Geneva at the Place des Nations, in front of the United Nations. The three major opposition figures coronasceptics in French-speaking Switzerland are the web videographers Chloé Frammery, Ema Krusi and Christian Tal Schaller. Coronasceptics and opponents of measures to combat the spread of Covid-19 are increasingly occupying the Federal Office of Police (Fedpol). Threats against federal officials are on the rise. In January 2021, the national councilor UDC Yves Nidegger opposed the “health dictatorship”. In Liestal, 8000 people demonstrate on March 20, 2021, against the anti-Covid measures in force while in Bern the police stop a demonstration for the same causes. Following these demonstrations, the #NoLiestal movement is rising on digital networks to denounce and counter the agglomeration initiatives of coronasceptics in Switzerland. Ukraine On 14–20 February, protests against the placement of evacuated Ukrainian citizens (suspected of having coronavirus disease 2019) from the city of Wuhan (PRC) in Ukraine took place in Novi Sanzhary. In the summer and autumn of 2021, actions against obligatory vaccination against COVID-19 and restrictions for unvaccinated persons took place in various cities of Ukraine. In particular, on 27 July the "procession" against vaccination was organized by the Moscow Patriarchate and on November 3 the protesters blocked the streets in Kyiv United Kingdom The first protests against the national mandatory lockdown in the United Kingdom took place in April 2020, extending into the following month before abating as lockdown restrictions were slowly eased. As local area lockdown measures were reintroduced towards the end of summer, followed by stricter national lockdown measures, anti-lockdown protests resurged across the country beginning in September 2020. More than 55 protesters have been arrested in these events as of October 2020. Some protesters have claimed that COVID-19 is a hoax, and many refused to wear masks or practice social distancing. Protests have occurred in Shrewsbury, Glastonbury, London, Manchester, Glasgow, Belfast, Hove, Birmingham, Liverpool, as well as a few other cities. Protests over restrictions overlapped with anti-vaccine protests following the start of the UK's COVID-19 vaccination programme in December 2020. On the weekend of 24–25 July 2021, protests broke out again in several major cities in the United Kingdom including London, Leeds, Manchester and Birmingham due to people opposing vaccines and proposed COVID passports. North America Canada In Canada, protests began on 19 April 2020 in Vancouver. Protests also occurred in Toronto, Edmonton and Ottawa. On 21 April 2020 it was reported that prisoners at the Saskatchewan Penitentiary had been protesting against restrictions placed upon them in response to COVID-19, like being kept in their cells for 20 hours a day. On 15 January 2021, Roman Baber, Member of Provincial Parliament for the Toronto riding of York Centre, was removed from the caucus of the governing Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario after publishing an open letter to Premier Doug Ford criticizing Ontario's lockdown restrictions. Baber continued his anti-lockdown advocacy as an independent member of the legislative opposition. On 1 September 2021, thousands of people protested COVID-19 vaccine policies and mask mandates outside of Vancouver City Hall. In January 2022, Freedom Convoy 2022 began. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau invoked the Emergencies Act for the first time to quell the unrest from the occupation and harassment of Ottawa and its citizens by hundreds of trucks, their drivers and thousands of unruly protesters. Alberta A far-right group calling itself "Walk for Freedom" has been organizing anti-mask protests since at least April 2020. Concerns were raised when several hundred protestors took part in a 20 February 2021 freedom convoy and Jericho Torch March at the Legislature organized by the "Walk for Freedom Alberta" and the "Freedom Unity Alliance". Posters advertising the rally included an image of white nationalists marching through Charlottesville with Tiki torches in the 2017 US Unite the Right rally. The group of hundreds of unmasked anti-lockdown protestors, carrying a Walk for Freedom banner included COVID-19 deniers. Others were supporters of a pastor who was arrested for repeatedly refusing to comply to public health regulations, such as capping attendance, physical distancing and mask-wearing. The Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedoms (JCCF), representing the pastor, had launched a legal charter challenge against the Alberta government. The Mayor of Edmonton said that the rally organizers were from outside Edmonton and that they "may be associated with known hate groups. Edmonton unequivocally condemns racism, misogyny and other forms of hate—such speech is not welcome in our community." Cuba A series of protests began on 11 July 2021, triggered by the shortage of food and medicine and the government's response to the resurgent COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba. Mexico On 29 April, police in Yajalón, Chiapas, southern Mexico, opened fire on people who were protesting against a checkpoint that left their community isolated. Residents of neighbouring Tumbalá complained that the checkpoint made it impossible for them to access governmental and banking services and that it seemed to be related to a belief that Tumbalá had a high rate of coronavirus infection. Checkpoints have been installed in about 20% of Mexico's municipalities, which the federal government has declared illegal. Hundreds of Mexicans participated in caravans on 30 May demanding the resignation of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador because of his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico and the economy. The caravans, which took place in about a dozen cities across the country, consisted largely of luxury cars. Violence broke out on 4 June during demonstrations in Guadalajara, Jalisco to demand justice after the death of Giovanni López in the town of Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos. López, a 30-year-old mason, had been arrested on 4 May for not wearing a facemask during a lockdown and died the next day while in police custody. United States The United States' national response began in early January, originating with actions by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the White House. The first U.S. case of COVID-19 was recorded on 19 January 2020. In the United States, the response was determined by state and local officials in coordination with the CDC and federal officials. On 9 February, governors were briefed by the White House Coronavirus Task Force. Beginning in mid-March, various social distancing measures to limit spread of the virus were undertaken by state governors and in some cases counties or cities. Actions taken included stay-at-home orders ("quarantine"), school and business closures, and limitation on the size of gatherings. On 19 March 2020, President Donald Trump, and Vice President Mike Pence met (via teleconference) with governors of most states to continue coordination and to assist states with their responses. FEMA was brought into the effort around this time. By 7 April 42 states had lockdown orders in place. The shutdowns had serious economic effects, including a steep rise in unemployment due to the shutdown of stores and workplaces. By 15 April protests and demonstrations had broken out in some states, demanding that the area be "re-opened" for normal business and personal activity. By 1 May there had been demonstrations in more than half of the states, and many governors began to take steps to lift the restrictions. One of the first protests was in Michigan on 15 April 2020, organized by conservative groups which also encouraged groups in other states to copy their wording and templates. Protesters in numerous other states said they were inspired by Michigan, and they used Michigan's material on their own websites, Facebook groups, and Reddit pages to promote their protests. Subsequent protests were organized by Republican activists or party organizations, Tea Party activists, armed militia movement supporters, guns-rights activists, and "anti-vaccination" advocates. Protesters, many without face masks, opposed the shelter-in-place orders in their states for various reasons. Many said they wanted businesses reopened so they could go back to work. Many others displayed pro-Trump banners, signs, and MAGA hats. Still others insisted the lockdowns were a violation of their constitutional rights. One militia leader told a reporter, "Re-open my state or we will re-open it ourselves." An opinion article in The New York Times, and an article in The Washington Post claimed that the anger driving the protests was "both real and manufactured", blaming conservative groups for engaging in astroturfing via centralized organization backed by anonymous donors. President Trump originally issued guidelines for how to phase out restrictions, saying that governors would decide how to reopen their own states and suggesting a cautious three-phase approach. However, the next day he reacted to the protests against social restrictions by encouraging the protests. Governor Jay Inslee (D-WA) accused the president of "fomenting domestic rebellion" and said the president's call to ignore his own team's guidelines was "schizophrenic". Facebook announced that it would block events and messages from anti-quarantine protest groups "when gatherings do not follow the health parameters established by the government and are therefore unlawful". In California, Libertarian Party chapters in Santa Clara and San Francisco counties condemned lockdown measures in the state with a resolution stating in part that, "these government impositions have already lasted for longer than could be justified by the purpose for which they were allegedly necessary, constituting a sort of "mission creep" that could potentially keep them in place with no definite end, and with economic and social damage continuing to accumulate and becoming more severe." Such responses were compared to the Anti-Mask League of San Francisco movement that was seen during the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, where the efficacy of masks was debated during the second wave of flu in the city. The Anti-Mask League saw the medical advice on masks as unconstitutional, and contrary to the principles of a free society. Cell phone data from digital-contact tracing software, captured from opt-in cellphone apps and the Firm VoteMap, then provided to The Guardian (publication) by progressive campaign group the Committee to Protect Medicare, suggests that cell phones present at anti-lockdown protests in Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Michigan and North Carolina traveled long distances after leaving the protests. Dr. Rob Davidson, executive director of the Committee to Protect Medicare, said that although “it's hard to draw a straight line between devices, individuals at these protests, and cases”, the data suggests that the protests may be epidemiologically significant events." and that "The behavior we’re seeing at protests carries a high risk of infection." On 30 January 2021, dozens of "SCAMDEMIC" protesters blocked the entrance to the vaccination center at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles. Oceania American Samoa In July 2020, several people protested against the spending of COVID-19 funds in American Samoa. Australia Throughout 2020 and 2021, numerous illegal protests of widely varying sizes against COVID-19 lockdown restrictions and the Australian Federal Government's vaccination programme were held in several state capitals including Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. Police responded to some of the protests by arresting demonstrators and issuing fines. In Melbourne, Victoria, from 20 to 24 September 2021, a series of protests occurred in the city's CBD. Protesters were predominantly tradesmen who were acting against lockdowns, the closure of the construction industry and vaccine mandates. It is believed that several protesters were "fake tradies" who could be described as "professional protesters". Police responded with rubber bullets, batons and tear gas. Various media outlets were critical of the police's heavy-handed response to the protesters and bystander civilians. The first major legal protest occurred in early 2022 in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, which is also the most highly vaccinated jurisdiction in Australia. A "Convoy to Canberra", consisting of thousands of protesters in trailers, trucks, cars and campervans made their way in the national capital in January. On 12 February, around 10,000 protesters converged on Parliament House and Old Parliament House, and Lifeline Canberra suspended its major fund-raising event due to safety concerns for customers. Christmas Island Detainees at the Christmas Island Detention Centre rioted and set fire to buildings in a protest against the conditions of the detention centre. Fiji In June 2021, following lockdowns in Fiji, locals protested across the country for more government support. French Polynesia In October 2021, several protests against a proposed law mandating COVID-19 vaccines were held throughout French Polynesia including Papeete in Tahiti and Hiva Oa in the Marquesas Islands. Notable groups and individuals involved included the "Don't Touch my Family" group, the pro-independence party Tavini Huiraatira, and retired Dr. Jean-Paul Theron, who was locked in a dispute with health authorities over his methods of treating COVID-19 patients. The proposed law requires anyone working in healthcare or with the public to get inoculated or be fined $US1,700. In response to strong opposition from anti-vaccination protesters, unions, and employers, President Édouard Fritch announced that the new law would be delayed until 23 December. Guam Members of the Guam Freedom Coalition protested vaccine mandates in Guam on 30 October 2021. New Caledonia An estimate of 1,000 people staged a protest in Nouméa against government policies regarding the pandemic, such as the introduction of health passes and vaccine mandates. The protest occurred a day after outdoor gatherings in New Caledonia were limited to 30 people, however police decided not to intervene due to the presence of children. New Zealand Between August and October 2021, several protests were held across New Zealand to protest official lockdown measures, vaccination, and spread disinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic. Key groups and individuals that were involved in these protests included FACTS NZ, Kotahitanga Movement Aotearoa, the NZ Liberty Movement and Jami-Lee Ross and Billy Te Kahika's Advance New Zealand party. In January 2021, Te Kahika led a "freedom rally" outside the New Zealand Parliament; protestors opposed lockdown policies, while expressing support for US President Donald Trump and QAnon. Following the reinstatement of lockdown restrictions in mid–August 2021 in response to a Delta variant community outbreak, anti-lockdown protests were staged in Auckland, Tauranga, Nelson, and Christchurch. Key participants included Te Kahika and far-right activist Kyle Champman. In February 2022, Convoy 2022 New Zealand gathered outside parliament buildings and blocked streets in Wellington. Papua New Guinea During the pandemic, attacks on health workers and vaccination teams in Papua New Guinea have occurred multiple times. Protests were banned nationwide due to the pandemic, however they still occurred across the country, particularly in the capital, Port Moresby, as well as in Lae. Samoa On 8 May 2020, around 100 people protested new laws regarding COVID-19 in Samoa. On 23 June 2022, more than 30 people protested vaccine mandates in Samoa. Solomon Islands The 2021 Solomon Islands unrest was partially caused by government mishandling of the pandemic. Vanuatu The Government of Vanuatu criticised a planned protest regarding COVID-19 involving church and youth groups. The protesters claimed that the Police Commissioner had given them permission to protest, however the Deputy Prime Minister Ishmael Kalsakau said it could not go ahead as it was politically motivated. Protestors also claimed that at least two MPs (namely Andrew Napuat and John Salong) supported the protest. South America Argentina On 25 May, during the Anniversary of the First National Government, protests erupted all over the country, but predominantly in Buenos Aires and Cordoba. The protest consisted mostly of small business owners demanding the local and national governments to be allowed to work, under a sanitary protocol. At this point, the stay-at-home order had been in place nationwide for 65 days. On 20 June, which is the country's National Flag Day, the size of the protests had grown immensely compared to the previous ones held in late May. While business owners and workers were still calling for more workplaces to be allowed to operate, the government's attempt to expropriate Vicentín, a soy and wheat manufacturer and one of the largest exporting firms in the country, also sparked outrage and motivated protests in many provinces where agriculture plays a big role in their local economy, particularly in the Santa Fe Province, where this business is located. Due to the huge backlash, president Alberto Fernandez has decided to step down and not take over the company. Protests also took place in the city centre of most cities and at the gates of the presidential residence. While the lockdown had been lifted in most provinces and municipalities, it was still enforced in Greater Buenos Aires, which represents around 60% of the Argentine economy. On this day, the stay-at-home order had been in place for 90 days, making it the longest mandatory quarantine in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 9 July, the country's Independence Day, protests flared up once again. In addition to workers and entrepreneurs asking to be allowed to work, many were angered by the fact that Lazaro Baez, who is serving jail time for money laundering and stealing from taxpayers' money and is associated with much of the government staff, could be eligible for parole. This incident, and the murder of Fabián Gutiérrez, who was ex-president Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner's secretary while she was in office, which many opposition affiliates believe was orchestrated by the administration and covered up as a "crime of passion" by two unknown men, also caused large outrage in some sectors of the population. This day marked 109 days since the lockdown was put in place in the Greater Buenos Aires area. On 1 August, many opponents of Alberto Fernandez's government, and of Kirchnerism in general, took to the streets to rally against the judicial reform proposed by the administration. Many believe this is a way to absolve vice president Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner from her ongoing trials, and also a way to give the governing political party control over the judicial branch of government, all disguised under the promise that this reform will make judges and trials fairer and less biased to certain ideologies or political parties. While the lockdown has not been completely lifted in Buenos Aires, many activities and businesses are now allowed to take place again since mid-July, and a re-opening scheme with various stages has been designed and put in place, although with no strict dates. However, many companies, such as restaurants or bars for instance, still cannot open and many business owners are uncertain of how much more they can endure with their doors closed. On 17 August, the General José de San Martín Memorial Day, a public holiday which commemorates Argentine liberator and army general José de San Martín, protesters gathered once again on the city centres of the main Argentine cities for the same reasons as the previous one, 16 days prior. This manifestation was backed by many political figures from the Juntos por el Cambio, Frente Despertar, Fuerza Unidaria Argentina, opposition forces, near liberal, libertarian and survivalist groups. Some, however, have decided to not publicly support the protests, most notably Horacio Rodríguez Larreta, mayor of Buenos Aires. Brazil 2020 On 18 March, Brazilians in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro protested Jair Bolsonaro's handling of the pandemic by banging pots and pans on their balconies and shouting "Bolsonaro out!" On 19 April, Brazil's Armed Forces Day, Bolsonaro gathered with about 600 protesters in front of the Army's headquarters in Brasilia to demand a "military intervention" into the handling of the coronavirus situation. Smaller protests calling for governors to resign occurred the previous day in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Brasilia. 2021 On 1 May, protest in favor of Jair Bolsonaro happened around the country. The protesters demanded the end of lockdowns, as well as a military intervention on the judicial and legislative branches of power. The protests happened in many Brazilian cities, occupying avenues such as Avenida Paulista. Bolsonaro flew by helicopter over the protests in Brasilia, where there were also protests against his government. Chile On 18 March, riots took place at the communes of El Bosque, La Pintana, and other communes in the Santiago Metropolitan Region. Rioters are denouncing the hunger resulting from the partial and total lockdowns in the region. They claim that the lockdowns have left them without work and means of sustenance. Colombia In April 2021, President Iván Duque proposed increased taxes at a time when the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia was beginning to worsen as various healthcare systems were failing throughout the country. A series of protests began in Colombia on 28 April 2021 against increased taxes, corruption, and health care reform. Ecuador The 2020 demonstrations in Ecuador were a series of national mobilizations carried out in May 2020, after the announcement of economic measures by the government of Lenín Moreno adopted due to the serious health and economic crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador. Paraguay On 5 March, protests broke out across Paraguay due to the lack of efficient government response against the pandemic in the country. The protests gathered thousands of people, and left hundreds of injured. It culminated in the resignation of the then health minister Julio Mazzoleni. See also Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Cholera riots References 2020 protests 2021 protests 2022 protests Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics
557643	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop%20sign	Stop sign	Stop sign A stop sign is a traffic sign designed to notify drivers that they must come to a complete stop and make sure the intersection (or railroad crossing) is safely clear of vehicles and pedestrians before continuing past the sign. In many countries, the sign is a red octagon with the word STOP, in either English or the national language of that particular country, displayed in white or yellow. The Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals also allows an alternative version: a red circle with a red inverted triangle with either a white or yellow background, and a black or dark blue STOP. Some countries may also use other types, such as Japan's inverted red triangle stop sign. Particular regulations regarding appearance, installation, and compliance with the signs vary by some jurisdictions. Design and configuration The 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals allows for two types of stop signs as well as several acceptable variants. Sign B2a is a red octagon with a white legend. The European Annex to the convention also allows the background to be "light yellow". Sign B2b is a red circle with a red inverted triangle with either a white or yellow background, and a black or dark blue legend. The Convention allows for the word "STOP" to be in either English or the national language of the particular country. The finalized version by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Conference on Road Traffic in 1968 (and in force in 1978) proposed standard stop sign diameters of 600, 900 or 1200 mm (24", 36" or 48"). The United Kingdom and New Zealand stop signs are 750, 900 or 1200 mm (about 30, 36 or 48 inches), according to sign location and traffic speeds. In the United States, stop signs are across opposite flats of the red octagon, with a -inch (2 cm) white border. The white uppercase legend is tall. Larger signs of with legend and border are used on multi-lane expressways. Regulatory provisions exist for extra-large signs with legend and -inch border for use where sign visibility or reaction distance are limited, and the smallest permissible stop sign size for general usage is with an legend and -inch (1.5 cm) border. The metric units specified in the US regulatory manuals are rounded approximations of US customary units, not exact conversions. The field, legend, and border are all retroreflective. Some modern stop signs have flashing LEDs around the perimeter, which has been shown to substantially reduce crashes. History The first ever stop sign was created in 1914 by Detroit police sergeant Harold "Harry" Jackson, who was working as a traffic guard at a busy city intersection. One of the cross streets had a particularly low-visibility turn entering the intersection, almost always forcing Sgt. Jackson to slow down and hold back the traffic entering from that street. Looking for ways to make his job easier, he took a rectangular piece of plywood, cut off the corners to give it a distinct shape, wrote "STOP" over the center and placed facing the street. He noticed that his innovation improved the overall traffic flow through the intersection. After he shared his experience with fellow officers at a meeting, the practice started to spread across the city intersections. The next year, 1915, stop signs were adopted across Michigan. The first ones had black lettering on a white background and were , somewhat smaller than the current sign. As stop signs became more widespread, a rural-dominated committee supported by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) met in 1922 to standardize them and selected the octagonal shape that has been used in the United States ever since. The unique eight-sided shape of the sign allows drivers facing the back of the sign to identify that oncoming drivers have a stop sign and prevent confusion with other traffic signs. Another consideration of the AASHO was visibility and driver literacy, as summarized in subsequent State Highway Commission reports in the states of the U.S., was that the goal for signs "standardized throughout the Union" was that "The shape of the sign will indicate what it will mean. This has been worked up very carefully by the best qualified men in the country and men who have made a thorough study of this question. It has been found that so many people have trouble in reading the sign that the shape of the sign is very much more important than the reading matter on it." The octagon was also chosen so that it could be identified easily at night since the original signs were not reflective. The more urban-oriented National Conference on Street and Highway Safety (NCSHS) advocated a smaller red-on-yellow stop sign. These two organizations eventually merged to form the Joint Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, which in 1935 published the first Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD) detailing the stop sign's specifications. The MUTCD's stop sign specifications were altered eight times between 1935 and 1971. From 1924 to 1954, stop signs bore a red or black legend on a yellow field. Yellow was chosen because fade-resistant red materials were not available. Retro-reflective or self-lit signs were permitted in the 1935 MUTCD; retro-reflective ones were first required by the 1948 edition of the MUTCD, which also called for a height from the road crown to the bottom of the stop sign. The 1954 MUTCD newly specified a white legend on a red field, and increased the mount height specification to 5 feet in rural areas. Red traffic lights signify stop, so the new specification unified red as a stop signal whether given by a sign or a light. The current mounting height of was first specified in 1971. US mandate, international adoption The MUTCD stop sign was already widely deployed in the United States when the use of other types of stop signs was eliminated in 1966. In 1968, this sign was adopted by the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals as part of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's effort to standardize road travel across borders. The Convention specifies that be written in English or the national language, and also allows a circular sign with red legend. Forty European countries are party to the convention. Stop signs around the world The red octagonal field with white English-language legend is the most common stop sign used around the world, but it is not universal; Japan uses an inverted solid red triangle, for example, and Zimbabwe until 2016 used a disc bearing a black cross. Moreover, there are many variants of the red-and-white octagonal sign. Although all English-speaking and many other countries use the word on stop signs, some jurisdictions use an equivalent word in their primary language instead, or in addition. Also, several languages borrowed the English word "stop" a long time ago, such as French, and therefore do not consider it to be a foreign word any more. The use of native languages is common on U.S. native reservations, especially those promoting language revitalization efforts, for example, and Israel uses no word, but rather a pictogram of a hand in a palm-forward "stop" gesture. Asia Countries in Asia generally use a native word, often in a non-Latin script. The sign's shape varies by location, with places such as South Korea, Hong Kong, or Taiwan using the standard octagon shape, with Japan using a triangle. Europe Countries in Europe generally have stop signs with the text , regardless of local language. There were some objections to this when introduced around the 1970s, but now this is accepted. Turkey (and the unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus) is a notable exception to this, instead using the Turkish word for stop: "dur". Latin America In Spanish and Portuguese-speaking Caribbean and South American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, and Venezuela), signs bear the legend ("stop" in Portuguese and Spanish). Mexico and Central American countries bear the legend ("halt") instead. Canada In the Canadian province of Quebec, modern signs read either or . As of 1987, Quebec removed the English stop from its road signs in favor of arrêt. Both stop and arrêt are considered valid French words, with France actually using the word "STOP" on its stop signs, and the Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF) notes that the use of "stop" on stop signs is attested in French since 1927. At the time of the debates surrounding the adoption of the Charter of the French Language ("Bill 101") in 1977, the usage of "stop" was considered to be English and therefore controversial; some signs were occasionally vandalized with red spray paint to turn the word into "101". However, it was later officially determined by the OQLF that "stop" is a valid French word in this context, and the older dual / usage is therefore considered redundant and therefore deprecated (à éviter). Newly installed signs thus use only one word, more commonly only in Québec, while is seen in predominantly English-speaking areas. The latter version of stop signs has been disagreed upon by some Quebec residents. Bilingual signs with are still placed in English-speaking areas of New Brunswick and Manitoba; the Acadian regions of Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island; on federal property in the National Capital Region; and at all border crossings of the Canada–United States border. On First Nations or Inuit territories, stop signs sometimes use the local aboriginal language in addition or instead of English, French, or both, such as Inuktitut . All other English-speaking areas of Canada use . Other countries Arabic-speaking countries use (except for Lebanon, which only uses since 2018). India, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Indonesia, The Philippines, Pakistan, The European Economic Area, Fiji, Singapore, and the United States use the English sign in the Highway Gothic font. Armenia uses and . Bangladesh and Nepal use a stop sign with no text. Brazil and Spanish-speaking Caribbean and South American nations use Canada uses both the standard version of the sign and multilingual stop signs. Cambodia uses . China and Taiwan use , except that Mainland China's sign has a bolder word. Cuba uses a version of the B2b stop sign that says Ethiopia uses a version of the sign that says and Hong Kong SAR uses a version of the sign that says , and Iran and Afghanistan use Iraq, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Yemen use a multilingual stop sign that says both and except Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, which use a different version of the sign. Israel and Palestine use a version of the stop sign with a raised hand. Japan uses a triangular sign that says and Laos uses Malaysia and Brunei use Mexico and other Central American nations use Mongolia uses Myanmar uses Nigeria uses a variant of the B1a stop sign with a yellow typeface. North Korea uses Portuguese-speaking countries with the exception of Brazil use the English sign South Africa, like most nations, uses the B2a stop sign. South Korea uses and Spain uses Russian-speaking countries use either or (i.e. transliterated into Russian), with the latter marking the place where vehicles should wait at traffic lights Thailand uses Tonga uses a version of the B2b stop sign with the text overlapping the triangle inside the circle. Turkey uses Vanuatu uses a circular red stop sign. Vietnam uses a version of the stop sign with smaller text: . Gallery Historical gallery The following are some older stop sign designs, used before the Vienna Road Traffic Convention standardized the design: Application The use of stop signs varies from country. North America and South Africa use all-way stops in some intersections unlike in some countries where they are legally prohibited. In a majority of Central Asian countries, as well as Cuba in North America, junctions without traffic lights or roundabouts are controlled by stop signs on minor roads and by white, yellow and black priority diamond signs on the major road. In Europe and Australia, stop signs are restricted to places where coming to a dead stop is deemed necessary because of severely limited sight lines. At the vast majority of minor intersections in these countries give way signs or equivalent road markings are used, or the intersections are no-priority; roundabouts also work on the give way (rather than stop) principle. North America Stop signs are often used in North America to control conflicting traffic movements at intersections that are deemed not busy enough to justify the installation of a traffic signal or roundabout. In the United States, the stop sign is not intended as a traffic calming device, but is meant to be installed mainly for safety or to assign right-of-way. Stop signs may be erected on all intersecting roads, resulting in an all-way stop. Some research has concluded that stop signs do not offer measurable safety benefits over the Yield approach. Other research has concluded that multiway stop signs do not effectively control traffic speeds, and can give rise to negative effects including increased traffic noise and pollution from braking and accelerating vehicles, enforcement problems, and reduced sign compliance. On school buses A stop sign on a pivoting arm is required equipment on North American school buses. The sign normally stows flat on the left side of the bus, and is deployed by the driver when opening the door for picking up or dropping off passengers. Some buses have two such stop arms, one near the front facing forwards, and one near the rear facing backwards. The stop sign is retroreflective and equipped either with red blinking lights above and below the legend or with a legend that is illuminated by LEDs. Unlike a normal stop sign, this sign indicates a two-way absolute stop, requiring other vehicles travelling in both directions to remain stopped until the sign is retracted. Europe In Europe, stop signs are generally placed at sites where visibility is severely restricted, or where a high crash rate has been noted. In some European countries, stop signs are placed at level crossings to mark the stop line. For most situations, Europe uses the give way sign instead. All-way stops, which are common in North America, are exceedingly rare in Europe. Comparatively, roundabouts and priority to the right intersections are more common. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, stop signs may only be placed at junctions with tramways or sites with severely restricted visibility. Until 2016, each stop sign had to be individually approved by the Secretary of State for Transport. This requirement was removed by the 2016 amendments to the Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions; the responsibility for approving stop signs now lies with local authorities. Section 79 of the Highways Act 1980 enables the government to improve visibility at junctions, as by removing or shortening walls or hedges. The Department for Transport considers improving visibility to be preferable to installing a stop sign. The former UK practice of using "Halt" or "Slow" at Major Road Ahead signs was discontinued in 1965 at the recommendation of the Worboys Committee. Instead of replacing all the old signs with the new Vienna Convention sign, the sign became the standard one at UK priority junctions. Compliance requirements Laws and regulations regarding how drivers must comply with a stop sign vary by jurisdiction. In the United States and Canada, these rules are set and enforced at the state or provincial level. At a junction where two or more traffic directions are controlled by stop signs, US and Canada practice generally has the driver who arrives and stops first continue first. If two or three drivers in different directions stop simultaneously at a junction controlled by stop signs, generally the drivers on the left must yield the right-of-way to the driver on the far right. In all countries, the driver must come to a complete stop before passing a stop sign, even if no other vehicle or pedestrian is visible. If a stop line is marked on the pavement, drivers must stop before crossing the line. Slowing but not completely stopping is called a "rolling stop", sometimes nicknamed after a city or region where it is considered endemic (e.g., "Rhode Island roll" or "California stop") – slowing down significantly but not stopping completely at the sign. This partial stop is not acceptable to most law enforcement officials, and can result in a traffic citation. However, enforcement of this rule varies widely among countries. The automobile manufacturer Tesla removed a "rolling stop" feature from its self-driving software after the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration complained the practice is unsafe and illegal everywhere in the United States. In some countries such as Czechia and Russia, stopping is required only at a place where a driver has a sufficient view into the intersection, not at the border of the intersection (where a "STOP" line is not present). Therefore, if multiple drivers come from the same direction and all of them stop at appropriate place, they can continue without stopping again. Bicyclists In some jurisdictions, such as the U.S. state of Idaho, the traffic code allows for bicyclists approaching a stop sign to slow down and yield to conflicting traffic, then proceed without stopping unless safety requires a full stop. The Idaho law has been in effect since 1982 and has not been shown to be detrimental to safety. Since 2017, more states have implemented changes to the law similar to Idaho's: Delaware (2017), Oregon (2020), Washington (2020), Utah (2021) and North Dakota (2021). Cyclist advocacy groups have sought similar laws for other jurisdictions in the United States. Disadvantages Stop sign placement can pose difficulties and hazards in applications where cross traffic is not controlled by a sign or light. Relatively long distance between the stop sign and the crossroad facilitates accurate perception of the speed of approaching cross traffic, but lengthens the time and distance required to enter and clear the junction. Relatively short distance between the stop sign and the crossroad shortens the time required for safe passage through the intersection, but degrades the ability of the stopped driver to accurately perceive the speed of approaching cross traffic. Specifically, drivers approaching an intersection from beyond the subtended angular velocity detection threshold (SAVT) limit may be perceived by a stopped driver as standing still rather than approaching, which means the stopped driver may not make an accurate decision as to whether it is safe to proceed past the stop sign. Whether the distance between the stop sign and the crossroad is officially short or is shortened by drivers creeping past the stop line, they can lose the visual acuity of lateral motion, leaving them to rely on the SAVT. This can make it difficult to accurately estimate the movement of approaching cross traffic. According to recent game-theoretical analysis, at intersections where all directions face stop signs, drivers have strong incentives to run the stop sign; A better solution is to randomly remove one stop sign from all directions, which could lead to significant efficiency gains while ensure safe traffic. See also All-way stop Assured Clear Distance Ahead Road traffic safety Roundabout Rules of the road Stopping sight distance Traffic psychology Yield sign References External links History of Stop Signs Stop Sign Photo Gallery A Collection of Stop and Yield Signs Stop Sign Template Traffic signs American inventions 1915 introductions Red symbols
1438289	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0	Нова Надежда	Нова Надежда — село в Хасковській області Болгарії. Входить до складу общини Хасково. Населення За даними перепису населення 2011 року у селі проживали осіб. Національний склад населення села: Розподіл населення за віком у 2011 році: Динаміка населення: Примітки Села Хасковської області
4877084	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodon%20condaoensis	Oligodon condaoensis	Oligodon condaoensis — вид змій родини полозових (Colubridae). Описаний у 2016 році. Назва Назва виду condaoensis посилається на острови Кон Дао, де поширений вид. Поширення Ендемік В'єтнаму. Поширений лише на острові Хон Ба з архіпелагу Кон Дао в провінції Баріа-Вунгтау на півдні країни. Примітки Полозові Плазуни В'єтнаму Ендемічна фауна В'єтнаму Тварини, описані 2016
24464915	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing%20Person%20%28novel%29	Missing Person (novel)	Missing Person (novel) Missing Person is the sixth novel by French writer Patrick Modiano, published on 5 September 1978. In the same year it was awarded the Prix Goncourt. The English translation by Daniel Weissbort was published in 1980. Rue des Boutiques Obscures is the name of a street in Rome (La Via delle Botteghe Oscure) where one of the characters lived, and where Modiano himself lived for some time. On 9 October 2014, Patrick Modiano was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Plot summary Guy Roland is an amnesiac detective who lost his memory ten years before the beginning of the story, which opens in 1965. When his employer, Hutte, retires and closes the detective agency where he has worked for eight years, Roland embarks on a search for his own identity. His investigations uncover clues to a life that seems to stop during the Second World War. It seems that he is Jimmy Pedro Stern, a Greek Jew from Salonica, who was living in Paris under an assumed name, Pedro McEvoy, and working for the legation of the Dominican Republic. He and several friends (Denise Coudreuse, a French model who shares his life; Freddie Howard Luz, a British citizen originally from Mauritius; Gay Orlov, an American dancer of Russian origin; and André Wildmer, an English former jockey, all of whom are enemy nationals) went to Megève to escape a Paris that had become dangerous for them during the German occupation. Denise and Pedro attempted to flee to Switzerland, and paid a smuggler who abandoned them in the mountains, separating them and leaving them lost in the snow. Having partially recovered his memory, Guy Roland goes to look for Freddie, who went to live in Polynesia after the war. When he arrives in Bora Bora, he learns that Freddie has disappeared, either lost at sea or by choice. At the end of the novel he is about to follow the last clue that remains to his past: an address in the Via della Botteghe Obscure in Rome, where Jimmy Pedro Stern is recorded as having lived in the 1930s. Characters Guy Roland - The story's protagonist. He lost his memory during the war. He works as a private detective and tries to recover his past throughout the novel. Constantin van Hutte - The head of the detective agency who gives Guy his new identity. He retires to Nice early in the story. Paul Sonachidtze - Guy's starting point on his journey. Jean Heurteur - A restaurateur and friend of Sonachidze's. Mr. Styoppa de Dzhagorev - A Russian immigrant. Gay Orlov - Another Russian immigrant. Died of a drug overdose. Waldo Blunt - The pianist husband of Gay Orlov. Claude Howard de Luz - Cousin of Freddie Howard de Luz. Freddie (Alfred Jean) Howard de Luz - friend of Pedro. A confidant of John Gilbert. Second husband of Gay Orlov. Robert - Groundskeeper of the Howard de Luz estate. Denise Coudreuse - French model and the protagonist's wife, married April 3,1039 (p. 79 of Weissbort translation). Reception At the time of publication, French reviews considered Rue des Boutiques Obscures to be Modiano’s best novel to date and praised the author for his economic style comparable to Kafka or Camus’ The Stranger. As well as winning the Goncourt, the novel won le Prix des Détectives. Missing Person can be considered Modiano’s best known work in the English world and has also been described as ‘quintessential Modiano’ and the best book to start with the author. Editions Rue des boutiques obscures, « Blanche » collection, Gallimard, 1978, Rue des boutiques obscures, « Folio » collection, Gallimard (nº 1358), 1982, Missing Person, translated by Daniel Weissbort, Jonathan Cape, 1980; David R. Godine, 2004 Rue des boutiques obscures, « Folio » collection, Gallimard, 2014, References 1978 French novels French crime novels Detective novels Novels set in Paris Prix Goncourt winning works Éditions Gallimard books Novels by Patrick Modiano
3520746	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%20%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Ян Станкевич	Ян Станкевич (c. Арляняти, Ошмянський повіт, Віленська губернія, Російська імперія — , Готорн, Пассаїк, Нью-Джерсі, США; Псевдонім: Брачыслаў Скарыніч) — білоруський мовознавець, історик та політичний діяч. Доктор слов’янської історії та філології (1926). Життєпис У 1909 році закінчив Ошмянське міське училище. Навчався у Вільнюській католицькій духовній семінарії. Працював у газеті «Наша нива». У 1914 році, під час Першої світової війни був призваний до російської армії. У 1917 році на Румунському фронті потрапив до австрійського полону. Після звільнення повернувся до Вільнюса. Учасник Конгресу білоруських національних організацій у Мінську (березень 1917), Конгресу вчителів Мінської губернії (травень 1917). З грудня 1917 — у Вільнюсі, один із засновників Білоруського наукового товариства. У січні 1918 року обраний до Вільнюської білоруської ради, брав участь у засіданні Ради БНР у Мінську (24 — 25 березня 1918). У листопаді 1918 році прийнятий до складу Литовської Таріби. Після окупації Вільнюса Червоною Армією працював у літературно-видавничому відділі Народного комісаріату Литовсько-Білоруської РСР, за замовленням білоруського видавництва «Веда». Під час польсько-радянської війни 1919-1920 був членом Центральної білоруської ради Віленщини та Гродненщини, Президії Білоруської центральної шкільної ради. Закінчив Віленську білоруську гімназію (1921), Карлів університет у Празі (1926). Доктор слов’янської філології та історії (1926). Працював викладачем білоруської мови у Варшавському університеті (1928 — 1932) та Університеті Стефана Баторія у Вільнюсі (1927 — 1940). Публікувався у журналі «Крывіч», західнобілоруських виданнях. Ян Станкевич був послом Сейму Польщі (1928 —1930). Як політик був прихильником польсько-білоруського зближення, за що його неодноразово критикували білоруські угруповання. У 1940 році Ян Станкевич виїхав до Варшави, аби долучитися до діяльності Білоруського комітету. Співпрацював з Вацлавом Івановським, встановив контакти з польським антифашистським підпіллям, створив гурток під назвою «Партія білоруських націоналістів» (ПБН). Стратегічною метою його діяльності було відновлення білоруської державності за рахунок підтримки Польщі. З осені 1941 року Станкевич жив у Мінську, куди переїхав і ПБН. Нетривалий час працював у шкільному відділі Мінської управи. Станкевич був членом Білоруської народної самодопомічі, Білоруської незалежницької партії, наукового відділу Білоруської центральної ради та одним із засновників Білоруського наукового товариства. Викладав історію Білорусі в школі поліцейських в Мінську. Він брав участь у Другому Загальнобілоруському конгресі. У 1944 році Станкевич опинився на еміґрації. У Німеччині відновив діяльність Білоруського наукового товариства. З 1949 року жив у США, брав участь в роботі Білорусько-американського об'єднання, Білорусько-американського союзу, видавав журнал «Веда», «Незалежнік», співпрацював з Білоруським інститутом науки і мистецтва і його виданням «Запісы», журналом «Сяўбіт», газетою «Бацькаўшчына» (Мюнхен), «Беларус» (Нью-Йорк) та ін. Засновник (разом зі Станіславом Станкевичем) Великолитовського фонду імені Льва Сапеги. Наукова діяльність Ян Станкевич — автор праць з білоруської історії, історіографії, мовознавства («Місце білоруської мови серед інших слов'янських мов та час її виникнення», 1930; «Час виникнення білоруського та українського народів», 1931; «Криво-Білорусь у минулому», 1942; «Етнографічні та історичні території і межі Білорусі», 1953, білоруською та англійською мовами; «3 історії Білорусі», 1958; «Mova rukapisu Al Kitab. Kryvickaha muzeju Jvana Łuckieviča u Vilni. Čaść 1. Fonetyka, New York», 1954; «Нариси з історії Великої Литви—Білорусі», 1978). Білорусь називав Кривією (виходячи з "кривицької" концепції етногенезу білорусів) або Великолитвою. Транслітераційний китаб першої половини 18 століття (китаб Івана Луцкевича). Підготував «Білорусько-російський (великолитовсько-російський) словник» (вийшов у 1990). Праці Книги, брошури Беларускія мусульмане і беларуская літаратура арабскім пісьмом. Вільня, 1933 (3-е выд. Мн., 1991); Гістарычны творы / Ян Станкевіч. — Менск: Энцыклапедыкс, 2003. — 772 с. — ISBN 985-6599-77-6. Гісторыя беларускага языка. Вільня, 1939 (рэпр. выд.: Мн., 1992); Друкары Иван Хведаровіч Рагаза а Пётра Мсьціславец. Нью Ёрк, 1969; 3 украінскіх дачыненняў да Вялікалітвы-Беларусі. Нью Ёрк, 1970; Зьмена граматыкі беларускага яэыка ў БСРР. Вільня, 1936 (рэпр. выд.: Мн., 1991); Кніжка вучыцца чытаць і пісаць лацінкаю (Мн., 1943). Крыўя-Беларусь у мінуласці / Ян Станкевіч. — Вільня — Беласток: Інстытут беларусістыкі — Беларускае гістарычнае таварыства, 2010. — 772 с. — ISBN 83-60456-22-4. Курс гісторыі Крывіі — Беларусі. — Прага, 1941. Лемантар пераходны з лацініцы на кірыліцу (Мн., 1942); Я. Станкевіч. Нашыя прозьвішчы. / Клаўдзі Дуж-Душэўскі // Беларускі сьцяг : часопіс. — Коўна: Урад БНР, 1922. — № 4. жнівень—верасень. — С. 29—33. Філ. Канд. Я. Станкевіч. Кнігапісь. Крывіч, месячнік літэратуры і грамадзкага жыцьця пад рэдакцыяй В. Ластоўскага. / Ст. Вольскі // Сялянская ніва : газэта. — Вільня: Орган Беларускага Сялянскага Саюзу, 30 траўня 1926. — № 16. — С. 2, 3. Філ. Канд. Я. Станкевіч. Кнігапісь. Крывіч, месячнік літэратуры і грамадзкага жыцьця пад рэдакцыяй В. Ластоўскага. / Ст. Вольскі // Сялянская ніва : газэта. — Вільня: Орган Беларускага Сялянскага Саюзу, 8 чэрвеня 1926. — № 17. — С. 2, 3. Філ. Канд. Я. Станкевіч. Кнігапісь. Крывіч, месячнік літэратуры і грамадзкага жыцьця пад рэдакцыяй В. Ластоўскага. / Ст. Вольскі // Сялянская ніва : газэта. — Вільня: Орган Беларускага Сялянскага Саюзу, 20 чэрвеня 1926. — № 18. — С. 2, 3. Філ. Канд. Я. Станкевіч. Кнігапісь. Крывіч, месячнік літэратуры і грамадзкага жыцьця пад рэдакцыяй В. Ластоўскага. / Ст. Вольскі // Сялянская ніва : газэта. — Вільня: Орган Беларускага Сялянскага Саюзу, 18 ліпеня 1926. — № 21. — С. 2, 3. Я. Станкевіч. Некаторыя праўніцкія тэрміны беларускія. — Нью-Ёрк: Крывіцкае навуковае т–ва Пранцішка Скарыны, 1953. — 84 с. Маленькі маскоўска–беларускі (крывіцкі) слоўнічак фразэолёгічны і прыказкаў ды прывітаньні, зычэньні і інш. Менск. 1944 Гісторыя Беларусі і расейская чорная сотня // Спадчына. 1998. № 2. Статті Беларускія плямёны і їхняе расьсяленьне / Я. Станкевіч // Родная мова. — 1930. — № 1 — 2. — С.; № 3 — 4. — С. Гісторыя Беларусі і расейская чорная сотня // Спадчына. — 1998. — № 2. — С. 106-131. Повесьці й апавяданьні беларускіх (крывіцкіх) летапісцаў / Я. Станкевіч // Маладая Беларусь. Кн. I. — Вільня, 1936. — С. Примітки Посилання Кривія-Білорусь у минулому «Хід історії Кривії-Білорусі» «Етнографічні та історичні території та кордони Білорусі» «Казки та оповідання білоруських (кривицьких) літописців» "Білоруські племена" Білоруська латина від Яна Станкевича // Історична правда Учасники Першого Всебілоруського конгресу Білоруські мовознавці Політики Білорусі Випускники Карлового університету Доктори філологічних наук Викладачі Вільнюського університету Викладачі Варшавського університету Померли в Нью-Джерсі Померли 1976 Померли 16 серпня Народились 1891 Народились 26 листопада Білоруські історики Білоруські емігранти до США
4374808	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0	Алтайсько-Саянська гірська країна	Алтайсько-Саянська гірська країна — у Центральній Азії, що займає західну частину Південносибірських гір Має у своєму складі гірські системи і улоговини — Алтай, Салаїрський кряж, Кузнецький Алатау, Західний Саян і Східний Саян, , Кузнецьку, Мінусінську, Тувинську та інші улоговини . Протяжність Саяно-Алтаю із заходу на схід — 1600 км, з півночі на південь — 1300 км. Рельєф, геологічна будова та історія Алтайсько-Саянська гірська країна — найвище підняття серед гірських країн Північної Азії. Вищі точки його — двоголова Бєлуха (4509 і 4400 м) на та гірський вузол Таван-Богдо-Ула (п'ять гір із 3 найвищими вершинами 4374, 4360 та 3981 м). Ще на 7 хребтах і гірських масивах вершини перевищують 4000 м (Цаст-Ула, , Хархіра, Хангай, , Турген-Ула), а на 10 досягають 3700-3900 м. У північно-східному напрямку від Алтаю висота хребтів знижується. Абсолютні висоти хребтів у Саянах в основному 1800—2300 м, але можуть досягати 3491 м (Мунку-Сардик) . На стику Західного та Східного Саян є гірський вузол з вершиною — піком Грандіозним (2922 м) . Найменші висоти має Кузнецький Алатау — 400—800 м (максимальна висота 2178 — гора Верхній Зуб), а також Салаїрський кряж — 400—600 м, розташовані меридіонально у напрямку з півдня на північ. Міжгірські улоговини: Мінусинська, Кузнецька, Канська тощо розташовані на висотах від 150 до 300 м над рівнем моря. У напрямку на південь висота їх збільшується, так, Чуйський степ розташовується на висоті 1750—1900 м над рівнем моря . Алтайсько-Саянська гірська країна обрамляє із південного заходу Сибірську платформу. Орогонез відбувався у різні епохи та періоди. Найдавніший орогонез відбувався наприкінці рифею — на початку кембрію. Під час нього створено на сході Саян-Байкальський складчастий пояс. До нього приєдналися (акреція) в середині кембрію — початку девону структури каледонського орогенезу: вони сформували Саяни та значну частину Алтаю. Останній орогенез (з кінця девону) — герцинський проявився на заході країни . Наприкінці каледонського орогенез на різновіковій складчастій основі були закладені великі міжгірські западини та прогини (Мінусинська, Тувінська). Западини продовжували утворення під час герцинського орогенезу, наприклад, Кузнецький прогин, розташований між Салаїром і Кузнецьким Алатау. Складчасті комплекси зазнали інтрузії палеозойських гранітоїдів . У кайнозої зруйновані у мезозої Алтайсько-Саянські гори зазнали нового орогенезу — відбулося плавне склепінне підняття, утворення розломів і виникнення вулканів (наприклад, Окинська група). По розломах відбулися глибові вертикальні та горизонтальні руйнацыъ: одні ділянки піднялися на 1000-3000 м, інші опустилися чи відстали у піднятті, створивши міжгірські улоговини і долини . В результаті неотектонічних рухів на складчастих палеозойських поясах сформувалися відроджені складчасто-глибові гори, нагір'я та міжгірські улоговини. Сліди стародавнього заледеніння мають майже всі гори: у рельєфі збереглися створені ними форми: кари, троги, гострі пасма та карлінги, морені пасма, горбисто-морені та зандрові рівнини. При сухому кліматі відбувалося у передгір'ях утворення лесових відкладень на вододілах і долинах (наприклад, у міжріччі Бії і Катуні). Клімат Клімат Алтайсько-Саянської гірської країни різко континентальний. Він характеризується дуже холодною зимою та прохолодним літом. На його формування істотно впливають західні повітряні маси, з якими пов'язане випадання основної кількості опадів, а також континентальне повітря помірних широт у передгір'ях Алтаю та Саян. Різкі кліматичні контрасти (нерівномірне випадання опадів на території, вертикальна кліматична поясність, інверсії температури, розвиток гірсько-долинних вітрів — фенів) орографічні умови. Сильніше вплив західної циркуляції проявляється на навітряних схилах та хребтах (понад 2000 м). Помітні розбіжності у кліматі можна спостерігати в окремих частинах країни. Розташовані у західній частині гірської країни Алтай і Кузнецький Алатау більшою мірою, ніж розташовані на схід від Саяни і Тувинське нагір'я, зазнають впливу західних повітряних мас і далі розташовані від центру Азійського антициклону. Тому клімат Алтаю та Кузнецького Алатау менш континентальний (менше амплітуда річних температур і більше опадів). Найбільшою континентальністю відрізняється клімат замкнутих улоговин, особливо Тувинської . Зимовий режим погоди визначає азійський максимум. Середньосічневі температури вельми різняться: від -16 … -18 ° С у передгір'ях Алтаю — до -34 ° С в Тувинській улоговині. Взимку дмуть слабкі південно-західні вітри; іноді вони перевалюють через хребти та сприяють підвищенню температури на північних схилах. На схилах гір зимова температура дещо вища, що пов'язано з температурними інверсіями. Найбільше снігу накопичується на навітряних схилах Алтаю і Саян (до 150—200 см). Річна кількість опадів у найвищих хребтах досягає 1200—1500 мм, на заході Катунського хребта — до 2500 мм. В улоговинах — близько 200—300 мм, а мінімум — 100—200 мм (у Чуйській та Хемчинській). Літо прохолодне: середня температура липня в горах близько +10-14,8 ° С і більше, в передгір'ях +16-18 ° С, у міжгірських улоговинах +19-20 ° С. Кліматичні умови та давньольодовиковий рельєф високогір'я сприяють розвитку сучасного заледеніння. Найбільше льодовиків зосереджено на Алтаї — там відомо 1300 льодовиків загальною площею 900 км². У Саянах заледеніння мають лише найвищі масиви Східного Саяна та Східносаянського нагір'я. Висота снігової межі на заході області досягає 2300 м, а на схід вона піднімається на Алтаї до 3500 м на та в Саянах до 2940 м на горі Мунку-Сардик. Гідрографія Алтайсько-Саянська гірська країна — найважливіший водороздільний вузол. Тут розташована основна частина верхнього (гірського) водозбору Обі, Іртиша, Єнісею та сточища, що живлять цілу низку різноманітних безстічних улоговин Казахстану, Джунгарії та Монголії . Усі річки мають гірський характер. Через різноманітність умов утворення стоку поверхневий стік у різних частинах країни різний. Найбільший стік характерний для хребтів Центрального Алтаю та Кузнецького Алатау. Джерелами живлення річок є талі снігові води, літньо-осінні дощі, а у льодовикових районах істотну роль грає льодовикове живлення. Стік більшості рік за теплий період становить до 80-90 % річного . На Алтаї багато озер, більшість яких знаходиться у стародавніх льодовикових карах. Найбільше озеро Алтаю — Телецьке — має тектонічне походження . Великі озера розташовані у тектонічній улоговині великих озер. Примітки Гірські системи Азії Гірські системи за абеткою
4088954	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%BE%20%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96	Родольфо Гавінеллі	Родольфо Гавінеллі (1891 або 1895 — 1915-1918 або 1921) — італійський футболіст, що грав на позиції нападника і провів одну гру за національну збірну Італії. Біографія Один з небагатьох гравців в історії національної збірної Італії, про якого відсутні базові біографічні відомості. Відомо, що свою єдину офіційну гру за італійську збірну він провів у квітні 1911 року, при цьому італійський футбольний щорічник 1913-14 років наводить роком його народження 1895-й. У такому випадку він дебютував у національній команді у віці 15 або 16 років і є її наймолодшим гравцем в історії. Більше того, на клубному рівні за команду туринського «П'ємонте» дебют Гавінеллі датується взагалі 1908 роком, тобто за такого року народження мав відбутися у віці 12 або 13 років. Тому деякі дослідники історії італійського футболу схиляються до альтернативного року народження футболіста, що зустрічається в інших джерелах, — 1891. Відомо, що, погравши протягом 1908–1911 років за «П'ємонте», Гавінеллі був змушений перервати виступи через складну травму, поновивши їх лише 1913 року, коли його прізвище зустрічається у списку гравців команди «Андреа Доріа». Немає однозначних відомостей й про смерть футболіста. За словами першого тренера збірної Італії Вітторіо Поццо, який особисто знав багато тогочасних футболістів, Родольфо Гавінеллі загинув під час Першої світової війни. Водночас існують джерела згідно яких футболіст із такими іменем і прізвищем 1920 року тренував «Ліворно» і помер в однойменному місті 1921 року. Статистика виступів Статистика виступів за збірну Примітки Посилання Італійські футболісти Гравці збірної Італії з футболу Футболісти «Андреа-Дорія»
89555	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong	Gong	Gong A gong is a percussion instrument originating in East Asia and Southeast Asia. A gong is a flat, circular metal disc that is typically struck with a mallet. They can be small or large in size, and tuned or can require tuning. The earliest possible depictions of gongs is from the details on the surface of the Ngọc Lũ I bronze drum (c. 3rd to 2nd century BC) from the Dong Son culture of northern Vietnam. It depicts what looks like seven-gong ensembles along with other instruments (including cymbals/bells and the bronze drums themselves). The oldest undisputed historical mention of gongs can be found in sixth century AD Chinese records, which mentioned it as a foreign instrument that came from a country between Tibet and Burma. The term gong originated in the Indonesian island of Java. Scientific and archaeological research has established that Burma, China, Java and Annam were the four main gong manufacturing centres of the ancient world. The gong found its way into the Western World in the 18th century, when it was also used in the percussion section of a Western-style symphony orchestra. A form of bronze cauldron gong known as a resting bell was widely used in ancient Greece and Rome: for instance in the famous Oracle of Dodona, where disc gongs were also used. Gongs generally fall into three types: Suspended gongs are more or less flat, circular discs of metal suspended vertically by means of a cord passed through holes near to the top rim. Bossed or nipple gongs have a raised centre boss or knob and are often suspended and played horizontally. Bowl gongs are bowl-shaped and rest on cushions. The latter may be considered a member of the bell category. Gongs are made mainly from bronze or brass, though there are many other alloys in use. Gongs produce two distinct types of sound. A gong with a substantially flat surface vibrates in multiple modes, giving a "crash" rather than a tuned note. This category of gong is sometimes called a tam-tam, to distinguish it from the bossed gongs that give a tuned note. In Indonesian gamelan ensembles, some bossed gongs are deliberately made to generate an additional beat note in the range from about 1 to 5 Hz. The use of the term "gong" for both these types of instrument is common. Types Suspended gongs are played with hammers and are of two main types: flat faced discs, either with or without a turned edge and gongs with a raised centre boss. In general, the larger the gong, the larger and softer the hammer. In Western symphonic music, the flat faced gongs are generally referred to as tam-tams to distinguish them from their bossed counterparts. Here, the term "gong" is reserved for the bossed type only. The gong has been a Chinese instrument for millennia. Its first use may have been to signal peasant workers in from the fields, because some gongs are loud enough to be heard from up to away. Large flat gongs may be 'primed' by lightly hitting them before the main stroke, greatly enhancing the sound and causing the instrument to "speak" sooner, with a shorter delay for the sound to "bloom". Keeping this priming stroke inaudible calls for a great deal of skill. The smallest suspended gongs are played with bamboo sticks or even western-style drumsticks. Contemporary and avant-garde music, where different sounds are sought, will often use friction mallets (producing squeals and harmonics), bass bows (producing long tones and high overtones), and various striking implements (wood/plastic/metal) to produce the desired tones. Rock gongs are large stones struck with smaller stones to create a metallic resonating sound. Traditional suspended gongs Chau gong (tam-tam) By far the most familiar to most Westerners is the chau gong or bullseye gong. Large chau gongs, called tam-tams have become part of the symphony orchestra. Sometimes a chau gong is referred to as a Chinese gong, but in fact, it is only one of many types of suspended gongs that are associated with China. A chau gong is made of copper-based alloy, bronze, or brass. It is almost flat except for the rim, which is turned up to make a shallow cylinder. On a gong, for example, the rim extends about perpendicular to the surface. The main surface is slightly concave when viewed from the direction to which the rim is turned. The centre spot and rim of a chau gong are left coated on both sides with the black copper oxide that forms during manufacture; the rest is polished to remove this coating. Chau gongs range in size from in diameter. History The earliest Chau gong is from a tomb discovered at the Guixian site in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China. It dates from the early Western Han dynasty. Gongs are depicted in Chinese visual art as of the 6th century CE, and were known for their very intense and spiritual drumming in rituals and tribal meetings. Traditionally, chau gongs were used to clear the way for important officials and processions, much like a police siren today. Sometimes the number of strokes was used to indicate the seniority of the official. In this way, two officials meeting unexpectedly on the road would know before the meeting which of them should bow down before the other. Use in symphony orchestras The tam-tam was first introduced as an orchestral instrument by François-Joseph Gossec in 1790, and it was also taken up by Gaspare Spontini and Jean-François Le Sueur. Hector Berlioz deployed the instrument throughout his compositional career, and in his Treatise on Instrumentation he recommended its use "for scenes of mourning or for the dramatic depiction of extreme horror." Other composers who adopted the tam-tam in the opera house included Gioachino Rossini, Vincenzo Bellini, and Richard Wagner: Rossini in the final of act 3 of Armida (1817), Bellini in Norma (1831) and Wagner in Rienzi (1842). Within a few decades the tam-tam became an important member of the percussion section of a modern symphony orchestra. It figures prominently in the symphonies of Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Gustav Mahler, Dmitri Shostakovich and, to a lesser extent, Sergei Rachmaninov and Sergei Prokofiev. Giacomo Puccini used gongs and tam-tams in his operas. Igor Stravinsky greatly expanded the playing techniques of the tam-tam in his The Rite Of Spring to include short, quickly damped notes, quick crescendos, and a triangle beater scraped across the front of the instrument. Karlheinz Stockhausen used a 60" Paiste tam-tam in his Momente. Dora A dora is one of the Japanese Percussion instruments and an idiophone. It is made of bronze, brass or iron, and is suspended onto a dora stand. It is widely used in Buddhist memorial services, hayashi performances, kabuki music, and ship departure signals. Nipple gong A nipple gong has a central raised boss or nipple, often made of different metals than other gongs with varying degrees of quality and resonance. They have a tone with less shimmer than other gongs, and two distinct sounds depending on whether they are struck on the boss or next to it. They are most often but not always tuned to various pitches. Nipple gongs range in size from or larger. Sets of smaller, tuned nipple gongs can be used to play a melody. Nipple gongs are used in Chinese temples for worship and Buddhist temples in Southeast Asia. These are the primary gong in the traditional Philippine music of kulintang. In Indonesian gamelan ensembles, instruments that are organologically gongs come in various sizes with different functions and different names. For example, in the central Javanese gamelan, the largest gong is called gong ageng, ranges in size up to 1 meter in diameter, has the deepest pitch and is played least often; the next smaller gong is the gong suwukan or siyem, has a slightly higher pitch and replaces the gong ageng in pieces where gong strokes are close together; the kempul is smaller still, has a higher pitch, and is played more frequently. The gong ageng and some gong suwukan have a beat note. Opera gongs An essential part of the orchestra for Chinese opera is a pair of gongs, the larger with a descending tone, the smaller with a rising tone. The larger gong is used to announce the entrance of major players or men and to identify points of drama and consequence. The smaller gong is used to announce the entry of lesser players or women and to identify points of humour. Opera gongs range in size from , with the larger of a pair larger than the smaller. Pasi gongs A Pasi gong is a medium-size gong in size, with a loud crashing sound. It is used traditionally to announce the start of a performance, play or magic. Construction varies, some having nipples and some not, so this type is named more for its function than for its structure or even its sound. Pasi gongs without nipples have found favour with adventurous middle-of-the-road kit drummers. Tiger gong A tiger gong is a slightly descending or less commonly ascending gong, larger than an opera gong and with a less pronounced pitch shift. Most commonly but available down to . Shueng Kwong A Shueng Kwong gong is a medium to large gong with a sharp staccato sound. Wind gong Wind gongs (also known as Feng or Lion Gongs) are flat bronze discs, with little fundamental pitch, heavy tuned overtones, and long sustain. They are most commonly made of B20 bronze, but can also be made of M63 brass or NS12 nickel-silver. Traditionally, a wind gong is played with a large soft mallet, which gives it a roaring crash to match their namesake. They are lathed on both sides and are medium to large in size, typically but sizes from are available. The size is most popular due to its portability and large sound. They are commonly used by drummers in rock music. Played with a nylon tip drumstick they sound rather like the coil chimes in a mantle clock. Some have holes in the centre, but they are mounted like all suspended gongs by other holes near the rim. The smaller sizes, , have a more bell-like tone due to their thickness and small diameter. Sculptural gongs Sculptural gongs (also known as Gong Sculptures) are gongs which serve the dual purpose of being a musical instrument and a work of visual art. They are generally not disc shaped, but instead take more complex, even abstract forms. Sculptural gongs were pioneered in the early 1990s by Welsh percussionist and metal crafter, Steve Hubback, who was partially inspired by the work of the French Sound Sculptors, Francois and Bernard Baschet. Hubback's works have been used by many musicians including solo percussionist Dame Evelyn Glennie and rock drummer Carl Palmer. English gong and cymbal maker, Matt Nolan, partially inspired by the work of Hubback, also creates sculptural gongs of his own design or to private commission. UK based sculptor Barry Mason makes gongs in titanium and other elemental metals. Other uses In older Javanese usage and in modern Balinese usage, gong is used to identify an ensemble of instruments. In contemporary central Javanese usage, the term gamelan is preferred and the term gong is reserved for the gong ageng, the largest instrument of the type, or for surrogate instruments such as the gong komodong or gong bumbung (blown gong) which fill the same musical function in ensembles lacking the large gong. In Balinese usage, gong refers to Gamelan Gong Kebyar. Gong manufacturers Besides many traditional and centuries old manufacturers all around China, including Tibet, as well as Burma, Java and Annam gongs have also been made in Europe and America since the 20th century. Paiste is the largest non-Asian manufacturer of gongs. This Swiss company of Estonian lineage makes gongs at their German factory. Also in Germany, Oetken Gongs, founded in 2011 by Broder Oetken-former Paiste gong master-offers his own range of gongs. He also built the first generation of Symphonic and Planetary gongs for Meinl . Italian company UFIP make a range of gongs at their factory in Pistoia. Michael Paiste, outside of the larger family business, makes gongs independently in Lucerne, Switzerland. Other independent gong manufacturers in Europe include Welshman Steve Hubback, currently based in the Netherlands; Matt Nolan and Michal Milas in the UK; Barry Mason in the UK; and Joao Pais-Filipe in Portugal. In North America, Sabian make a small number of gongs and Zildjian sell Zildjian-branded gongs which have in the past been made by Zildjian, but current production looks to be Chinese in origin. Ryan Shelledy is an independent gong maker based in the Midwestern United States. Some of the smaller Turkish cymbal companies have also been seen to dabble in gongs but very much as a sideline to their core business of hand-hammered cymbals. Materials and size Gongs vary in diameter from about . They are made of a bronze alloy composed of a maximum of 22 parts tin to 78 parts copper, but in many cases the proportion of tin is considerably less. This alloy is excessively brittle when cast and allowed to cool slowly, but it can be tempered and annealed in a peculiar manner to alleviate this. When suddenly cooled from red heat, the alloy becomes so soft that it can be hammered and worked on the lathe then hardened by reheating. Afterwards, the gong has all of the qualities and timbre of the Chinese instruments. The composition of the alloy of bronze used for making gongs is stated to be as follows: 76.52% Cu, 22.43% Sn, 0.26% Pb, 0.23% Zn, 0.81% Fe. In Turkish Cymbal making there is also sulfur and silicon in the alloy. Turkish Cymbals and Gamelan Gongs share beta phase bronze as a metallurgical roots. Tin and copper mix phase transition graphs show a very narrow up-down triangle at 21–24% tin content and symbolized by β. This is the secret of all past bronze instrument making. When bronze is mixed and heated, it glows orange-red which indicates it has been heated to the beta phase borders where the metal needs to be submerged in cold water to lock the alloy in the beta phase for cymbal making. The gong is then beaten with a round, hard, leather-covered pad that is fitted on a short stick or handle. It emits a peculiarly sonorous sound which can be varied by particular ways of striking the disk. Its complex vibrations burst into a wave-like succession of tones that can be either shrill or deep. In China and Japan gongs are used in religious ceremonies, state processions, marriages and other festivals. Orchestral usage The gong has been used in the orchestra to intensify the impression of fear and horror in melodramatic scenes and usually, but not exclusively, players interpret the term to call for a tam-tam, as noted above. The tam-tam was first introduced into a western orchestra by François-Joseph Gossec in the funeral march composed at the death of Mirabeau in 1791. Gaspare Spontini used the tam-tam in La Vestale's (1807) Act II finale. Berlioz called for four tam-tams in his Grande Messe des morts of 1837. The tam-tam was also used in the funeral music played when the remains of Napoleon were brought back to France in 1840. Meyerbeer made use of the instrument in the scene of the resurrection of the three nuns in Robert le diable. Four tam-tams are used at Bayreuth in Parsifal to reinforce the bell instruments although there is no indication given in the score. In more modern music, the tam-tam has been used by composers such as Karlheinz Stockhausen in Mikrophonie I (1964–65) and by George Crumb. in Makrokosmos III: Music For A Summer Evening (1974), Crumb expanded the timbral range of the tam-tam by giving performance directions such as using a "well-rosined contrabass bow" to bow the tam-tam. This produced an eerie harmonic sound. Stockhausen created more interesting sounds using hand-held microphones and a wide range of scraping, tapping, rubbing, and beating techniques with unconventional implements such as plastic dishes, egg timers, and cardboard tubes. Gongs can also be immersed into a tub of water after being struck. This is called "water gong" and is called for in several orchestral pieces. Tuned gongs have also been used with the symphony orchestra, e.g. sets of differently tuned gongs used by Messiaen in pieces such as Des canyons aux étoiles and Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum. Signal gongs Gongs are also used as signal devices in a number of applications. Boxing (sport) A bowl-shaped, center mounted, electrically controlled gong is standard equipment in a boxing ring. Commonly referred to as the gong, it is struck with a hammer to signal the start and end of each round. Dinner gong During the Victorian and Edwardian eras, it was often the custom in hotels, on ships and in large, upper-class houses to sound a dinner gong to announce a meal was about to be served. Rail crossing A railroad crossing with a flashing traffic signal or wigwag will also typically have a warning bell. Mechanical bells, known in some places as a gong, are struck by an electric-powered hammer to audibly warn motorists and pedestrians of an oncoming train. Many railroad crossing gongs are now being replaced by electronic devices with no moving parts. Railcar mounted Gongs are present on rail vehicles, such as trams, streetcars, trains, cable cars or light rail trains, in the form of a bowl-shaped signal bell typically mounted on the front of the leading car. It was designed to be sounded to act as a warning in areas where whistles and horns are prohibited, and the "clang of the trolley" refers to this sound. Traditionally, the gong was operated by a foot pedal, but is nowadays controlled by a button mounted on the driving panel. Early trams had a smaller gong with a bell pull mounted by the rear door of these railcars. This was operated by the conductor to notify the driver that it is safe to proceed. Shipping A vessel over in length must carry a gong in addition to a bell and whistle, the volume of which is defined in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. A vessel at anchor or aground sounds the gong in the stern immediately after ringing a bell in her bows so as to indicate her length. Theater Electromechanical, electromagnetic or electronic devices producing the sound of gongs have been installed in theatres (particularly those in the Czech Republic) to gather the audience from the lounge to the auditorium before the show begins or proceeds after interlude. Time signal German radio stations use a gong sound for the time signal. Vehicle mounted In the Commonwealth, emergency vehicles were fitted with electric, manual, or vacuum operated Winkworth bell gongs in the time before Martin's horns became available or rotary sirens came into use List of gongs Agung Babendil Bonang Darkhuang Gandingan Gong ageng Gungsa Kempul Kempyang and ketuk Kenong Khong mon Kulintang Chau gong Rin gong Umpan Tagonggo Bor Kaah used in Assam and other parts of the NE India region See also Gong chime Space of gong culture in the Central Highlands of Vietnam Bronze drum Music of Indonesia Music of Java Music of Bali Notes References Further reading Luobowan Han Dynasty Tombs in Guixian County (Guangxi Zuang A. R.), by the Museum of the Guangxi Zhuang Nationality (1988, Beijing) External links Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines – An online textbook about Southern Pilipino Kulintang Music with an extensive section devoted to baked beans: the kulintang, gandingan, agung and the babendil. Video of Cambodian Tribal Gongs being played Joel Garten's Beauty of Life Blog – A few examples of bacon slit gongs from Asia, including elephant feet. American Gamelan Institute (AGI) Bruneian musical instruments Burmese musical instruments Chinese inventions Chinese musical instruments Gongs Idiophones Indonesian inventions Indonesian musical instruments Japanese musical instruments Korean musical instruments Malaysian musical instruments Metal percussion instruments Orchestral percussion instruments Tibetan musical instruments
10215404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary%20Road%20%28film%29	Revolutionary Road (film)	Revolutionary Road (film) Revolutionary Road is a 2008 romantic drama film directed by Sam Mendes and written by Justin Haythe, based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Richard Yates. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet as Frank and April Wheeler, with Michael Shannon, Kathryn Hahn, David Harbour, and Kathy Bates in supporting roles. Set in the mid-1950s, the Wheelers struggle to cope with their personal problems and the ensuing breakdown in their marriage. Revolutionary Road is the second onscreen collaboration for DiCaprio, Winslet, and Bates, all of whom previously co-starred in 1997's Titanic. The film soundtrack was composed by Thomas Newman, his fourth collaboration with Mendes. Development of the film adaptation began in 1961. However, a lack of commercial prospects and disagreements with the screenplay caused the project to be in limbo until the 2000s. BBC Films eventually purchased the film rights to the novel and Haythe rewrote the screenplay. Winslet read the script and persuaded her then-husband Mendes to direct, and DiCaprio to play the role of Frank. Revolutionary Road was theatrically released in the United States on December 26, 2008, by Paramount Pictures. The film grossed over $79.6 million worldwide and received positive reviews from critics, who mostly praised the performances of Winslet, DiCaprio, and Shannon, as well as its faithfulness to the novel. At the 81st Academy Awards, the film earned three nominations: Best Supporting Actor for Shannon, Best Art Direction, and Best Costume Design. It also received four nominations at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards and four nominations, including Best Motion Picture – Drama, at the 66th Golden Globe Awards, with Winslet winning Best Actress. Plot In 1948, longshoreman Frank Wheeler meets a woman named April at a party. He is hoping to be a cashier and she wants to be an actress. Frank later secures a sales position with Knox Machines, and he and April marry. The Wheelers move to 115 Revolutionary Road in suburban Connecticut when April becomes pregnant. The couple become friends with their realtor Helen Givings and her husband Howard Givings, and neighbor Milly Campbell and her husband Shep. To their associates, the Wheelers are the perfect couple, but their relationship is troubled. April fails to make a career out of acting, while Frank hates the tedium of his work. On his 30th birthday, Frank invites a secretary at work to have a drink with him at a bar. She accepts, becomes heavily intoxicated, and they end up having sex. Meanwhile, Helen has asked April if they will meet her son, John, who had been in an insane asylum. She thinks the younger couple may be able to help her son with his condition. April accepts. April wants a change of scenery and a chance to support the family so Frank can find his passion, so she suggests that they move to Paris to start a new life away from the "hopeless emptiness" of their lifestyle. Frank balks at the idea at first, but becomes convinced. Over the next several weeks, the Wheelers tell their acquaintances about their plans to live in Paris, but surprisingly, the only person who seems to comprehend their decision is John. As the couple prepare to move, they are forced to reconsider. Frank is offered a promotion, and April becomes pregnant again. When Frank discovers she is contemplating having an abortion, the couple have an altercation, in which April says that they had their second child only to prove the first child was not a "mistake". The next day, Frank takes the promotion and tries to accept his uneventful life. At the end of an evening at a jazz bar with the Campbells, Shep and April end up alone together. She confides in him of her depression over the canceled Paris plans and her life in general, and they end up having sex in the car. Shep professes his long-held love for April, but she rejects his interest. The following day, Frank confesses to having had an affair, hoping to reconcile with April. To his surprise, April responds apathetically and tells him it does not matter, as her love for him has gone, which he does not believe. The Givings come over for dinner, and Frank announces to the guests that their plans have changed because April is pregnant. John lambasts Frank for crushing April's hope, as well as his acceptance of his circumstances. Angered, Frank nearly attacks John, and the Givings leave. Afterwards, Frank and April have an altercation, and April leaves the house to think. Frank spends the night in a drunken stupor. The next day, he is shocked to find April in the kitchen, calmly making breakfast. Frank, unsure of how to react, eats with her and then leaves for work. April then goes to the bathroom, where she—offscreen—performs a vacuum aspiration abortion on herself. Afterwards, she discovers she is bleeding and calls an ambulance. Frank arrives at the hospital, distraught, and is comforted by Shep. April dies in the hospital from blood loss. A guilty Frank moves to the city and starts selling computers. He spends his spare time with his children. A new couple, the Braces, buys their old home and Milly tells the story of the Wheelers to them. Shep stands up and walks out of the house, crying; he tells Milly to never talk about the Wheelers ever again. Helen talks to her husband, years later, about how the Braces seem to be the best-suited couple for the Wheelers' old house. When her husband mentions the Wheelers, Helen starts to explain why she did not like them. As she continues to elaborate, her husband turns off his hearing aid. Cast Production Development and casting In 1961, following the publication of Richard Yates' novel, director John Frankenheimer considered making the film, but opted to make The Manchurian Candidate instead. Samuel Goldwyn Jr. expressed an interest in the film adaptation, but others in his studio told him that it lacked commercial prospects. Then in 1965, producer Albert S. Ruddy bought the rights but disliked the ending to the novel, and wanted to obscure April's death with "tricky camerawork". He became involved in adapting The Godfather and, five years later, while a writer-in-residence at Wichita State University, Yates offered to adapt his work for the screen. Ruddy was occupied by other projects at the time and demurred, eventually selling the rights to actor Patrick O'Neal. The actor praised the book and spent the rest of his life trying to finish a workable screenplay. Yates read O'Neal's treatment of his novel and found it "godawful", but O'Neal refused the writer's repeated offers to buy back the rights to the novel. Yates died in 1992, O'Neal two years later. The project remained in limbo until 2001 when actor Todd Field expressed interest in adapting it for the screen. However, when told by the O'Neal estate he would be required to shoot O'Neal's script as written, Field changed his mind and went on to direct Little Children instead. Producer David Thompson eventually purchased the rights for BBC Films. In March 2007, BBC Films established a partnership with DreamWorks, and the rights to the film's distribution were transferred to DreamWorks' owner, Paramount Pictures. On February 14, 2008, Paramount's other division, Paramount Vantage, announced that it was "taking over distribution duties on Revolutionary Road". but the distribution rights were reverted back to Paramount Pictures once Paramount folded the production, distribution and marketing operations of Paramount Vantage into the main studio. The BBC hired Justin Haythe to write the screenplay because, according to the screenwriter, he was "hugely affordable". Kate Winslet received the screenplay from her agent, and then read the novel. She was impressed and even met with O'Neal's widow, Cynthia O'Neal, and discussed the film adaptation. Winslet sent the script to producer Scott Rudin, who suggested that her then-husband Sam Mendes would be perfect as director. Winslet gave Mendes Yates' novel and said, "I really want to play this part". He read Haythe's script and then the book in quick succession. Haythe's first draft was very faithful to the novel, using large parts of Yates' own language, but Mendes told him to find ways to externalize what Frank and April do not say to each other. Winslet sent the script to friend Leonardo DiCaprio, and persuaded him to take the part of Frank. DiCaprio was intrigued by the 1950s era and complexities of marriage; "The dynamic between Frank and April is so powerful and realistic, you feel like you're a fly on the wall watching an intimate relationship disintegrate," he said. DiCaprio said that he saw his character as "unheroic" and "slightly cowardly", and that he was "willing to be just a product of his environment". On April 24, 2007, it was announced that Kathy Bates had joined the cast, along with David Harbour, Michael Shannon and Zoe Kazan. Kazan said she fought hard for the role of Maureen Grube, despite objections from casting director Debra Zane who thought she was too young. To prepare for the role, Winslet read The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan. She said, "The hardest thing about playing April, honestly, was making a very specific choice to not have her being as mannered as she is in the book. In the book, she's very, very highly strung and sometimes hysterical. She feels like a string that's literally going to snap at any moment." DiCaprio prepared for the role by watching several documentaries about the 1950s and the origin of suburbs. He and Winslet have been reluctant since Titanic to co-star in projects that show them in a romantic relationship. DiCaprio said they "just knew it would be a fundamental mistake to try to repeat any of those themes". Filming In mid-2007, the cast rehearsed for three and a half weeks before principal photography and shot mostly in sequence and on location in Darien, Connecticut. Mendes wanted to create a claustrophobic dynamic on set, so he filmed the Wheeler home interiors in a real house. The property, including the neighbor's house, were very small but featured 1950s-style architecture. The homeowners gave permission for DreamWorks to dismantle and remodel the interior and exterior. Around 45 tradespeople were involved with the transformation, including carpenters, interior designers and landscapers. Production designer Kristi Zea and her team had five weeks to renovate the homes. "We wanted to keep the sense of isolation that was described in the book", Zea said. Debra Schutt served as a set decorator, and said, "We ruled out anything with bright colors and anything that hit you over the head with the period. The look is really quite plain". Cinematographer Roger Deakins, who previously worked on Mendes' Jarhead, shot with a combination of jib and handheld camera equipment. Deakins analyzed the use of every light fixture in the house; Schutt recalls "he's quite specific about what he wants. For instance, for the night scene by the side of the road, he wanted streetlights that would give a rectangular, tapered light, and for an argument in the Wheelers' front room, he wanted a ceiling fixture that would send light down and out in a fan shape with a hard edge". Period streetlights and automobiles were also fitted with specific light bulbs by the art department. Deakins found it difficult at times working in a small, shaded house with bulky camera equipment. Nevertheless, Winslet was impressed with his ability to "bounce light all over" using Arri Compact HMI lamps. To gradually illustrate the home's neglect and Wheelers' collapsing marriage, the crew removed props in the house and Deakins transitioned to handheld cameras, respectively. Mendes said, "I wanted a real rawness in Leo and Kate's performances in the last half-hour of the movie, and when we reached that point, I told Roger I didn't want to make any decisions [about shots]; I wanted it to be handheld, and I wanted to let the actors be explosive and unpredictable". Recalling the on-set atmosphere, Michael Shannon said that he did not feel that there were any "stars", but "a group of people united by a passion for the material and wanting to honor the book". He said Winslet and DiCaprio could only make such a good performance as a couple because of their friendship since Titanic. For Shannon, it was more important to prepare for the moment when he walked on the set than being concerned about the actors he was working with. In the fight scenes between DiCaprio and Winslet, DiCaprio said, "So much of what happens between Frank and April in this film is what's left unsaid. I actually found it a real joy to do those fight scenes because finally, these people were letting each other have it". Winslet described her working relationship with DiCaprio as "challenging" and "physically comfortable", but she also felt "pressure" working with him, and working with her then-husband Mendes. She added, "the on-set atmosphere was very fluid in that way in that we'd all share ideas [...] without treading on each other's toes". DiCaprio found the filming process physically and emotionally exhausting, that he postponed his next film for two months. Once filming was complete, Deakins had the film negative (Kodak Vision2 200T 5217 and 500T 5218) processed at DuArt Film and Video in New York, one of his favorite laboratories in the area. During post-production, handled by EFILM, Mendes deleted around 20 minutes of footage to keep it in the spirit of Yates' novel. Music Thomas Newman composed the soundtrack for Revolutionary Road; it is his fourth film score collaboration with Mendes. Consisting of fifteen tracks, Newman uses a variety of piano, strings, metallic sound effects and basslines for a haunting minimalist sound. The music was recorded at Newman Scoring Stage in Los Angeles and the album was released on December 23, 2008. Release Box office Revolutionary Road premiered in Los Angeles on December 15, 2008, followed by a limited U.S. release on December 26, 2008, and then a wider release (1,058 theaters) on January 23, 2009. In most other countries, it was released between January 15–30, 2009. The film earned $22.9 million at the domestic box office and $56.6 million internationally for a moderate worldwide $76 million. Home media Revolutionary Road was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 2, 2009. The Blu-ray edition includes an audio commentary by Mendes, 26-minutes of deleted scenes, and two documentaries on the development of the project. Critical reception Revolutionary Road received generally positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 67% based on 215 reviews, with an average score of 6.60/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Brilliantly acted and emotionally powerful, Revolutionary Road is a handsome adaptation of Richard Yates' celebrated novel". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 69 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Rex Reed of The New York Observer gave the film a positive response; "a flawless, moment-to-moment autopsy of a marriage on the rocks and an indictment of the American Dream gone sour" and "a profound, intelligent and deeply heartfelt work that raises the bar of filmmaking to exhilarating". Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film "raw and riveting" and commented, "Directed with extraordinary skill by Sam Mendes, who warms the chill in the Yates-faithful script by Justin Haythe, the film is a tough road well worth traveling ... DiCaprio is in peak form, bringing layers of buried emotion to a defeated man. And the glorious Winslet defines what makes an actress great, blazing commitment to a character and the range to make every nuance felt". Writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, Mick LaSalle said, "Finally, this is a movie that can and should be seen more than once. Watch it one time through her eyes. Watch it again through his eyes. It works both ways. It works in every way. This is a great American film". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave Revolutionary Road a maximum rating of four stars, commending the acting and screenplay and calling the film "so good it is devastating". Of DiCaprio and Winslet, he said, "they are so good, they stop being actors and become the people I grew up around". Entertainment Weekly's Owen Gleiberman graded the film B+ and commented, "The film is lavishly dark—some might say too dark—yet I'd suggest it has a different limitation: For all its shattering domestic discord, there's something remote and aestheticized about it. April brings a private well of conflict to her middle-class prison, but Winslet is so meticulous in her telegraphed despair that she intrigues us, moves us, yet never quite touches our unguarded nerves". Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News said: Some film critics gave a mixed response. David Ansen of Newsweek opined that it is "impeccably mounted—perhaps too much so. Mendes [...] has an innately theatrical style: everything pops off the screen a little bigger and bolder than life [...] Instead of losing myself in the story, I often felt on the outside looking in, appreciating the craftsmanship, but one step removed from the agony on display. Revolutionary Road is impressive, but it feels like a classic encased in amber". Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as a "didactic, emotionally overblown critique of the soulless suburbs", and thought it was a repeat of American Beauty. He wrote, "Once more, the suburbs are well-upholstered nightmares and its denizens clueless—other than one estranged male. Everything is boldly indicated to the audience from arch acting styles to the wink-wink, nod-nod of its design. Indeed his actors play the subtext with such fury that the text virtually disappears. Subtlety is not one of Mendes' strong suits". Writing for Variety magazine, Todd McCarthy thought the film was "faithful, intelligent, admirably acted, superbly shot". He added, "It also offers a near-perfect case study of the ways in which film is incapable of capturing certain crucial literary qualities, in this case the very things that elevate the book from being a merely insightful study of a deteriorating marriage into a remarkable one [...] Even when the dramatic temperature is cranked up too high, the picture's underpinnings seem only partly present, to the point where one suspects that what it's reaching for dramatically might be all but unattainable—perhaps approachable only by Pinter at his peak." McCarthy later changed his opinion, calling Revolutionary Road "problematic" and that it "has some issues that just won't go away". He concludes that Revolutionary Road suffers in comparison to Billy Wilder's The Apartment and Richard Quine's Strangers When We Meet because of its "narrow vision", even arguing that the television series Mad Men handles the issues of conformity, frustration, and hypocrisy "with more panache and precision". Top ten lists The film appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008. 1st – Mick LaSalle, San Francisco Chronicle 2nd – Rex Reed, New York Observer 6th – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone 8th – James Berardinelli, ReelViews 9th – David Denby, The New Yorker No order – Joe Neumaier, New York Daily News No order – Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times (alphabetical top 20 list) Awards and nominations References External links (archive) 2008 drama films 2008 films American historical romance films American romantic drama films BBC Film films British drama films British historical romance films British romantic drama films DreamWorks Pictures films 2000s English-language films Films about abortion Films about adultery in the United States Films about depression Films based on American novels Films directed by Sam Mendes Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe-winning performance Films produced by Sam Mendes Films produced by Scott Rudin Films scored by Thomas Newman Films set in 1955 Films set in Connecticut Films set in the 1940s Films set in the 1950s Films shot in Connecticut Films with screenplays by Justin Haythe Paramount Pictures films Paramount Vantage films 2000s American films 2000s British films
1114237	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%20%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29	Микільська сільська рада (Полтавський район)	Микільська сільська рада (Полтавський район) Микільська сільська рада — колишній орган місцевого самоврядування у Полтавському районі Полтавської області з центром у селі Микільське. Населені пункти Сільраді були підпорядковані населені пункти: c. Микільське с. Безручки с. Бузова Пасківка с. Ваці с. Зінці с. Кашубівка с. Клюшники с. Курилехівка с. Мале Микільське с. Марківка с. Цибулі Посилання Микільська сільська рада на сайті Верховної Ради України
31842881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadzaladevi%20%28Tbilisi%20Metro%29	Nadzaladevi (Tbilisi Metro)	Nadzaladevi (Tbilisi Metro) Nadzaladevi is a station on the First Line (Akhmeteli-Varketili Line) of the Tbilisi Metro located between the Gotsiridze and the Station Square. It opened on 11 January 1966, when the first section of the Metro was put into operation. Architects were T. Tevzadze and R. Kiknadze. Construction works were carried out by "Tbilmetromsheni". The station serves the neighbourhood it is named after. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the station was known as Oktomberi after October Revolution. Station Design In the station hall the artwork by Avtandil Gurgenidze is depicted illustrating the night city and the moving metro trains under the city. The vestibule is a light, fully glazed building (previously used to be fully transparent and now with a blue shade glass after the 2007 renovation). The lower station is divided into three parts in rectangular pylons. The pylons are covered with gray marble and the floor with gray granite tiles. The station and its vestibule were renovated and overhauled in 2007. Gallery References External links Nadzaladevi station page at Tbilisi Municipal Portal Tbilisi Metro stations Railway stations opened in 1966 1966 establishments in Georgia (country)
455910	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%96%D0%BD-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0	Сан-Мартіно-ін-Страда	Сан-Мартіно-ін-Страда — муніципалітет в Італії, у регіоні Ломбардія, провінція Лоді. Сан-Мартіно-ін-Страда розташований на відстані близько 450 км на північний захід від Рима, 36 км на південний схід від Мілана, 7 км на схід від Лоді. Населення — (2014). Демографія Сусідні муніципалітети Кавенаго-д'Адда Корнельяно-Лауденсе Корте-Палазіо Лоді Массаленго Оссаго-Лодіджано Див. також Список муніципалітетів провінції Лоді Примітки Муніципалітети провінції Лоді
22775873	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20Zhirov	Andrei Zhirov	Andrei Zhirov Andrei Vasilyevich Zhirov (born 17 June 1971) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player. Club career He made his debut in the Soviet Top League in 1990 for FC Dynamo Moscow. Honours Soviet Top League bronze: 1990. References External links 1971 births People from Yaroslavsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast Living people Soviet men's footballers Russian men's footballers Men's association football defenders Russian football managers FC Dynamo Moscow players FC Dinamo Sukhumi players FSC Bukovyna Chernivtsi players FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players Soviet Top League players Ukrainian Premier League players Russian Premier League players FC Tyumen players FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players FC Fakel Voronezh players Russian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine Russian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine Sportspeople from Yaroslavl Oblast
1379944	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0	Болла	Болла (в південній Албанії Буллар) — демонічна драконоподібна істота з албанського фольклору. Має довге зміїне тіло, чотири лапи і маленькі крила. За легендами змій спить цілий рік, але в день св. Георгія прокидається і його фасеткові сріблясті очі оглядають світ до тих пір, поки не знайдуть людину, яку Болла пожирає, після чого закриває очі і засинає знову. На дванадцятий рік Болла перетворюється в рогатого вогнедишного дракона Кучедру (Kuçedra), з дев'ятьма язиками, гребенем і великими крилами. Кучедра вимагає людських жертв, інакше він насилає посуху. Іноді Кучедру описують, як покриту густим волоссям велетенську жінку з обвислими грудьми. Див. також Змій Посилання Дракони Європейський фольклор Культура Албанії
501615	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfuk%20language	Norfuk language	Norfuk language Norfuk (increasingly spelt Norfolk) or Norf'k is the language spoken on Norfolk Island (in the Pacific Ocean) by the local residents. It is a blend of 18th-century English and Tahitian, originally introduced by Pitkern-speaking settlers from the Pitcairn Islands. Along with English, it is the co-official language of Norfolk Island. Norfuk has always been a linguistic cant. As travel to and from Norfolk Island becomes more common, Norfuk is falling into disuse. Efforts are being made to restore the language to more common usage, such as the education of children, the publication of English–Norfuk dictionaries, the use of the language in signage, and the renaming of some tourist attractions – most notably the rainforest walk "" – to their Norfuk equivalents. In 2007, the United Nations added Norfuk to its list of endangered languages. History In the 1970s, the Norfolk community and specialists from mainland Australia noted that the Norfuk language was falling into decline, prompting discussions about how to implement Norfolk into the school system. At this point in time, Norfuk did not have a standardized writing system, as it was mostly an oral language. The Society of the Descendants of Pitcairn Islanders, founded in 1977, was a driving force behind the campaign to include Norfuk language as a teachable subject in schools. Faye Bataille was one of the first to teach Norfolk classes in public schools, in the 1980s. The first Norfolk dictionary was compiled in 1986 by Beryl Nobbs-Palmer. It was titled A Dictionary of Norfolk words and usages and contained examples of words in the Norfuk language and how to use them. The book Speak Norfuk Today was written by Alice Buffett and Dr Donald Laycock. It is an encyclopedia incorporating a large majority of the information about the Norfuk language and was one of the first instances in which the orthography of Norfuk was documented. Norfuk became a language of Norfolk Island in 2004 by virtue of the Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) Act 2004 passed by the island's legislative assembly. In 2018, Eve Semple and colleagues received a grant from the Australian Research Council, in order to promote and facilitate revival. Relationship to Pitkern Norfuk is descended predominantly from the Pitkern (Pitcairnese or Pi'kern) spoken by settlers from the Pitcairn Islands. The relative ease of travel from English-speaking countries such as Australia and New Zealand to Norfolk Island, particularly when compared with that of travel to the Pitcairn Islands, has meant that Norfuk has been exposed to much greater contact with English relative to Pitkern. The difficulties in accessing the Pitcairn population have meant that a serious comparison of the two languages for mutual intelligibility has proven difficult. Classification Norfuk has been classified as an Atlantic Creole language, despite the island's location in the Pacific Ocean, because of the heavy influence of Ned Young, a Saint Kitts Creole-speaker, and his role as a "linguistic socializer" among the first generation of children born on Pitcairn. The language is closely related to Pitkern but has no other close relatives other than its parent tongues of English and Tahitian. It is generally considered that English has had more of an influence upon the language than Tahitian, with words of Tahitian extraction being confined largely to taboo subjects, negative characterisations, and adjectives indicating that something is undesirable. Many expressions which are not commonly used in modern English that are spoken in most areas of the world carry on in Pitkern. These expressions include words from British maritime culture in the age of sailing ships. The influence of Seventh-day Adventist Church missionaries and the King James Version of the Bible are also notable. In the mid-19th century, the people of Pitcairn resettled on Norfolk Island; later, some moved back. Most speakers of Pitkern today are the descendants of those who stayed. Pitkern and Norfuk dialects are mutually intelligible, but differ significantly in vocabulary and grammar. The Norfolk language is ordered in subject verb object. Phonology Orthography The language is largely a spoken rather than written language, and there is a lack of standardisation. However, a number of attempts have been made at developing an orthography for the language. Early attempts either attempted to enforce English spelling onto the Norfuk words, or used diacritical marks to represent sounds distinct to the language. Alice Buffett, a Norfolk Island parliamentarian and Australian-trained linguist, developed a codified grammar and orthography for the language in the 1980s, assisted by Dr Donald Laycock, an Australian National University academic. Their book, Speak Norfuk Today, was published in 1988. This orthography has won the endorsement of the Norfolk Island government, and its use is becoming prevalent. Vocabulary The language itself does not have words to express some concepts, particularly those having to do with science and technology. Some Islanders believe that the only solution is to create a committee charged with creating new words in Norfuk rather than simply adopting English words for new technological advances. For example, Norfuk recently adopted the word , a Norfuk-ised version of computer. Processes similar to this exist in relation to other languages around the world, such as the Māori language in New Zealand and the Faroese and Icelandic languages. Some languages already have official bodies, such as New Zealand's Māori Language Commission or France's Académie française, for creating new words. Norfuk vocabulary has been heavily influenced by the history of Norfolk Island. Many words were created for specific animals or plants on the island and the way in which these things are named is unique to the Island of Norfolk. For example, many fish that are indigenous to the island were named either by the people who caught them or by whoever received them after dividing the catch. One such instance is the naming of the fish which received its name by a man named Sandford Warren after receiving the fish as his share. Personal pronouns There is also for 'it' in its object form. See also Languages of Norfolk Island Pitkern language References External links Learn Norfuk - Norfolk Island News Languages of Oceania Endangered languages of Australia English-based pidgins and creoles Culture of Norfolk Island Society of Norfolk Island Cant languages Vulnerable languages
1023026	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea%20%28region%29	Guinea (region)	Guinea (region) Guinea is a traditional name for the region of the coast of West Africa which lies along the Gulf of Guinea. It is a naturally moist tropical forest or savanna that stretches along the coast and borders the Sahel belt in the north. Etymology The etymology of "Guinea" is uncertain. The English term Guinea comes directly from the Spanish word Guinea, which in turn derives from the Portuguese word Guiné. The Portuguese term emerged in the mid-15th century to refer to the lands inhabited by the Guineus, a generic term used by the Portuguese to refer to the "black" African peoples living south of the Senegal River (in contrast to the "tawny" Sanhaja Berbers, north of it, whom they called Azenegues). The term "Guinea" is extensively used in the 1453 chronicle of Gomes Eanes de Zurara. King John II of Portugal took up the title of Senhor da Guiné (Lord of Guinea) from 1481. It is believed the Portuguese borrowed Guineus from the Berber term Ghinawen (sometimes Arabized as غِنَاوَة Guinauha or Genewah) meaning "the burnt people" (analogous to the Classical Greek Aithiops, "of the burned face"). The Berber terms "aginaw" and "Akal n-Iguinawen" mean "black" and "land of the blacks", respectively. A competing theory, first forwarded by Leo Africanus in 1526, claims that "Guinea" is derived from Djenné (which he refers to as Gheneo, Genni and Ghinea), the great interior commercial city on the Upper Niger River. Djenné dominated the gold and salt trade across West Africa, from the 11th century (fall of Ghana) until the 13th century (when the Mali invasion disrupted its routes and redirected trade to Timbuktu, hitherto just a small Djenné outpost). It is during the period of Djenné dominance that the term Genewah really comes forward into usage in Arab sources (al-Sudan – Arabic for "blacks" – is used more commonly before). Other theories try to connect "Guinea" to "Ghana", but this is less certain. The Ghana Empire is named after the Medieval trading city of Ghanah mentioned already by 11th-century Arab geographers (e.g. al-Bakri), but it is used distinctly from Genewah by Arab sources (e.g. they would say "Ghanah in the country of Genewah"). Conversely, it remains possible that both Ghana and Djenné themselves owe their original city names to the Berber appellation for the blacks that lived there. A possible reconciliation of the theories is that the Berber Ghinawen (blacks) was the source of the Djenné (city), which in turn gave rise to the Arabic Genewah (land dominated by that city), which finally made it into the Portuguese Guiné. History In 1478 (during the War of the Castilian Succession), a Castilian armada of thirty-five caravels and a Portuguese fleet fought the battle of Guinea in the waters off Elmina, for the hegemony of the Guinea trade (gold, ivory and black pepper). The war ended both with a Portuguese naval victory and the official recognition by the Catholic Monarchs of the Portuguese sovereignty over most of the African territories in dispute (Treaty of Alcáçovas, 1479). This was the first of many colonial wars among European powers. After the Portuguese and Castilians came the Dutch, Danes, French, and British. The extensive trade in ivory, gold, and slaves made the region wealthy, with a number of centralized kingdoms developing in the 18th and 19th centuries. These were much smaller than the large states of the wide-open Sahel, but they had far higher population densities and were more centralized politically. The cohesion of these kingdoms caused the region to show more resistance to European incursions than other areas of Africa. Such resistance, combined with a disease environment hostile to Europeans, meant that much of Guinea was not colonised by Europeans until the very end of the 19th century. Subdivisions Guinea is often subdivided into "Lower Guinea" and "Upper Guinea". Lower Guinea is one of the most densely populated regions of Africa, covering southern Nigeria, Benin, Togo and stretching into Ghana. It includes the coastal regions as well as the interior. Upper Guinea is far less densely populated and stretches from Côte d'Ivoire to Senegal. Within the Republic of Guinea, Lower Guinea refers to the country's coastal plain, while Upper Guinea refers to the country's interior. European traders in the region subdivided the region based on its main exports. The eastern portion around Benin and Nigeria was named the Slave Coast. What is now Ghana was called the (British) Gold Coast, a name later given to a British colony in the area which ultimately absorbed earlier European colonies. West of this was the Ivory Coast, still the name of the nation in that region. Farthest west, the area around modern Liberia and Sierra Leone was referred to as either the Pepper Coast or the Grain Coast. Countries in the Guinea region From north to south: Senegal (formerly French) The Gambia (formerly British) Guinea-Bissau (formerly Portuguese Guinea) Guinea (formerly French Guinea) Sierra Leone (British part of the Pepper Coast, originally Province of Freedom) Liberia (from U.S. settlements for ex-slaves on the Pepper Coast) Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire Ghana (formerly the Gold Coast; Danish Guinea, Dutch Guinea, Portuguese Gold Coast (the first), Prussian Gold Coast and Swedish Guinea all ended up absorbed by the British Gold Coast) Togo (formerly Togoland) Benin (Dahomey) Southern Nigeria See also Lower Guinean forests Upper Guinean forests West Africa New Guinea Guineaman, a ship used to transport slaves from the region of Guinea Notes References Books DIFFIE, Bailey W. and WINIUS, George D. - Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580, Volume 1, University of Minnesota Press, 1977. NEWITT, Malyn- A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400-1668, Routledge, New York, 2005. Regions of Africa
58544746	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEM1A	FEM1A	FEM1A Fem-1 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FEM1A gene. References Further reading
63237018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anninskoye%2C%20Vologda%20Oblast	Anninskoye, Vologda Oblast	Anninskoye, Vologda Oblast Anninskoye is a rural locality (a village) in Komyanskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 9 as of 2002. Geography Anninskoye is located 37 km north of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Svinino is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Gryazovetsky District
1375927	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F	Кавендіська лабораторія	Кавендіська лабораторія — фізичний факультет і частина школи фізичних наук Кембриджського університету. Лабораторія створена в 1874 році, як перша у світі навчально-наукова лабораторія, де студенти могли як вчитися, так і проводити дослідження разом зі співробітниками університету. Спочатку перебувала в самому центрі Кембриджа на вулиці Фреє-Скул. У 70-х роках XX століття був побудований новий комплекс будівель для лабораторії на західній околиці міста. Сьогоднішній голова лабораторії — професор Пітер Літтлвуд. У лабораторії існує традиційне почесне звання Кавендіського професора, яке носить один із професорів лабораторії. У свій час Кавендіськими професорами були всесвітньо відомі британські фізики лорд Релей, сер Дж. Дж. Томсон, лорд Резерфорд, сер Вільям Брегг, сер Неввіл Мотт, сер Браян Піппард, сер Сем Едвардс. На кінець 2010-х Кавендіський професор — сер Річард Френд. Поширена думка, що Кавендіська лабораторія названа на честь відомого британського фізика і хіміка Генрі Кавендіша, 2-го герцога Девонширу. Однак це не так. Лабораторія названа на честь свого засновника, Вільяма Кавендіша, 7-го герцога Девонширу. Під час створення лабораторії він був канцлером Кембридзького університету і пожертвував великому суму на відкриття цієї навчально-наукової лабораторії при університеті. На 2009 рік 29 дослідників-співробітників лабораторії отримали Нобелівські премії. Ядерна фізика Під час Другої світової війни лабораторія проводила дослідження за проектами, пов'язаними з ядерною зброєю. Один з методів виробництва плутонію і нептунію (бомбардуванням нейтронами ядер урану-238) був запропонований співробітниками лабораторії Ігоном Бретчером і Норманом Фізером в 1940 році і, незалежно, групою американських фізиків в Каліфорнійському університеті в Берклі. В лабораторії було синтезовано понад двісті ізотопів (одна з найбільших кількостей серед лабораторій світу). Біологія Дослідження, що проводяться у Кавендіській лабораторії, мали важливий вплив на біологію, в особливості при застосуванні рентгенівської кристалографії до вивчення структур молекул в біології. Френсіс Крік вже працював у раді медичних досліджень, яку очолював Макс Перуц і яка знаходилася у Кавендіській лабораторії. Нобелівські лауреати, що працювали у лабораторії лорд Релей (фізика, 1904) сер Дж. Дж. Томсон (фізика, 1906) лорд Резерфорд (хімія 1908) сер Вільям Брегг (фізика, 1915) Чарлз Гловер Баркла (фізика, 1917) Френсіс Вільям Астон (хімія, 1922) Чарльз Вільсон (фізика, 1927) Артур Комптон (фізика, 1927) Овен Річардсон (фізика, 1928) Джеймс Чедвік (фізика, 1935) Джордж Томсон (фізика, 1937) Едвард Віктор Епплтон (фізика, 1947) Патрік Блекетт (фізика, 1948) Джон Кокрофт (фізика, 1951) Ернест Волтон (фізика, 1951) Френсіс Крік (фізіологія і медицина, 1962) Джеймс Ватсон (фізіологія і медицина, 1962) Макс Перуц (хімія, 1962) Джон Кендрю (хімія, 1962) Дороті Ходжкін (хімія, 1964) Браян Джозефсон (фізика, 1973) Мартін Райл (фізика, 1974) Ентоні Г'юїш (фізика, 1974) Невілл Мотт (фізика, 1977) Філіп Андерсон (фізика, 1977) Капиця Петро Леонідович (фізика, 1978) Аллан Кормак (фізіологія і медицина, 1979) Аарон Клуг (хімія, 1982) Норман Рамзей (фізика, 1989) Примітки Посилання http://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/ Розташування основного комплексу будівель Кавендіської лабораторії на мапі університету і на Google maps Історія лабораторії на її сайті http://www.bluesci.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=262&Itemid=260 Рання історія лабораторії, 1871–1910 Кембриджський університет Центри ядерних досліджень Фізичні факультети Великої Британії Засновані у Великій Британії 1874
4365834	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%20%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7	Роджер Бекхауз	Роджер Бекхауз Роджер Роланд Чарльз Бекхауз (24 листопада 1878, Міддлтон Тіас, Північний Йоркшир — 15 липня 1939, Лондон) — британський воєначальник, флотоводець, адмірал флоту Королівського військово-морського флоту Великої Британії, учасник Першої світової війни. Біографія Роджер Роланд Чарльз Бекхауз народився 24 листопада 1878 року у англійському селі Міддлтон Тіас, у Північному Йоркширі і був четвертим сином фінансиста сера Джонатана Бекхауза, 1-го баронета та Флоренс Бекхауз (уроджена Салусбері-Трелоні). 1892 році поступив кадетом до Королівського флоту і розпочав службу на навчальному кораблі «Британія». У 1894 році вийшов у море мічманом на лінкорі «Ріпалс» у флоті Каналу. У жовтні 1895 року Бекхауз був переведений на корвет «Комус» на Тихоокеанську станцію. 15 березня 1898 року отримав звання суб-лейтенанта, а 15 березня 1899 року — лейтенанта. У листопаді 1899 року продовжив службу на лінкорі «Вікторіос» на Середземноморському флоті. У лютому 1903 року після навчання в артилерійській школі HMS Excellent він був призначений офіцером артилерії на лінкор «Рассел» на Середземноморському флоті. У квітні 1904 року продовжив службу на лінкорі «Квін» Середземноморського флоту. У серпні 1907 року він став офіцером артилерії на лінкорі «Дредноут» флоту Каналу і, отримавши підвищення до командора 31 грудня 1909 року, у лютому 1910 року був призначений до керівного складу навчальної бази-школи HMS Excellent. У березні 1911 року він став флаг-командором флагманського корабля «Нептун» Головнокомандувача Домашнього флоту спочатку на «Нептун» з березня 1911 року, а з березня 1914 року лінкора «Айрон Дюк». Після початку Першої світової війни Бекхауз продовжував службу на флоті. 1 вересня 1914 року отримав звання капітана. У листопаді 1915 року був призначений командиром легкого крейсера «Конкест» у сил Гаріджа, перш ніж отримати у листопаді 1916 року командування лінійним крейсером «Лайон», флагманом сил лінійних крейсерів. 4 червня 1917 року був став кавалером ордена Святого Михаїла і Георгія. У вересні 1920 року Бекхаус став директором військово-морських озброєнь Адміралтейства, а в січні 1923 року — командиром лінкору «Малайя», перш ніж отримати підвищення до контрадмірала 24 лютого 1925 року і призначення на посаду командира 3-ї ескадри лінкорів у травні 1926 року. У листопаді 1928 року він став третім морським лордом і контролером флоту, а 9 жовтня 1929 року отримав звання віцеадмірала. У квітні 1932 року Бекхауз став командиром 1-ї ескадри лінкорів та заступником командувача Середземноморського флоту. 11 лютого 1934 року був підвищений до повного адмірала. 20 серпня 1935 року став командувачем Домашнього флоту зі своїм прапором на лінкорі «Нельсон». 20 травня 1937 року він був нагороджений званням лицаря Великого хреста Королівського Вікторіанського ордену. 1 липня 1938 року адмірала Роджера Бекхауза призначили першим і головним військово-морським ад'ютантом короля, а 7 вересня 1938 року Блекхаус став Першим морським лордом. Після вступу в посаду незадовго до підписання Мюнхенської угоди, його основним внеском як Першого морського лорда стало відмовлення від офіційної британської політики щодо відправки основних сил флоту до Сінгапуру для стримування японської агресії («Сінгапурська стратегія»), усвідомлюючи, що безпосередня загроза була набагато ближче до берегів метрополії, з боку Німеччини та Італії, і що така політика більше не є життєздатною. У травні 1939 року він пішов у відставку з посади Першого морського лорда. 15 липня 1939 року, за два тижні після отримання найвищого флотського звання адмірала флоту 29 червня 1939 року, помер від пухлини мозку в Лондоні напередодні Другої світової війни. Див. також Ендрю Браун Каннінгем Франц фон Гіппер Девід Бітті Гарольд Рейнсфорд Старк Реджінальд Тірвітт Примітки Джерела Виноски Література Murfett, Malcolm (1995). The First Sea Lords from Fisher to Mountbatten. Westport. ISBN 0-275-94231-7. Посилання Roger Roland Charles Backhouse Roger Roland Charles Backhouse Roger Backhouse Адмірали флоту Великої Британії Перші морські лорди Британські військовики Першої світової війни Уродженці Північного Йоркширу Померли в Лондоні
537874	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80	Сансерр	Сансерр — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Центр — Долина Луари, департамент Шер. Населення — . Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 175 км на південь від Парижа, 95 км на південний схід від Орлеана, 45 км на північний схід від Буржа. Демографія Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006): Економіка У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 713 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 1378,5 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача Сусідні муніципалітети Галерея зображень Посилання Див. також Список муніципалітетів департаменту Шер Примітки Муніципалітети департаменту Шер
4495384	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%20%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80	Герберт Гізеветтер	Герберт Гізеветтер (9 вересня 1922, Еммеріх — ?) — німецький офіцер-підводник, оберлейтенант-цур-зее крігсмаріне. Біографія 1 грудня 1939 року вступив на флот. З січня 1942 року — командир взводу 1-го навчального дивізіону підводних човнів. З квітня 1942 року — навчальний і 2-й вахтовий офіцер в 5-й флотилії. З вересня 1942 року — 2-й вахтовий офіцер на підводному човні U-618. З лютого 1943 року — вахтовий офіцер в 7-й флотилії. В січні-лютому 1944 року пройшов курс командира човна. З 16 лютого 1944 по 28 лютого 1945 року — командир U-60, з 1 березня по 27 квітня 1945 року — U-368. Звання Кандидат в офіцери (1 грудня 1939) Морський кадет (1 травня 1940) Фенріх-цур-зее (1 листопада 1940) Оберфенріх-цур-зее (1 листопада 1941) Лейтенант-цур-зее (1 травня 1942) Оберлейтенант-цур-зее (1 грудня 1943) Нагороди Рятувальна медаль (28 травня 1942) — за порятунок потопаючого солдата 9 вересня 1941 року. Залізний хрест 2-го класу (1 листопада 1942) Нагрудний знак підводника (23 січня 1943) Фронтова планка підводника в бронзі (17 жовтня 1944) Посилання Біографічні дані. Гізеветтер на сайті uboat.net Нагороди Гізеветтера. Примітки Командири підводних човнів Оберлейтенанти-цур-зее крігсмаріне
15919173	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%C3%A8che-Thorins	Romanèche-Thorins	Romanèche-Thorins is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Population See also Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department References Communes of Saône-et-Loire Saône-et-Loire communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
4754795	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80	Ейблсківер	Ейблсківер (дан.: æbleskiver; , [однина: æbleskive]) — данські закуски сферичної форми зі смаженого кляру. Назва данською мовою буквально означає «скибочки яблука», хоча зазвичай яблука не є інгредієнтом у сучасних версіях. Скоринка за консистенцією схожа на європейські млинці, але з легкою та пухкою внутрішньою частиною, схожою на йоркширський пудинг. Англійська мова зазвичай пише страву як aebleskiver, ebleskiver або ebelskiver. Ейблсківерна сковорідка Еблесківер готують на плиті за допомогою спеціальної сковороди з кількома напівсферичними поглибленнями. Посуд існує у варіантах для газових і електричних плит (останні з гладким дном). Сковороди, як правило, виготовляють із чавуну, який має підвищену теплоємність. Існують традиційні моделі з кованої мідної пластини, але сьогодні вони використовуються переважно для прикраси. Підготовка Тісто для ейблсківера зазвичай включає пшеничне борошно, яке змішують зі сколотинами, молоком або вершками, яйцями, цукром і дрібкою солі. Деякі рецепти також включають жир (зазвичай вершкове масло), кардамон і цедру лимона для покращення смаку, а також розпушувач, найчастіше пекарний порошок, але іноді дріжджі, щоб аерувати тісто. Тісто виливають у змащені олією поглиблення. Коли ейблсківер починає готуватися, щоб надати пирогам характерну сферичну форму, їх перевертають спицею, шпажкою або виделкою. Традиційно їх готували з шматочками яблук (æble) або яблучним пюре всередині, але ці інгредієнти дуже рідко включаються в сучасні данські форми страви. Ейблсківери самі по собі не солодкі, але їх традиційно подають, змочивши їх у варенні з малини, полуниці, чорної смородини чи ожини та посипавши цукровою пудрою. Популярними начинками також є масло, кленовий сироп і збиті вершки. Ейблсківер часто купують смаженим і замороженим у супермаркетах, а потім розігрівають у духовці вдома. Традиції У Данії ейблсківер рідше зустрічаються в ресторанах, ніж на випадкових сімейних зборах. Їх також можна зустріти в продажу вуличними торговцями взимку. Традиційно їх подають з варенням і цукровою пудрою, а на тарілку кладуть по три. Традиційно їх їдять під час різдвяного сезону і часто подають із глегом (скандинавським глінтвейном). Їх часто продають на різдвяних ярмарках, благодійних ринках, заходах під відкритим небом, скаутських заходах, місцевих спортивних зборах тощо. Їх також подають на дитячі дні народження, завдяки їх популярності та простоті приготування. Добровільні асоціації отримують прибуток, готуючи їх із попередньо обсмаженої, замороженої стадії та продаючи їх, як правило, по три за раз, зі звичайними приправами. У Північній Америці є кілька щорічних заходів, присвячених ейблсківеру і данській культурі, у церквах і музеях проводяться «Еблесківерські вечері» і подібні заходи. Історія Точне походження ейблсківера невідоме. Одне з популярних припущень полягає в тому, що група вікінгів брала участь у складній битві. Повернувшись на корабель, вони захотіли приготувати їжу, схожу на млинці. Однак, оскільки у них не було звичайних каструль, вони замість цього використовували свої щити або шоломи, в результаті чого вийшов пиріг сферичної форми. Згідно з іншим поясненням, звичай готувати особливу страву з нарізаних яблук виник у середньовіччі, коли сирі яблука не можна було зберігати після певного терміну. Останні яблука цьогорічного врожаю нарізали скибочками, використовували для ароматизації глогу, виймали з глогу, загортали в тісто та смажили в жирі чи маслі, як берлінський пончик. Очеводно, звідси походження назви, що означає «яблучні шматочки». У XVII столітті, коли стали доступними чавунні сковорідки з напівсферичними увігнутостями, ейблсківер можна було легко готувати протягом року, а різноманітність фруктових та інших начинок розширилася. Вперше слово "ейблсківер " зустрічається в Peters Jul (1866), книзі святкових віршів Йохана Крона (1841—1925; син Фредеріка Крістофера Крона та брат П'єтро Крона). «Ейблсківер, наповнений яблуками», також згадується в оповіданні Ганса Крістіана Андерсена «Каліка» (Krøblingen) 1872 року. У Сполучених Штатах сковороди для ейблсківера виробляла компанія Griswold Manufacturing. Див. також Данська кухня Посилання Посилання Історія Aebleskiver (Ресторан Solvang, Solvang , Каліфорнія) Датсько-американський центр, Міннеаполіс, Міннесота Данська кухня
4109671	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanl%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu%20Architects	Tabanlıoğlu Architects	Tabanlıoğlu Architects — архітектурна компанія зі Стамбула. Ключові архітектори: Мурат Табанлиоглу, Мелкан Табанлиоглу та Оздем Гюрсель. Історія Перший період історії компанії тривав з 1956 по 1990 рік, проектами займався турецький архітектор Хаяті Табанлиоглу. В 1990 році син Хаяті Табанлиоглу — Мурат Табанлиоглу доєднався до співпраці з батьком і вони разом заснували архітектурне бюро Tabanlıoğlu Architects, яке надавало більш широкий спектр послуг та розширило зони своєї діяльності. Станом на 2019 рік офіси компанії представлені в Стамбулі (Туреччина), Нью-Йорку (США), Берліні (Німеччина), Лондоні (Велика Британія), Дубаї (ОАЕ) та Досі (Катар). Штат бюро налічував понад 150 співробітників (2019 р.). Багато з проектів, розроблених бюро Tabanlıoğlu Architects, стали лауреатами відомих міжнародних конкурсів у галузі архітектури. Наприклад, проекти ЖК Loft Gardens і Міжнародного аеропорту Бодрума отримали нагороди в премії RIBA International Awards в 2011 і 2013 роках, а Державна бібліотека Beyazit стала фіналістом конкурсів Mies Van Der Rohe Awards в 2017 році й Aga Khan Architecture Awards в 2019 році. Перелік основних проектів Культурні центри 1977: Культурний центр Ататюрка, Стамбул, Туреччина 2004: Стамбульський музей сучасного мистецтва, Стамбул, Туреччина Хмарочоси 2011: Istanbul Sapphire, Стамбул, Туреччина Торгові центри 1986: Galleria Ataköy, Стамбул, Туреччина 2006: Торговий центр Kanyon, Стамбул, Туреччина (з Jerde Partnership) Спорт 2009: Астана Арена, Нур-Султан, Казахстан Транспортні об'єкти 1984: Міжнародний аеропорт Ататюрк, Стамбул, Туреччина 1998: Аеропорт Міляс-Бодрум, Бодрум, Туреччина 2017: Астана Нурли Жол, Астана, Казахстан Нагороди 2011: Міжнародна премія RIBA (з Loft Gardens) Галерея Примітки Посилання Tabanlioglu Architects — Офіційний вебсайт Архітектура Туреччини Підприємства Туреччини Засновані в Європі 1956
1521202	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE	Гвальдіччіоло	Гвальдіччіоло — село в республіці Сан-Марино. Адміністративно належить до муніципалітету Аккуавіва. Найбільше за чисельністю населення село республіки. Крайня західна точка країни. Розташоване у західній частині Сан-Марино, неподалік від кордону з італійськими муніципалітетами Сан-Лео, Веруккьо та Емілія-Романья. Найближчим до Гвальдіччіоло італійським селом є Торелло — частина Сан-Лео. Завдяки своєму розташуванню у плоскій долині та наявності автомагістралей, Гвальдіччіоло є одним із найбільш промислово розвинених регіонів держави, з великою кількістю виробничих підприємств (понад 60 галузей обробної промисловості). У 1971 році в селі була побудована церква Святого Йосипа. Див. також Аккуавіва Ла Серра Села Сан-Марино
1350370	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80	Німецький імператор	Німецький імператор — у 1871 — 1918 роках титул монархів Німецької імперії. Використовувався представниками німецької династії Гогенцоллернів, починаючи зі сходження на трон Вільгельма I 18 січня 1871 року, і закінчуючи зреченням Вільгельма II 9 листопада 1918 року в останні дні Першої світової війни. Імператором міг стати тільки прусський король. Спрощена назва — кайзер. Імператори Титули Вільгельм І Фрідріх ІІІ Вільгельм ІІ Його Імператорська і Королівська Величність Вільгельм II, з ласки Божої, німецький імператор і прусський король, маркграф Бранденбургу, бургграф Нюрнбергу, граф Гогенцоллерн, князь Сілезії і граф Глац, Великий князь Нижнього Рейну і Познані, князь Саксонії, Ангрії, Вестфалії, Померанії та Луненбурга, князь Шлезвіга, Гольштейну і Кроссену, князь Магдебурзький, Бременський, Гельдернський і Юліхський, Клівський і Бергзький, князь Вендів і Кашубів, Лауенбурга і Мекленбурга, ландграф Гессена і Тюрингії, маркграф Верхньої та Нижньої Лужиці, принц Оранський, князь Ругена, Східної Фризії, Падерборна і Пірмонта, принц Гальберштадту, Мюнстеру, Міндену, Оснабрюку, Гільдесгайму, Верденк, Камміна, Фульди, Нассау і Мерсу, князівський граф Геннеберга, граф Марки, Равенсберга, Гогенштейна, Текленбурга і Лінгена, граф Мансфельду, Зігмарінгену і Ферінгену, господар Франкфурта. Герб Примітки Джерела Huber, Ernst Rudolf. Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band III: Bismarck und das Reich. 3. Auflage. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1988. Hull, Isabel V. The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918. 2004. Horne, Charles F. Source Records of the Great War, Kessinger Publishing, 2009. ISBN 1104855534 Посилання Дім Гогенцоллернів Імператори Титули Німецька імперія
2726652	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%20%28%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29	Ушкарасу (Жаркаїнський район)	Ушкарасу (Жаркаїнський район) Ушкарасу — село у складі Жаркаїнського району Акмолинської області Казахстану. Адміністративний центр та єдиний населений пункт Ушкарасуської сільської адміністрації. Населення — 247 осіб (2021; 310 у 2009, 706 у 1999, 1060 у 1989). Національний склад станом на 1989 рік: казахи — 43 %; росіяни — 24 %. У радянські часи село називалось Совхоз Шолакшандицький. Примітки Джерела Посилання На Вікімапії Населені пункти Жаркаїнського району Села Акмолинської області
24534319	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinc%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20Vieja%20Volcano	Rincón de la Vieja Volcano	Rincón de la Vieja Volcano Rincón de la Vieja is an active andesitic complex volcano in north-western Costa Rica, about from Liberia, in the province of Guanacaste. Toponymy Its name means "The Old Woman's Corner", or "Old Woman’s Nook" a reference to a local legend about princess Curabanda whose lover Mixcoac, chief of a neighboring enemy tribe, was thrown into the crater by her father Curabande when he learned about their affair. She went on living on the side of the volcano, giving birth to a son. To be with its father, she threw her son into the volcano, too. She continued to live on the volcano and became a recluse living on the mountain, and was credited with powers of healing. Rincón de la Vieja stands above sea level, and its summit is the highest point in Rincón de la Vieja National Park. It erupted most recently in June 2021. The volcano has many fumaroles and hot springs on its slopes. It is formed by felsic lava. Rincón de la Vieja is one of six active Costa Rican volcanoes: the others are Poás, Irazú, Miravalles, Arenal, and Turrialba. As of 2021, only Rincón de la Vieja, Turrialba and Poás are considered active. Currently, it is a national park where many trails are usually closed due to volcanic activities, and it is normal to hear rumblings from the volcano from time to time, whose sound resembles that of thunder. Geothermal energy There are many hot pools and areas of bubbling mud in two areas on the slopes of the volcano, indicating substantial reserves of geothermal energy. Investigations have been carried out into the feasibility of tapping these reserves, and the volcano is estimated to have a generating potential of 140 megawatts. However, as the area is protected within a national park, drilling was limited to test wells until 2001. In 2013, the extension of the Las Pailas Geothermal Power Plant to 55 megawatt, financed in part by a credit from the European Investment Bank, was started. On the outsides of the national park, a geothermal plant of the ICE is located there, which generates renewable energy from the volcano, being the second in the entire country, the other being from the Miravalles Volcano. Tourism The Rincón de la Vieja Volcano is set within the Rincón de la Vieja National Park, which spans over and helps protect both montane forests and dwarf cloud forests. Trails extend from the Santa Maria ranger station and wind through the park, passing hot springs and waterfalls along the way. Mammals within the park include sloths, tapirs, kinkajous, pumas, jaguar, and both howler and spider monkeys. Previously, hikers could climb to the crater and guides experienced in wildlife, birdwatching, geology and other interests are available. As of September 22, 2011, access to the crater is no longer available due to the eruption of September 16 where volcanic ash and mud rose over from the regular crater lagoon. Several lodges, resorts and hotels in the area offer hiking, forest canopy tours, horseback riding, river-rafting, all-terrain-vehicle riding and wall-climbing. Activity 2010s 23 May 2017, eruptions occurred and lahars flowed through nearby rivers. 11 June 2017, eruptions occurred and lahars flowed through nearby rivers. 2020s 4–6 April 2020, hydrothermal, gas, and steam eruption. 19 April 2020, a ash column eruption occurs which prompts the authorities to activate emergency protocols in the surrounding areas. 1 June 2020, a ash column eruption occurred at 5 pm, activity has been ongoing since April. 28 June 2021, a ash column eruption occurred at 5:42 am. 21 April 2023, a volcanic cloud was released at 3:57 pm. It was also reported that materials from the volcano’s lagoon were expelled to the northern side of the cone and had reached several surrounding rivers. See also List of volcanoes in Costa Rica References External links Rincon de la Vieja, the backbone of Central America Costa Rican Vulcanologic and Seismologic Observatory: Rincón de la Vieja Stratovolcanoes of Costa Rica Subduction volcanoes Active volcanoes Mountains of Costa Rica Complex volcanoes Volcanic crater lakes Geography of Guanacaste Province
187103	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden%20Fear	Sudden Fear	Sudden Fear is a 1952 American film noir thriller film directed by David Miller, and starring Joan Crawford and Jack Palance in a tale about a successful woman who marries a murderous man. The screenplay by Lenore J. Coffee and Robert Smith was based upon the novel of the same name by Edna Sherry. Plot Myra Hudson (Crawford) is a successful Broadway playwright who rejects Lester Blaine (Palance) as the lead in her new play. Later, she meets Lester on a train bound for San Francisco, is swept off her feet and, after a brief courtship, marries him. Lester is unaware that Myra is making changes to her will which will ensure he would inherit everything. She has begun dictating these alterations into her personal dictating machine but is interrupted when guests begin to arrive for the evening. She forgets to turn the machine off and, later, when Lester and his long-time lover, Irene Neves (Gloria Grahame), are in Myra's study, they find the original will which stipulates that the bulk of her fortune be left to a foundation. Irene suggests Myra's murder and, unknown to the couple, their subsequent plotting is recorded. Myra hears the recording, and is devastated, but in her haste to take the incriminating record to others, she drops it and it breaks, so she has no proof. Frantically trying to think how to proceed, Myra suddenly has an idea; she concocts a scheme of her own, to kill Lester and place the blame on Irene. Using her writing skills, she sets out a plan, but the complex timing — so she herself is assured an alibi — starts to unravel. Then, while hiding in Irene's apartment (she has faked a message to Irene from Lester, arranging that they meet elsewhere), Myra catches her reflection in a mirror and is horrified at the sight of herself holding a gun. She decides to abandon the plan, but it's too late; Lester has learned of Myra's intentions and, after life-and-death shifts in everybody's murderous aims, ultimately ends up chasing Myra in his car through the streets of San Francisco. On foot, Myra is able to avoid him, although he gets out of the car to chase her, and she has to hide. He returns to the car and drives around looking for her. Unbeknownst to him, Irene is returning to her house, wondering why Lester hasn't turned up, and he eventually mistakes Irene for Myra (they are dressed alike, with similar coats and each wearing a silk headscarf). He aims the car at the woman. Myra, seeing this at the last minute, shouts to stop him but it is too late. Lester crashes, killing both himself and Irene. Myra breathes a sigh of relief as she walks safely off into the night. Cast Joan Crawford as Myra Hudson Jack Palance as Lester Blaine Gloria Grahame as Irene Neves Bruce Bennett as Steve Kearney Virginia Huston as Ann Taylor Mike Connors (billed as Touch Conners) as Junior Kearney Reception Critical response When the film was released, the film critic for The New York Times, A. H. Weiler, reviewed the film favorably: "Joan Crawford should be credited with a truly professional performance in Sudden Fear ... The entire production has been mounted in excellent taste and, it must be pointed out, that San Francisco and Los Angeles, Bunker Hill area, in which most of the action takes place, is an excitingly photogenic area. David Miller, the director, has taken full advantage of the city's steep streets and panoramic views. And, in his climactic scenes in a darkened apartment and a chase through its precipitous dark alleys and backyards he has managed to project an authentically doom-filled atmosphere." Otis L. Guernsey Jr., also wrote a positive review in the New York Herald Tribune. He wrote: "The scenario...is designed to allow Miss Crawford a wide range of quivering reactions to vicious events, as she passes through the stage of starry-eyed love, terrible disillusionment, fear, hatred, and finally hysteria. With her wide eyes and forceful bearing, she is the woman for the job." Village Voice reviewer Melissa Anderson wrote in 2016 that Sudden Fear "fits into and defies different genres, its convention-scrambling partly the result of the fact that the film looks both forward and back." Dennis Schwartz liked the film, but questioned some of the film's plot points, saying that "David Miller stylishly directs this disturbing psychological gargoyle thriller ... [Yet] ... the suspense is marred by plot devices that don't hold up to further scrutiny. Joan Crawford has a chance to act out on her hysteria after her happy marriage is unmasked as a charade, and does a fine job of trying to remain calm while knowing her hubby and [his] girlfriend are planning to kill her ... The film is grandly topped off by Charles B. Lang Jr. and his remarkably glossy black-and-white photography." Crawford received her third and final Oscar nomination for this film, the only time she competed against arch-rival Bette Davis for Best Actress, who was nominated (for the tenth time) for The Star. Neither actress won; Shirley Booth took home the prize for Come Back, Little Sheba. Noir analysis In 1984, film noir historian Spencer Selby noted, "Undoubtedly one of the most stylish and refined woman-in-distress noirs." Accolades Home media Sudden Fear was first released on VHS by Kino Video. Kino also released the film on Region 1 DVD in 2003. In 2006, the film was also released as part of Film Noir - The Dark Side of Hollywood DVD box set by Kino Video. In 2016, the film was released on Blu-ray by Cohen Film Collection. References External links Sudden Fear at Reel SF - Movie locations with "then and now" images 1952 films 1950s thriller films American thriller films American black-and-white films 1950s English-language films RKO Pictures films Film noir Films scored by Elmer Bernstein Films based on American novels Films based on thriller novels Films directed by David Miller Films set in San Francisco Films shot in New York City Films shot in San Francisco 1950s American films English-language thriller films
3276948	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%20%28%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%29	Орчерд-Меса (Колорадо)	Орчерд-Меса (Колорадо) Орчерд-Меса — переписна місцевість (CDP) в США, в окрузі Меса штату Колорадо. Населення — 6688 осіб (2020). Географія Орчерд-Меса розташований за координатами (39.037190, -108.521454). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році переписна місцевість мала площу 10,29 км², з яких 10,05 км² — суходіл та 0,23 км² — водойми. Демографія Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у переписній місцевості мешкало осіб у домогосподарствах у складі родин. Густота населення становила 664 особи/км². Було 2705 помешкань (263/км²). Расовий склад населення: До двох чи більше рас належало 2,7 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 12,2 % від усіх жителів. За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 24,4 % — особи молодші 18 років, 62,0 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 13,6 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 39,0 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у переписній місцевості припадало 99,8 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 98,3 чоловіків також старших 18 років. Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив долари США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долари . Медіана доходів становила долар для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 17,9 % осіб, у тому числі 26,6 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 16,8 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших. Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило особи. Основні галузі зайнятості: роздрібна торгівля — 17,1 %, освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 15,4 %, мистецтво, розваги та відпочинок — 14,3 %. Примітки Джерела Переписні місцевості Колорадо Населені пункти округу Меса (Колорадо)
1299973	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3	Краудфандинг	Краудфандинг, громадське фінансування або спільнокошт (гуртове фінансування, фінансування гуртом) — це співпраця людей, які добровільно об'єднують свої гроші чи інші ресурси разом, як правило через інтернет, аби підтримати зусилля інших людей або організацій. Громадське фінансування може виконувати різні завдання — допомога постраждалим від стихійних лих, підтримка з боку вболівальників чи фанатів, підтримка політичних кампаній, фінансування стартап-компаній та малого бізнесу, створення вільного програмного забезпечення тощо. Для початку збирання коштів обов'язково повинна бути задекларована мета, визначена ціна її досягнення, а обчислення усіх витрат і спосіб фінансування мають бути відкриті для громади у вільному доступі. Громадське фінансування може також застосовуватися для фінансування компанії шляхом продавання малих частин підприємства широкому колу покупців. Цей тип краудфандингу нещодавно привернув особливу увагу американських посадових осіб. У квітні 2012 року президент США Барак Обама підписав новий закон під назвою , який дозволяє стартап-компаніям збирати до $1 млн шляхом краудфандингу, без подання паперів та реєстрацій на продаж акцій, як це застосовувалось раніше. Історія У 1997 році шанувальники британської рок-групи Marillion без будь-якого залучення самої групи організували і провели інтернет-кампанію зі збору коштів для фінансування музичного туру групи усією територією США. Їм вдалося зібрати $60 000. Пізніше група використовувала такий спосіб для запису і просування кількох своїх альбомів, зокрема , і . Заснована в США компанія (2000/2001) задокументована як перший краудфандинговий сайт для музики. Слідом за ним з'явилися такі сайти, як Sellaband (2006), SliceThePie (2007), Hyper Funding (2008), IndieGoGo (2008), (2009), Kickstarter (2009), (2009), FundaGeek (2011) і in the UK (2010), PleaseFund.Us (2011), Authr.com (2012) і OnSetStart (2012). Краудфандинг у кіноіндустрії був започаткований підприємцем Еріком Бауманом із запуском FilmVenture.com в 2002 році. А через 2 роки французькі підприємці та виробники Бенджамін Помера і Гійом Колбок з компанії Гійом Корп. почали кампанію зі збору пожертв в Інтернеті в серпні 2004 року, щоб дозняти свій фільм Demain la Veille (Очікування вчора). Протягом трьох тижнів, їм вдалося назбирати $50000, що дозволило їм знімати своє кіно. Це було перше структуроване інтернет-краудфандингове фінансування ініціативи із використанням присвяченого фінансуванню вебсайту, а також різними пропозиціями-подяками для своїх жертводавців: бонуси, DVD або навіть присутність на зйомках Чотири місяці по тому, на іншій стороні Атлантики, компанія почала виробництво свого документального фільму про зміну клімату «». Команді, очолюваній успішно вдалося зібрати більш, ніж £ 900 000 впродовж п'яти років (з грудня 2004 року до 2009 рік, дата випуску), для виробництва і просування фільму. Вся знімальна команда працювала за дуже низьку заробітну плату, але окрім цього отримувала також краудфандингові «акції». Відповідно до умов контракту краудфандингу інвесторам і членам знімальної команди один раз на рік протягом десяти років з моменту виходу фільму виплачується роялті-дивіденди. Morton Valence була однією з перших порівняно маловідомих груп, що самостійно вступила у краудфандинг без використання спеціальних сайтів таких, як sellaband. The Cosmonaut є ще одним прикладом краудфандингу в кіноіндустрії: їхня кампанія «Врятуй The Cosmonaut» лише за перший тиждень залучила €130,000. Протягом усього часу фільм лише зібрав € 300 000 пожертв. , торгова асоціація для фрілансерів у Великій Британії була заснована в інтернеті в 1999, коли Енді Уайт зробив заклик до 2000 підрядників пожертвувати £50, щоб назбирати £100 000, які необхідні для заснування такого типу організації. Через 5 днів 2002 людей перерахували гроші і організація народилася. Сьогодні її членами є більше 14 000 британців. А станом на даний час, суми, які можна залучити через краудфандинг значно зросли. У 2012 році проєкти створення відеоігор Double Fine Adventure і Wasteland 2 зібрали по $3 336 371 і $3 040 299 через краудфандинговий сайт Kickstarter. Внески зробили більше 87 000 людей. Підходи Підприємець, який прагне використовувати краудфандинг (наприклад, для стартового капіталу), зазвичай використовує інтернет-спільноти, щоб випросити невеликі суми грошей від осіб, які, як правило, не є професійними фінансистами. Діапазон варіацій досить широкий, наприклад: Збирання грошей у людей без жодної прямої матеріальної віддачі тим, хто пожертвував певні кошти. Цей вид фінансування існує вже досить довго, у тому числі підтримка митців та благодійний фандрайзинг. Інколи використовується поріг пожертвувань, за якого усі пожертвування скасовуються, якщо сума пожертвувань не перетнула встановленого мінімального порогу до кінцевої дати збору грошей. Інший вид передбачає публічне висвітлення імені жертводавця/грантодавця в подяку за надані гроші. Найкращий приклад це «Сторінка на мільйон доларів» Можна брати гроші у позику (мікрофінансування) Може бути запропонований квазі-акціонерний капітал, але жодна така схема не повинна підпадати під жодні фінансові положення, що стосуються первинного розміщення акцій. Простий інвестиційний акціонерний капітал. Коли кілька сторін залучені, це може вимагати багато роботи, тому є платформи, щоб це полегшити. Підхід, за якого теж існує поріг пожертвувань як і в першому варіанті, але тут існують винагороди в обмін за подарунки чи пожертвування. Роль інтелектуальної власності Однією з проблем розміщення нових ідей на краудфандингових сайтах, може бути відсутність або недостатність захисту інтелектуальної власності з боку самих сайтів. Щойно ідея розміщена, вона може бути скопійована. Ця проблема вирішується завдяки завчасному заповненню усіх патентних документів, а також завдяки використанню авторських прав (копірайту) і торгової марки. Також слід використовувати нову форму захисту, яка підтримується Всесвітньою Організацією із захисту інтелектуальної власності і називається творчий штрих-код. За і проти Прихильники краудфандингу стверджують, що він допомагає хорошим ідеям, які не відповідають формам традиційного сприйняття фінансистів, пробитися й отримати гроші завдяки мудрості натовпу. Якщо проєкт втягнувся, тобто стартував збір коштів, то це для підприємця означає ще більше шансів на успіх, адже його потенційні майбутні клієнти долучаються до творення бізнесу й, на додачу до цього, рекламують проєкт з уст в уста. Недоліком є лише те, що ідея мусить бути повністю розкритою на сайті, аби отримати підтримку людей, тому вона є вразливою до викрадення та перехоплення конкурентами. Історія законодавчого підкріплення у США У лютому 2011 року група підприємців об'єдналися і утворили організацію «Звільнення стартапів» з метою лобіювати в Вашингтоні, округ Колумбія, оновлення федеральних законів безпеки і узаконити для підприємців використання краудфандингу для того, щоб підняти обмежену кількість фінансувань на основі капіталу, які знаходяться на початкових етапах. За підтримки малого бізнесу та Ради підприємництва вони взяли участь у двох слуханнях Конгресу. Їхня структура була основою для закону про Доступ підприємців до капіталу представленого членом палати представників Патріком Мак Генрі 14 вересня 2011 року. Він запропонував, щоб значно зменшити обмеження на краудфандингового капіталу з некомерційних підприємств, які наразі присутні в державних і федеральних законах про цінні папери. 3 листопада 2011 у Палаті представників США пройшло голосування (407-17) за цей законопроєкт. Згодом він був представлений в Сенаті і переданий до комітету Сенату з банківського, житлового і міського господарства («Банківський комітет») для подальшого розгляду. Тим часом члени Сенату також розробляли подібне законодавство з намірами на подальший захист інвесторів в пропонованих ними законами про краудфандинговий капітал, що підтверджується законопроєктами, запропонованими сенаторами. Закон про демократизацію доступу до капіталу був запропонований сенатором Скоттом Брауном і представлений у сенаті США 2 листопада 2011 року. Цей закон, так само, як і закон про Доступ підприємців до капіталу, хоча він і знизив обмеження як на обсяги капіталу, який малий бізнес може залучати так і обсяги, скільки інвестор може інвестувати, порівняно з законопроєктом Палати представників. Закон про краудфандинг був організований сенатором Джеффом Мерклі і введеним до сенату США 8 грудня 2011 року. Найпопулярніші краудфандинг-платформи Kickstarter, США Сайт фінансування творчих проєктів за схемою краудфандингу. Kickstarter фінансує різноманітні проєкти, у 13 категоріях: мистецтво, комікс, танець, дизайн, мода, фільми і відео, їжа, відеоігри, музика, фотографія, видавництво, технологія, театр. Ulule , Франція З моменту свого заснування в 2010 році Ulule допомогла зібрати кошти для більш ніж 4900 творчих, інноваційних або громадських проєктів з 67 % ймовірністю успіху. Ulule став першою платформою, яка давала можливість збирати гроші двома способами: менеджер проєкту міг виставити суму, необхідну для реалізації проєкту, або влаштувати попередній продаж товару (послуги). Crowdculture , Швеція Цікавим на цій платформі спільнокошту є метод фінансування. Crowdculture може залучати гроші і приватних інвесторів, і кошти з державного фонду (частина культурного бюджету країни). Частка державних коштів залежить від кількості голосів, набраного проєктом серед учасників платформи. Goteo , Іспанія Ця платформа не лише для спільного збору коштів на суспільно значущі проєкти, але і для їх подальшої спільної реалізації. Goteo також має унікальну методику фінансування в два тури, кожен з яких триває 40 днів. Завдання першого туру — зібрати мінімально необхідну суму для запуску проєкту. Під час другого туру збирають оптимальну суму грошей для удосконалення проєкту. Derev, Італія Це найвідоміша інтерактивна платформа в Італії для впровадження соціальних інновацій. Derev дає можливість не тільки збирати кошти для проєктів, а й підписи для петицій, замовляти телеефір для трансляції звернень або інтерв'ю. Wemakeit , Швейцарія Найбільша платформа Швейцарії для творчої індустрії. Крім того, Wemakeit підтримує також некомерційні організації, фінансуючи їхні проєкти і допомагаючи розвивати їх спільноти. За останні два роки Wemakeit допомогла запустити 550 проєктів на загальну суму 4 мільйони швейцарських франків. Вулик (Ulej) і Талакакошт (Talaka) , Білорусь Прогресивні світові тенденції досягли також Білорусі. «Вулик» і «Талакакошт» дозволяють збирати кошти на будь-які благі цілі, але поки найбільш популярним є соціально-культурний напрямок і все, що пов'язано з національно-культурною ідентичністю. Український краудфандинг Краудфандингові платформи Спільнокошт, створений київською спільнотою Велика ідея (ГО «Ґараж Ґенґ»). Сайт має україномовний інтерфейс та працює з 2012 року. Biggggidea націлена на розвиток сильного і відкритого суспільства, на реалізацію бажаних системних змін. На платформі «Спільнокошт» збирають кошти на проєкти у сфері освіти, охорони здоров'я, літератури, музики, журналістики та наукових досліджень. На-Старті (інколи: На-Стартє) (Na-Starte), створений одеською IT-компанією. З 2014—2017 сайт мав винятково російськомовний інтерфейс, з червня 2017 — україномовний та російськомовний. Працює з 1 лютого 2014 року. Краудфандингова платформа, головною метою якої, є розвиток культурних ініціатив та інновацій в Україні. Найбільшим успіхом платформи поки що є збір коштів на початку 2017 року на повнометражний фільм «Одеський знайда» від режисера Георгія Делієва (зібрано 3,7 мільйона гривень з необхідних 3 мільйонів гривень). GoFundEd, створений громадською організацією Центр інноваційної освіти «Про. Світ». Платформа створена для реалізації освітніх ідей. Авторами проєктів здебільшого виступають вчителі, учні та громадські активісти. Популярною практикою деяких стартап-шкіл, є допомога в підготовці проєкту для розміщення на краудфандинговому майданчику. Першою школою, що заявила про власного краудфандингового майданчика StartEra, є Tech StartUp School — стартап-школа заснована Львівською політехнікою Українські проєкти, що зібрали кошти за допомогою краудфандинг-майданчиків Petcube — гаджет для дистанційного спостереження за домашніми тваринами (зібрано $251 тисячу); LaMetric — універсальний годинник, що окрім часу показує іншу корисну інформацію з Інтернету (зібрано $370 тисяч); iBlazr — спалах для смартфонів (зібрано $56 тисяч); FORCEemotion — розумний браслет, що відслідковує фізичний стан; Phonster — кобура для телефону; KrakenFix — кріплення для лиж, сноубордів або лонгбордів, що дозволяють зручно носити їх на плечах (зібрано $10 тисяч) GreenNanny — пристрій, що забезпечує індивідуальний полив рослин; Planexta — розумний браслет, що відслідковує емоційний стан; GearEye — система пошуку загублених речей. Див. також Фандрайзинг Краудсорсинг Коворкінг Творчий штрих-код Creative Commons Стартап Примітки Посилання Міжнародна платформа CrowdfundingInternational Краудфандинг в Україні: Спільнокошт на «Велика ідея» Краудфандингова платформа Na-Starte Українська краудфандінгова платформа «JQStar» ТОП-10 краудфандінг-платформ у Європі 22 корисні поради для збору коштів через краудфандінг Інструмент для мобілізації та об'єднання людей: як в Україні працює соціальний краудфандинг Краудсорсинг Краудфандинг Збір коштів Фінансування
2280676	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%20%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA	Крістофер Кларк	Крістофер Кларк (14 березня 1960 року в Сіднеї) — австралійський історик, проживає у Великій Британії. У 2015 році був посвячений у лицарі за заслуги у справі англо-німецьких відносин. Член-кореспондент Австрійської академії наук (2015). Освіта і професійна діяльність Здобув середню освіту в в 1972—1978 роках. Вивчав історію в Сіднейському університеті, з березня 1985 по жовтень 1987 навчався у Вільному університеті Берліна. Здобув ступінь доктора філософії в Кембриджському університеті. Станом на 2016 рік є професором модерної історії Європи в Кембриджському університеті. Бібліографія The Politics of Conversion: Missionary Protestantism and the Jews in Prussia, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-19-820456-6 Kaiser Wilhelm II, Longman, Harlow 2000, ISBN 0-582-24559-1 Prusy. Powstanie i upadek 1600—1947, Bellona, Warszawa 2009, ISBN 978-83-11-11628-3 Wilhelm II. Die Herrschaft des letzten deutschen Kaisers. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, München 2008. ISBN 978-3-421-04358-0 The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went To War in 1914. — Penguin Books, 2012. Посилання Євгеній Монастирський. Королівство сомнамбул: Європа на порозі війни // Україна Модерна. — 22.10.2016 (рецензія на «The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went To War in 1914») Примітки Австралійські історики Члени-кореспонденти Австрійської академії наук Доктори філософії Випускники Пемброк-Коледжу Офіцери ордена «За заслуги перед ФРН»
2195775	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Abrahams	Marc Abrahams	Marc Abrahams (born 1956) is the editor and co-founder of Annals of Improbable Research, and the originator and master of ceremonies of the annual Ig Nobel Prize celebration. He was formerly editor of the Journal of Irreproducible Results. Abrahams is married to Robin Abrahams, also known as "Miss Conduct", a columnist for the Boston Globe. He graduated from Harvard College with a degree in applied mathematics. Bibliography Books written or edited by Abrahams include: This Is Improbable The Ig Nobel Prizes Why Chickens Prefer Beautiful Humans Sex As a Heap of Malfunctioning Rubble The Best of "Annals of Improbable Research" The Man Who Tried to Clone Himself References External links Annals of Improbable Research Ig Nobel Prize website "Laugh first, think later" (Abrahams' own account of JIR and AIR), The Guardian, June 1, 2004 "A science award that makes you laugh, then think" (TEDMED 2014) Living people American information and reference writers 1956 births Harvard College alumni Date of birth missing (living people)
987384	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Андрющенко Григорій Якович	Андрющенко Григорій Якович Григорій Якович Андрющенко (Мінеральні Води — 14 жовтня 1943) — радянський офіцер, Герой Радянського Союзу, в роки німецько-радянської війни заступник командира 6-го гвардійського танкового корпусу, гвардії полковник. Життєпис Народився 8 (21 січня) 1905 року в місті Мінеральних Водах (тепер Ставропольського краю) в сім'ї залізничного машиніста. Росіянин. Член КПРС з 1927 року. Рано залишившись без батьків, виховувався в сирітському притулку на станції Тихорєцька. У 1919 році приїхав до Ростова-на-Дону. Працював підмайстром у столярній майстерні. У травні 1920 року добровільно вступив у Червону Армію. Брав участь у громадянській війні. Після закінчення в 1925 році 21-ї військової піхотної школи в Тифлісі проходив службу в різних частинах. У 1929 році був призначений командиром автобронедивізіона при Управлінні прикордонної охорони і військ ОДПУ Середньої Азії, а в 1932 році — начальником бронетанкового відділення Управління прикордонних військ Середньоазіатського округу. Брав активну участь у боротьбі з басмачеством. У жовтні 1939 року отримав призначення на посаду начальника автобронетанкових військ 8-ї армії, в складі якої брав участь у війні з білофінами. У боях німецько-радянської війни з червня 1941 року. Брав активну участь у боях з німецько-фашистськими загарбниками у Прибалтиці і під Ленінградом. З жовтня 1941 року по квітень 1942 року — начальник автобронетанкового відділу 8-ї армії. З 16 жовтня 1942 року — командир 183-ї бригади 10-го танкового корпусу. Командуючи 183-ю танковою бригадою, брав участь у відвоюванні Донбасу. 18 липня 1943 року на Курській дузі був важко поранений і відбув на лікування в госпіталь. Після одужання призначений заступником командира 6-го гвардійського танкового корпусу. Після повернення до лав відзначився при форсуванні Дніпра південніше Києва. Проявивши мужність і винахідливість, успішно прикривав переправу піхоти. У бою за сільські населені пункти придушив дві протитанкові гармати, розпорошив і частково знищив до роти піхоти ворога. 14 жовтня 1943 року загинув у бою на Букринському плацдармі поблизу села Григорівки. Похований у парку міста Переяслава. Меморіальний знак встановлено на Ваганьковському кладовищі в Москві. Нагороди, пам'ять Указом Президії Верховної Ради СРСР від 17 листопада 1943 року за успішне форсування Дніпра, закріплення і розширення плацдарму на західному березі річки і проявлені при цьому відвагу і геройство заступнику командира 6-го гвардійського танкового корпусу гвардії полковнику Андрющенко Григорію Яковичу присвоєно звання Героя Радянського Союзу (посмертно). Нагороджений орденами Леніна і Трудового Червоного Прапора, медалями «XX років РСЧА» і «За оборону Ленінграда». Його ім'я носять також вулиці в містах Переяславі та Старобільську. Галерея Література Герої Радянського Союзу. Короткий біографічний словник. Том 1. М.: Воєнвидав., 1987 Герої-визволителі Черкащини. — Дніпропетровськ: Промінь, 1980 Учасники Громадянської війни в Росії Учасники радянсько-фінської війни Учасники Курської битви Члени КПРС Люди, на честь яких названо вулиці
4338241	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%B2%20%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Ніколаєв Іван Федорович	Ніколаєв Іван Федорович (6 травня 1890, Ярославль, Російська імперія — 18 серпня 1944, Москва, СРСР) — радянський генерал-лейтенант (1942). Один з керівників оборони Ленінграда під час Другої світової війни. Біографія Народився у місті Ярославль. Із 1912 року служив у Російській імператорській армії, учасник Першої світової війни, дослужився до звання штабскапітана. Із 1918 року — у Червоній армії, брав участь у Громадянській війні в Росії, був начальником штабу і командиром стрілецької бригади. Після війни служив на Кавказі та у Середній Азії, воював з азербайджанськими повстанцями і з басмачами, командував полком і бригадою. У 1929 році закінчив курси «Постріл». Після навчання командував 1-м Туркестанським гірськострілецьким полком у Середньоазійському військовому окрузі. Із жовтня 1937 року — начальник штабу 19-го стрілецького корпусу Ленінградського військового округу, із травня 1938 року — помічник командира того ж корпусу. На цій посаді брав участь у радянсько-фінській війні. Із 19 лютого 1940 року — командир 10-го стрілецького корпусу 8-ї армії спершу в Карелії, а з літа 1940 року — в Прибалтійському особливому військовому окрузі. Німецько-радянська війна З початком німецько-радянської війни генерал-майор Ніколаєв продовжував командувати 10-м стрілецьким корпусом 8-ї армії на Північно-Західному фронті. Корпус з великими втратами відступав з Литви. У серпні 1941 року 10-й стрілецький корпус був відрізаний німецькими військами від основних сил 8-ї армії і відкинутий в район Талліна. Ніколаєв став заступником керівника оборони Талліна адмірала Трібуца по сухопутним військам. У кінці серпня залишки корпусу були евакуйовані морем у Ленінград. Був призначений заступником командувача 42-ї армії. Із 24 жовтня 1941 року — командувач 42-ї армії Ленінградського фронту. На чолі неї брав участь в обороні Ленінграда. 14 січня 1944 року очолив 70-ту армію, яка в складі 2-го Білоруського фронту наступала в Поліссі. 27 березня 1944 року через хворобу звільнений з посади і відправлений на лікування до Москви. Помер в госпіталі. Похований в Санкт-Петербурзі в Олександро-Невській лаврі. Військові звання Комбриг (17 лютого 1936) Комдив (21 березня 1940) Генерал-майор (4 червня 1940) Генерал-лейтенант (3 травня 1942) Нагороди Два ордени Червоного Прапора (1940 — за Фінську каманію; 1943 — за оборону Ленінграда), орден Червоного Прапора Азербайджанської РСР (1920), медаль «XX років Робітничо-Селянської Червоної Армії» (1938), медаль «За оборону Ленінграда» (1942). Примітки Джерела Коллектив авторов. Великая Отечественная. Командармы. Военный биографический словарь / Под общей ред. М. Г. Вожакина. — М.; Жуковский: Кучково поле, 2005. — С. 159—160. — ISBN 5-86090-113-5. Генерал-лейтенанти (СРСР) Радянські військовики Другої світової війни Радянські командири стрілецьких корпусів Другої світової війни Радянські командувачі арміями Другої світової війни Учасники оборони Ленінграда Кавалери ордена Червоного Прапора Нагороджені медаллю «XX років Робітничо-Селянській Червоній Армії»
16998248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talgar%20District	Talgar District	Talgar District Talğar District is a district of Almaty Region in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the town of Talǵar. It consists of an alluvial apron formed by the Talgar River, extending northwards from the glacier peaks of the Trans-Ili Alatau (topped by Talgar Peak, 4,973 m), an extension of the northern flanks of the Tien Shan Mountains. Population: List of settlements Beskainar References Districts of Kazakhstan Almaty Region
21158549	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokronosy	Mokronosy	Mokronosy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Damasławek, within Wągrowiec County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Damasławek, north-east of Wągrowiec, and north-east of the regional capital Poznań. References Villages in Wągrowiec County
18667981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobylin-Kruszewo	Kobylin-Kruszewo	Kobylin-Kruszewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kobylin-Borzymy, within Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. References Kobylin-Kruszewo
2791254	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0	Мілювка	Мілювка Населені пункти та їхні частини Мілювка — гміна в Живецькому повіті Сілезького воєводства Мілювка — село в гміні Войнич Тарновського повіту Малопольського воєводства Мілювка — село в гміні Мілювка Живецького повіту Сілезького воєводства Мілювка — частина села Ґродзець у гміні Ясениця Бельського повіту Сілезького воєводства Див. також Милівка Міловка Примітки
1485315	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%20%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0	Літературна премія імені Тараса Мельничука	Літературна премія імені Тараса Мельничука — премія, яку присуджують за видатні літературно-художні твори, котрі сприяють духовному росту громадян і здобули широке громадське визнання Заснування премії Літературна премія імені Тараса Мельничука заснована Коломийською міською радою в 1996 році. Міська літературна премія імені Тараса Мельничука присуджується щорічно окремим літераторам, спілкам та громадським об’єднанням літераторів міст, районів та областей України за високохудожні літературні твори, які сприяють духовному росту громадян і здобули загальне громадське визнання, є духовними набутками українського народу, утверджують високі гуманістичні ідеали, збагачують історичну пам’ять, його національну свідомість, зберігають національні традиції, спрямовані на державотворення і демократизацію українського суспільства. Висування кандидатур на здобуття премії На здобуття Премії висуваються літературні твори, літературні збірки творів як окремих літераторів, так і видання об’єднань літераторів, оприлюднених в завершеному вигляді, після ознайомлення з ними громадськості під час проведення читацьких конференцій, літературних вечорів та на засіданнях літературних об’єднань тощо. Висунення творів, літературних збірок на присудження Премії здійснюється гласно за ініціативою трудових та військових колективів, творчих спілок, громадських організацій мистецького і просвітянського спрямування, видавництв, редакцій газет і журналів, а також об’єднань громадян на загальних зборах, конференціях. Від імені творчих організацій, закладів, установ і колективів висунення можуть здійснювати їх президії, колегії, ради тощо. Подання-рекомендація у вигляді протоколу або звернення направляється на розгляд Комісії по присудженню міської літературної премії імені Тараса Мельничука, склад якої затверджується виконавчим комітетом міської ради. Рекомендації подаються не пізніше 1 квітня поточного року. У поданні-рекомендації на присудження Премії зазначаються конкретні заслуги особи або творчого колективу, об’єднання літераторів (їх літературна діяльність, художня цінність творів), що стали підставою для порушення клопотання про присудження Премії. Формування і прийняття рішення про присудження премії Розгляд подань-рекомендацій і допуск кандидатів до участі в конкурсі на присудження Премії проводиться на засіданні Комісії шляхом обговорення та відкритого голосування до 15 квітня, про що робиться повідомлення у засобах масової інформації. Відбір робіт для участі в конкурсі на здобуття премії проводиться у три тури: Остаточне рішення про присудження Премії приймається на засіданні Комісії шляхом таємного голосування та направляється на затвердження виконавчого комітету міської ради у червні поточного року. Рішення виконавчого комітету про присудження Премії публікується в місцевих друкованих засобах масової інформації, оголошується по радіо та місцевому телебаченню. Порядок присудження і вручення премії Премія присуджується окремому літератору або об’єднанню літераторів один раз. Авторові може присуджуватися Премія посмертно. Розміри міської літературної Премії визначаються кожного року виконавчим комітетом міської ради. Удостоєним Премії присвоюється звання «Лауреат премії імені Тараса Мельничука», вручається Диплом та Почесний знак лауреата. Премія вручається щорічно до Дня народження поета в День міста 19 серпня в урочистій обстановці. У разі присудження Премії літературному об’єднанню, видається Диплом, а членам цього об’єднання видаються Почесні знаки лауреата. Грошова премія ділиться між ними порівну. Особа або колектив, якому присуджено Премію, заноситься в Книгу лауреатів премії імені Тараса Мельничука, що знаходиться на довічному зберіганні у музеї історії міста Коломиї. У разі втрати (псування) Диплома та Почесного знака лауреата Премії, дублікати не видаються. Диплом, Почесний знак лауреата, якого нагороджено посмертно, вручається родині померлого, а грошова премія переходить у спадщину в установленому законодавством порядку. Лауреати премії Першим лауреатом став заслужений діяч мистецтв України, письменник з Чернівців Мирослав Лазарук. Лауреати: 1997 Орися Яхневич 1998 Дмитро Гриньків 1999 Михайло Василенко 2000 Ніна Гнатюк 2003 Манолій Попадюк 2005 Микола Васильчук 2005 Ярослав Ясінський 2007 Ольга Бабій 2010 Іван Війтенко 2011 Василь Нагірняк 2011 Степан Сапеляк 2013 Володимир Франкевич 2015 Василь Лапчинський Василь Клічак Микола Близнюк Василь Кухта Борис Бунчук Борис Бунчук Василь Герасим’юк Василь Шкурган Микола Рачук Тарас Григорчук Леонід Талалай Володимир Вознюк Віра Китайгородська Анатолій Кичинський Казімеж Бурнат Олександр Масляник Див. також Книга лауреатів літературної премії імені Тараса Мельничука Примітки Джерела Коломийські вісті Книга лауреатів літературної премії імені Тараса Мельничука Лауреати премій Відомі імена кандидатів на здобуття премії Коломия. Про міську літературну премію імені Тараса Мельничука Відомі імена кандидатів на здобуття Коломийської міської літературної премії ім. Тараса Мельничука Мельничук Тарас Юрійович Національна спілка письменників України
9148630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyvky%20%28Kyiv%20Metro%29	Nyvky (Kyiv Metro)	Nyvky (Kyiv Metro) Nyvky is a station on Kyiv Metro's Sviatoshynsko-Brovarska Line. The station was opened on 5 November 1971, and is named after Kyiv's Nyvky neighbourhood. It was designed by Boris Pryimak, I.L. Maslenkov, V.C. Bohdanovskyi, and T.A. Tselikovska. The station is shallow underground, along with the Beresteiska and the Sviatoshyn stations, which are the first stations of the Kyiv Metro system that are not lain deep underground. The station consists of a central hall with rows of circular columns near the platforms. The columns are covered with glazed blue-coloured tiles. On the tiled walls along the tracks is a strip of plant motifs. The entrance to the station is located on the corner of the Peremohy Prospekt (Victory Avenue) and the Scherbakova Street. External links Kyivsky Metropoliten — Station description and photographs Metropoliten.kiev.ua — Station description and photographs mirmetro.net - Photos and description Kyiv Metro stations Railway stations opened in 1971 1971 establishments in Ukraine
2516548	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB2	GRB2	GRB2 – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на короткому плечі 17-ї хромосоми. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 217 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 25 206. Кодований геном білок за функцією належить до фосфопротеїнів. Задіяний у таких біологічних процесах, як взаємодія хазяїн-вірус, ацетилювання, альтернативний сплайсинг. Локалізований у цитоплазмі, ядрі, апараті гольджі, ендосомах. Література Примітки Див. також Хромосома 17 Білкові рецептори
20181491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20of%20the%20Apes%20%282001%20film%29	Planet of the Apes (2001 film)	Planet of the Apes (2001 film) Planet of the Apes is a 2001 American science fiction adventure film directed by Tim Burton from a screenplay by William Broyles Jr., Lawrence Konner, and Mark Rosenthal. The sixth installment in the Planet of the Apes film series, it is loosely based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Pierre Boulle and serves as a remake of the 1968 film version. The film stars Mark Wahlberg, Tim Roth, Helena Bonham Carter, Michael Clarke Duncan, Kris Kristofferson, Estella Warren, and Paul Giamatti. It tells the story of astronaut Leo Davidson (Wahlberg) crash-landing on a planet inhabited by intelligent apes. The apes treat humans as slaves, but with the help of an ape named Ari (Bonham Carter), Leo starts a rebellion as he seeks to return. Development for a Planet of the Apes remake started as far back as 1988 with Adam Rifkin. His project nearly reached the pre-production stage before being canceled. Terry Hayes's script, titled Return of the Apes, would have starred Arnold Schwarzenegger, under the direction of Phillip Noyce. Oliver Stone, Don Murphy, and Jane Hamsher were set to produce. Creative differences ensued between Hayes and 20th Century Fox. Chris Columbus, Sam Hamm, James Cameron, Peter Jackson, and the Hughes brothers later became involved. With Broyles Jr.'s script, Burton was hired as director, and the film was put into active development. Konner and Rosenthal rewrote the script, and filming took place from November 2000 to April 2001. Planet of the Apes was released in the United States on July 27, 2001, by 20th Century Fox. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who criticized the confusing plot and ending, but praised Rick Baker's prosthetic makeup designs, visual aspects, and musical score. Despite its financial success, Fox chose to cancel the sequel and later rebooted the film series in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes. Plot In 2029, aboard the United States Air Force space station Oberon, Leo Davidson works closely with apes who are trained for space missions. His favorite ape co-worker is a chimpanzee named Pericles. With a deadly electromagnetic storm approaching the station, a small space pod piloted by Pericles is used to probe the storm. Pericles's pod heads into the storm and disappears. Leo takes a second pod to find Pericles. Entering the storm, Leo loses contact with the Oberon and, in 5021 A.D., crashes on a planet called Ashlar. He learns that the world is ruled by intelligent apes who treat humans as slaves. Leo meets a female chimpanzee named Ari, who protests the mistreatment humans receive. Ari decides to buy Leo and a female slave named Daena to have them work as servants in the house of her father, Senator Sandar. Leo escapes his cage and frees other humans. Limbo, an orangutan trader in captured humans, sees them but is taken prisoner to ensure his silence. The murderous General Thade and his gorilla junior, Colonel Attar, march ape warriors to pursue the humans. Leo discovers Calima, the forbidden, but holy temple of "Semos", the first ape, whom the apes revere as a god. Calima turns out to be the remains of the Oberon which had crashed on the planet's surface and now looks ancient (the name Calima comes from the sign "CAution LIve aniMAls", the relevant letters being the only ones not covered in dust). According to the computer logs, the station has been there for thousands of years. Leo realizes that when he entered the vortex, he was pushed forward in time, while the Oberon, searching after him, was not, crashing on the planet long before he did. The Oberon's log reveals that the apes on board, led by Semos, organized a mutiny and took over the vessel after it crashed. The human and ape survivors of the struggle left the ship, and their descendants are the people Leo has encountered since landing. The apes arrive and attack the humans who have gathered to see Leo, although he evens the odds when he uses the Oberon's last fragments of fuel to fire a final blast at the first wave of apes. The battle stops when a familiar vehicle descends from the sky, which Leo immediately identifies as the pod piloted by Pericles, the chimpanzee astronaut who was pushed in time as Leo was and had just now found his way to the planet, the electromagnetic storm releasing people from it in an opposite direction in time to their entrance because they were traveling backward not forward in time. When Pericles lands and the pod opens, the apes bow, interpreting his arrival as the return of Semos, and hostilities between humans and apes suddenly cease. Pericles runs into the wreck of the Oberon and Leo runs after him, followed by General Thade. Thade and Leo fight. Pericles tries to help Leo, but Thade throws him hard against a wall. Thade takes Leo's gun from him and tries to fire it at Leo. Leo sees that Thade is within the pilot's deck and closes the automatic door, trapping Thade inside. Thade fires the gun repeatedly at the door, but the ricochets create sparks that scare Thade, who huddles under a control panel. Deciding to escape Ashlar and return to Earth, Leo gives Pericles to Ari, who promises to look after him. After saying farewell to Ari and Daena, Leo climbs aboard Pericles's undamaged pod and returns to the present through the same electromagnetic storm. Leo crashes in Washington, D.C., on Earth and looks up at what appears to be the Lincoln Memorial, only to find that it is now a monument memorializing General Thade. A swarm of police officers, firefighters, and news reporters descend upon him, revealed to all be apes as Leo realizes that he is on ape-dominated Earth. Cast Apes Tim Roth as General ThadeAn ambitious and brutal chimpanzee military commander who wants control over the ape civilization. Thade intends to marry Ari, but she denies him due to his cold soul. Gary Oldman was originally cast in the role, but dropped out for financial reasons. Roth declined the role of Severus Snape in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone because of his commitment to Planet of the Apes. Alan Rickman was eventually cast as Snape. Roth rewrote some scenes to give his character a more frightening presence Helena Bonham Carter as AriA virtuous chimpanzee who protests the way humans are treated. She helps Leo lead the rebellion. Burton met Bonham Carter while casting for the film, telling her "Don't take this the wrong way, but you were the first person I thought of to play a chimpanzee." They were in a relationship for 13 years and had two children Michael Clarke Duncan as Colonel AttarA gorilla military officer who was Thade's associate and second in-command. Djimon Hounsou had turned down the role because of scheduling conflicts with The Four Feathers. Ron Perlman was also a potential candidate that Rick Baker vouched for and even did a design on an old life cast Paul Giamatti as LimboAn orangutan who works in the trade business of human slaves. Limbo is caught in the conflict between humans and apes and tries his best to survive. Giamatti drew inspiration from W. C. Fields for his performance Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as General KrullA firm but fair gorilla and former military leader whose career had been destroyed by Thade. Krull became a servant of Senator Sandar and assisted the humans in their rebellion David Warner as Senator Sandar, a chimpanzee politician and Ari's father Lisa Marie as Nova, Senator Nado's chimpanzee companion Glenn Shadix as Senator Nado, an orangutan politician in ape society Humans Mark Wahlberg as Captain Leo DavidsonAn astronaut who accidentally enters a portal to another world inhabited by intelligent apes and is captured by them. Leo leads a rebellion of the planet's humans. Wahlberg had backed out of a commitment to Ocean's Eleven to take this role in Planet of the Apes (Matt Damon was eventually cast in the Ocean's Eleven role). Whereas other actors contending for the Leo Davidson role wanted to see the script before signing a contract, Wahlberg signed on after a five-minute meeting with Burton. To avoid evoking associations with his previous work as an underwear model, Wahlberg did not wear a loincloth, even though Heston had worn one in the original film Kris Kristofferson as Karubi, Daena's father. Karubi is killed by Thade while trying to escape. Kristofferson had immediately agreed to be cast. "The director Tim Burton is a hero of mine. I have eight kids and we've seen all of his films from Pee-wee's Big Adventure to Sleepy Hollow many times" Estella Warren as DaenaA female slave and Karubi's daughter, she develops a romantic attraction to Leo Erick Avari as Tival, a member of the human resistance Luke Eberl as Birn, a young human who fights in the rebellion Evan Dexter Parke as Gunnar, a member of the human resistance Other roles include Freda Foh Shen (Bon), Chris Ellis (Lt. Karl Vasich), Anne Ramsay (Lt. Col. Grace Alexander), Michael Jace (Maj. Frank Santos), Andrea Grano (Maj. Maria Cooper), Kam Heskin (Friend at Leo's Party), and Melody Perkins (Friend at Leo's Party). Jonah & Jacob (both uncredited) as Pericles, the trained chimpanzee who works with Leo on the space station. There are also cameo appearances by Charlton Heston (uncredited) as Zaius, Thade's father, and Linda Harrison (the woman in the cart). Both participated in the first two films in the original series, Planet of the Apes (1968) and Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970) as George Taylor and Nova, respectively. Development Late 1980s 20th Century Fox president Craig Baumgarten was impressed with Adam Rifkin's filmmaking with Never on Tuesday. In 1988, Rifkin was brought in the studio to pitch ideas for films. Rifkin, being a fan of the 1968 Planet of the Apes felt it was best to continue the film series. "Having independent film experience, I promised I could write and direct a huge-looking film for a reasonable price and budget, like Aliens." Fox commissioned Rifkin to write what amounted to a sequel, "but not a sequel to the fifth film, an alternate sequel to the first film". He took influences from Spartacus, with the storyline being "the ape empire had reached its Roman era. A descendant of Charlton Heston's character named Duke would eventually lead a human slave revolt against the oppressive Romanesque apes, led by General Izan. A real sword and sandal spectacular, monkey style. Gladiator did the same movie without the ape costumes." Titled Return to the Planet of the Apes, the project was put on fast track and almost entered pre-production. Rick Baker was hired to design the prosthetic makeup with Danny Elfman composing the film score. Tom Cruise and Charlie Sheen were in contention for the lead role. "I can't accurately describe in words the utter euphoria I felt knowing that I, Adam Rifkin, was going to be resurrecting the Planet of the Apes. It all seemed too good to be true. I soon found out it was." Days before the film was to commence pre-production, new studio executives arrived at Fox, which caused creative differences between Rifkin and the studio. Rifkin was commissioned to rewrite the script through various drafts. The project was abandoned until Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh pitched their own idea, with the apes going through a Renaissance. In the story, the ape government becomes concerned over the new art works, the humans are revolting and the liberal apes shelter a half-human, half-ape from the gorillas. Roddy McDowall was enthusiastic about their proposal and agreed to play the Leonardo da Vinci-type character they had written for him. However, the executive Jackson spoke to was not a fan of the series and seemingly unaware of McDowall's involvement in the series, and Jackson turned his attention back to Heavenly Creatures. Oliver Stone By 1993, Fox hired Don Murphy and Jane Hamsher as producers. Sam Raimi and Oliver Stone were being considered as possible directors, though Stone signed on as executive producer/co-writer with a $1 million salary. On the storyline, Stone explained in December 1993, "It has the discovery of cryogenically frozen Vedic Apes who hold the secret numeric codes to the Bible that foretold the end of civilizations. It deals with past versus the future. My concept is that there's a code inscribed in the Bible that predicts all historical events. The apes were there at the beginning and figured it all out." Stone brought Terry Hayes to write the screenplay entitled Return of the Apes. Set in the near future, a plague is making humans extinct. Geneticist Will Robinson discovers the plague is a genetic time bomb embedded in the Stone Age. He time travels with a pregnant colleague named Billie Rae Diamond to a time when Palaeolithic humans were at war for the future of the planet with highly evolved apes. The apes' supreme commander is a gorilla named Drak. Robinson and Billie Rae discover a young human girl named Aiv (pronounced Eve) to be the next step in evolution. It is revealed that it was the apes that created the virus to destroy the human race. They protect her from the virus, thus ensuring the survival of the human race 102,000 years later. Billie Rae gives birth to a baby boy named Adam. Fox president Peter Chernin called Return of the Apes "one of the best scripts I ever read". Chernin was hoping Hayes' script would create a franchise that included sequels, spin-off television shows and merchandise. In March 1994, Arnold Schwarzenegger signed on as Will Robinson with the condition he had approval of director. Chuck Russell was considered as a possible director before Phillip Noyce was hired in January 1995, while pre-production was nearing commencement with a $100 million budget. Stone first approached Rick Baker, who worked on Rifkin's failed remake, to design the prosthetic makeup, but eventually hired Stan Winston. Fox became frustrated by the distance between their approach and Hayes' interpretation of Stone's ideas. As producer Don Murphy put it, "Terry wrote a Terminator and Fox wanted The Flintstones". Fox studio executive Dylan Sellers felt the script could be improved by comedy. "What if Robinson finds himself in Ape land and the Apes are trying to play baseball? But they're missing one element, like the pitcher or something." Sellers continued. "Robinson knows what they're missing and he shows them, and they all start playing." Sellers refused to give up his baseball scene, and when Hayes turned in the next script, sans baseball, Sellers fired him. Dissatisfied with Sellers' decision to fire Hayes, Noyce left Return of the Apes in February 1995 to work on The Saint. Columbus and Cameron Stone pursued other films of his own, Chernin was replaced by Thomas Rothman, and a drunken Sellers crashed his car, killing a much-loved colleague and earning jail time, while producers Murphy and Hamsher were paid off. "After they got rid of us, they brought on Chris Columbus", Murphy stated. "Then I heard they did tests of apes skiing, which didn't make much sense." Stan Winston was still working on the makeup designs. Columbus brought Sam Hamm, his co-writer on an unproduced Fantastic Four script, to write the screenplay. "We tried to do a story that was simultaneously an homage to the elements we liked from the five films, and would also incorporate a lot of material [from Pierre Boulle's novel] that had been jettisoned from the earlier production," Hamm continued. "The first half of the script bore little resemblance to the book, but a lot of the stuff in the second half comes directly from it, or directly inspired by it." Hamm's script had an ape astronaut from another planet crash-landing in New York Harbor, launching a virus that will make human beings extinct. Dr. Susan Landis, who works for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Alexander Troy, an Area 51 scientist, use the ape's spacecraft to return to the virus' planet of origin, hoping to find an antidote. They find an urban environment where apes armed with heavy weapons hunt humans. The main villain was Lord Zaius; in contrast to Dr. Zaius, Lord Zaius was very cruel to the humans. Landis and Troy discover the antidote and return to Earth, only to find in their 74-year absence that apes have taken over the planet. "The Statue of Liberty's once proud porcelain features have been crudely chiseled into the grotesque likeness of a great grinning ape". Schwarzenegger remained attached, but Fox had mixed emotions with Hamm's script. When Columbus dropped out in late 1995 to work on Jingle All the Way, Fox offered the director's position to Roland Emmerich in January 1996. James Cameron was in talks during the filming of Titanic as writer and producer. Cameron's version would have drawn elements from the original film and its sequel Beneath the Planet of the Apes. After the financial and critical success of Titanic, Cameron dropped out. After learning about his previous involvement, Chernin and Rothman met with Peter Jackson to learn about his original Renaissance idea. Jackson turned down directing the film with Schwarzenegger and Cameron as his producer, recognizing they would probably conflict over the direction. Schwarzenegger left to work on Eraser. Michael Bay then turned down the director's position. Jackson again turned down the project while facing the possible cancellation of The Lord of the Rings in 1998, because he was unenthusiastic following Roddy McDowall's death. In mid-1999, the Hughes brothers were interested in directing but were committed to From Hell. Pre-production In 1999, William Broyles Jr. turned down the chance to write the script, but decided to sign on "when I found out I could have an extensive amount of creative control". Fox projected the release date for July 2001, while Broyles sent the studio an outline and a chronicle of the fictional planet "Aschlar". Entitled The Visitor and billed as "episode one in the Chronicles of Aschlar", Broyles' script caught the attention of director Tim Burton, who signed on to direct the film in February 2000. The film deviated from Burton's usual gothic films. "I wasn't interested in doing a remake or a sequel of the original Planet of the Apes film," Burton said later. "But I was intrigued by the idea of revisiting that world. Like a lot of people, I was affected by the original film. I wanted to do a 're-imagining'." Richard D. Zanuck, who served as the president of the studio around the original film’s release, signed on as producer in March. "This is a very emotional film for me. I greenlighted the original Apes when I was the head of Fox in 1967." Under Burton's direction, Broyles wrote another draft, but his script was projected at a $200 million budget. Fox wanted to cut it to $100 million. In August 2000, two months before principal photography, Fox brought Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal for rewrites. Broyles "had a lot of respect with the work they [Konner and Rosenthal] did. And to think that given what I'd done and given what Tim wanted, they navigated the right course." One of the considered endings had Leo Davidson crash-landing at Yankee Stadium, witnessing apes playing baseball. Various alternatives were considered before the filmmakers decided on the final one. The production of Planet of the Apes was a difficult experience for Burton. This was largely contributed by Fox's adamant release date (July 2001), which meant that everything from pre-production to editing and visual effects work was rushed. Konner and Rosenthal were rewriting the script even as sets were being constructed. Ari, Helena Bonham Carter's character, was originally a princess. She was changed to "a Senator's daughter with a liberal mentality". One of the drafts had General Thade, Tim Roth's character, as an albino gorilla, but Burton felt chimpanzees were more frightening. Limbo, Paul Giamatti's character "was supposed to turn into a good guy. There was supposed to be this touching personal growth thing at the end," Giamatti reflected. "But Tim [Burton] and I both thought that was kind of lame so we decided to just leave him as a jerk into the end." Filming Burton wanted to begin filming in October 2000, but it was pushed back to November 6, 2000 and ended in April 2001. Filming for Planet of the Apes began at Lake Powell, where parts of the original film were shot. Due to a local drought, production crews had to pump in extra water. The film was mostly shot at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California, while other filming locations included lava plains in Hawaii and Trona Pinnacles at Ridgecrest. To preserve secrecy, the shooting script did not include the ending. Fox considered using computer-generated imagery to create the apes, but Burton insisted on using prosthetic makeup designed by Rick Baker. Baker was previously involved with Adam Rifkin's and Oliver Stone's unproduced remakes. Burton commented, "I have a relationship with both of them (Winston and Baker), so that decision was hard," he says. "Stan worked on Edward Scissorhands and Baker did Martin Landau's makeup [as Béla Lugosi in Ed Wood]". On his hiring, Baker explained, "[The original 1968 film] was such a landmark makeup picture, and I just had the hardest time turning it down. I'm a big makeup geek and a big ape geek, and I just thought, I really have to do this." Baker previously worked with designing ape makeup on King Kong, Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes, Gorillas in the Mist, and the 1998 remake of Mighty Joe Young. The makeup took ranged from 2 to 4 & 1/2 hours to apply and an hour to remove. Burton explained, "it's like going to the dentist at two in the morning and having people poke at you for hours. Then you wear an ape costume until nine at night." Burton was adamant that the apes should be substantially "more animal-like; flying through trees, climb walls, swing out of windows, and go ape shit when angry." For a month and a half before shooting started, the actors who portrayed apes attended "ape school" under the choreography of Terry Notary. Industrial Light & Magic, Rhythm and Hues Studios and Animal Logic were commissioned for the visual effects sequences. Rick Heinrichs served as the production designer and Colleen Atwood did costume design. To compose the film score, Burton hired regular collaborator Danny Elfman, who had previously been set as composer when Adam Rifkin was attached to do his own remake of the original back in 1989 before various filmmakers, including but eventually Burton himself, were attempted to do so later on. Elfman noted that his work on Planet of the Apes contained more percussion instruments than usual. During filming, Roth held a grudge against Heston due to his work with the National Rifle Association: "It was very difficult for me. On one level, there's the man and he's my dad. But on the other level, the whole NRA thing is what it is now. I'm so against it, very vocally so. But it was inappropriate for the workplace. If I'm going to talk to him, I'll talk to him outside the workplace. So it was just two guys in makeup doing a scene." Roth later claimed he would not have appeared in the film had he known he would be sharing a scene with Heston. Reception Box office Hasbro released a toy line, while Dark Horse Comics published a comic book adaptation. The original release date for the film was July 4, 2001. Planet of the Apes was released on July 27, 2001, in 3,500 theaters across the United States and Canada, grossing $68,532,960 in its opening weekend. This was the second-highest opening weekend of 2001, after Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. The film also dethroned Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace for having the best opening for any 20th Century Fox film. At that point, it had the second-highest opening weekend of any film, behind The Lost World: Jurassic Park. It was the second film of the year to cross the $60 million mark during its first three days, following The Mummy Returns. This record was later matched by Monsters, Inc. and Rush Hour 2. Both the latter film and Planet of the Apes teamed up with Jurassic Park III and American Pie 2 to become the first four consecutive films to make an opening weekend above the $45 million mark. Planet of the Apes crushed X-Mens record for having the largest July opening weekend. The film held that record until Austin Powers in Goldmember took it in 2002. It also achieved the record for generating the highest non-sequel July opening weekend, which was held until 2007 when it was overtaken by Transformers. Additionally, the film surpassed Batman Returns for scoring the biggest opening weekend for a Tim Burton film. It held this record for less than a decade until it was surpassed by Alice in Wonderland in 2010. For its second weekend, the film made a total of $28.5 million. Meanwhile, Planet of the Apes began to expand to Asian countries. While the film was unable to take the top chart spot from Hayao Miyazaki's Spirited Away, its opening was still a strong start to the company's international roll-out in one of the most significant international territories. Plus, it had a record opening in Brazil. It took in $1.5 million from 366 screens, beating the previous record held by Independence Day. In Mexico, Planet of the Apes earned $3.1 million from 547 screens, making it the second largest movie opening in the country, after Dinosaur. The film grossed $180,011,740 in the United States and Canada and $182,200,000 elsewhere, for a worldwide total of $362,211,740. Planet of the Apes was the tenth-highest-grossing film in North America, and ninth-highest worldwide, of 2001. Project APE To help promote the release of Planet of the Apes, 20th Century Fox collaborated with Geocaching and released an internet marketing campaign nicknamed "Project APE", that involved people going out into the real world. Geocaching was barely a year old at the time, and was just beginning to become more well known. The promotion's backstory, which actually had no connection to the movie, was that a group of renegade humans were placing artefacts (geocaches) around the globe in an effort to reveal an Alternate Primate Evolution. Over the course of several weeks in 2001, a cache containing props and memorabilia from the movie (prop blindfolds, prop knives, posters, trading cards and more) was released every week. However, the cache's location was not given, but clues were given throughout the week that narrowed down the location until the cache's coordinates were released on a Friday. It was then a race to get to the cache, with the first person arriving at the location getting a pick of the goodies in the cache. The caches were large ammo boxes, with "Project APE" spray painted on the front. Fourteen caches were placed in a series of missions numbered 1–12 (one was "Special Movie" for the movie premiere in New York and there was a Mission 10a & 10b, with 10b being another cache with the London premiere tickets). Evidence points to a potential Mission 13, but no cache page has been found for it. Most of the caches did not last beyond a couple of finds, as most of them were muggled (stolen). Only two caches are active today, with one located outside of Seattle, Washington, and the other in Brazil. Critical response On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes Planet of the Apes has an approval rating of 44% based on 200 reviews, with an average rating of 5.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "This remake of Planet of the Apes can't compare to the original in some critics' minds, but the striking visuals and B-movie charms may win you over." On Metacritic the film has an average score of 50 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2½ stars. He praised the twist ending, but felt the film lacked a balanced story structure. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave a negative review. "Call it a letdown, worsened by the forces of shoddy screenwriting. To quote Heston in both films, 'Damn them, damn them all'." Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times believed "the actors in the nonhuman roles are mostly too buried by makeup to make strong impressions. Unfortunately, none of the good work counts as much as you'd think it would," Turan said. "Planet of the Apes shows that taking material too seriously can be as much of a handicap as not taking it seriously at all." Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times gave a more favorable review, feeling the script was balanced and the film served its purpose as "pure entertainment". Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today enjoyed Planet of the Apes, feeling most of the credit should go to prosthetic makeup designer Rick Baker. Much criticism was leveled against the ambiguous ending. Tim Roth, who portrayed General Thade, said "I cannot explain that ending. I have seen it twice and I don't understand anything." Helena Bonham Carter, who played Ari, said, "I thought it made sense, kind of. I don't understand why everyone went, 'Huh?' It's all a time warp thing. He's gone back and he realizes Thade's beat him there." Although the ending was ambiguous, it was closer to the ending of the actual Pierre Boulle book than was the ending of the 1968 Charlton Heston movie version. In the first of two twist endings of the Pierre Boulle book, the astronaut escapes back to planet Earth, only to be greeted by a gorilla in a jeep on the landing strip. Burton claimed the ending was not supposed to make any sense, but it was more of a cliffhanger to be explained in a possible sequel. "It was a reasonable cliffhanger that could be used in case Fox or another filmmaker wanted to do another movie," he explained. In 2011, Mark Wahlberg attributes the "failure" of the film to reboot the franchise to the studio's desire to crank out the movie before it was ready: "They didn't have the script right. They had a release date before he had shot a foot of film. They were pushing him and pushing him in the wrong direction. You have got to let Tim do his thing." The film was nominated for two BAFTA Awards, one for Best Make-up held by Rick Baker, the other for Best Costume Design. Roth (Supporting Actor), Bonham Carter (Supporting Actress), Colleen Atwood (Costume), and Rick Baker (Make-up) received nominations at the Saturn Awards. Atwood and Baker were nominated at the 55th British Academy Film Awards, while music composer Danny Elfman was nominated for his work at the 43rd Grammy Awards. Planet of the Apes won Worst Remake at the 22nd Golden Raspberry Awards, while Heston (Worst Supporting Actor) and Estella Warren (Worst Supporting Actress) also won awards. At the 2001 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the film received nominations for Worst Director (Burton), Worst Supporting Actress (Warren), and Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing Over $100M Worldwide Using Hollywood Math, but it failed to win any of those. Future Cancelled sequel Fox stated that if Planet of the Apes was a financial success, then a sequel would be commissioned. Ultimately, they decided against pursuing another film. When asked whether he would be interested in working on a follow-up, director Tim Burton replied, "I'd rather jump out a window." Mark Wahlberg and Helena Bonham Carter would have returned if Burton had decided to make another Apes film. Paul Giamatti had been interested in reprising his role. "I think it'd be great to have apes driving cars, smoking cigars," Giamatti said. "Wearing glasses, sitting in a board room, stuff like that." Planet of the Apes was the last film Burton worked on with his then fiancée Lisa Marie. After their relationship broke up, Burton started a relationship with Bonham Carter, who portrayed Ari. Planet of the Apes was also Burton's first collaboration with producer Richard D. Zanuck. Reboot Fox returned to the franchise in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes, a reboot of the series that led to its own sequels. Video game In 1998, after 20th Century Fox had greenlit James Cameron's version of the film remake, the company's video game division, Fox Interactive, started planning a video game tie-in. The film project went on hold when Cameron pulled out, but Fox Interactive remained confident a remake would progress eventually and continued with the game. Fox contracted French company Visiware as developer; with the film on hold, the creators developed their own story inspired by Boulle's novel and the original films. The game is an action-adventure in which the player controls astronaut Ulysses after he crashes on the Planet of the Apes. The game was developed for PC and PlayStation. The game experienced serious delays due to setbacks with the film project and Fox Interactive's decision to co-publish with a third party. Despite its long development, the game missed the debut of Burton's film. Fox Interactive and co-publisher Ubisoft finally released the PC version on September 20, 2001; the PlayStation version followed on August 22, 2002. The game received mostly negative reviews. Additionally, Ubisoft and developer Torus Games produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color. It is a side-scroller following the first two films; the player controls astronaut Ben on the Planet of the Apes. The Game Boy versions received average reviews. Home media Planet of the Apes was released on DVD and VHS on November 20, 2001. DVD rentals grossed in the United States, . This THX certified two-disc DVD release features rare Nuon technology, which can only be used on Nuon-enhanced DVD players. These Nuon features include viddies and various zoom points during the film. The first disc features audio commentaries with Tim Burton and Danny Elfman, cast and crew profiles and enhanced viewing mode. It also contains a DTS 5.1 audio track and DVD-ROM. On the second disc, there are extended scenes, an HBO special, The Making of Planet of the Apes, behind-the-scenes footage, theatrical trailers, TV spots, previews for Moulin Rouge! and Dr. Dolittle 2, posters and press kit, a music promo, screen tests, galleries, multi-angle featurettes and more. References Further reading Novelization of the film. A detailed analysis of the making of the film. External links Planet of the Apes films 2001 science fiction films 2001 films American science fiction films Remakes of American films Films scored by Danny Elfman Films about slavery Films about apes Films based on French novels Films directed by Tim Burton Films set in Washington, D.C. Films set in 2029 Films set in the future Fiction set in the 6th millennium Films shot in Arizona Films shot in Sydney Films shot in California Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Utah Films shot at Pinewood Studios Golden Raspberry Award winning films American post-apocalyptic films Reboot films Films about time travel 20th Century Fox films Films produced by Richard D. Zanuck American dystopian films The Zanuck Company films 2000s English-language films 2000s American films Films with screenplays by Lawrence Konner Films with screenplays by Mark Rosenthal (screenwriter)
2867337	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96	Волиці	Волиці — село в Польщі, у гміні Барцин Жнінського повіту Куявсько-Поморського воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Бидгощського воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Жнінського повіту
16717205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt%20Solorz-%C5%BBak	Zygmunt Solorz-Żak	Zygmunt Solorz-Żak (born Zygmunt Józef Krok, August 4, 1956 in Radom) is a Polish businessman and a media tycoon. He is the second richest person in Poland and has repeatedly appeared on Forbes' ranking of the world's billionaires, with an estimated net worth around €5.77 billion. He ranked #688 on the Forbes 2016 with a net worth of US$2.5 billion. Biography Early life According to the media, Zygmunt Solorz-Żak was born in a small city to the south of Warsaw and originally had the surname Krok. In the 1980s, he took the surname Solorz after his first wife. Several years later, after the second marriage, he added the hyphen and became Solorz-Żak. In his early twenties, he managed to escape closed-off Poland and got to Germany, where he founded a transport company. Businesses Solorz-Żak launched the free-to-air commercial TV channel Polsat in 1992, broadcast through satellite, and obtained a national commercial television license in 1993. Since the middle of the 1990s, Polsat has remained one of Poland's biggest television stations. His key assets also include the pay TV platform Cyfrowy Polsat. He holds controlling stakes in the pension fund PTE Polsat, small life insurer Polisa and retail bank Invest Bank. After winning control over the distressed Elektrim conglomerate, Solorz-Żak obtained operating control over the lignite power plant PAK, ranked among the three largest electricity producers in Poland. He has owned the Śląsk Wrocław football club since 2008 and the Polish mobile phone company Polkomtel since 2011. At the turn of the millennium, he owned three television channels in the Baltic states, TV1 in Estonia, LNT in Latvia and BTV in Lithuania. References 1956 births 20th-century Polish businesspeople 21st-century Polish businesspeople Living people Businesspeople from Warsaw Polish billionaires Polish business executives Polish chief executives Polish company founders Polish mass media owners People from Radom
46696	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5	Прибережне	Прибережне Селища: Прибережне — Донецька область, Горлівський район Прибережне — Одеська область, Білгород-Дністровський район Села: Прибережне — Автономна Республіка Крим, Євпаторійський район Прибережне — Автономна Республіка Крим, Феодосійський район Прибережне — Вінницька область, Вінницький район Прибережне — Житомирська область, Бердичівський район Залізниця: Прибережне — залізнична станція Кримської дирекції Придніпровської залізниці Прибережне — зупинний пункт Одеської дирекції Одеської залізниці
2380664	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Квітко Григорій Петрович	Квітко Григорій Петрович Григорій Петрович Квітко (19 січня 1897, с. Гіржове — 21 вересня 1961, м. Тернопіль) — український актор, режисер, діяч культури. Чоловік Сусанни Коваль. Життєпис Григорій Петрович народився 1897 року в селі Гіржове, Тираспольський повіт Херсонська губернія, нині Україна. 1912—1916 — коваль у м. Уральськ (нині РФ), де вступив у мандрівському українськму театр під керівництвом І. Сагатовського. Учасник Першої світової війни, воював на російсько-австрійському фронті (армія О. Брусилова), згодом — у загоні Г. Котовського. Від 1918 — у театрі при політвідділі губвійськкомату в м. Саратов (нині РФ). 1923—1925 навчався на режесерськім факультеті театрального інституту. Згодом — актор Одеського пересувного робото-селянського театру. 1926—1928 — співорганізатор, директор і актор новоствореного театру в м. Єлисаветград (нині Кропивницький), згодом — актор Дніпропетровського українського драматичного театру (роль Квазімодо, «Собор Паризької Богоматері» В. Ґюґо). Від 1929 — співорганізатор, директор, художній керівник і актор українського театру в м. Маріуполь (нині Донецька область), директор театру музичної комедії у м. Донецьк (1931—1933) і музично-драматичного театру «Кривбас» у м. Кривий Ріг, нині Дніпропетровська область (1933—1934), відправний керівник колективу українських акторів у м. Чкалів-Челябінськ (1934—1937, нині РФ), директор і режисер-постановщик Українського державного театру Казахської РСР (1937—1942, нині Казахстан). Від 1942 — в Червоній армії, 1944 — режисер ансамблю, директор Львівського театру естради та мініатюр (1945), директор і художній керівник Самбірського театру, 1948—1951 — головний режисер Стрийського театру (обидва — Львівська область). Від 1951 — директор Тернопільського обласного українського музично-драматичного театру, актор і режисер спектаклів, у творах «Безталанна» І. Карпенка-Карого (1951), «Весілля в Малинівці» Л. Юхвіда, «100 мільйонів» В. Собка (обидві — 1952, із Г. Авраменком) та інші. Від 1957 — директор Тернопільської обласної філармонії. Література Мельничук, Б. Квітко Григорій Петрович // Посилання Енциклопедія Сучасної України Уродженці Тираспольського повіту Актори Дніпровського українського драматичного театру
2452474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin%20Gortat	Marcin Gortat	Marcin Gortat Marcin Janusz Gortat (born February 17, 1984) also known as "The Polish Hammer" is a Polish former professional basketball player, and current player development and assistant coach at the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The , center is the son of boxer Janusz Gortat. He was drafted in the second round by the Phoenix Suns in the 2005 NBA draft and played for the Orlando Magic, Phoenix Suns, Washington Wizards, and Los Angeles Clippers. He retired from professional basketball in 2020. Early life and career As a child, Gortat participated in football and track and field, where he competed in the high jump. His father, Janusz Gortat, was a Polish boxer and a bronze medalist in the light heavyweight class during the Munich 1972 and Montreal 1976 Olympics, and his mother, Alicja Gortat, was a representative of the Poland national team in volleyball. He has an older brother, Robert, who is also a boxer. Gortat grew up in Łódź, Poland, together with his brother Filip. He graduated from Technical School in Łódź. Apart from Polish, he is fluent in English, German, and Serbian. Gortat is also a big Motorcycle Speedway supporter, often seen supporting Polish club Motor Lublin. He is also seen regularly at Speedway Grand Prix events, supporting his good friend, 4x World Champion Bartosz Zmarzlik. Gortat started his career with ŁKS Łódź, then played three seasons for RheinEnergie Cologne in Germany's Basketball Bundesliga, with whom he won the domestic championship in 2006 and played in the 2006–07 Euroleague season for the first time in the team's history. After being drafted 57th overall in the 2005 NBA draft by the Phoenix Suns (with his rights later traded to the Orlando Magic), Gortat elected to keep playing with Cologne in Germany until 2007. Gortat identifies as a Roman Catholic and has said that his faith gives him hope and inspires him. NBA career Orlando Magic (2007–2010) On August 2, 2007, Gortat signed with the Orlando Magic. On November 20, he was assigned to the Anaheim Arsenal of the NBA Development League. He was recalled from the D-League on December 2, and debuted for the Magic on March 1, 2008, against the New York Knicks. On April 16, 2008, in the Magic's last game of the 2007–08 season, little-used Gortat played 28 minutes and registered 12 points and 11 rebounds in a 103–83 Magic win over the Washington Wizards. On December 15, 2008, starting in place of the injured Dwight Howard, Gortat played 28 minutes and recorded 16 points and 13 rebounds in a 108–98 win over the Golden State Warriors. On April 13, 2009, again starting in place of Howard, Gortat played almost 43 minutes and topped his career high in rebounding with 18 rebounds and had 10 points. On April 30, 2009, Gortat made his first playoff start in Game 6 against the Philadelphia 76ers, replacing Howard, who was suspended because of his actions in game 5. He had 11 points and 15 rebounds as the Magic eliminated the 76ers 4–2. That Magic playoff run continued all the way to the NBA Finals, making Gortat the first Polish-born player to ever appear in the championship series. On July 8, 2009, Gortat, a restricted free agent, signed an offer sheet for five years and $34 million with the Dallas Mavericks. However, Orlando prevented Gortat from going to Dallas by matching the offer sheet on July 13, 2009. Gortat was said to be "very disappointed" to stay with the Magic, since continuing as backup to Dwight Howard would mean limited playing time, whereas playing for Dallas would likely have meant being the starting center. Phoenix Suns (2010–2013) On December 18, 2010, Gortat was traded to the Phoenix Suns along with Vince Carter, Mickaël Piétrus, a 2011 first-round draft pick (which would become Nikola Mirotić), and $3 million, in exchange for Jason Richardson, Earl Clark, and then-former Magic player and former teammate Hedo Türkoğlu. Due to Steve Nash wearing the #13 jersey, which was the number that Gortat had worn in Orlando and Poland, he decided to wear #4 for his tenure with the Suns. During his first season with the Suns, his numbers increased as his minutes grew, initially coming off the bench, then starting at center in place of Robin Lopez. During his time in Phoenix, Gortat continued to be known as "The Polish Hammer" a nickname originally given to him during his time with the Orlando Magic. During the lockout-shortened 2011–12 season, Gortat averaged 15.4 points and 10.0 rebounds per game. He was the only Suns player to start and play every game of the regular season. Gortat also joined the likes of former Magic teammate Dwight Howard, Andrew Bynum, and DeMarcus Cousins as the only centers to average a double-double that season. After the season ended, he was named to the Polish national basketball team for the FIBA EuroBasket 2013 qualification round. In the second game against Finland, he scored 27 points and grabbed 21 rebounds to help Poland qualify for 2013's FIBA Eurobasket tournament. On November 7, 2012, he scored 23 points, grabbed 10 rebounds, and had a career-best 7 blocks in a 117–110 victory against the Charlotte Bobcats. In late February, Gortat suffered a knee injury, and was left off the team for the rest of the season. Washington Wizards (2013–2018) On October 25, 2013, Gortat was traded, along with Shannon Brown, Malcolm Lee, and Kendall Marshall, to the Washington Wizards in exchange for Emeka Okafor and a 2014 protected first-round draft pick. On February 27, 2014, Gortat recorded a career-high 31 points and 12 rebounds in a 134–129 triple overtime win over the Toronto Raptors. On May 13, he recorded 31 points (his playoff career high) and 16 rebounds to help the Wizards avoid elimination in Game 5 of their second-round series with the Indiana Pacers. He became the first Wizards player with at least 30 points and 15 rebounds in a playoff game since Moses Malone in 1987. On July 10, 2014, Gortat re-signed with the Wizards to a reported five-year, $60 million contract. On December 28, 2015, Gortat was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played December 21–27, earning the honor for the first time in his career. On February 29, 2016, he scored 13 of his 18 points in the fourth quarter and grabbed a career-high 20 rebounds in the Wizards' 116–108 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. Los Angeles Clippers (2018–2019) On June 26, 2018, Gortat was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers in exchange for Austin Rivers. On January 5, 2019, Gortat recorded a double-double with 18 points and 13 rebounds during a 121–111 win over the Suns. On February 7, he was waived by the Clippers. On February 16, 2020, Gortat officially announced his retirement from basketball. Back to Washington Wizards as assistant coach In October 2022, he joined the Wizards as temporary assistant coach. Thanks to the Wizards, Gortat can bring Polish Heritage Night back to the NBA for the first time since retiring. The 9th edition of annually event will celebrate Polish heritage when Washington hosts the San Antonio Spurs with another Pole, Jeremy Sochan on the roster on March 24, 2023. Career statistics NBA Regular season \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 6 \|\| 0 \|\| 6.8 \|\| .471 \|\| \|\| .667 \|\| 2.7 \|\| .3 \|\| .2 \|\| .2 \|\| 3.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 63 \|\| 3 \|\| 12.6 \|\| .569 \|\| 1.000 \|\| .578 \|\| 4.6 \|\| .2 \|\| .3 \|\| .8 \|\| 3.8 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 81 \|\| 0 \|\| 13.4 \|\| .533 \|\| .000 \|\| .680 \|\| 4.2 \|\| .2 \|\| .2 \|\| .9 \|\| 3.6 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 25 \|\| 2 \|\| 15.8 \|\| .543 \|\| \|\| .667 \|\| 4.7 \|\| .7 \|\| .3 \|\| .8 \|\| 4.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| 55 \|\| 12 \|\| 29.7 \|\| .563 \|\| .250 \|\| .731 \|\| 9.3 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .5 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 13.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| style="background:#cfecec;"\| 66* \|\| style="background:#cfecec;"\| 66* \|\| 32.0 \|\| .555 \|\| .000 \|\| .649 \|\| 10.0 \|\| .9 \|\| .7 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 15.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| 61 \|\| 61 \|\| 30.8 \|\| .521 \|\| .000 \|\| .652 \|\| 8.5 \|\| 1.2 \|\| .7 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 11.1 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Washington \| 81 \|\| 80 \|\| 32.8 \|\| .542 \|\| 1.000 \|\| .686 \|\| 9.5 \|\| 1.7 \|\| .5 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 13.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Washington \| 82 \|\| style="background:#cfecec;"\| 82* \|\| 29.9 \|\| .566 \|\| .000 \|\| .703 \|\| 8.7 \|\| 1.2 \|\| .6 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 12.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Washington \| 75 \|\| 74 \|\| 30.1 \|\| .567 \|\| .000 \|\| .705 \|\| 9.9 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .6 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 13.5 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Washington \| style="background:#cfecec;"\| 82* \|\| style="background:#cfecec;"\| 82* \|\| 31.2 \|\| .579 \|\| .000 \|\| .648 \|\| 10.3 \|\| 1.5 \|\| .5 \|\| .7 \|\| 10.8 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Washington \| style="background:#cfecec;"\| 82* \|\| style="background:#cfecec;"\| 82* \|\| 25.3 \|\| .518 \|\| \|\| .675 \|\| 7.6 \|\| 1.8 \|\| .5 \|\| .7 \|\| 8.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Clippers \| 47 \|\| 43 \|\| 16.0 \|\| .532 \|\| \|\| .729 \|\| 5.6 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .1 \|\| .5 \|\| 5.0 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\|Career \| 806 \|\| 587 \|\| 25.7 \|\| .551 \|\| .150 \|\| .680 \|\| 8.0 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .5 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 9.9 Playoffs \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2008 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 8 \|\| 0 \|\| 6.0 \|\| .833 \|\| \|\| .000 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| .5 \|\| 1.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2009 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 24 \|\| 1 \|\| 11.3 \|\| .654 \|\| \|\| .625 \|\| 3.2 \|\| .1 \|\| .4 \|\| .6 \|\| 3.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2010 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Orlando \| 14 \|\| 0 \|\| 15.1 \|\| .654 \|\| \|\| .727 \|\| 4.4 \|\| .6 \|\| .2 \|\| .3 \|\| 3.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2014 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Washington \| 11 \|\| 11 \|\| 34.7 \|\| .429 \|\| \|\| .659 \|\| 9.9 \|\| 1.5 \|\| .5 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 13.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2015 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Washington \| 10 \|\| 10 \|\| 30.7 \|\| .628 \|\| \|\| .667 \|\| 8.8 \|\| 2.2 \|\| .6 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 12.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2017 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Washington \| 13 \|\| 13 \|\| 31.5 \|\| .505 \|\| \|\| .611 \|\| 11.0 \|\| 1.8 \|\| .4 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 8.1 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2018 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Washington \| 6 \|\| 6 \|\| 26.7 \|\| .558 \|\| \|\| .571 \|\| 6.3 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .0 \|\| .3 \|\| 8.7 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\|Career \| 86 \|\| 41 \|\| 20.8 \|\| .564 \|\| \|\| .650 \|\| 6.1 \|\| .9 \|\| .3 \|\| .8 \|\| 6.4 Euroleague \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2006–07 \| style="text-align:left;"\|RheinEnergie Cologne \| 14 \|\| 14 \|\| 27.7 \|\| .594 \|\| .500 \|\| .667 \|\| 5.6 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 10.4 \|\| 12.6 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\|Career \| 14 \|\| 14 \|\| 27.7 \|\| .594 \|\| .500 \|\| .667 \|\| 5.6 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 10.4 \|\| 12.6 See also List of NBA career field goal percentage leaders List of European basketball players in the United States References External links Euroleague.net profile 1984 births Living people Anaheim Arsenal players Centers (basketball) Köln 99ers players Los Angeles Clippers players NBA players from Poland Phoenix Suns draft picks Phoenix Suns players Polish expatriate basketball people in Germany Polish expatriate basketball people in the United States Polish men's basketball players Polish Roman Catholics Orlando Magic players Sportspeople from Łódź Washington Wizards players Washington Wizards assistant coaches
1062668	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%28%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%2C%202003%29	Даугава (Рига, 2003)	Даугава (Рига, 2003) «Даугава» (Рига) — латвійський футбольний клуб з Риги. Заснований 2003 року у Юрмалі під назвою «Юрмала». Сучасна назва з початку 2012 року, коли клуб переїхав до столиці. Історія назв 2003 — 2008: «Юрмала» (Юрмала) 2008 — 2012: «Юрмала-VV» (Юрмала) 2012 — 2015: «Даугава» (Рига) Рекорди клубу Найбільша перемога: 6:1 («Діттон», 2006), 5:0 («Олімп», 2007) Найбільша поразка: 0:10 («Вентспілс», 2007). Посилання Офіційний сайт клубу Футбольні клуби Латвії Футбольні клуби, засновані 2003 Юрмала Спортивні клуби Риги Футбольні клуби, розформовані 2015 2015 у латвійському спорті Засновані в Латвії 2003
2060758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnarok%20Online%202%3A%20The%20Gate%20of%20the%20World	Ragnarok Online 2: The Gate of the World	Ragnarok Online 2: The Gate of the World (alternatively subtitled Epic of the Light) was a massively multiplayer online role-playing game created by Gravity Corp. of South Korea and is the sequel to Ragnarok Online. Most of the game's universe is based on Norse mythology. After entering a closed beta testing phase in 2006 and continuing through 2010 in Korean open beta testing, the game was reworked multiple times due to its poor initial reception. The entire game was scrapped in 2010, and a new version, Ragnarok Online 2: Legend of the Second, was released two years later. The new iteration of Ragnarok Online 2 returns to the systems and mechanics of the original Ragnarok Online while keeping the 3D engine. Development Announcement The game was first announced at KAMEX (Korea Amuse World Expo) in November 2004. The first trailer of the game was shown during the expo, in which a novice boy and novice girl were running toward each other in an undisclosed 3D city environment. In September 2005, Gravity Corp. launched a major campaign to promote the game at the annual Tokyo Game Show. Attendees had the opportunity to play the game for the very first time at Gravity-hosted booths during the three-day event (September 16-18). Gravity released multiple gameplay videos to the public, as well as an animation video, during this time frame. Gravity Corp. launched the remake version of Ragnarok Online 2 and changed their slogan to Ragnarok Online 2: Legend of the Second. The original version of the game was closed in August 2010 and a new version of Ragnarok Online 2 was released in March 2012. Beta phases In December 2006, Gravity began accepting applications for the first closed beta test in South Korea. The first closed beta officially ended on December 29. Application to participate in this beta was made available for a week. Over 190,000 applications were submitted but only 2000 were chosen to participate for a period of three days (December 27-29). Due to several technical issues and server tweaking, the total testing time was only about 10 hours. According to an interview between the Korean newspaper Chosun Ilbo and developer Team Mercury, the main goal for the first closed beta was to test characters. They wanted to see how gamers would react to the overall feel of the game as well as whether character designs were accepted by them. For the second phase of the Korean closed beta, 3,000 users were automatically accepted upon registration and login via the website, with another 5,000 being selected before and on February 22, 2007. The original closed beta testers were also given access to phase two. Towards the end of this phase, a special event invited 10,000 additional players to join testing, leading to a total of 20,000 selected accounts. The third phase of the Korean closed beta ran from April 26 to May 5, 2007. It was open for 100,000 registered users as well as those players from the previous closed beta. In order to balance the large amounts of traffic, Gravity opened a second server at the start of the third phase. The final phase of testing was the Korean open beta running from May 28, 2007, to an unannounced date, where the final release of the game was expected right after. It was open to all Korean citizens with a Korean resident registration number and during the first week, the servers went through severe maintenance as each server quickly filled up. Several more servers were opened shortly after to fit the demand, including several age 18 and up only servers to accommodate those who wish to participate in a player versus player environment. The focus during open beta was game balance and mechanics. The game content was similar to the previous closed betas and was expected to see a greater release of content in the near future, but most likely after the game was to be released. In 2008, the Korean open beta had condensed its number of servers to just two. By this point, the game's population had also seen a dramatic decrease since it first opened in May 2007 – many areas in the game such as Hodemines and Prontera were usually found to be empty. Current status Changes in Gravity's leadership along with the game being poorly received in Korea during the open beta slowed development on Ragnarok Online 2. Gravity since reworked the entire game. The schedule for the launch of Ragnarok Online 2 was delayed to the fourth quarter of 2010, having originally been scheduled to launch in the first half of the year, but Gravity decided to postpone the launch in order to improve the game further. The company planned to start commercial service of Ragnarok Online II in Korea in the fourth quarter of 2010 followed later by the other territories where Gravity has already entered into license and distribution agreements. "The launch of Ragnarok Online II has been delayed on a number of occasions but we don't want to launch it before it is ready and want to ensure that it meets the expectations of our players as well as those of our own. We will continue to refine Ragnarok Online II and look forward to providing our users with a high-quality experience". - Mr. Toshiro Ohno, the President and CEO of Gravity. The game had been in beta testing since May 2007 and was consistently delayed until the announcement was made that the entire game would be rebuilt from the ground up as a true Ragnarok Online sequel. The remake has been named Ragnarok Online 2: Legend of the Second and Ragnarok Online 2: The Gate of the World's service was terminated on August 2, 2010. Plot The year 1000 L.C is approaching. One thousand years prior, a terrible destruction took place, and the world was saved by St. Lif. Roughly twenty years earlier, a destructive war took place between Normans of the east and west, but there has recently been peace. Strange things have begun happening, however; the dark wanderers Dimago have awoken, and the Ellr have left their land of Alfheim to investigate the Mother Tree's silence. Gameplay Specialty Job system Normans had the ability to freely change jobs out of combat and level each of the jobs independently; progress on a certain job was not lost when switching between jobs. This was accompanied by a flexible stat system where a majority of the stats were based on job so that players were not forced to select few jobs by their stat selection. The original Ragnarok Online had only a small amount of stats from jobs with most of them being decided by the player, forcing them along a certain build/playing style. In The Gate of the World, certain abilities were converted into a block and put onto that character's skill grid. This allowed Sword Mastery, a swordsman skill which increased damage dealt with blades, used to help level another class with a sword. Different abilities had different block shapes and sizes and not all abilities were shared. Special abilities were gained by leveling a character's job class, giving them the ability to create useful and original class combinations, such as battle mages and wares-selling thieves. There was a limit to how many special abilities could employ at a time. Characters started with fewer than 16 blocks, but gradually gained additional blocks as they leveled. Complex Job Change system The first Ragnarok Online featured a unique leveling system in which a character's base level and job level were leveled separately, but once a job was chosen, it could not be changed. Equipment leveling RO2 implemented a new system in which equipment could itself level up. This system allowed people to keep their favorite pieces of equipment because they continued to be useful instead of tossing them out when they became outdated. When an item reached enough experience to level up it did not instantly level up. It had to be taken first to a smith in a town and then to upgrade the weapon for a fee. While the class of weapon did not change, its attributes did. For instance a sword which was suited to combat classes favored spell-casting classes once it had leveled up. Equipment in RO2 was separated into two categories: leveling-type and non-leveling type. The leveling equipment types could gain experience and level up like the player, whereas the non-leveling type did not acquire any experience and did not level up at all. Races Ragnarok Online 2 introduces two new races, The Ellr and the Dimago. Each race has advantages to it that make it a viable choice when a new player is creating their character. Norman The Norman race has a human appearance and is the race that was played in RO1. They use the Job System, allowing them to switch their job at will and take advantage of specialty skills. The original appearance of the Norman, a very childish look, was re-designed for a more mature look. The race's name may likely be a reference to the historical Normans or Norsemen, given the game's focus on Norse mythology. It could also be a portmanteau of the words "normal" and "human". Ellr The Ellr are a half-breed, born between an interracial relationship between the Normans and the Elves. They inhabit their own land known as "Alfheim". After participating in the war between the eastern and western Normans, they returned to Alfheim, but have recently returned to Midgard to investigate why their "Mother Tree" fell silent. The power of an Ellr comes from the magical stones they possess, called "Stones of Ancestors". These stones influence their skills, and as such the Ellr has no professions or classes. They may only equip two stones at a time, however. The original model of the concept Ellr appeared as a super deformed art style. It was later redesigned to appear more normal in proportions, although still very childlike. Dimago The Dimago are the rejected offspring of a relationship between the Colossus and Norman. They have apparently been under an enchanted sleep, and have no memory of their previous lives. They "fight with style" and are able to make use of dynamic skill trees. The characters are designed to be 7-8 heads tall in height (that of an average human). This, compared to the Ellr, which are 2~3 heads tall, or the Normans, which are 4~6 heads tall, means that the Dimago are the tallest playable race in the game. References External links Korean Ragnarok 2 site Japanese Ragnarok 2 site Thailand Ragnarok 2 site Unreal Engine games Video games based on Norse mythology Video game sequels Video games developed in South Korea Video games scored by Yoko Kanno Windows games Windows-only games Massively multiplayer online role-playing games 2006 video games Asiasoft games
1886172	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%20%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85	Нассер Салех	Нассер Салех (Nasser Saleh) народився 19 грудня 1992 р. – іспанський актор, найбільш відомий в ролі Романа Лоренте (Román Lorente) в телевізійному серіалі Фізика чи хімія (Física o Química). Знімався також в номінованому на Оскар фільмі Б'ютифул (Biutiful) разом з відомим іспанським актором Хав'єром Бардемом (Javier Bardem). Вільно володіє іспанською та арабською мовами. Фільмографія Іспанські кіноактори Іспанські телеактори
48812379	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsi%20Dahlia	Kelsi Dahlia	Kelsi Dahlia Kelsi Worrell Dahlia (Worrell; born July 15, 1994) is a former American competitive swimmer specializing in butterfly and freestyle events. At the 2018 World Championships, Dahlia won nine total medals of which seven were gold medals. She qualified for the 2016 Rio Olympics in the 100-meter butterfly and won a gold medal in the 4 x 100-meter medley relay for swimming in the heats. As part of the International Swimming League she competes for the Cali Condors. Early life and education Born in Voorhees Township, New Jersey, Worrell grew up in Westampton Township, New Jersey where she swam for Jersey Storm Swimming and Tarnsfield Swim Club her whole childhood. She attended Rancocas Valley Regional High School in Mount Holly, where she graduated as part of the class of 2012. Career College As a senior at Louisville, she won the Honda Sports Award in the swimming & diving category in 2016. 2015 At the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, she won the gold medal in the 100-meter butterfly. Worrell held the American record in the 100-yard butterfly. At the NCAA finals in March 2015, she broke the 13-year-old record held by Natalie Coughlin, and became the first woman to break 50 seconds in the event. In March 2016, she improved her record to 49.43 s. At the Duel in the Pool meeting in December 2015, Worrell broke the world record in the 4×100 meter medley relay (short course) together with her teammates Courtney Bartholomew, Katie Meili, and Simone Manuel. 2016 Summer Olympics At the US Olympic Swimming Trials, Worrell placed first in the 100-meter butterfly and qualified for the US Olympic team. In Rio de Janeiro, Worrell placed 4th in the heats of the 100-meter butterfly but failed to qualify for the finals after finishing 9th in the semi-finals. She won a gold medal in the 4×100-meter medley relay for swimming in the prelims. 2018 World Swimming Championships At the 2018 World Swimming Championships in December in Hangzhou, China, Dahlia won a record nine medals at a FINA Championships meet, narrowly taking a lead in the gold medal count with seven medals over Caeleb Dressel who also won nine medals only with one less gold medal. International Swimming League In 2019 she was a member of the inaugural International Swimming League representing the Cali Condors, who finished third place in the final match in Las Vegas, Nevada in December. Dahlia won the 100-meter butterfly at the final beating world record holder Sarah Sjöström for the second time of the season. 2019 World Championships Dahlia won one gold and two silver medals competing for Team USA at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships. She swam the butterfly leg of the 4×100 meter medley final in which USA won gold with a world-record time of 3:50.40. She won silver for a preliminary heat in the 4×100 meter mixed medley and a silver in the 4×100 meter freestyle final, setting an American record with a time of 3:31.02. Retirement From Swimming In 2022 Dahlia announced her official retirement from the sport and now works an associate coach for the Notre Dame University swimming and diving team posting a thank you message on Instagram for all that swimming has contributed to her as a person both in an out of the pool. Awards and honors SwimSwam Top 100 (Women's): 2021 (#53), 2022 (#46) Personal life In 2017 Dahlia married her husband, Tom. She has 4 siblings: Jarrod, Kyle, Lindi, and Taylor who were and are also swimmers have all swam for Tarnsfield Swim Club. Her brother Kyle also swam for Louisville as well as qualified and competed in the 2021 U.S. Olympic Swimming Trials. References External links (archive) 1994 births Living people American female butterfly swimmers American female freestyle swimmers Sportspeople from Voorhees Township, New Jersey People from Westampton Township, New Jersey Rancocas Valley Regional High School alumni Sportspeople from Burlington County, New Jersey Swimmers from New Jersey Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics World record holders in swimming Louisville Cardinals women's swimmers Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming Swimmers at the 2015 Pan American Games Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States in swimming Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States in swimming
8336539	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Trout%20Lake	Big Trout Lake	Big Trout Lake is a large lake in Northern Ontario. The Fawn River fills it from the west and drains it from the east. The reserve of the Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation, also known as Big Trout Lake, is on Post Island near the northern shore. See also List of lakes in Ontario References Lakes of Kenora District
3430411	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%28%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29	Нікуліно (Гусь-Хрустальний район)	Нікуліно (Гусь-Хрустальний район) Нікуліно — присілок у Гусь-Хрустальному районі Владимирської області Російської Федерації. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Муніципальне утворення «Селище Анопіно». Населення становить 328 осіб (2010). Історія Присілок розташований на землях фіно-угорського народу мещери. Від 1929 року належить до Гусь-Хрустального району. Спочатку у складі Івановської промислової області, а від 19 серпня 1944 року — Владимирської області. Згідно із законом від 25 травня 2005 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Муніципальне утворення «Селище Анопіно». Населення Примітки Присілки Владимирської області Населені пункти Гусь-Хрустального району
92388	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20c	Cytochrome c	Cytochrome c The cytochrome complex, or cyt c, is a small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration. It transfers electrons between Complexes III (Coenzyme Q – Cyt c reductase) and IV (Cyt c oxidase). Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction as its iron atom converts between the ferrous and ferric forms, but does not bind oxygen. It also plays a major role in cell apoptosis. In humans, cytochrome c is encoded by the CYCS gene. Species distribution Cytochrome c is a highly conserved protein across the spectrum of eukaryotic species, found in plants, animals, fungi, and many unicellular organisms. This, along with its small size (molecular weight about 12,000 daltons), makes it useful in studies of cladistics. Cytochrome c has been studied for the glimpse it gives into evolutionary biology. Cytochrome c has a primary structure consisting of a chain of about 100 amino acids. Many higher-order organisms possess a chain of 104 amino acids. The sequence of cytochrome c in humans is identical to that of chimpanzees (our closest relatives), but differs from that of horses. Cytochrome c has an amino acid sequence that is highly conserved in eukaryotes, varying by only a few residues. In more than thirty species tested in one study, 34 of the 104 amino acids were conserved (identical at their characteristic position). For example, human cytochrome oxidase reacted with wheat cytochrome c, in vitro; which held true for all pairs of species tested. In addition, the redox potential of +0.25 volts is the same in all cytochrome c molecules studied. Structure Cytochrome c belongs to class I of the c-type cytochrome family and contains a characteristic CXXCH (cysteine-any-any-cysteine-histidine) amino acid motif that binds heme. This motif is located towards the N-terminus of the peptide chain and contains a histidine as the 5th ligand of the heme iron. The 6th ligand is provided by a methionine residue found towards the C-terminus. The protein backbone is folded into five α-helices that are numbered α1-α5 from N-terminus to C-terminus. Helices α3, α4 and α5 are referred to as 50s, 60s and 70s helices, respectively, when referring to mitochondrial cytochrome c. Heme c While most heme proteins are attached to the prosthetic group through iron ion ligation and tertiary interactions, the heme group of cytochrome c makes thioether bonds with two cysteine side chains of the protein. One of the main properties of heme c, which allows cytochrome c to have variety of functions, is its ability to have different reduction potentials in nature. This property determines the kinetics and thermodynamics of an electron transfer reaction. Dipole moment The dipole moment has an important role in orienting proteins to the proper directions and enhancing their abilities to bind to other molecules. The dipole moment of cytochrome c results from a cluster of negatively charged amino acid side chains at the "back" of the enzyme. Despite variations in the number of bound heme groups and variations in sequence, the dipole moment of vertebrate cytochromes c is remarkably conserved. For example, vertebrate cytochromes c all have a dipole moment of approximately 320 debye while cytochromes c of plants and insects have a dipole moment of approximately 340 debye. Function Electron transport chain Cytochrome c is an essential component of the respiratory electron transport chain in mitochondria. The heme group of cytochrome c accepts electrons from the bc Complex III and transports them to Complex IV, while it transfers energy in the opposite direction. Cytochrome c can also catalyze several redox reactions such as hydroxylation and aromatic oxidation, and shows peroxidase activity by oxidation of various electron donors such as 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2-keto-4-thiomethyl butyric acid and 4-aminoantipyrine. A bacterial cytochrome c functions as a nitrite reductase. Role in apoptosis Cytochrome c was also discovered in 1996 by Xiaodong Wang to have an intermediate role in apoptosis, a controlled form of cell death used to kill cells in the process of development or in response to infection or DNA damage. Cytochrome c binds to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus anchoring its presence and keeping it from releasing out of the mitochondria and initiating apoptosis. While the initial attraction between cardiolipin and cytochrome c is electrostatic due to the extreme positive charge on cytochrome c, the final interaction is hydrophobic, where a hydrophobic tail from cardiolipin inserts itself into the hydrophobic portion of cytochrome c. During the early phase of apoptosis, mitochondrial ROS production is stimulated, and cardiolipin is oxidized by a peroxidase function of the cardiolipin–cytochrome c complex. The hemoprotein is then detached from the mitochondrial inner membrane and can be extruded into the soluble cytoplasm through pores in the outer membrane. The sustained elevation in calcium levels precedes cyt c release from the mitochondria. The release of small amounts of cyt c leads to an interaction with the IP3 receptor (IP3R) on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing ER calcium release. The overall increase in calcium triggers a massive release of cyt c, which then acts in the positive feedback loop to maintain ER calcium release through the IP3Rs. This explains how the ER calcium release can reach cytotoxic levels. This release of cytochrome c in turn activates caspase 9, a cysteine protease. Caspase 9 can then go on to activate caspase 3 and caspase 7, which are responsible for destroying the cell from within. Inhibition of apoptosis One of the ways cell apoptosis is activated is by release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into cytosol. A study has shown that cells are able to protect themselves from apoptosis by blocking the release of cytochrome c using Bcl-xL. Another way that cells can control apoptosis is by phosphorylation of Tyr48, which would turn cytochrome c into an anti-apoptotic switch. As an antioxidative enzyme In addition to its well-known roles in the electron transport chain and cell apoptosis, according to a recent study cytochrome c can also act as an antioxidative enzyme in the mitochondria; it does so by removing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (HO) from mitochondria. Therefore, not only is cytochrome c required in the mitochondria for cellular respiration, but it is also needed in the mitochondria to limit the production of and . Extramitochondrial localisation Cytochrome c is widely believed to be localised solely in the mitochondrial intermembrane space under normal physiological conditions. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, where it activates the caspase family of proteases, is believed to be the primary trigger leading to the onset of apoptosis. Measuring the amount of cytochrome c leaking from mitochondria to cytosol, and out of the cell to culture medium, is a sensitive method to monitor the degree of apoptosis. However, detailed immuno-electronmicroscopic studies with rat tissues sections employing cytochrome c specific antibodies provide compelling evidence that cytochrome c under normal cellular conditions is also present at extramitochondrial locations. In pancreatic acinar cells and the anterior pituitary, strong and specific presence of cytochrome c was detected in zymogen granules and in growth hormone granules, respectively. In the pancreas, cytochrome c was also found in condensing vacuoles and in the acinar lumen. The extramitochondrial localisation of cytochrome c was shown to be specific as it was completely abolished upon adsorption of the primary antibody with purified cytochrome c. Besides cytochrome c, extramitochondrial localisation has also been observed for large numbers of other proteins including those encoded by mitochondrial DNA. This raises the possibility of the existence of yet-unidentified specific mechanisms for protein translocation from mitochondria to other cellular destinations. Applications Superoxide detection Cytochrome c has been used to detect peroxide production in biological systems. As superoxide is produced, the number of oxidised cytochrome c3+ increases, and reduced cytochrome c2+ decreases. However, superoxide is often produced with nitric oxide. In the presence of nitric oxide, the reduction of cytochrome c3+ is inhibited. This leads to the oxidisation of cytochrome c to cytochrome c by peroxynitrous acid, an intermediate made through the reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide. Presence of peroxynitrite or HO and nitrogen dioxide NO in the mitochondria can be lethal since they nitrate tyrosine residues of cytochrome c, which leads to disruption of cytochrome c's function as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain. As an enzyme for Catalytic Activity Cytochrome C has also been widely studied as an enzyme with peroxidase-like activity. Cytochrome C was conjugated to charged polymer to test its peroxidase-like activity. Inspired from natural examples of enzyme encapsulation in protein-based cage structures (Example: Carboxysomes, Ferritin and Encapsulin), Cytochrome C was encapsulated in a 9 nm small self-assembling DNA binding protein from nutrient starved cells (Dps) protein cage using chimeric self-assembly approach. Authors observed unique catalytic activity behavior upon encapsulating enzyme inside a protein-cage, which was different from enzyme in solution. This was attributed to local microenvironment provided by Dps nanocage's interior cavity which is different than bulk. See also Cytochrome c oxidase Methanol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) References Further reading External links The Cytochrome c Protein Apoptosis & Caspase 3 – PMAP The Proteolysis Map-animation Cellular respiration Cytochromes Programmed cell death Peripheral membrane proteins Moonlighting proteins
1817474	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%20%D1%96%20%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B0	Тельма і Луїза	Тельма і Луїза «Тельма і Луїза» — американський фільм 1991 року. Сюжет Дві подруги, Тельма Дікінсон і Луїза Сойєр, вирушають на вихідні до рибальського будиночка в горах, щоб відпочити від нудного життя в Арканзасі. Домогосподарка Тельма одружена з нешанобливим і контрольованим продавцем килимів Деррілом, а гостра на язик Луїза працює офіціанткою в закусочній і зустрічається з легким на підйом музикантом Джиммі, який більшість часу проводить у роз'їздах. Дорогою вони зупиняються в придорожньому барі, де Тельма танцює з кокетливим незнайомцем Харланом Пакеттом. Він відводить її на автостоянку і намагається зґвалтувати, аж поки не втручається Луїза і не погрожує застрелити його. Коли жінки відходять, Харлан кричить, що мав би продовжити зґвалтування, і Луїза в пориві гніву стріляє в нього, що спричиняє смерть. Обидві жінки одразу ж їдуть геть. У мотелі вони обговорюють, як вчинити в цій ситуації. Тельма хоче піти в поліцію, але Луїза боїться, що ніхто не повірить у заяву про спробу зґвалтування, оскільки Тельма випивала і танцювала з Харланом, до того ж у них немає доказів зґвалтування; їм загрожувало б звинувачення у вбивстві. Вони вирішують тікати до Мексики, але Луїза вимагає, щоб вони їхали туди, оминаючи Техас, оскільки там з нею щось сталося кілька років тому, про що вона відмовляється розповідати. Прямуючи на захід, вони зустрічають привабливого молодого волоцюгу Джей-Ді, який подобається Тельмі. Луїза зв'язується з Джиммі й просить його переказати їй усі свої заощадження. Він робить їй сюрприз, доставляючи гроші особисто, і вони проводять ніч разом. Джиммі освідчується Луїзі, але вона відмовляється. У мотелі Джей-Ді проникає до кімнати Тельми, і вони сплять разом. Вона дізнається, що він — засуджений за озброєне пограбування, який порушив умови умовно-дострокового звільнення. Наступного ранку жінки виявляють, що Джей-Ді вкрав заощадження Луїзи й втік. Луїза розгублена, тож винна Тельма бере на себе відповідальність і згодом грабує сусідній магазин, використовуючи тактику, якої навчилася у Джей-Ді. Тим часом ФБР вистежує дует після того, як свідки в барі впізнають кабріолет "Ford Thunderbird" 1966 року випуску, на якому їхала Луїза. На чолі зі слідчим поліції штату Арканзас Гелом Слокумом поліція прослуховує телефонну лінію в будинку Дерріла. Він співчуває подружжю і розуміє, чому вони не повідомили про вбивство Харлана. Під час кількох коротких телефонних розмов з Луїзою Гел висловлює своє занепокоєння і розповідає їй, що знає про те, що сталося з нею в Техасі, але йому не вдається переконати її здатися. Тельма каже Луїзі, що не повернеться до Дерріла, і запитує подругу, чи не має вона наміру укласти угоду з поліцією, щоб вона могла повернутися до Джиммі. Луїза відкидає думку про зраду подруги й обіцяє Тельмі, що вони продовжать шлях разом. Дорогою Тельма згадує інцидент з Харланом і намагається розпитати Луїзу, чи не трапилося з нею чогось подібного в Техасі. Луїза сердито відповідає і просить Тельму більше ніколи не згадувати про це. Пізніше їх зупиняє поліцейський штату Нью-Мексико за перевищення швидкості. Знаючи, що незабаром він дізнається, що їх розшукують за вбивство і збройне пограбування, Тельма тримає його під дулом пістолета і замикає в багажнику його поліцейської машини. Їдучи далі на захід, вони зустрічають нецензурно висловлюваного водія вантажівки, який неодноразово показує їм непристойні жести. Вони зупиняються і вимагають від нього вибачень; коли він відмовляється, вони стріляють у його бензовоз, внаслідок чого той вибухає. Жінки залишають його з уламками в пустелі. Нарешті Тельма і Луїза опиняються в кутку, загнані владою всього за сотню метрів від краю Великого каньйону. На місце події прибуває Гел, але жінки відмовляються від його останньої спроби вмовити їх здатися. Замість того, щоб потрапити в полон, Тельма пропонує їм "продовжувати йти". Луїза запитує Тельму, чи вона впевнена, і Тельма відповідає "так". Вони цілуються, а потім беруться за руки. Луїза натискає на газ, і поки Хел відчайдушно переслідує їх пішки, вони мчать над урвищем назустріч смерті. У ролях Примітки Посилання Фільми англійською мовою Кінокомедії США Фільми-драми США Кримінальні фільми США Кінокомедії Франції Фільми-драми Франції Кримінальні фільми Франції Фільми Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Дорожні фільми Фільми Рідлі Скотта Фільми США 1991 Фільми, дія яких відбувається в пустелі Фільми про жіночу дружбу Фільми про Нью-Мексико Фільми про Аризону Фільми, зняті в Юті Фільми, зняті в Каліфорнії Національний реєстр фільмів
2994469	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%29	Південно-Західний регіон (Камерун)	Південно-Західний регіон (Камерун) Південно-Західний регіон (до 2008 року — Південно-Західна провінція) — регіон у західній частині Камеруну, до 1961 року був частиною Південного Камеруну (частина Британського Камеруну). Адміністративний центр — місто Буеа. Є одним з двох англомовних регіонів країни. Серед населення регіону присутні сепаратистські настрої проти французького панування в країні. Географія Регіон межує з Північно-Західним, Західним, Прибережним регіонами країни, й Нігерією. З півдня омивається затокою Біафра. Адміністративний поділ Регіон поділяється на 6 департаментів: Регіони Камеруну
3424750	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%20%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0	Удар скорпіона	Удар скорпіона — футбольний фінт, — відбиття м'яча голкіпером (або польовим гравцем) п'ятами в стрибку. Свою назву отримав за схожість з атакою скорпіона, що вражає свою жертву. Автором і першим виконавцем цього футбольного прийому вважається колумбійський воротар Рене Ігіта. Перша демонстрація сейв у матчі і реакція на нього 6 вересня 1995 року на 21-й хвилині першого тайму товариського матчу зі збірною Англії колумбійський голкіпер Рене Ігіта (на прізвисько «Божевільний») на стадіоні «Вемблі» вперше в реальному футбольному матчі продемонстрував сейв у присутності близько 16 000 англійців і близько 4000 колумбійців. Один з британських футболістів затримався у штрафному майданчику збірної Колумбії і потрапив в офсайд. Боковий суддя побачив це і вже готувався підняти прапор (за іншою версією він навіть підійняв прапор, але рефері його не помітив), але м'яч в цей час злетів з ноги Джеймі Реднаппа і полетів не в бік футболіста, який перебував у положенні поза грою, а прямо у ворота Ігіти. Побачивши м'яч, воротар відступив на кілька кроків, щоб не втратити його з поля зору. Потім він склав тіло, ніби імітуючи скорпіона, намагається вдарити жалом жертву. Голкіпер дозволив м'ячу пройти над собою, а потім несподівано відбив його ударом підошов своїх бутс. Падаючи, він вперся руками в землю. За твердженням журналістів, Ігіта чудово розумів, що любителі футболу оцінять і розрекламують сейв. «Удар скорпіона» багаторазово транслювався по телебаченню, а в пресі з'явилися цілі статті, які детально розбирали цей технічний прийом. Воротарі різних команд пізніше повторювали сейв Ігіти. Преса повідомляла про удар скорпіона у виконанні воротаря бразильського клубу «Сан-Паулу» Сідау в товариському матчі між друзями Роналдінью і зірками бразильського чемпіонату. У 2008 році «удар скорпіона» був названий найкращим в історії футболу фінтом за підсумками опитування англійської порталу футбольного інвентарю Footy Boots і широко розтиражований англійською пресою. Британський журнал «Спорт» поставив сейв Ігіти на 93-е місце серед найвизначніших подій в історії спорту. Під час свого прощального матчу Дієго Марадона, щоб ще раз побачити феноменальний стрибок, спеціально підіграв Ігіті, дозволивши йому повторити фінт через роки. Суперечки щодо авторства фінту Кореспондент колумбійської газети El Tiempo Пабло Ромеро стверджував, що вперше Ігіта побачив удар скорпіона, коли його показали в 1990 році в рекламі безалкогольних напоїв «Frutiño». Ігіта, за його словами, відпрацьовував удар протягом п'яти років. «Люди думають, що Ігіта винайшов сейв в день на „Вемблі“, але ні, він тренував його щодня, говорив нам, що збирається використовувати сейв у грі, коли зможе. Він зробив це через свою індивідуальність, тому що це ризиковано. Сейв був увічнений цим. Не те щоб це було щось очікуване, але ми знали, що це може відбутися в будь-який час», — розповідав колишній гравець колумбійської збірної Віктор Арістісабаль. Аристісабаль сам 30 травня 1993 року забив такий гол у грі проти Чилі. Парагвайський футболіст Роберто Кабаньяс забив гол скорпіона, коли грав в американському клубі «Нью-Йорк Космос» в 1983 році. Набагато раніше, в 70-х роках, німецький воротар Зепп Майєр вже демонстрував удар скорпіона, але робив це не в офіційному матчі, а на тренуваннях. 2012 року мексиканець Уго Санчес заявив, що винайшов фінт, граючи за мадридський «Реал», але так і не зміг продемонструвати його в матчі. Він назвав прийом «ударом мула». «Я дякую Ігіті, який зробив цей прийом відомим, я його винайшов», — заявив Санчес. Офіційний сайт Південноамериканської конфедерації футболу називає автором футбольного фінта парагвайського нападника Арсеніо Еріко, який виконав його у серпні 1934 року в матчі «Індепендьєнте» проти клубу «Бока Хуніорс» у чемпіонаті Аргентини. Фінт отримав тоді в латиноамериканському футболі назву «гойдалки». Парагвайський журналіст Альберто Кандія склав список тих футболістів, хто повторив фінт слідом за Арсенио Еріко. Серед інших в ньому присутній Альфредо ді Стефано.Футболісти, які претендують на авторство удару скорпіона Примітки Література Футбольна термінологія
5268030	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0	Акроса	Акроса, Акроза, Акросак, Акросакес, Акросандр — цар Малої Скіфії у другій половині I тисячоліття до н. е. Про скіфського царя Акроса відомо тільки з нумізматичного матеріалу, викарбуваного греками на монетному дворі в Томах. Відомості про цього правителя епіграфічні джерела не містять. На аверсі одного типу його бронзових монет зображені голови Діоскурів у шапках із лавровими вінками, на реверсі — протоми їхніх коней. На інших представлені Деметра та Кора у покривалах з вінками з лаврів та колосся. На третіх — Зевс, також у лавровому вінку, і ріг достатку. На думку М. Манова, відомі шість типів монет Акроси. Радянський дослідник Л. Тарасюк зазначив, що йдеться про скорочення повного імені «Акросак», яке представляє складне слово, в якому чітко зрозуміла лише його друга половина. Пояснення ж першої може бути дано лише за певних припущень. Так, akro може сягати іранського ugra — «сильний». Можливо, що йдеться про авестійське agra — «перший», «вищий». Не виключено, що ім'я Акросака було пов'язане зі скіфським apra — «водна глибина». Греки, що випускали монети, могли дещо змінити звучання першої частини імені, не розуміючи її сенсу, значення ж другої їм було добре відомо. Юрій Виноградов можливість скорочення імені не виключив, але зазначив, що дотримується традиційного прочитання імені як Акроса. Олексій Орєшніков погодився з Д.. Такелою, що датував монети цього правителя серединою, а В. Канараке заявив про початок ІІІ століття до н. е. Михайло Ростовцев та І. Лазаренко ж порахували, що їх випустили в наступному столітті. С. Андрух вважає, що попередником Акросака був Саріак, а наступником — Харасп. Валентин Янін заявив, що за загальноприйнятою послідовністю перед Акросаком правив Харасп, а після — Ейлій. На думку Канареке, Акросак панував за Канітом і за ним самим — Саріак, а В. О. Кнехтел назвав, відповідно, імена Хараспа та Саріака. Література Андрух С. И. Нижнедунайская Скифия в VI—начале I в. до н. э. (Этно-политический аспект). — Запорожье, 1995. С. 105, 117, 118, 119, 120, 125, 126, 130—131, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139, 144, 145, 146, 157. Янин В. Л. Нумизматические исследования по истории Юго-Восточной Европы. — Кишинев, 1990. С. 84. Лазаренко И. Скитите в Тракия (VII в. пр. н. е. — I в. от н. е.). Част 1. Писмени извори за скити в Тракия. — Варна, 2015. С. 186, 192, 195, 207, 242, 245. Манов М. Скифские цари в Добрудже // SCRIPTA ANTIQUA. Вопросы древней истории, филологии, искусства и материальной культуры. 2015. Т. 4. С. 424, 429, 430, 433. Тарасюк Л. И. Имена царей Малой Скифии на монетах из Добруджи // КСИИМК АН СССР. 1956. Вып. 63. С. 22, 25-27, 28. Виноградов Ю. Г. Политическая история Ольвийского полиса VII—I вв. до н. э. Историко-эпиграфическое исследование. — М., 1989. С. 232. Блаватская Т. В. Греки и скифы в Западном Причерноморье (доклад, прочитанный в секторе древней истории Института истории АН СССР 27 мая 1947 г.) // Вестник Древней истории. 1948. № 1 (23). С. 210. Скіфські царі
2421834	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD	Рольсгаузен	Рольсгаузен — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Нижня Саксонія. Входить до складу району Геттінген. Складова частина об'єднання громад Гібольдегаузен. Площа — 11,68 км2. Населення становить ос. (станом на ). Галерея Примітки Посилання Офіційний сайт Громади Нижньої Саксонії
27064159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednje%20Gameljne	Srednje Gameljne	Srednje Gameljne lies north of the capital Ljubljana in central Slovenia. It belongs to the City Municipality of Ljubljana. It is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region. Geography Srednje Gameljne is a ribbon village along the road from Šmartno to Črnuče along Gameljščica Creek and the southwest slope of Rašica Hill, where new residential housing was built in the 20th century. The soil is loamy. Name The name Srednje Gameljne means 'middle Gameljne', distinguishing the settlement from Zgornje Gameljne 'upper Gameljne' and Spodnje Gameljne 'lower Gameljne'. The settlement was attested in written sources in 1260 as Gemlein (and as Gemleyn in 1295, Gaͤmelein in 1338, and von Mitteren Gamling in 1450). The name developed via dialect pronunciation from the older form Gamljine—also a plural, probably reflecting the fact that there have been three such settlements since at least the mid-15th century. The name is probably based on a form such as Gamľa (vьsь) 'Gamъ's (village)', referring to some early inhabitant of the place. Church The local church is dedicated to Saint Andrew and belongs to the Parish of Šmartno pod Šmarno Goro. It dates to the second half of the 18th century. References External links Srednje Gameljne on Geopedia Localities of Ljubljana Šmarna Gora District
4742648	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%20%28%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%29	Університетська площа (Гайдельберг)	Університетська площа (Гайдельберг) Університетська площа (раніше Paradeplatz, Ludwigsplatz, з 1928 Universitätsplatz, 1937–1945 Langemarckplatz) — площа в Старому місті Гайдельберга. Вулиця Гауптштрасе проходить уздовж північної сторони площі, провулок Грабенгассе, який позначає лінію перших міських укріплень, проходить уздовж західної її сторони. Зі сходу та півдня площа межує з будівлями Гайдельберзького університету, які й дали назву площі. Історія На місці нинішньої площі стояв монастир августинців, перша згадка про який датується 1279 роком. У 1518 році в монастирі зупинявся Мартін Лютер, який публічно відстоював свої тези в Гайдельберзькому диспуті. З наверненням курфюрста Фрідріха III до кальвінізму та подальшої Реформації Пфальцу, монастир було розпущено та перетворено на колледж. Під час Пфальцської війни за спадщину будівлі були зруйновані в 1693 році і більше не відновлювалися. На початку XVIII століття руїни монастиря були знесені до висоти 1,70 м, кімнати засипані і на його місці створена рівна площа. Курфюрст Карл Теодор придбав це місце в 1753 році і перетворив його на парадну площу під назвою Парадеплац. Приблизно з 1830 року вона називалася Ludwigsplatz (на честь великого герцога Людвіга I). У 1901 році посеред площі встановлено бронзовий кінний пам'ятник кайзеру Вільгельму I. Це була копія статуї, створеної Адольфом Дондорфом для Штутгарта. 4 травня 1918 року статуя була розібрана і переплавлена. З 1928 року площа називалася Universitätsplatz. У 1937 році площа була перейменована на Лангемаркплац (на честь міфу про Лангемарка) на прохання лідера студентів Рейху. 17 травня та 16 липеня 1933 року студенти спалили на університетській площі «марксистські та ненімецькі твори». З 1945 року площа знову називається Universitätsplatz. У 1978 році вона була перепланована і, як і Гауптштрасе, стала пішохідною зоною. Сьогоднішній стан Площа вимощена бруківкою. На ній знаходяться дві квадратні групи дерев та декілька стовпів для афіш. Пам’ятні дошки, встановлені на бруківці, вшановують диспут Лютера в 1518 році та спалення книг у 1933 році. На півночі знаходиться будівля Старого університету, побудована з 1712 по 1735 рік. Навпроти нього на південному краю площі знаходиться будівля Нового університету, яка була зведена в 1930-х роках на місці так званого Коллегієнгауза. Перед головним входом в Старий університет знаходиться фонтан Лева, який раніше відігравав важливу роль у водопостачанні міста. Фонтан увінчаний статуєю лева, геральдичної тварини Курпфальцу. Автобусна зупинка на Університетській площі є важливим транспортним вузлом, особливо для студентів (зокрема, для гуманітаріїв, які займаються у старому місті), а також для туристів, які можуть швидко дістатися звідти багатьох пам’яток. Влітку біля прилеглих ресторанів зазвичай працюють вуличні кафе. Площа регулярно використовується для таких заходів, як Гейдельберзькі дні літератури або різдвяний ярмарок. Веб-посилання Місто Гейдельберг: Університетська площа Гейдельберзький маркетинг: Університетська площа Примітки Вулиці Гайдельберга Площі
3147104	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0	Індіанола	Індіанола Індіанола — місто, штат Айова Індіанола — місто, штат Міссісіпі Індіанола — місто, штат Небраска Індіанола — місто в окрузі Піттсбург, штат Оклахома Індіанола — селище, штат Іллінойс Індіанола — переписна місцевість в окрузі Гумбольдт, штат Каліфорнія Індіанола — переписна місцевість в окрузі Делавер, штат Оклахома Індіанола — переписна місцевість, штат Вашингтон
1498138	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Macari	Lou Macari	Lou Macari Luigi Macari (born 7 June 1949) is a Scottish former footballer and manager. He began his playing career at Celtic where he was one of the Quality Street Gang, the outstanding reserve team that emerged in the late 1960s that also included Kenny Dalglish and Danny McGrain. He is best known for his time at Manchester United, where he played over 400 games. He helped them win promotion back to the First Division and then played in their FA Cup win of 1977. He then finished his playing career at Swindon Town. Macari was the manager of Swindon, West Ham United, Birmingham City, Stoke City (two spells), Celtic and Huddersfield Town. Playing career Celtic Lou Macari was the only child of Margaret and Albert; he was born in Edinburgh, and spent the first year of his life with his family in the village of Newtongrange, before the family moved to London. His father was in the catering industry, and had represented the British Army at football. The family moved to Largs in North Ayrshire when Macari was aged nine. He was spotted playing for Ayrshire county by Celtic, and signed schoolboy forms for the club at the age of 16. He turned professional at the club in 1968, on wages of £15 a week. Macari quickly became part of the renowned reserve side known as the Quality Street Gang that also included Kenny Dalglish, Danny McGrain and David Hay. In August 1968, Celtic Reserves needed to defeat Partick Thistle Reserves by at least seven goals to win their Reserve League Cup section over Rangers Reserves. Celtic won 12–0, with Macari scoring four goals. Macari scored 91 goals in two seasons for the reserves and in occasional first team games, having broken through into the Celtic first team in 1970. In 1971, he replaced Willie Wallace in the starting line up for the replay of the 1971 Scottish Cup Final, and scored for Celtic in a 2–1 win over Rangers. Manchester United After a promising start to his playing career with Celtic, he moved south of the border in 1973 for £200,000 to sign for Manchester United, where he spent the bulk of his playing career. During his time with Celtic he had scored 57 goals in 100 appearances since making his first team debut in 1970. He won three League titles and two Scottish Cups in his time at Celtic. His first game for Manchester United came in January 1973 against West Ham United in which he scored a point-saving goal in a 2–2 draw. In 1977, his deflected shot off teammate Jimmy Greenhoff won Manchester United the FA Cup final against Liverpool (and ultimately denied Liverpool the European treble). He made 400 appearances for the club, scoring 98 goals. Macari's early career at Old Trafford was spent trying to lead an attack that struggled to achieve anything. Relegation to the Second division in 1974 was the low point but Macari blossomed as a midfielder in the following seasons under Tommy Docherty, as United began to win back a large following with attacking football in which Macari enjoyed popularity alongside players such as Gordon Hill, Steve Coppell and the Greenhoff brothers. Macari helped United win the Second Division title in 1975. They finished third on their return to the top flight and were runners-up in the FA Cup before going one better and lifting the trophy a year later. He was on the losing side in the 1979 final against Arsenal, and also played in a string of European campaigns during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Scotland Macari won two Scotland Under 23 caps in early 1972, before making his debut for the full Scotland national team in May 1972 against Wales. He was a member of the Scotland squad for the 1978 World Cup tournament in Argentina. However, he attracted widespread criticism when it emerged that he had led complaints that the £20,000 bonuses the players would receive if they won the World Cup were too low, then made extra money by selling stories to the press about the disarray and tensions within the Scottish camp. As it turned out, the Scotland team lost their first match to Peru, and drew with Iran. They beat the Netherlands 3–2 but this was insufficient to proceed in the tournament and the Scotland squad returned home without qualifying for the knock-out stage. Macari and his team-mates did not receive the bonuses which were the subject of contention. He won a total of 24 senior caps, scoring five international goals. Management career After leaving Manchester United in 1984, he managed Swindon Town, West Ham United, Stoke City (twice), Celtic, Birmingham City and Huddersfield Town. As a manager Macari insisted upon a strict fitness regime, which included extra sessions in the players' free time and the banning of alcohol in and around the club. Swindon Town His successes in management came with two promotions at Swindon Town (Fourth Division champions in 1986 and Third Division play-off winners in 1987). Harry Gregg, Swindon's assistant manager, did not like the style of play implemented by Macari. The divide between Macari and Gregg became more noticeable, so the board chaired by Maurice Earle sacked both of them on Good Friday, 5 April 1985. Macari was then reinstated as manager on 10 April 1985 after a fan-led protest, Swindon then went unbeaten for their next six games, winning, four, and Macari won the Manager of the Month award. The following season, 1985–86 saw Macari collect four Manager of the Month awards as he led Swindon to the Division 4 title with a record-breaking 102-point tally. A second consecutive promotion was achieved in 1987 with a play-off final victory over Gillingham at Selhurst Park. In 1989, Macari was fined £1,000 by the Football Association after he bet on Swindon to lose an FA Cup tie against Newcastle United. In 1992, he was tried and acquitted for tax fraud which took place while he was Swindon's manager; the club's then chairman was found guilty. West Ham United His achievements at Swindon earned Macari a move to West Ham United in 1989–90, becoming the first manager there never to have worked for the club in a previous capacity. Macari was given the job on 3 July 1989. He had a reputation for discipline and tried to change the training and dietary habits of the players. This met with some disapproval within the playing ranks. Macari bought in new recruits in future regular players, Luděk Mikloško, Trevor Morley, Martin Allen, and Ian Bishop. His team struggled to make much headway towards promotion and by the end of 1989 were in tenth place in The Second Division. They were also knocked out of the FA Cup by Torquay United on 6 January 1990 in the Third Round. Shortly after this it emerged that Macari was being investigated for betting irregularities whilst at his former club, Swindon Town. He left on 18 February 1990. Birmingham City Macari was appointed as manager at Birmingham City in February 1991. He guided the Blues to a 3–2 victory over Tranmere Rovers in the 1991 Football League Trophy Final. Stoke City On 18 June 1991 Macari was appointed manager at Stoke City. Stoke at the time had just finished in their lowest league position and Macari had the task to turn around the fortunes of the club. He brought in Steve Foley (£50,000 from Swindon Town), Vince Overson (£55,000 from Birmingham City), Ronnie Sinclair (£25,000 from Bristol City) and forward Mark Stein from Oxford United for what turned out to be a bargain £100,000. Stoke in 1991–92 were in the hunt for automatic promotion all season eventually having to settle for a play-off place where they came up against Stockport County. The first leg at Edgeley Park saw County win 1–0 thanks to a free-kick from Lee Todd after Carl Beeston had been sent-off and in the second leg Stoke went behind in the first minute and despite Stein pulling one back Stoke went out 2–1 on aggregate. Just days after losing to Stockport in the play-offs, they met again in the 1992 Football League Trophy Final where Stoke won 1–0. The 1992–93 season saw Stoke win the Second Division title after amassing 93 points and also went on a club record unbeaten run of 25 games. Celtic In October 1993, Macari left Stoke City and returned to Scotland to manage Celtic. Despite defeating Rangers 2–1 at Ibrox in his first match, his time at Celtic Park was unsuccessful. Macari made several moves in the transfer market – none of them particularly successful. Gerry Creaney, one of the few consistent goalscorers at Celtic at that time, was played out of position on the right-wing for several weeks before being sold to Portsmouth for £600,000. Striker Willie Falconer was signed from Sheffield United, right-back Lee Martin and goalkeeper Carl Muggleton came north from England, and in what is considered one of Macari's poorest moves, Andy Payton moved to Barnsley in a part-exchange deal for journeyman striker Wayne Biggins. A miserable 4–2 defeat by Rangers in the New Year fixture at Parkhead left Celtic languishing in the league. An early Scottish Cup exit in January 1994 at Motherwell sealed another dismal season for Celtic. Fergus McCann took over as owner of Celtic in March 1994 and duly sacked Macari three months later. Return to Stoke City Macari returned to Stoke in September 1994. Stoke finished in a mid-table position of 11th in 1994–95 before the partnership of Mike Sheron and Simon Sturridge in 1995–96 produced 29 goals and earned Stoke a place in the play-offs. Stoke's opponents in the play-offs were Martin O'Neill's Leicester City whom Stoke had already beaten twice in the league. The first leg at Filbert Street ended 0–0. In the second leg, Stoke produced a poor performance and Leicester scored the only goal, Garry Parker's left-foot volley ended Stoke's hopes of promotion. The 1996–97 campaign saw Stoke play their final season at the Victoria Ground which ended with a mid-table finish of 12th. Macari announced he was leaving at the end of the season which was a surprise but he was 'stripped of his duties' before he left and later launched a lawsuit against Peter Coates for wrongful dismissal. Huddersfield Town Macari returned to management in 2000 with Huddersfield Town who were in relegation trouble after a poor start to the season. He could not prevent them from being relegated from Division One at the end of the 2000–01 campaign. Macari managed to steady the ship in 2001–02 and lead the club into the Second Division play-offs as the Terriers looked to bounce straight back up. However they were defeated by Brentford in the semi-finals. Macari's contract was not renewed for the next season with Huddersfield's board stating his defensive style of football as the reason. This was to be Macari's last managerial role and despite being linked with various positions since has not ventured back into management. Post-retirement Macari currently lives in Stoke-on-Trent and works as a pundit for MUTV on several shows. He is a regular guest on Match Day Live before Manchester United home and away games. As well as phone-in shows such as Wednesday Night Phone-in he occasionally does punditry for Sky Sports, and also writes regular comment pieces for the Stoke-on-Trent newspaper The Sentinel. He has given several guest talks at Staffordshire University on the Sports Journalism courses. Macari also owns the "Lou Macari Chip Shop" on Chester Road, near Old Trafford. He wrote his autobiography in October 2009 called Football, My Life. Macari was portrayed by Scottish actor Tony Curran in the 2014 television film Marvellous, based on the life of former Stoke City kitman Neil Baldwin. Personal life His mother died just before the 1978 World Cup in strange circumstances, overdosing on tablets, her son was to find out. "My mum had been on her own, and in the conversation I'd had with her she said she had some friends up there. Putting the pieces together after she died, I just wasn't convinced that the friends were good friends. Some money had gone missing." His sons Michael and Paul have played professionally with Stoke, when Macari was manager of the club. His youngest son Jonathan died by suicide in 1999 after being released from his contract at Nottingham Forest. Family friend and former manager Dave Bassett said that Jonathan could not handle the pressure of living up to his father's greatness. There was also talk of drugs affecting his son's life and leading to his suicide, but Macari later discounted that theory, admitting that much like the death of his mother, the complete story behind the tragedy may never be known. Years later he said that "money in a young man's pocket is a recipe for disaster and we had that disaster. Only when you go through something like that do you understand the hell of it." His grandson Lewis plays for Notts County, on loan from Stoke City. Macari worked with Stoke-on-Trent council to set up The Macari Centre, a street retreat to house the homeless sleeping rough, which opened in February 2016. In the COVID-19 pandemic, following the closure of the crowded premises of The Macari Centre, Macari rented a warehouse and filled it with glamping pods for homeless people, giving them socially distanced places of their own and their own individual addresses. Career statistics As a player Club Source: A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Anglo-Italian Cup, Drybrough Cup, FA Charity Shield, Football League Trophy and Glasgow Cup. International As a manager Source: Honours As a player Celtic Scottish Division One: 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73 Scottish Cup: 1970–71, 1971–72 Scottish League Cup runner-up: 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72 Manchester United Football League Second Division: 1974–75 FA Cup: 1976–77; runner-up: 1975–76, 1978–79 FA Charity Shield: 1977 (shared), 1983 Football League Cup runner-up: 1982–83 As a manager Swindon Town Football League Fourth Division: 1985–86 Football League Third Division play-offs: 1987 Birmingham City Football League Trophy: 1990–91 Stoke City Football League Second Division: 1992–93 Football League Trophy: 1991–92 Individual Football League First Division Manager of the Month: December 2000 LMA John Duncan Award: 2023 References General Specific 1949 births Living people People from Largs Footballers from Edinburgh Footballers from North Ayrshire Scottish men's footballers Scotland men's youth international footballers Scotland men's under-23 international footballers Scotland men's international footballers Men's association football midfielders Celtic F.C. players Manchester United F.C. players Swindon Town F.C. players Scottish Football League players English Football League players 1978 FIFA World Cup players Scottish football managers Swindon Town F.C. managers West Ham United F.C. managers Birmingham City F.C. managers Stoke City F.C. managers Celtic F.C. managers Huddersfield Town A.F.C. managers English Football League managers Scottish Football League managers Sheffield United F.C. non-playing staff UEFA Champions League top scorers Scottish columnists 21st-century Scottish autobiographers People educated at St Michaels Academy Italian Scottish sportspeople
1969801	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0	Трихатська сільська рада	Трихатська сільська рада — адміністративно-територіальна одиниця та орган місцевого самоврядування в Миколаївському районі Миколаївської області. Адміністративний центр — село Трихати. Загальні відомості Трихатська сільська рада утворена 21 жовтня 1985 року. Населення ради: 1 110 осіб (станом на 2001 рік) Населені пункти Сільській раді підпорядковані населені пункти: с. Трихати Склад ради Рада складається з 16 депутатів та голови. Голова ради: Макаров Олександр Валерійович Секретар ради: Бесклуба Тетяна Іванівна Керівний склад попередніх скликань Примітка: таблиця складена за даними сайту Верховної Ради України Депутати За результатами місцевих виборів 2010 року депутатами ради стали: За суб'єктами висування За округами Примітки та джерела Адміністративний устрій Миколаївського району (Миколаївська область)
2794111	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96	Пшиляскі	Пшиляскі Населені пункти та їхні частини Пшиляскі — село в гміні Бжезьниця Жаґанського повіту Любуського воєводства Пшиляскі — село в гміні Пацина Ґостинінського повіту Мазовецького воєводства Пшиляскі — частина міста Колобжег у Колобжезькому повіті Західнопоморського воєводства Пшиляскі — частина села Замесьце в гміні Тимбарк Лімановського повіту Малопольського воєводства Пшиляскі — частина села Волиця в гміні Лапанув Бохенського повіту Малопольського воєводства Пшиляскі — частина села Ольшини в гміні Жепенник-Стшижевський Тарновського повіту Малопольського воєводства Пшиляскі — частина села Кросна в гміні Ляскова Лімановського повіту Малопольського воєводства Пшиляскі — частина села Ґривальд (Ґривалд) у гміні Коростенко-над-Дунайцем Новотарзького повіту Малопольського воєводства Пшиляскі — частина села Слопніце в гміні Слопниці Лімановського повіту Малопольського воєводства Пшиляскі — частина села Ґбиська в гміні Стрижів Стрижівського повіту Підкарпатського воєводства Пшиляскі — частина села Небоцько в гміні Дидня Березівського повіту Підкарпатського воєводства Пшиляскі — частина села Маркушова в гміні Вішньова Стрижівського повіту Підкарпатського воєводства Пшиляскі — частина села Яблонка в гміні Дидня Березівського повіту Підкарпатського воєводства Пшиляскі — частина села Крамарівка (Крамажувка) в гміні Прухник Ярославського повіту Підкарпатського воєводства Пшиляскі — осада в гміні Чарна Домбрувка Битівського повіту Поморського воєводства Пшиляскі — осада в гміні Колобжеґ Колобжезького повіту Західнопоморського воєводства Примітки
15574674	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Ferri%C3%A8re-en-Parthenay	La Ferrière-en-Parthenay	La Ferrière-en-Parthenay is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. See also Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department References Communes of Deux-Sèvres
42718433	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadeisha%20Buchanan	Kadeisha Buchanan	Kadeisha Buchanan (born November 5, 1995) is a Canadian professional soccer player who plays as a centre-back for English Women's Super League club Chelsea and the Canada women's national team. Born in Toronto and raised in Brampton, Ontario, she is the youngest of seven girls in a single-parent home. Buchanan was only 17 when she made her debut for the national team on January 13, 2013. Buchanan is a three-time Canadian Player of the Year, winning the award in the years of 2015, 2017, and 2020. At the 2015 Women's World Cup, she won the FIFA Young Player Award. Early life Born in Toronto and raised in Brampton, Ontario, Buchanan is the youngest of seven girls (ten siblings total) in a single-parent home. Buchanan's parents are originally from Jamaica, her father was born in Saint Thomas Parish and her mother in Montego Bay. Kadeisha grew up in the greater Toronto area, specifically Brampton and Mississauga. Buchanan attended Cardinal Leger Secondary School, where she played flag football, volleyball, basketball, and soccer. She was enrolled in general studies and earned a place on the Garret Ford Academic Honor Roll. Buchanan played college soccer at West Virginia University, for the Mountaineers, where she co-captained the team, qualified for the Big 12 Commissioner's Honor Roll, and won numerous more accolades. Club career Early career In 2013, Buchanan played four games for the Toronto Lady Lynx, a USL W-League team. In 2014, she played a game for the Ottawa Fury Women, also in the W-League, right before they folded. In June 2016, Buchanan signed with Vaughan Azzurri of League1 Ontario to get game action prior to the 2016 Rio Olympics. She only played one game, however––a 9–0 win over Darby. Lyon Upon graduating from West Virginia University, Buchanan was a highly rated prospect prior to the 2017 NWSL College Draft. In December 2016, she was being linked with a move to Europe, along with fellow Canadian team member Ashley Lawrence. In January 2017, it was announced that Buchanan had signed with Olympique Lyonnais of Division 1. In June 2018, Buchanan would sign a three-year contract extension which would keep her with Lyon until 2022. Chelsea On June 10, 2022, Chelsea confirmed the signing of Buchanan on a three year deal. International career Buchanan was 14 years old when she was recruited to the Canadian youth program in 2010. She won a silver medal at the 2012 CONCACAF W U-17 Championship in Guatemala. When she was called up to the Canadian women's national team on January 12, 2013, against China while still in high school, Buchanan became one of the youngest players on any women's national team. Buchanan scored her first international goal against the United States on May 8, 2014, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in front of the second largest crowd to ever watch a women's soccer game in Canada. The game ended in a 1–1 draw. Buchanan was also named Canada's Under-20 Women's Player of the Year in 2013, and anchored the host nation's defence at the 2014 Women's U-20 World Cup Canada in 2014. In 2015, Buchanan established herself as one of the best defenders in the world, winning the Young Player Award in the 2015 FIFA World Cup, as well as being named Canadian Women's Player of the Year, and being nominated for the 2015 FIFA Ballon d'Or. On May 25, 2019, she was named to the roster for the 2019 FIFA World Cup. On February 9, 2020, Buchanan played her 100th match for Canada in a 0–3 loss against the United States. Career statistics Club International Scores and results list Canada's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Buchanan goal. Honours West Virginia Mountaineers Big 12 Conference women's soccer tournament: 2013, 2014, 2016 Olympique Lyonnais Division 1 Féminine: 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021-22 Coupe de France: 2016–17, 2018–19, 2019–20 UEFA Women's Champions League: 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021-22 Chelsea Women's Super League: 2022–23, 2023–24 Women's FA Cup: 2022–23 Canada U17 CONCACAF Women's U-17 Championship: runner-up 2012 Canada Summer Olympics: 2020; bronze medal: 2016 Algarve Cup: 2016 Four Nations Tournament: 2015 Individual MAC Hermann Trophy: 2016 Hardman Award: 2016 Honda Sports Award: 2016 Best Female College Athlete ESPY Award nominee: 2017 FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2015 IFFHS Women’s CONCACAF Team of the Year: 2021 Canadian Player of the Year: 2015, 2017, 2020 FIFA Women's World Cup Best Young Player: 2015 IFFHS CONCACAF Woman Team of the Decade 2011–2020 Big 12 Conference Defensive Player of the Year: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 Big 12 Conference women's soccer tournament Defensive MVP: 2013, 2014, 2016 See also List of women's footballers with 100 or more international caps List of Olympic medalists in football List of Canadian sports personalities List of Nike sponsorships List of LGBT sportspeople References External links 1995 births Living people Soccer players from Toronto Canadian sportspeople of Jamaican descent Black Canadian women's soccer players Canadian women's soccer players Canada women's international soccer players West Virginia Mountaineers women's soccer players 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players Women's association football defenders Olympic soccer players for Canada Olympic bronze medalists for Canada Olympic medalists in football Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics Expatriate women's footballers in France Olympique Lyonnais Féminin players Division 1 Féminine players Hermann Trophy women's winners 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players FIFA Women's Century Club Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic gold medalists for Canada League1 Ontario (women) players Canadian LGBT soccer players Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics Black Canadian LGBT people Canadian expatriate sportspeople in England 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup players 21st-century Canadian LGBT people
1555006	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8	Лішки	Лішки — село в складі Берестовицького району Гродненської області, Білорусь. Село підпорядковане Макарівецькій сільській раді, розташоване у західній частині області. Література Села Гродненської області Населені пункти Берестовицького району Макарівецька сільська рада
66856	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entebbe%20raid	Entebbe raid	Entebbe raid The Entebbe raid or Operation Entebbe, officially codenamed Operation Thunderbolt (retroactively codenamed Operation Yonatan), was a 1976 Israeli counter-terrorist mission in Uganda. It was launched in response to the hijacking of an international civilian passenger flight (an Airbus A300) operated by Air France between the cities of Tel Aviv and Paris. During a stopover in Athens, the aircraft was hijacked by two Palestinian PFLP–EO terrorists and two German RZ terrorists, who diverted the flight to Libya and then to Uganda, where they landed at Entebbe International Airport to be joined by other terrorists. Once in Uganda, the group enjoyed support from Ugandan dictator Idi Amin. Having hijacked the flight of 248 passengers on 27 June 1976, the terrorists took hostages with the stated objective of compelling the release of 40 Palestinian and affiliated militants imprisoned in Israel as well as the release of 13 prisoners in four other countries. Over 100 Ugandan soldiers were deployed to support the hijackers after the flight landed, and Amin, who had been informed of the hijacking from the beginning, had personally welcomed the terrorists at Entebbe. After moving all of the hostages to a defunct airport, the hijackers separated all Israelis and several non-Israeli Jews from the larger group of passengers, subsequently moving them into a separate room. Over the next two days, 148 non-Israeli hostages were released and flown out to Paris. The 94 remaining passengers, most of whom were Israelis, and the 12-member Air France crew continued to be held as hostages. Representatives within the Israeli government initially debated over whether to concede or respond by force, as the hijackers had threatened to kill the 106 captives if the specified prisoners were not released. Acting on intelligence provided by Mossad, the decision was made to have the Israeli military undertake a rescue operation. The Israeli plans included preparation for an armed confrontation with Amin's Uganda Army. Initiating the operation at nightfall on 4 July 1976, Israeli transport planes flew 100 commandos over to Uganda for the rescue effort. Over the course of 90 minutes, 102 of the hostages were rescued successfully, with three having been killed. One of the dead hostages, Dora Bloch, was murdered by Ugandan authorities at a hospital in Kampala shortly after the Israeli rescue operation; she had fallen ill during the hijacking and was removed from the plane for treatment prior to the commandos' arrival. The Israeli military suffered five wounded and one killed; Yonatan Netanyahu was Israel's sole fatality of Operation Entebbe, and had led Sayeret Matkal during the rescue effort – he was the older brother of Benjamin Netanyahu, who would later become Israel's prime minister. The Israeli commandos killed all of the hijackers and 45 Ugandan soldiers, and eleven of Uganda's MiG-17s and MiG-21s were destroyed. Over the course of the operation in Uganda, Israel received support from neighbouring Kenya. Idi Amin subsequently issued orders for the Ugandan military to kill all Kenyans living in Uganda, leading to the deaths of 245 Kenyan-Ugandans and the exodus of around 3000 Kenyans from Uganda. Hijacking On 27 June 1976, Air France Flight 139, an Airbus A300B4-203, registration (c/n 019), departed from Tel Aviv, Israel, carrying 246 mainly Jewish and Israeli passengers and a crew of 12. The plane flew to Athens, Greece, where it picked up an additional 58 passengers, including four hijackers. It departed for Paris at 12:30 pm. Just after takeoff, the flight was hijacked by two Palestinians from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO), and by two Germans, Wilfried Böse and Brigitte Kuhlmann, from the German Revolutionary Cells. The hijackers diverted the flight to Benghazi, Libya. There it was held on the ground for seven hours for refuelling. During that time the hijackers released British-born Israeli citizen Patricia Martell, who pretended to have a miscarriage. The plane left Benghazi and at 3:15 pm on the 28th, more than 24 hours after the flight's original departure, it arrived at Entebbe Airport in Uganda. Situation at Uganda's Entebbe International Airport At Entebbe, the four hijackers were joined by at least four others, supported by the forces of Uganda's president, Idi Amin. The hijackers transferred the passengers to the transit hall of the disused former airport terminal where they kept them under guard for the following days. Amin came to visit the hostages almost on a daily basis, updating them on developments and promising to use his efforts to have them freed through negotiations. On 28 June, a PFLP-EO hijacker issued a declaration and formulated their demands. In addition to a ransom of US$5 million for the release of the airplane, they demanded the release of 53 Palestinian and pro-Palestinian militants, 40 of whom were prisoners in Israel. They threatened that if these demands were not met, they would begin to kill hostages on 1 July 1976. Separation of hostages On 29 June, after Ugandan soldiers had opened an entrance to a room next to the crowded waiting hall by destroying a separating wall, the hijackers separated the Israelis (including those holding dual citizenship) from the other hostages and told them to move to the adjoining room. As they did so, a Holocaust survivor showed hijacker Wilfried Böse a camp registration number tattooed on his arm. Böse protested "I'm no Nazi! ... I am an idealist." In addition, five non-Israeli hostages – two ultra-orthodox Jewish couples from the US and Belgium and a French resident of Israel – were forced to join the Israeli group. According to Monique Epstein Khalepski, the French hostage among the five, the captors had singled them out for questioning and suspected them of hiding their Israeli identities. On the other hand, according to French hostage Michel Cojot-Goldberg, the captors failed to identify at least one Israeli among the passengers who was a military officer with dual citizenship then using his non-Israeli passport and he was later freed as part of the second release of non-Israeli hostages. US citizen Janet Almog, Frenchwoman Jocelyne Monier (whose husband or boyfriend was Israeli), and French-Israeli dual citizen Jean-Jacques Mimouni, whose name had not been called up during the reading of the original passport-based list, reportedly joined the Israeli hostage group by their own choice. Release of most non-Israeli hostages On 30 June, the hijackers released 48 hostages. The released were picked from among the non-Israeli group – mainly elderly and sick passengers and mothers with children. Forty-seven of them were flown by a chartered Air France Boeing 747 out of Entebbe to Paris, and one passenger was treated in hospital for a day. On 1 July, after the Israeli government had conveyed its agreement to negotiations, the hostage-takers extended their deadline to noon on 4 July and released another group of 100 non-Israeli captives who again were flown to Paris a few hours later. Among the 106 hostages staying behind with their captors at Entebbe airport were the 12 members of the Air France crew who refused to leave, about ten young French passengers, and the Israeli group of some 84 people. Israeli response Diplomatic efforts In the week before the raid, Israel tried using political avenues to obtain the release of the hostages. Many sources indicate that the Israeli cabinet was prepared to release Palestinian prisoners if a military solution seemed unlikely to succeed. A retired IDF officer, Baruch "Burka" Bar-Lev, had known Idi Amin for many years and was considered to have a strong personal relationship with him. At the request of the cabinet, he spoke with Amin on the phone many times, trying to gain the release of the hostages, without success. The Israeli government also approached the United States government to deliver a message to Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, asking him to request that Amin release the hostages. Prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and defence minister Shimon Peres spent one week disagreeing on whether to give in to the hijackers' demands (Rabin's position) or not, to prevent more terrorism (Peres' position). At the 1 July deadline, the Israeli cabinet offered to negotiate with the hijackers to extend the deadline to 4 July. Amin also asked them to extend the deadline until that date. This meant he could take a diplomatic trip to Port Louis, Mauritius, to officially hand over chairmanship of the Organisation of African Unity to Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. This extension of the hostage deadline proved crucial to providing Israeli forces enough time to get to Entebbe. On 3 July, at 18:30, the Israeli cabinet approved a rescue mission, presented by Major General Yekutiel Adam and Brigadier General Dan Shomron. Shomron was appointed as the operation commander. Egyptian–PLO involvement and failure of diplomacy As the crisis unfolded, attempts were made to negotiate the release of the hostages. According to declassified diplomatic documents, the Egyptian government under Sadat tried to negotiate with both the PLO and the Ugandan government. PLO chairman Yasser Arafat sent his political aide Hani al-Hassan to Uganda as a special envoy to negotiate with the hostage takers and with Amin. However, the PFLP-EO hijackers refused to see him. Israel's military preparations When Israeli authorities failed to negotiate a political solution, they decided that their only option was an attack to rescue the hostages. Lt. Col. Joshua Shani, lead pilot of the operation, later said that the Israelis had initially conceived of a rescue plan that involved dropping naval commandos into Lake Victoria. The commandos would have ridden rubber boats to the airport on the edge of the lake. They planned to kill the hijackers and after freeing the hostages, they would ask Amin for passage home. The Israelis abandoned this plan because they lacked the necessary time and also because they had received word that Lake Victoria was inhabited by the Nile crocodile. Amnon Biran, the mission's intelligence officer, later stated that the proper layout of the airport was unknown, as was the exact location of the hostages and whether the building had been prepared with explosives. Aircraft refuelling While planning the raid, the Israeli forces had to plan how to refuel the Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft they intended to use while en route to Entebbe. The Israelis lacked the logistical capacity to aerially refuel four to six aircraft so far from Israeli airspace. While several East African nations, including the logistically preferred choice Kenya, were sympathetic, none wished to incur the wrath of Amin or the Palestinians by allowing the Israelis to land their aircraft within their borders. The raid could not proceed without assistance from at least one East African government. The Israeli government secured permission from Kenya for the IDF task force to cross Kenyan airspace and refuel at what is today Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. Kenyan Minister of Agriculture Bruce MacKenzie persuaded Kenyan President Jomo Kenyatta to permit Mossad to collect intelligence prior to the operation, and to allow the Israeli Air Force access to the Nairobi airport. MacKenzie's support for the operation came after Sir Maurice Oldfield, the then head of Britain's MI6 intelligence agency, put his contacts in Mossad in touch with MacKenzie, who had been an MI6 contact for some time. The Jewish owner of the Block hotels chain in Kenya, along with other members of the Jewish and Israeli community in Nairobi, may also have used their political and economic influence to help persuade Kenya's President Jomo Kenyatta to help Israel. Uganda's Ambassador to Lesotho, Isaac Lumago, overheard some of the details of the operation from Kenya Air Force officers who were discussing the possibility of Israeli compensation for the assistance and forwarded the information to Ugandan commander Isaac Maliyamungu. Maliyamungu did not alert Amin or take any action on the intelligence, allegedly dismissing the report as "gasiya" (rubbish). According to Amin's son, Jaffar Remo, the Ugandan president still managed to receive Lumago's warning via telephone and, after completing his responsibilities at the OAU meeting, boarded a plane and flew back to Uganda. An ex-agent of Uganda's intelligence service, the State Research Bureau, also claimed that Amin was informed by Lumago of the imminent raid. The agent stated that Amin was terrified of possible reprisals in case his troops actually fought the Israeli military, allegedly resulting in his ordering that the Uganda Army should not open fire on Israeli aircraft during a possible raid. Mossad intelligence Mossad built an accurate picture of the whereabouts of the hostages, the number of hijackers, and the involvement of Ugandan troops, based on information from the released hostages in Paris. Further, Israeli firms had been involved in construction projects in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s: while preparing the raid, the Israeli army consulted with Solel Boneh, a large Israeli construction firm that had built the terminal where the hostages were held. While planning the military operation, the IDF erected a partial replica of the airport terminal with the assistance of civilians who had helped build the original. IDF major Muki Betser later remarked in an interview that Mossad operatives extensively interviewed the hostages who had been released. He said that a French-Jewish passenger who had a military background and "a phenomenal memory" had provided detailed information about the number of weapons carried by the hostage-takers. Task force The Israeli ground task force numbered approximately 100 personnel, and comprised the following elements: Ground command and control This small group comprised the operation and overall ground commander, Brigadier General Dan Shomron, the air force representative Colonel Ami Ayalon and the communications and support personnel. Assault A 29-man assault unit led by Lt. Col. Yonatan Netanyahu – this force was composed entirely of commandos from Sayeret Matkal, and was given the primary task of assaulting the old terminal and rescuing the hostages. Major Betser led one of the element's assault teams, and took command after Lt. Col. Netanyahu was killed. Securers The Paratroopers force led by Col. Matan Vilnai – tasked with securing the civilian airport field, clearing and securing the runways, and protection and fuelling of the Israeli aircraft in Entebbe. The Golani force led by Col. Uri Sagi – tasked with securing the C-130 Hercules aircraft for the hostages' evacuation, getting it as close as possible to the terminal and boarding the hostages; also with acting as general reserves. The Sayeret Matkal force led by Major Shaul Mofaz – tasked with clearing the military airstrip, and destroying the squadron of MiG fighter jets on the ground, to prevent any possible interceptions by the Uganda Army Air Force; also with holding off hostile ground forces from the city of Entebbe. Raid Attack route Taking off from Sharm el-Sheikh, the task force flew along the international flight path over the Red Sea, mostly flying at a height of no more than 30 m (100 ft) to avoid radar detection by Egyptian, Sudanese, and Saudi Arabian forces. Near the south outlet of the Red Sea the C-130s turned south and crossed into Ethiopian territory, passing west of Djibouti. From there, they went to a point northeast of Nairobi, Kenya. They turned west, passing through the African Rift Valley and over Lake Victoria. Two Boeing 707 jets followed the cargo planes. The first Boeing contained medical facilities and landed at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya. The commander of the operation, General Yekutiel Adam, was on board the second Boeing, which circled over Entebbe Airport during the raid. The Israeli forces landed at Entebbe on 3 July at 23:00 IST, with their cargo bay doors already open. Because the proper layout of the airport was not known, the first plane almost taxied into a ditch. A black Mercedes car that looked like President Idi Amin's vehicle and Land Rovers that usually accompanied Amin's Mercedes were brought along. The Israelis hoped they could use them to bypass security checkpoints. When the C-130s landed, Israeli assault team members drove the vehicles to the terminal building in the same fashion as Amin. As they approached the terminal, two Ugandan sentries, aware that Idi Amin had recently purchased a white Mercedes, ordered the vehicles to stop. The first commandos shot the sentries using silenced pistols. This was against the plan and against the orders – the Ugandans were to be ignored, as they were believed not to be likely to open fire at this stage. An Israeli commando in one of the following Land Rovers opened fire with an unsuppressed rifle. Fearing the hijackers would be alerted prematurely, the assault team quickly approached the terminal. Hostage rescue The Israelis left their vehicles and ran towards the terminal. The hostages were in the main hall of the airport building, directly adjacent to the runway. Entering the terminal, the commandos shouted through a megaphone, "Stay down! Stay down! We are Israeli soldiers," in both Hebrew and English. Jean-Jacques Maimoni, a 19-year-old French immigrant to Israel, stood up and was killed when Muki Betser and another soldier mistook him for a hijacker and fired at him. Another hostage, Pasco Cohen, 52, was also fatally wounded by gunfire from the commandos. In addition, a third hostage, 56-year-old Ida Borochovitch, a Russian Jew who had emigrated to Israel, was killed by a hijacker in the crossfire. According to hostage Ilan Hartuv, Wilfried Böse was the only hijacker who, after the operation began, entered the hall housing the hostages. At first he pointed his Kalashnikov rifle at hostages, but "immediately came to his senses" and ordered them to find shelter in the restroom, before being killed by the commandos. According to Hartuv, Böse fired only at Israeli soldiers and not at hostages. At one point, an Israeli commando called out in Hebrew, "Where are the rest of them?" referring to the hijackers. The hostages pointed to a connecting door of the airport's main hall, into which the commandos threw several hand grenades. They then entered the room and shot dead the three remaining hijackers, ending the assault. Meanwhile, the other three C-130 Hercules aeroplanes had landed and unloaded armoured personnel carriers to provide defence during the anticipated hour of refuelling. The Israelis then destroyed Ugandan MiG fighter planes to prevent them from pursuing, and conducted a sweep of the airfield to gather intelligence. Departure After the raid, the Israeli assault team returned to their aircraft and began loading the hostages. Ugandan soldiers shot at them in the process. The Israeli commandos returned fire, inflicting casualties on the Ugandans. During this brief but intense firefight, Ugandan soldiers fired from the airport control tower. At least five commandos were wounded, and the Israeli unit commander, Yonatan Netanyahu, was killed. Israeli commandos fired light machine guns and a rocket-propelled grenade back at the control tower, suppressing the Ugandans' fire. According to one of Idi Amin's sons, the soldier who shot Netanyahu, a cousin of the Amin family, was killed by return fire. The Israelis finished evacuating the hostages, loaded Netanyahu's body into one of the planes, and left the airport. The entire operation lasted 53 minutes – of which the assault lasted only 30 minutes. All seven hijackers present, and between 33 and 45 Ugandan soldiers, were killed. Eleven Soviet-built MiG-17 and MiG-21 fighter planes of the Uganda Army Air Force were destroyed on the ground at Entebbe Airport. Out of the 106 hostages, three were killed, one was left in Uganda (74-year-old Dora Bloch), and approximately 10 were wounded. The 102 rescued hostages were flown to Israel via Nairobi, Kenya, shortly after the raid. Ugandan reaction Amin was furious upon learning of the raid, and reportedly boasted that he could have taught the Israelis a lesson if he had known that they would strike. Following the raid, Maliyamungu had 14 soldiers arrested under suspicion of collaborating with the Israelis. Once they were gathered in a room at Makindye Barracks, he shot 12 of them with his pistol. Uganda Army Chief of Staff Mustafa Adrisi reportedly wanted to incarcerate or execute Godwin Sule, the Entebbe Air Base commander, who was absent from his post during the raid. Sule had left the air base early that day to meet a female companion at Lake Victoria Hotel on 4 July. Despite Adrisi's demands, Sule's closeness to President Amin guaranteed his safety. Murder of Dora Bloch Dora Bloch, a 74-year-old Israeli who also held British citizenship, was taken to Mulago Hospital in Kampala after choking on a chicken bone. After the raid she was murdered by officers of the Uganda Army, as were some of her doctors and nurses, apparently for trying to intervene. In April 1987, Henry Kyemba, Uganda's Attorney general and Minister of Justice at the time, told the Uganda Human Rights Commission that Bloch had been dragged from her hospital bed and killed by two army officers on Amin's orders. Bloch was shot and her body was dumped in the trunk of a car that had Ugandan intelligence services number plates. Her remains were recovered near a sugar plantation 20 miles (32 km) east of Kampala in 1979, after the Uganda–Tanzania War ended Amin's rule. Idi Amin's anti-Kenyan crackdown Amin also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda in retaliation for Kenya's assistance to Israel in the raid. Uganda killed 245 Kenyans, including airport staff at Entebbe. To avoid massacre, approximately 3000 Kenyans fled Uganda as refugees. On May 24, 1978, Kenya's agriculture minister, Bruce MacKenzie, was killed when a bomb attached to his aircraft exploded as MacKenzie departed a meeting with Amin. Some have asserted that Ugandan president Idi Amin ordered Ugandan agents to assassinate MacKenzie in retaliation for Kenya's involvement and MacKenzie's actions prior to the raid. Others have indicated various other possible causes for the bombing, including that another person aboard the plane may have been the target. Later, Mossad Chief Director Meir Amit had a forest planted in Israel in MacKenzie's name. Aftermath and reactions United Nations The United Nations Security Council convened on 9 July 1976, to consider a complaint from the Chairman of the Organization of African Unity charging Israel with an "act of aggression". The Council allowed Israel's ambassador to the United Nations, Chaim Herzog, and Uganda's foreign minister, Juma Oris Abdalla, to participate without voting rights. UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim told the Security Council that the raid was "a serious violation of the sovereignty of a Member State of the United Nations" though he was "fully aware that this is not the only element involved ... when the world community is now required to deal with unprecedented problems arising from international terrorism." Abdalla, the representative of Uganda, alleged that the affair was close to a peaceful resolution when Israel intervened while Herzog, the representative of Israel, accused Uganda of direct complicity in the hijacking. The US and UK sponsored a resolution which condemned hijacking and similar acts, deplored the loss of life arising from the hijacking (without condemning either Israel or Uganda), reaffirmed the need to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states, and called on the international community to enhance the safety of civil aviation. However, the resolution failed to receive the required number of affirmative votes because two voting members abstained and seven were absent. A second resolution sponsored by Benin, Libya and Tanzania, that condemned Israel, was not put to a vote. Western Bloc Western nations spoke in support of the raid. West Germany called the raid "an act of self-defence". Switzerland and France praised the operation. Representatives of the United Kingdom and United States offered significant praise, calling the Entebbe raid "an impossible operation". Some in the United States noted that the hostages were freed on 4 July 1976, 200 years after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. In private conversation with Israeli Ambassador Dinitz, Henry Kissinger sounded criticism for Israeli use of US equipment during the operation, but that criticism was not made public at the time. In mid-July 1976, the supercarrier and her escorts entered the Indian Ocean and operated off the Kenyan coast in response to a threat of military action by forces from Uganda. The hijacked aircraft's pilot, Captain Michel Bacos, was awarded the Legion of Honour, and the other crew members were awarded the French Order of Merit. In the ensuing years, Betser and the Netanyahu brothers – Iddo and Benjamin, all Sayeret Matkal veterans – argued in increasingly public forums about who was to blame for the unexpected early firefight that caused Yonatan's death and partial loss of tactical surprise. As a result of the operation, the United States military developed rescue teams modelled on the unit employed in the Entebbe rescue. One notable attempt was Operation Eagle Claw, a failed 1980 rescue of 53 American embassy personnel held hostage in Tehran during the Iran hostage crisis. In a letter dated 13 July 1976, the Supreme Commander's Staff of the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces praised the Israeli commandos for the mission and extended condolences for "the loss and martyrdom" of Netanyahu. F-BVGG, the aircraft in the hijacking of Air France Flight 139, was repaired and returned to service with Air France. In April 1996, the aircraft was leased to Vietnam Airlines for three months. In December the same year, the aircraft was converted into a freighter and was delivered to S-C Aviation, having been re-registered as N742SC. In 1998 the aircraft was delivered to MNG Airlines and re-registered as TC-MNA. In 2009, the aircraft was placed into storage at Istanbul Atatürk Airport and was scrapped in 2020. Palestinian bombing of Kenya's Norfolk Hotel in Nairobi The Norfolk Hotel in Nairobi, owned by a prominent member of the local Jewish community, was bombed on 31 December 1980. The bomb flattened the hotel, killing 20 people, of several nationalities, and injuring 87 more. It was believed to be an act of revenge by pro-Palestinian militants for Kenya's supporting role in Operation Entebbe. Commemorations In August 2012, Uganda and Israel commemorated the raid at a somber ceremony at the base of a tower at the Old Entebbe Airport, where Yonatan Netanyahu was killed. Uganda and Israel renewed their commitment to "fight terrorism and to work towards humanity". In addition, wreaths were laid, a moment of silence was held, speeches were given, and a poem was recited. The flags of Uganda and Israel were flown side by side, symbolising the two countries' strong bilateral relations, next to a plaque bearing a history of the raid. The ceremony was attended by Ugandan State Minister for Animal Industry Bright Rwamirama and the deputy Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel Daniel Ayalon, who laid wreaths at the site. Forty years to the day after the rescue operation, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, brother of slain Israeli commando Yonatan Netanyahu, visited Entebbe with an Israeli delegation, and laid the groundwork for further Israeli–sub-Saharan African bilateral relations. In popular culture Documentaries Operation Thunderbolt: Entebbe, a documentary about the hijacking and the subsequent rescue mission. Rise and Fall of Idi Amin (1980), a biopic of the Ugandan dictator briefly features the raid, with an unusual depiction of Amin displaying cowardice when he learns of it. Rescue at Entebbe, Episode 12 of 2005 documentary series Against All Odds: Israel Survives by Michael Greenspan. Cohen on the Bridge (2010), a documentary by director Andrew Wainrib, who gained access to the surviving commandos and hostages. Live or Die in Entebbe (2012) by director Eyal Boers follows Yonatan Khayat's journey to uncover the circumstances of his uncle Jean-Jacques Maimoni's death in the raid. "Assault on Entebbe", an episode of the National Geographic Channel documentary Critical Situation. Operation Thunderbolt, the fifth episode in the 2012 Military Channel documentary series Black Ops. Dramatizations Victory at Entebbe (1976): with Anthony Hopkins, Burt Lancaster, Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Dreyfuss, Director: Marvin J. Chomsky. Raid on Entebbe (1977): with Peter Finch, Horst Buchholz, Charles Bronson, John Saxon, Yaphet Kotto, and James Woods, Director: Irvin Kershner, Producer: Edgar J. Scherick. Operation Thunderbolt (1977): with Yehoram Gaon played Col. Netanyahu, Sybil Danning and Klaus Kinski played the hijackers. Director: Menahem Golan. The Last King of Scotland (2006): The raid occurs as one episode in a longer story about Idi Amin. Entebbe (2018): Director: José Padilha. Films inspired by Operation Entebbe The Delta Force (1986) which featured a hostage rescue operation inspired by Operation Entebbe. Zameen (2003) is a Bollywood movie starring Ajay Devgan and Abhishek Bachchan who draw a plan to rescue hostages of an Indian airliner hijacked by Pakistani militants on the basis of Operation Entebbe. Other media Operation Thunderbolt, a 1988 arcade game, loosely based on Operation Entebbe, but using a fictional location. To Pay the Price, a 2009 play by Peter-Adrian Cohen based in part on Yonatan Netanyahu's letters. The play, produced by North Carolina's Theatre Or opened off-off Broadway in New York in June 2009 during the Festival of Jewish Theater and Ideas. Gallery See also Air France Flight 8969 – a similar hijacking and raid on another Air France airliner in 1994 Aspen Movie Map – a project whose funding came about because of Operation Entebbe Israeli casualties of war List of hostage crises Lufthansa Flight 181 – a similar event the following year, involving a German airliner Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel) (Aman) – Israel's military intelligence agency Operation Mikado – a proposed SAS operation during the Falklands War inspired by Operation Entebbe Operation Niki – a clandestine airlift of a battalion of Greek commandos from Crete to Cyprus in 1974 Sayeret – Israeli Special Forces Units Notes References Further reading External links Live or Die in Entebbe Trailer , video by National Geographic, 4 min. video and digitised re-enactment, 9 min. video documentary – detailed, 9 min. 10 min. documentary – detailed, 44 min. Israel's raid on Entebbe was almost a disaster, Daily Telegraph article by Saul David Entebbe: Turning Point of Terrorism in Strategy and Tactics, No. 232, January/February 2006. isayeret.com – The Israeli Special Forces Database BBC Article and Videos – 4 July 1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages (BBC) BBC: 30th anniversary of the raid on Entebbe BBC Age of Terror – Episode 1: Terror International Operation Entebbe protocols Ynetnews 5 November 2010. transcripts of Israeli Cabinet discussions 1976 in international relations 1976 in Israel 1976 in Uganda Air France accidents and incidents Airborne operations Aircraft hijackings Aviation accidents and incidents in 1976 Aviation accidents and incidents in Uganda Conflicts in 1976 Counterterrorism Counterterrorism in Israel Hostage rescue operations involving Israel Idi Amin Israel Defense Forces Israel–Uganda relations Jewish Ugandan history July 1976 events in Africa Military raids Mossad operations Operations involving Israeli special forces Palestinian terrorist incidents in Greece Revolutionary Cells (German group) Attacks on aircraft by Palestinian militant groups 1976 disasters in Uganda Hijackings in the 1970s
12146109	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Best%20of%20Jethro%20Tull%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Anniversary%20Collection	The Best of Jethro Tull – The Anniversary Collection	The Best of Jethro Tull – The Anniversary Collection is a greatest hits album by Jethro Tull, released in 1993. It includes some of the band's biggest hits from 1968 to 1991. Track listing Disc 1 "A Song for Jeffrey" – 3:19 "Beggar's Farm" – 4:19 "A Christmas Song" – 3:07 "A New Day Yesterday" – 4:09 "Bourée" (Instrumental) – 3:46 "Nothing Is Easy" – 4:23 "Living in the Past" – 3:21 "To Cry You a Song" – 6:15 "Teacher" – 4:01 "Sweet Dream" – 4:02 "Cross-Eyed Mary" – 4:09 "Mother Goose" – 3:53 "Aqualung" – 6:36 "Locomotive Breath" – 4:25 "Life Is a Long Song" – 3:19 "Thick as a Brick" (extract) – 3:02 "A Passion Play" (extract) – 3:47 ("Magus Perdé") "Skating Away on the Thin Ice of the New Day" – 3:52 "Bungle in the Jungle" – 3:39 Disc 2 "Minstrel in the Gallery" (Edited version) – 6:10 "Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die" – 5:40 "Songs from the Wood" – 4:54 "Jack-in-the-Green" – 2:30 "The Whistler" – 3:32 "Heavy Horses" – 8:57 "Dun Ringill" – 2:41 "Fylingdale Flyer" – 4:32 "Jack-a-Lynn" – 4:42 "Pussy Willow" – 3:53 "Broadsword" – 4:59 "Under Wraps II" – 2:14 "Steel Monkey" – 3:34 "Farm on the Freeway" – 6:28 "Jump Start" – 4:53 "Kissing Willie" – 3:31 "This Is Not Love" – 3:54 Musicians Disc 1 Ian Anderson – flute, balalaika, mandolin, Hammond organ, acoustic guitar, vocals (all tracks) Mick Abrahams – electric guitar (tracks 1 – 2) Clive Bunker – drums, glockenspiel, percussion (tracks 1 – 14) Glenn Cornick – bass, Hammond organ (tracks 1 – 10) Martin Barre – electric guitar (tracks 4 – 19) Jeffrey Hammond-Hammond bass (tracks 11 – 19) Barriemore Barlow – drums (tracks 15 – 19) David Palmer – orchestral arrangement and conducting (tracks 3, 10 a 17 – 19) Disc 2 Ian Anderson – flute, balalaika, Hammond organ, acoustic guitar, vocals (all tracks) Jeffrey Hammond-Hammond bass (track 1) Martin Barre – electric guitar (tracks 1 – 17) Barriemore Barlow – drums (tracks 1 – 7) John Glascock bass, vocals (tracks 2 – 7) David Palmer – orchestral arrangement and conducting (tracks 1 – 7) Dave Pegg – bass, mandolin, vocals (tracks 8 – 17) Mark Craney – drums (track 8) Gerry Conway – drums, percussion (tracks 9 – 11 and 15) Peter-John Vettese – keyboards, piano, synthesizer (tracks 9 – 12) Doane Perry – drums (tracks 12, 14 a 16 – 17) Maartin Allcock – keyboards (track 16) Andrew Giddings – keyboards (track 17) Guest musicians Lou Toby – string arrangement, conducting (disc 1, track 7) Maddy Prior – backing vocals (disc 2, track 2) Darryl Way – violin (disc 2, track 6) Eddie Jobson – keyboards, electric violin, (disc 2, track 8) References Best of Jethro Tull - The Anniversary Collection, The Best of Jethro Tull - The Anniversary Collection, The Chrysalis Records compilation albums
2818678	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%20%28%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%29	Дембовець (Нижньосілезьке воєводство)	Дембовець (Нижньосілезьке воєводство) Дембовець — село в Польщі, у гміні Зембіце Зомбковицького повіту Нижньосілезького воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Валбжиського воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Зомбковицького повіту

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